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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
SHOWING THE OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES AND CONDITION OF THE INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30
1909
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1910
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FROM THE
SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
ACCOMPANYING
The Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Institution for the year ending June 30, 1909.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, June 2, 1910. To the Congress of the United States:
In accordance with section 5593 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, I have the honor, in behalf of the Board of Regents, to submit to Congress the Annual Report of the operations, expendi- tures, and condition of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ending June 30, 1909.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Cuartes D, Watcortt, Secretary. IIL
10427
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1909.
SUBJECTS.
1. Annual report of the secretary, giving an account of the opera- tions and condition of the Institution for the year ending June 30, 1909, with statistics of exchanges, etc.
2. Report of the executive committee, exhibiting the financial affairs of the Institution, including a statement of the Smithsonian fund, and receipts and expenditures for the year ending June 30, 1909.
3. Proceedings of the Board of Regents for the sessions of Decem- ber 15, 1908, and February 10, 1909.
4, General appendix, comprising a selection of miscellaneous mem- oirs of interest to collaborators and correspondents of the Institution, teachers, and others engaged in the promotion of knowledge. These memoirs relate chiefly to the calendar year 1909.
IV
CON PEN rs |
Letter from the Secretary submitting the Annual Report of the Regents to
MAROON Se amis oo oro tes sae a see eo dave ciate se cec tiles st os saccineeadse se ienoralsubjects of the annual report... .- 2-2-2 <0 s- ls - 25. sco sence onesie eis Olen sfOrerneTOPORb!— -- «esas oo cab eae dees cease ctec coos cosasascaees MAIO MIACR eS oto ae nose css oss aso sa 2 ass So asc swale ace se sess ae Oficials of the Institution and its branehes.....-5..........-..-..-.--------
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
SRM CHSOMIAT ANSLOUtION jor Sci- emcee = Here ais see ee cia tan ane ae emcee (jhe) aHS(RE LOUIS Loin VSS 0) Ai 9a a a OR a eer ee ere eee IME PS OArOOMRCOCMtS as ene es meme ne ate a enn mars Ie nay ee ayo arate SENEERMCOMSO CRALIOUS Soi) 4e ee see a ea se Bee ea eee ecnins Sess saeco EMCI LEA ROMS Benet site cae Sis ei cle ero be aa Same aecalaiela rele Se el ale Buia CO GBs Saye ayn te eras oo Sain hee cise oie sisieisersinisieeaciecs\ semen cic Explorations and researches—
Smithsonian Airican Expedition 2. 22. 2585530225... 5205255225. 52- Studies in Cambrian geology and paleontology ......-.-.----------- Geological investigations in the Far East............-..------------ Boramcnitegleciausee imei e scans oo ccna ee ers ae oat em aes Seem etis Inivestications under the Hodgkins Fund. /.--.-2.--.-.-.0-c-.------<2- Researches on-atmospherie aires... 5.2526. 2c--5--cgasche- acces ccee International standard pyrheliometers_..........--.--------------- Publications under Hodgkins Fund... .o2.22 <2... =<epeas-cno-- 5 2c Smithsonian table at Naples Zoological Station..........--------------- PMUCHONSe ah cece ome eee aes e ose a = eee eng ae ani oases Selassie crs Advisory committee on printing and publication......-----..-.---- Ri eweWranyr ss oe sae nas soca nc Sea See mene bate sane anew es ene s iInneservatron Of American antiquitles.---..22-s0--2scle< conceals Congresses, celebrations, and expositions............------------------ ikaneleyv-medal.ang memorial: tablets... 22. os2s25-+ 5. 2m sssasesce sos se Nittseell neous sss me meee as oe ce eee oem eee een eras ciacmice caiancinae
NeationalgiViuseulnr ess ates cares sane saan = eee ee ceca sean sms ciate WakrondleGallery OlATL N22) sane eae neine seem eae Soca sues sana see
RorcaulorAmerican Nhimology 2+ o2— ossens tea es Sewoces = asic ce once <> coceme
POE Ona KC NAN PCRs sane Se ce a na eh ec ccriacineitcsmece ones. on
Penna OGlOrlent PAN Ki: ota s cere cele o aceasta asec nie <n aca eee
Peeunopliy sical OMSERVALOny sano s ose seme eee anes Tae emeana oe ane cn ee sae
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature............-.---------------
“LIE LGC oc ge eee gabe I a Pe Soy SC eR ee
Appendix I. Report on the United States National Museum.......-.--.------
II. Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology -.....-----------. III. Report on the International Exchanges.-........--.---.------- IV. Report on the National Zoological Park........--.------------
V. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory .......--------------- Wa ere ponb onthe tiilotary Cores stan co en ae cee. ances = aeos So
VII. Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. - - Whe deport Om the Eubhcabons. -o2- 4-255. <50s ssc nese —se- pana ae an IX. Report on Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition.-....-.--.--------- X. Report on Pan-American Scientific Congress......-------------
58
VI CONTENTS. REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Condition:ef the fund July 1, 1909. c22. 52-2 - tooo: Soe oases sete sos .cces
Receipts and disbursements July 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909 -...-.....-.------
Summary of appropriations. by. Congress... ---.--55-0-s222css2-ccc 22 secu PROCEEDINGS OF BOARD OF REGENTS.
Meetings of December 15, 1908, and February 10, 1909--........-------.----- ACTS AND RESOLUTIONS OF CONGRESS.
Acts of Sixtieth Congress, second session, relative to the Smithsonian Institu- fion and-its branches. -. ..5 22-2355. = sac6 se 5 seen esa aos see oeseseeeee GENERAL APPENDIX.
The future of mathematics; by Henri Poincaré 2.22 s550------ 5-4-4202 s5 eee What constitutes superiority in an airship, by Paul Renard ...-....-...----- Researches in radiotelegraphy, by J. A. Fleming.-.-..----.-.--------.----- Recent progress in physics, by Sir J. J. Thomson.............-.------------ Production of low temperatures, and refrigeration, by L. Marchis------ - Beas The nitrogen question from the military standpoint, by Charles E. Munroe. - - Simon Newcomb; by Ormond Stone <22.<25.ccs22s0scecnce aces sco =-se5seee Solar-radiation researches by Jules César Janssen, by H. de la Baume Plu-
NE) | a Seg a ee ee ee hale Ol mene es IS ce ee ema ee aS The return of Halley’s Comet, by W.W. Campbell...............=...--.--- Ehewpper air by HE: Gold and W:-A. Harwood ..:5. 23.5.2) 2-445. 522 2-2 aee The formation, growth, and habit of crystals, by Paul Gaubert........------ The distribution of the elements in igneous rocks, by Henry 8. Washington. - The mechanism of volcanic action, by H. J. Johnston-Lavis---...--....---.- Conservation of natural resources, by James Douglas........-.-.-.---------- The antarctic land of Victoria, by Maurice Zimmermann...-........-.--...-- Some results of the British antarctic expedition, 1907-9, by E. H. Shackleton. - The oceanography of the Sea of Greenland, by D. Damas.......-..----.-..-- From the Niger, by Lake Chad, to the Nile, by Lieut. Boyd Alexander... --.- Mesopotamia: Past, present, and future, by Sir William Willcocks. -....---..- Albert Gaudry and the evolution of the animal kingdom, by Ph. Glangeaud.. Charles; Darwin} by Aucust Weismann. 2> 22... Soc 222 lees eee Present problems in plant ecology: Problems of local distribution in arid
ReSIONG wove Olney oN. Spalding. a5-0s6ece8 Asch baie sce catsaameae omer The instinct of self-concealment and the choice of colors in the crustacea, by
ROHL OB NETIC WACZ amis sere eee Sse aie eee a aie eas areca ees 8 eee The origin and development of parasitical habits in the Cuculide, by C. L.
ETE CLG 1S om aes Pao ne rn fege hor eee aig ea Yt I Se ey
Lo GITISTY = AAAs gee Sk hee crane tte evar cm toes neo ne Shan ae Pneme ey! An inquiry into the history of the current English names of North American
landuomosmoy. Spencer Erotter's. 2222.0 occ. ceccs wu cde saces S228 eck 2. eee Condition of wild life in Alaska, by Madison Grant............-..---.------ Recent discoveries bearing on the antiquity of man in Europe, by George
CRIME ECO TAY ss Pa A he ce AAA rep NR ad cng Ses nase alata ere ans oe European population of the United States, by W. Z. Ripley.......-.-...-.-- The Republic of Panama and its people, by Eleanor Yorke Bell...--....-_-- Ceramic decoration: Its evolution and its applications, by Louis Franchet..-. Some notes on Roman architecture, by F. T. Baggallay .............--.--.. : The relation of science to human life, by Adam Sedgwick.._........-..----- Intellectual work among the blind, by Pierre Villey............-.....---.-- The relation of mosquitoes, flies, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods to pathol-
Opspa OY Acum NEAROLO Ie me A eee Meo et or carats oes c eg ae eae, Stee Natural resistance to infectious disease and its reinforcement, by Simon Flexner.
LIST OF PLATES.
SECRETARY’S REPORT: TBA W ney fa LRA cae RIDGeSH OO e Se RADIOTELEGRAPHY (Fleming) : Tate melee: See ae ee ee
SotarR RESEARCHES (Pluvinel) : I SiG all fas = Ap et oes ee = HALLEY’s CoMeET (Campbell) : lates) ala oe a ee ee VoLcANIC ACTION (Johnston- Lavis) : ACS) 1B) a! ee een 2 ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION (Shack- leton) : ate Sple she ee ee ACSA ec AS Platespo Gree. ee WIEN OFS} = 0 0 AE ee See OCEANOGRAPHY OF GREENLAND SEA (Damas) : I Bte Sis 2 Pa Se Nicer TO NILE (Alexander) : Plater ees eo Sn ae oe Se
MESOPOTAMIA (Willcocks) : ote epee Ae See ae Bo
316
HABITS IN CUCULID (Barrett) : Plater: se seek eso Pl atere tae eee ee eee eee PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE ( Haag- ner): Platesel Oe ee Sie rhe WILD LIFE IN ALASKA (Grant) : 1 ea ret ga Meee ces ceo St cei eee ANTIQUITY OF MAN (MacCurdy) : ] E211 ed Lae tae sp ae latest 2-4 eee Se ee Plater 22- 2 eee ees IAtCSiO ii eer Plates Sal 222 Plated eee ee Plate: die eee eee 124 CT i ea, hs hee ear Se Pate fas et = Bee ae 2) Ea eye if eae oe Vien ee PINES AGHA i 2. Se ee Plater) 2. = act 2 Lee es PEOPLES OF PANAMA (Bell) : Plate plip: Siete 2S eS ae Plate yes See ee IPIAteSiSH A tenes aes Plates b=)? 22 eke ee RPilatesalS a4 p ee ROMAN ARCHITECTURE (Baggal- lay): | 2a E21 e981 lp RRO Peas a rea ee cul «Oe
Page.
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THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
JUNE 30, 1909.
Presiding officer ex officio —WILLIAM H. Tart, President of the United States. Chancellor.—MELVILLE W. FULLER, Chief Justice of the United States. Members of the Institution: WILLIAM H. Tart, President of the United States. JAMES S. SHERMAN, Vice-President of the United States. MELVILLE W. FULLER, Chief Justice of the United States. PHILANDER C. KNnox, Secretary of State. FRANKLIN MAcVeEaGuH, Secretary of the Treasury. JAcoB M. DickINsSoN, Secretary of War. GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM, Attorney-General. FRANK H. HircHcock, Postmaster-General. GEORGE VON L. Meyer, Secretary of the Navy. RicHarD A. BALLINGER, Secretary of the Interior. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. CHARLES NAGEL, Secretary of Commerce and Labor. Regents of the Institution: MELVILLE W. Fuuuer, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor. JAMES S. SHERMAN, Vice-President of the United States. SHELBY M. CuLLom, Member of the Senate. Henry Casot Loper, Member of the Senate. A. O. Bacon, Member of the Senate. JOHN DaLzELL, Member of the House of Representatives. JAMES R. MANN, Member of the House of Representatives. Witt1aAM M. Howarp, Member of the House of Representatives. JAMES B. ANGELL, citizen of Michigan. ANDREW D. WHITE, citizen of New York. JOHN B. HENDERSON, citizen of Washington, D. C. ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, citizen of Washington, D. C. GEORGE GRAY, citizen of Delaware. CHARLES FE, CHOATE, Jr., citizen of Massachusetts. Executive Committee —J. B. HENDERSON, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, JOHN DALZELL. Secretary of the Institution.—CHARLES D. WALCOTT. Assistant Secretary.—RIcHARD RATHBUN. Chief Clerk.—Harry W. Dorsey. Accountant and Disbursing Agent.—W. I. ADAMS. Editor.—A. HowarpD CLARK.
-
x THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Assistant Secretary in charge.—RicHARD RATHBUN.
Administrative Assistant.—W. DE C. RAVENEL.
Head Curators.—F. W. TRur, G. P. MERRILL, WALTER HovueH (acting).
Curators.—R. S. BASSLER, A. HowarpD CLARK, F. W. CLARKE, F. V. CoviILte, W. H. Datt, B. W. EverMANN, J. M. Fuint, U. S. N. (retired), W. H. HouMEs, L. O. Howarp, RicHARD RATHBUN, ROBERT RIDGWAY, LEONHARD STEJNEGER, CHARLES D. WALCOTT.
Associate Curators.—J. N. Rosr, DAvID WHITE.
Curator, National Gallery of Art.—W. H. HoitmMEs.
Chief of Correspondence and Documents.—RANDOLPH I. GEARE.
Superintendent of Construction and Labor.—J. S. GoLDSMITH.
Editor..—Marcus BENJAMIN.
Photographer.—T. W. SMILLIE.
Registrar.—_S. C. Brown.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. ‘ Chief.—W. H. Hormes. Ethnologists.—J. WALTER FEWKES, J. N. B. Hewitt, F. W. Hover, JAMES Mooney, MATILDA CoxE STEVENSON, JOHN R. SWANTON, Cyrus THOMAS. Philologist.—FRANZ BOAS. Illustrator. —DrE LANCEY W. GILL. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. Chief Clerk.—F. V. Berry. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
Superintendent.—F RANK BAKER. Assistant Superintendent.—A. B. BAKER.
ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.
Director.—C. G. ABBOT. Aid.—F. HE. Fow te, Jr.
BUREAU OF INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.
Chief Assistant.—L. C. GUNNELL.
REPORT
OF THE
SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1909.
To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:
GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit a report showing the oper- ations of the Institution during the year ending June 30, 1909, including the work placed under its direction by Congress in the United States National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the International Exchanges, the National Zoological Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, and the regional bureau of the Inter- national Catalogue of Scientific Literature.
In the body of this report there is given a general account of the affairs of the Institution, while the appendix presents more detailed statements by those in direct charge of the different branches of the work. Independently of this the operations of the National Museum and of the Bureau of American Ethnology are fully treated in separate volumes.
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. THE ESTABLISHMENT.
By act of Congress approved August 10, 1846, the Smithsonian Institution was created an establishment. Its statutory members are “the President, the Vice-President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.”
THE BOARD OF REGENTS.
The Board of Regents consists of the Vice-President and the Chief Justice of the United States as ex officio members, three members of the Senate, three Members of the House of Representatives, and six citizens, “two of whom shall be resident in the city of Washington, and the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of them of the same State.”
1
2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
There has been no change in the personnel of the Board since my last report.
Meetings of the Regents were held on December 15, 1908, and on February 10, 1909, the proceedings of which will be printed as cus- tomary in the annual report of the Board to Congress.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
I deem it proper here to point out the fact that the activities of the Institution are greatly restricted by the very limited annual income at its disposal.
The influence of the Institution in the development of science in this country is too well known to require comment. Its advice is daily sought on scientific matters, not only by other establishments of learning but by individuals all over the land, and that its usefulness has been by no means restricted to this country is evidenced by the - fact that the name of the Smithsonian Institution is equally as well known and respected abroad as at home.
But the means derived from the interest on the Smithson fund and other private funds for keeping up the work of the Institution proper have not kept pace with the growth of the country and the constantly increasing demands upon them. The original amount of the Smithson fund of about half a million dollars meant many times over in 1846 what it does to-day, even with the half million which has been gradually added since then. Its income has been economically administered, but it is too limited to carry on any ex- tensive investigations. There are many researches and explorations which the Institution is peculiarly well fitted to organize and super- vise, on which the income from an endowment of twenty millions could be wisely and effectively expended.
The Institution has in the past few years received a number of noteworthy gifts in the Harriet Lane Johnston, Freer, and Evans art collections, and an endowment for the fine arts would give a great return for centuries to come by making possible the fostering and stimulating of the fine arts in all its branches.
Under the general plan of organization adopted by thé Board of Regents in 1847, the work of the Institution in the “ increase of knowledge” is not limited to investigations in the field of science and art, but historical and ethnological researches, and statistical inquiries with reference to physical, moral, and political subjects, are enumerated as objects for which appropriations should be made. ©
In the humanities there is need of a fearless, thorough, scientific study of the elements entering into the great race problems of the Americas. Until the fundamental tendencies of the differing races now within these areas are intelligently understood, not only by the few, but by the many, a practical understanding of threatening social
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3
conditions is impossible. The uplift of the physical, mental, and moral nature of the peoples of the Americas will come only through the increase and diffusion of such knowledge as will stimulate sound reasoning on existing conditions and racial limitations. Ethnology, anthropology, psychology, preventive medicine, education, are some of the tools that must be used in the shaping of the national, com- munity, and individual life of the future. In this great work the Smithsonian Institution will take such active part as opportunity and means permit.
An article on “The Smithsonian Institution,” published in the North American Review, summarizes the history and work of the Institution, and concludes as follows:
Such has been the result of a single benefaction of half a million of dollars, and perhaps no such result has ever been accomplished by so limited an en- dowment. Were the great sums given to swell the almost infinite endowments of some of our universities diverted to this unostentatious establishment, its power for good would be immeasurably increased, but, as it is, the bounty of a stranger and an alien has given the American people an agency for good whose influence is incalculable. It presents an opportunity to those who wish to bestow money for some beneficent purpose such as is given by no other on
earth, and its scant means and petty endowment are a reproach to our rich and generous nation.?
ADMINISTRATION.
The affairs of the Institution proper have progressed in a satis- factory manner during the year. All communications have received prompt administrative consideration, and everything possible has been done to carry out the fundamental purposes of the Institution, “the increase and diffusion of knowledge.”
In the administrative work of the various branches of the govern- ment service placed under the direction of the Institution, it has been the custom to fully avail myself of the assistance of the officers in charge of those branches, and I am glad to say that the business of the year has been carried on vigorously. The extended and com- plicated operations of the National Museum, including the National Gallery of Art and the erection of the new building, have been effect- ively managed by the assistant secretary in charge, Mr. Richard Rathbun. The International Exchanges, the brary, and the Inter- national Catalogue of Scientific Literature continued under the effi- cient charge of Dr. Cyrus Adler, until his resignation on October 1, 1908, when he removed to Philadelphia to assume the presidency of the “Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning.” Doctor Adler entered the service of the Institution in 1888 as an assistant
@The Smithsonian Institution, by Charles Minor Blackford, jr., M. D., North American Review, January, 1909. Reprinted as Senate Document No. 717, Sixtieth Congress, second session.
4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
curator in the National Museum. In 1892 he was appointed libra- rian of the Institution, and in 1905 became assistant secretary. His service of twenty years was marked by a remarkable grasp of the affairs of the Institution, in the administration of which his advice has been of great assistance to the secretaries.
The affairs of the Bureau of American Ethnology have continued in charge of Mr. W. H. Holmes, as chief, who has also acted as curator of the National Gallery of Art. Mr. C. G. Abbot, director of the Astrophysical Observatory, has carried forward the work of this branch both in Washington and on Mount Wilson, California, where duplicate observations have been carried on at a branch station, and the care of the National Zoological Park has continued under the management of Dr. Frank Baker, its superintendent. Although greatly hampered for adequate funds the Park has proved a great attraction to the people of Washington, over 125,000 persons having visited it in a single month.
The advisory committee on printing and publication, appointed in pursuance of executive order of January 20, 1906, is composed of rep- resentatives from the Institution and its branches, and has rendered valuable assistance in examining manuscripts proposed for publica- tion, and in the consideration of various matters connected with printing and publication.
The current business of the Institution has been conducted with promptness, and it is gratifying to note that no arrearages in the work of the government branches under its direction were reported in the quarterly statements to the President and in the annual state- ment which, in accordance with law, accompanied the estimates transmitted to Congress.
FINANCES.
The permanent fund of the Institution and the sources from which it was derived are as follows:
Deposited in the Treasury of the United States.
Resnesteor Smithson, 1846522229. * soe ee Pees 2S ela $515, 169. 00 Residuary lezacy, of Smithson, 18672 =-- = +S. he 26, 210. 63 Deposit tromesavines OL incomes 1 SG(lo === ae eee 108, 620. 37 JexeoRNSE Gre dew) Ish horhnon, ake viaje ee $1, 000. 00 Accumulated interest on Hamilton fund, 1895_________ 1, 000. 00
eo 2, 000. 00 Bequest of wsimeon. Habel, 18802. 22.2222 Het ee ee 500. 00 Deposit from proceeds of sale of bonds, 1881_______________-___- 51, 500. 00 Gifttzot Lhomas Gs Hodgkins) 1S9lss2s2 ee 200, 000. 00 Part of residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894____________ 8, 000. 00 Deposit trommsavines Olsincomes (O03 Se= ea ee 25, 000. 00 Residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins__-___.._________------- 7, 918. 69
Total amount of fund in the United States Treasury___---~~ 944, 918. 69
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5
Held at the Smithsonian Institution.
Registered and guaranteed bonds of the West Shore Railroad Com-
pany (par value), part of legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins_______ $42, 000. 00 Rotalepermanent, cungs =o - Seas = ee Skee eee ee 986, 918. 69
In addition to the above there are four pieces of real estate bequeathed to the Institution by the late R. S. Avery, some of which yield a nominal rental and all are free from taxation.
That part of the fund deposited in the Treasury of the United States bears interest at 6 per cent per annum, under the provisions of the act organizing the Institution and an act of Congress approved March 12, 1894. The rate of interest on the West Shore Railroad bonds is 4 per cent per annum.
The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to $84,769.82, was derived as follows: Interest on the permanent fund, $58,375.12; contributions from various sources for specific purposes, $20,250, and from other miscellaneous sources, $6,144.70; all of which was deposited in the Treasury of the United States to the credit of the current account of the Institution.
With the balance of $18,766.41 on July 1, 1908, the total resources for the fiscal year amounted to $103,536.23. The disbursements, which are given in detail in the annual report of the executive com- mittee, amounted to $71,359.53, leaving a balance of $32,176.70 on deposit June 30, 1909, in the United States Treasury.
The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1909:
MATA TN AT OLY eA Mea S CL EVI CS ee ea eee oe ee Lp ee wee LP Te ee $32, 000 PATHVCIL Campy CTO LO Siyp eke eee eo eR TE ae ee ee 42, 000 AS LLODMYSI Cals ObServatOry=—os= = sa ee oe ee ee ee 13, 000 National Museum: MUCH iURe Ran Gah tunes === = slat se ea a oe ee ee ee 50, 000 Leave iin Sepa Get on Ginn oe see aE a ae ers as ee 22, 000 ErescnyatlonnoLicollectionS2 === == =e seksi eee See 190, 000 OOS Be eae 6 Rice eS SE SN eR ye Pe A A a ae 2, 000 POS EAS ep tetees aes eae eer eee Pipe le Se Se 500 RET GO lee WiO TEST) © [0S eer a ae ce ee ee eal et ee ee ee ee 4, 580 USOT Lapses SEE oz ef A a re a a 15, 000 Nationals ZA00lOg ical Parks: Ss eee) eee ee ee 95, 000 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature______________________ 5, 000 Rranster or Greenough statue of Washing tone 22222222.) ee 5, 000 Temporary occupancy of government buildings for tuberculosis con- SECS Se wee ee ee Se a ee te ee a ee 40, 000
6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Estimates.—The estimates forwarded to Congress in behalf of the government branches of the Institution and the appropriations based thereon for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, are as follows:
Estimates. MppTeGE International MXCHAN Sess. =. cascade c cea clewelol a =e sees one seine sin sm ~nee mins $32, 000 $32, 000 /Nsti@ru(Omay, 10)A 0800) fora ogee a pacosas BS OOOO bea oe C060 DOBOO SUB ESECdEES Joecouseneessc. 52, 000 43, 000 Reimbursement) of Belli Coss enone ae eta wala ale lwee een inlalele == bys Foooaadecc Astrophysical Observatory... ..-.-.-.------- 2-0-0 - 2 ee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eens 17,000 13, 000 National Museum: Tyibian tiyebrs\Ehov bitb-yvbNs sjonooeeon aco cn caoDNc OOOH Do cenc Q00dO. codon sODEoseDCnS 200, 000 200, 000 TSIGHY Huayee hale Mhv=d ek nbey ee Soo cgsoseconoSheos Ss oobobuSHSSHSnooousnopSonaocenass 62, 000 60, 000 Preservation of collections. ........--.2.-------- 202-20 ee ee essen ee en no --- == 400, 000 250, 000 BOG sao seeccosmaconcooEsece Spots so cod ae sece Se SO RS Se Fs 22 Sb OOS SeSciae 5, 000 2,000 IHOSGr 2 Sapp cceo GORD OUOE BOgU OE a doen Sa se EbU So CNOOd soe nos OsEoCooncODDScacasa7 500 500 Rent of workshops. ~~. <- 22-2 = wee w ene ccc vinnie ne enna eine aman ninn === GA O80) senate Bail ine POPAirs soe ape ocala ate te a mite mle lm elem Welw in niall abel alelclatnlelele -bimteleiel=fals === =i=16 = = 15, 000 15, 000 Moving collections << << <icc < ameisteoe nein ~ om wtiwielait ee » sae eae se om on nee nin 10, 000 4,000 Inorneyavenl En Mera Ot ee Se sc ocoosscoos seecouobds sees 7 sod Sboe Se ooeoseoSssstce GOAT esonscncec INI ALOE | Yayo) Oy LEP eo So pec essseccess son soon secoossessoseesessssaso5scossc 110, 000 95, 000 ReadjuUshmentof POUNGAIIES: <--)- 22 22m4- - ers bebe om aint ae eee elena 40000! |s53 detae J spine [Out ebhers = sone sonsoeoceosode seaondese co JocesocHeansesdasaoonesgs2sbscC 80,000 |....00 caee TRG GaMe chal Ale oe (oo sag pea gal one CouCO Daa nu CoOnDEaSCane sogudeaeae= 125000 Iie cterncaete International Catalogue of Scientific Literature-..........-..-.--.--.----------- 7, 500 6, 000 ARS Ns al ee ee a ae eet eee See emp BEpaeecraremeaacaack 1,108,105 | 720,500
«The request was made to the Appropriations Committee that this item be eliminated, as rented buildings would be vacated by June 30, 1909.
The Institution is required each year to submit to Congress, through the Secretary of the Treasury, estimates for the support of the several branches placed by the Congress under its administrative charge. The estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1911, were submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury on May 1, 1909, instead of in the fall of the year as heretofore, it being the desire of the President, expressed through the Treasury Department, that more time be given to their examination.
In preparing these estimates I found it imperative that consider- able increases should be made in several directions, as follows:
For the Bureau of American Ethnology I have asked an increase of $10,000, to be allotted for the exploration and preservation of antiquities, researches among the tribes of the Middle West, and for researches in Hawaii and Samoa.
To properly carry on the work of the Astrophysical Observatory likewise requires a greater appropriation. The furnishing and main- tenance of the new building for the National Museum necessitates, in general, a large increase in annual appropriations. For the National Zoological Park I have asked a considerable increase, in order that it may be properly maintained and become in greater measure what its name would lead the public to expect and demand in a national park.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 7
Hstimates for the year ending June 30, 1911.
fnterna tionally six Changes ss koe esse ee ee ee ee ee $32, 000 AMeTI CAN EANOLO Sys. soos ae et eee SER ee ee Se 52, 000 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature____________________ 7, 500 ASELOD My SiCala ODSCL YAO y= = es ee eens oe ee ee 18, 000 National Museum: UE CHneS ands fi ctuneSe o-oo ee nee Ee oe $125, 000 eating and lie htine= 22 a aaa ee ee ee ee 60, 000 Preservation of collections==—— 22-2 22522256 —2 2a 2 ae 400, 000 BOOKS ies Soe oe oe ee eee ea ne ee eee 5, 000 ES ed Chama gee AN Gee ee eS ee ee ee 15, 000 IR OStAS Cpe ee eek ee ae 2s oe 500 ————___ 605, 500 National Zoological Park: NiaviMmben am Cel CCl sae ss ae ey ee ee $110, 000 AVIA GY SDULLOIN S22 eS os Se eke ee 80, 000 RRO ACW ay Shan de WalicS esa e es ee ee ee 14, 000 ReVaIstment OL VOUNGATICSS =] = oes eee eee 40, 000 ————__ 244, 000 Printing and binding for the Institution and its branches___________ 72, 700 HN) Getler res ee eae ee ees ec A ee ee 1, 031, 700
EXPLORATIONS AND RESEARCHES.
The resources of the Smithsonian Institution are at present too limited to permit of large grants for extensive explorations or inves- tigations, but as far as the income allows aid is given in various lines of research work, and it is sometimes found possible to engage in ex- peditions likely to accomplish important results. If funds could be obtained to be administered under the Institution, the scientific work of the Government might often be supplemented by original re- searches of a character that would hardly be undertaken by the Gov- ernment, and which would be of great service to humanity and to science.
Through the National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Astrophysical Observatory the Institution has been enabled to carry on various important biological, ethnological, and astrophys- ical researches, which are mentioned elsewhere in this report.
SMITHSONIAN AFRICAN EXPEDITION.
Through the generosity of friends of the Smithsonian Institution, there was provided during the past year a special fund to pay for the outfitting and to meet the expenses of the naturalists on a hunting and collecting expedition to Africa under the direction of Col. Theo- dore Roosevelt. No part of the fund was derived from any govern- ment appropriation or from the income of the Institution. The spe- cial interest of the Institution in the expedition is the collection of biological material for the United States National Museum,
45745°—sm 1909——2
8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
In June, 1908, the following letter was received from President Roosevelt:
THE WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON. OystTER Bay, N. Y., June 20, 1908.
My Dear Doctor Watcotr: About the 1st of April next I intend to start for Africa. My plans are of course indefinite, but at present I hope they will be something on the following order:
By May 1 I shall land at Mombasa and spend the next few months hunting and traveling in British and German Hast Africa; probably going thence to or toward Uganda, with the expectation of striking the Nile about the beginning of the new year, and then working down it, with side trips after animals and birds, so as to come out at tide water, say, about March 1. This would give me ten months in Africa. As you know, I am not in the least a game butcher. I like to do a certain amount of hunting, but my real and main interest is the interest of a faunal naturalist. Now, it seems to me that this opens the best chance for the National Museum to get a fine collection not only of the big game beasts, but of the smaller mammals and birds of Africa; and looking at it dispassionately, I believe that the chance ought not to be neglected. I will make arrangements to pay for the expenses of myself and my son. But what I would like to do would be to get one or two professional field taxidermists, field naturalists, to go with me, who should prepare and send back the specimens we collect. The collection which would thus go to the National Museum would be of unique value. It would, I hope, include specimens of big game, together with the rare smaller animals and birds. I have not the means that would enable me to pay for the field naturalists or taxidermists and their kit, and the cur- ing and transport of the specimens for the National Museum. Of course the actual hunting of the big game I would want to do myself, or have my son do; but the specimens will all go to the National Museum, save a very few personal trophies of little scientific value which for some reason I might like to keep. Now, can you, in view of getting these specimens for the National Museum, arrange for the services of the field taxidermists, and for the care and trans- port of the specimens? As ex-President, I should feel that the National Mu- seum is the museum to which my collection should go.
With high regard, sincerely yours, THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Hon. CHartes D. WALcorT,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
To which I replied from camp in Montana, where I was carrying on geological investigations for the Institution :
Betton, Monvt., June 27, 1908. To the PRESIDENT, Oyster Bay, N. Y.
DEAR Mr. PRESIDENT: Your letter of June 20, with a copy of a letter Dr. Cyrus Adler wrote you in reply, just received.
I am immensely pleased at the thought of your collections coming to the National Museum, and it will give me the greatest pleasure to provide two taxidermists and their kit, and to arrange for the curing and transport of the specimens.
I leave in the morning for the Kintla Lake region and the Continental Divide, as most of the geological work has to be done above timber line.
Thanking you most heartily and sincerely for the opportunity of securing the African material, I remain,
Sincerely yours, CHARLES D, WALCOTT.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9
At the next meeting of the Board of Regents on December 15, 1908, the following resolutions were adopted, formally recording the ac- ceptance of the President’s generous offer and expressing the Board’s appreciation of the contributions of the friends of the Institution which made this expedition possible:
Resolved, That the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution express to Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, its appreciation of his very generous offer contained in his letter of the 20th of June, 1908, to the Sec- retary of the Institution, with respect to his expedition to Africa; and that it accept the same.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian In- stitution be conveyed by the Secretary of the Institution to the donors who have so generously contributed funds to meet the expenses of the naturalists who will accompany Mr. Theodore Roosevelt upon his expedition to Africa, the results of which will be presented by the President to the Smithsonian Institution for the National Museum,
The party sailed on March 23, 1909, from New York on the steamer Hamburg for Naples, whence steamer was taken to Mombasa, British East Africa. Those accompanying Mr. Roosevelt were his son Ker- mit and three naturalists—Lieut. Col. Edgar A. Mearns, surgeon, U. S. Army; Mr. Edmund Heller; and Mr. J. Alden Loring. The expedition arrived in Africa on April 21.
A letter from Mr. Heller, dated at Nairobi May 31, announced the shipment of 20 barrels of large mammal skins in brine, comprising Colonel Roosevelt’s first month’s collection. The shipment consists of 82 specimens, as follows: Lion, 7; leopard, 1; cheetah, 1; spotted hyena, 1; Cape hartebeest, 14; white-bearded wildebeest, 5; Neumann steinbuck, 5; Kirk dik-dik, 1; common waterbuck, 3; Chanler reed- buck, 4; Grant gazelle, 9; Thomson gazelle, 5, impalla, 2; eland, 1; Cape buffalo, 4; giraffe, 3; hippopotamus, 1; wart hog, 6; Burchell zebra, 7; black rhinoceros, 2. While no new species, so far as is known, is included in this first shipment, the collection will supple- ment materially the specimens already in the National Museum.
Together with this shipment are expected a large number of speci- mens of small mammals, and also of birds gathered by Lieut. Col. Mearns and J. Alden Loring, of the expedition party.
Through the Smithsonian African expedition the National Zoological Park has been presented by Mr. W. W. McMillan, of Juja farm, near Nairobi, British East Africa, with an exceptional collection of live African animals. A letter from Lieut. Col. Edgar A. Mearns, dated May 20, states that the collection includes 11 large mammals and 3 large birds, all in fine condition and for the most part well broken to captivity, as follows: A male and female lion, 2 years old; a male and two female lions, 17 months old; a female leopard, a pet of Mrs. McMillan; two cheetahs; a wart hog, 2 years old; one Thomson and one Grant gazelle, well grown; a large
10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
eagle of unusual species; a small vulture; and a large buteo. Speci- mens of none of these, except the lions and leopard, are at present contained in the park.
STUDIES IN CAMBRIAN GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY.
In my reports for the past two years reference has been made to studies of the older sedimentary rocks of the North American Conti- nent, which I have been carrying on as opportunity offered for more than twenty years. This work was continued in Montana and the Canadian Rockies during the field season of 1908.
Outfitting at Belton, Mont., the last of June, 1908, the party pro- ceeded with saddle horses and pack mules north past Lake McDonald and on up the valley of the North Fork of the Flathead River to the Kintla lakes. From the Continental Divide northeast of Upper Kintla Lake beautiful views were obtained of the higher peaks, deep canyons, and snow fields north and south of the international bound- ary. Numerous photographs and notes on the geology were taken.
The party crossed the forty-ninth parallel and moved north up the valley of the Flathead, in British Columbia, making several side excursions into the mountains. The farthest point reached toward the northeast was about 20 miles south of Crows Nest Pass. From there the route led along a trapper’s trail up Johnson Creek to the Continental Divide, thence to the town of Pincher Creek and south to Waterton Lake. An examination was made of the oil fields west of Waterton Lake on Cumberland Creek, which is about 15 miles north of the international boundary. From this point the party followed a trail along the western side of Waterton Lake and thence up Little Kootna Creek to the Continental Divide at the head of Mineral Creek, a tributary of McDonald Creek. A few days were spent in taking photographs and examining the geological structure in this vicinity before returning to Belton, on August 1, for supplies.
A trip was next made by the way of Lake McDonald to Gunsight Pass on the Continental Divide, above Upper St. Mary Lake. But smoke from forest fires became so dense that the party returned to Belton and proceeded southward up the South Fork of the Flat- head River for about 100 miles. Examinations were made of Gordon Mountain and vicinity and during the return journey several geo- logical sections were examined along the western side of the Conti- nental Divide. Belton was again reached early in September and a trip was made to Marias Pass, which afforded a very fine view of the main range of the Rocky Mountains along the line of the Great Northern Railway.
The scientific results of the 950-mile trip through the forests and on mountain trails will aid materially in the solution of several prob- lems connected with the stratigraphy and structure of the main ranges
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 11
of the eastern Rocky Mountains and of the geological position and age of many thousands of feet of the sandstones, shales, and lme- stones forming the mountains in northern Montana, British Colum-: bia, and Alberta.
On the return an examination was made of the geological forma- tions in the vicinity of Helena, Mont., and of the Wasatch Range, southeast of Salt Lake City, Utah.
Three additional papers giving a summary of the results of my studies in Cambrian Geology and Paleontology were published dur- ing the year: No. 3, Cambrian Brachiopoda: Descriptions of new genera and species; No. 4, Classification and terminology of the Cambrian Brachiopoda; and No. 5, Cambrian sections of the Cordil- leran area.?
GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE FAR EAST.
In May, 1909, a Smithsonian grant was made to Prof. Joseph P. Iddings, of the United States Geological Survey and the University of Chicago, for geological investigations in Japan, eastern China, and Java. Professor Iddings, who was graduated in the Columbia School of Mines in 1878-79, and in microscopic petrography by the University of Heidelberg in 1879-80, is well fitted for a research of this kind. His connection with and acquaintance in various foreign scientific societies will be of assistance in prosecuting this remote investigation, which will be reported fully as it progresses.
BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS.
Work under a small grant to Miss Alice Eastwood, for re-collect- ing the botanical species secured by the botanist Thomas Nuttall in 1836 in the region of Santa Barbara, Cal., has been successfully prose- cuted, as mentioned in the last report. Asa result, Miss Eastman has sent to the National Museum two sets of plants, one of 341 desirable specimens, which have been mounted for the National Herbarium. The second, and by a few specimens the smaller set, will be used for exchange purposes, many valuable additions to the Herbarium being frequently secured in this manner.
INVESTIGATIONS UNDER THE HODGKINS FUND.
As stated in the last report, I have given consideration to the use of the portion of the Hodgkins fund devoted to the increase and diffusion of more exact knowledge of the atmospheric air in rela- tion to the welfare of man. While much valuable work has been done under this fund, it appeared to me that it would be more in consonance with the ideas of the founder, if at least a portion of it might be employed in some way to aid in the knowledge of the
h2_ 99
@ Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. LIII, pp. 55-250.
12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
prevention of disease and its cure. In following out this sphere of work the Institution issued a circular, under date of February 3, 1908, offering a prize of $1,500 for the best treatise on “ The relation of atmospheric air to tuberculosis” that should be presented at the international congress on tuberculosis, which was held in Washington from September 21 to October 12, 1908. This prize aroused wide- spread interest among the students on this subject and resulted in the receipt by the Institution of 81 papers submitted in competition. All of these have been referred to the committee on awards, whose report is expected in a short time.
Grants from the Hodgkins fund, although not numerous during the past year, have been the means of furthering important investiga- tions which are still in progress.
RESEARCHES ON ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
A Hodgkins grant was approved in October, 1908, for the erection of a small stone shelter on the summit of Mount Whitney, California, for the use of investigators during the prosecution of researches on atmospheric air, or on subjects closely related thereto.
The pioneer trip to the summit of Mount Whitney in the summer of 1881 by the late Secretary Langley, at that time director of the Allegheny Observatory, will be recalled in this connection as well as his earnestly expressed conviction that in no country is there a finer site for meteorological and atmospheric observations than the United States possesses in Mount Whitney and its neighboring peaks.
As emphasized in the report of the Langley expedition, a per- manent shelter on the peak is an absolute necessity for the prose- cution of continued observations there, and the erection of such a shelter has now been made possible by the extension of railway facilities toward the base of the mountain and the improvement of the trails to the summit.
Mr. C. G. Abbot, who succeeded Secretary Langley as director of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution, and to whose immediate suggestion and earnest personal efforts the prep- aration for and the establishment of this important post on Mount Whitney are largely due, began his observations there in the summer of 1909, and obtained important data in the determination of the solar constant.
The cooperation of Prof. W. W. Campbell, the director of Lick Observatory, University of California, at Mount Hamilton, has been most helpful during the erection of the shelter, and the interest of many of the citizens of Lone Pine, near the border line of the govern- ment reservation, has been heartily and patriotically expressed. It is easily seen that the local feeling in favor of the station will make its occupation more readily and comfortably available by members
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13
of the research parties who will from time to time desire to work there.
The class of researches to be prosecuted at this exceptionably fa- vorable station are not only of great scientific interest, but are ex- pected also to prove of value in determining questions having a direct, practical influence on the preservation and progress of human life on our globe.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD PYRHELIOMETERS.
A limited grant from the Hodgkins fund was approved in Feb- ruary, 1909, for the construction of several silver disk pyrheliometers. These instruments are to be placed in charge of scientific investi- gators in widely separated localities for the purpose of establishing an international scale for the comparison of observations on solar radiation. The varying results published by observers have made the need of international cooperation in this connection apparent, and the matter has received considerable attention at conferences of the Solar Union.
These simple and comparatively inexpensive instruments are to be constructed after a design by Mr. Abbot. Similar pyrheliometers have been employed in the researches of the Astrophysical Observa- tory for several years and have proved entirely satisfactory.
PUBLICATIONS UNDER THE HODGKINS FUND.
Bibliography of aeronautical literature——An exhaustive bibliog- raphy of aeronautical literature, compiled by Mr. Paul Brockett, assistant librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, has been com- pleted to July 1, 1909, and is now in course of publication. This work contains references to about 13,500 published articles and is designed to render available the voluminous literature in all lan- guages, on aviation.
Mechanics of the earth’s atmosphere.—In 1891 the Institution pub- lished a volume of translations of important foreign memoirs on the “ Mechanics of the earth’s atmosphere,” which was prepared by Prof. Cleveland Abbe. There was put to press during the past year a sec- ond collection of papers on this subject.
SMITHSONIAN TABLE AT NAPLES ZOOLOGICAL STATION.
The occupants of the Smithsonian table at Naples during the past year were Dr. C. A. Kofoid, of the University of California and the San Diego Marine Biological Station, and Dr. F. M. Guyer, of the University of Cincinnati. Dr. Kofoid is studying the question of sexual reproduction among Dinoflagellata and carrying on experi- mental work on autotomy in Ceratium, with reference to temperature and vertical distribution in the sea. Their investigations covered a period of seven months.
14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
The present lease of the table expires December 31, 1909, but its renewal for another term of three years has been decided on, so that applications for the seat may now be submitted at any time.
As in former years, the cooperation of the members of the advisory committee has been of great value in the examination of applications for the seat, and is always thoroughly appreciated.
PUBLICATIONS.
The publication work of the Smithsonian Institution has from its beginning been one of its most important functions. It has been the principal medium for the “ diffusion of knowledge ” throughout the world. The Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, and the Smithsonian Annual Reports are publications widely known, and the demand for copies of these works has constantly been much in excess of the possible supply. The editions of the “ Contributions ” and the “ Collections ” are necessarily restricted by the limited income of the Institution, and their distribution is almost entirely to public institutions rather than to individuals. The Annual Reports, however, are public docu- ments, issued at the expense of a congressional appropriation. Although this permits of editions of several thousand copies, yet the entire number is each year exhausted soon after the date of publication.
Besides the publications of the Institution proper there are issued under its direction the Bulletins and Annual Reports of the United States National Museum and of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory. The details relating to these various series during the year will be found in the appendix to this report.
In the series of “ Contributions” no new volume was published, although there was issued a new edition of Professor Langley’s memoir on “ The internal work of the wind,” originally printed in 1893. To this new edition was added, as an appendix, a translation of the “Solution of a special case of the general problem,” by Réné de Saussure, which appeared in 1893 in Revue de l’Aéronautique Théorique et Appliqué, Paris, in connection with a French reproduc- tion of the above memoir by Professor Langley.
The quarterly issue of the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections has now reached its fifth volume. Twenty papers were published in this series during the year. One of these papers, “Some recent con- tributions to our knowledge of the sun,” was a lecture delivered at Washington April 22, 1908, under the auspices of the Hamilton fund of the Srithsonian Institution. Another paper, by Dr. Cyrus Adler, tells of the relation of Richard Rush to the Smithsonian Institution. Mr. Rush was agent of the United States to secure the bequest of
’
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15
James Smithson. He successfully completed the legal steps neces- sary to establish the claim of the United States in the English courts, and in August, 1838, arrived in New York with half a million dollars in gold sovereigns which were formally transferred to the Treasurer of the United States. Mr. Rush later rendered important service in the organization of the Institution and was one of its first Regents, serving on the Board from 1846 until his death in 1859.
The continued demand for the Smithsonian Physical Tables, pre- pared by the late Prof. Thomas Gray, necessitated the reprinting of a fourth edition from the stereotype plates. A thorough revision of these Tables is in preparation to bring the work within the range of the important advance made in the science of physics during the last decade.
The volume of “Smithsonian Mathematical Tables: Hyperbolic Functions,” prepared by Dr. George F. Becker and Mr. C. E. Van Orstrand, which was in press at the close of the last fiscal year, has been completed as a “ special publication.”
Three papers descriptive of my researches in Cambrian Geology and Paleontology have been added to those mentioned in my last report. These are: No. 3, Cambrian Brachiopoda: Description of New Genera and Species; No. 4, Classification and Terminology of the Cambrian Brachiopoda; and No. 5, Cambrian Sections of the Cordilleran Area. The last-named paper is accompanied by a num- ber of illustrations of various parts of the Rocky Mountains showing the Cambrian Cordilleran sections which had been examined to a total thickness of more than 12,000 feet.
Among the works in press at the close of the year was a paper on “Landmarks of Botanical History,” by Dr. Edward L. Greene, and a work on the “ Mechanics of the Earth’s Atmosphere,” comprising a selection of important French and German papers translated and edited by Prof. Cleveland Abbe.
There was practically completed, ready for press, at the ciose of the year a Bibliography of Aeronautics containing references to about 13,500 books and papers on that subject, dating from the earli- est days of printing down to the publications of the present year.
The greater part of the Annual Report for 1908 was in type at the close of the year, but press work could not be completed. The volume contains 27 papers showing progress made in astronomy, physics, biology, geology, and other branches of knowledge.
To meet the demand for copies of papers by Secretary Langley on aerial navigation, there was reprinted a special edition, under one cover, of four articles that had appeared in the Smithsonian Reports from 1897 to 1904, as follows: “ Story of experiments in mechanical flight ” (1897); “The Langley aerodrome” (1900); “The greatest flying creature ” (1901) ; and “ Experiments with the Langley aero-
16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
drome” (1904). The introduction to this reprint, written by As- sistant Secretary Adler, reads as follows:
The international fame of Samuel Pierpont Langley rests primarily upon his epoch-making researches in solar physics, but during the last ten years of his life his name was best known to the world at large by his experiments in mechanical flight.
Mr. Langley was the first to produce a machine heavier than air which, sup- ported and propelled by its own engine and possessing no extraneous lifting or sustaining power, actually made an independent flight for a considerable distance, this being accomplished for the first time on May 6, 1896. He after- wards constructed other models driven by both steam and gasoline engines, which made frequent successful flights, and was thus the first to demonstrate by actual experiment the possibility of mechanical flight.
In addition to building various models and machines, most of which are now on exhibition in the United States National Museum, Mr. Langley recorded his studies and experiments in two technical works—“ Experiments in Aero- dynamics,” published originally by the Smithsonian Institution in 1891, and “The Internal Work of the Wind,’ the original edition of which was issued by the Institution in 1893. The copious and painstaking notes made by Mr. Langley in connection with his latest experiments in mechanical flight are now in course of preparation for publication and will be issued by the Institu- tion on completion, thus forming the third volume of this more technical series.
Mr. Langley also wrote a few occasional popular papers relating to this same class of experiments, which were published in the Smithsonian reports and else- where, the editions of which are now quite exhausted. In order to meet the ever-increasing demand for information on a subject which is now claiming uni- versal attention, and in which Mr. Langley was the pioneer, some of these less technical articles are here brought together and reprinted under a single cover.
The publications of the National Museum during the year included a large number of papers in the Proceedings, and several Bulletins, the general contents of which are enumerated in the appendix.
The Bureau of American Ethnology published its Twenty-sixth Annual Report and a number of Bulletins. One of the Bulletins, No. 42, by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, gives the results of his study of tuber- culosis among certain Indian tribes.
The Annual Reports of the American Historical Association and of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolu- tion were received from those organizations and were communicated to Congress in accordance with their national charters.
The allotments to the Institution and its branches, under the head of public printing and binding during the past fiscal year, aggrega- ting $72,700, were, as far as practicable, expended prior to June 30. The allotments for the year ending June 30, 1910, are as follows:
For the Smithsonian Institution for printing and binding annual re- ports of the Board of Regents, with general appendixes___________ $10, 000 For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general appen- dixes, and for printing labels and blanks for the Bulletins and Pro- ceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not ex- ceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half turkey or material not more expensive, scientific books and pamphlets presented to and acquired byethe National Museum) ibtary== 22) oa = se eee ee 34, 000
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. aby)
For the annual reports and bulletins of the Bureau of American Eth- nology and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau___ $21, 000 For miscellaneous printing and binding:
Antena On AlebINCRAN GCS) 2a ae Ne ee ee 200 International Catalogue of Scientific Literature___.____.__________ 100 Nai onuale ZOOlog Cals Parkes 2 SS a See ea 200 ASCrODHY SICAL ODSCLVATORY: 22 == = a ee eS ee ee 200 For the annual report of the American Historical Association_________ 7, 000 BTS (21) oem ene ee ete ee Se ee ee he ee ee 72, 700
The practice of sending out abstracts of the publications of the Institution and its branches to newspapers throughout the country has been continued, and in this way many millions of readers, who would not have ready access to the scientific information in the papers themselves, have been reached.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND PUBLICATION.
The committee on printing and publication has continued to ex- amine manuscripts proposed for publication by the branches of the Institution and has considered various questions concerning public printing and binding. ‘Twenty-seven meetings of the committee were held during the year and more than a hundred manuscripts were passed upon. Upon the resignation of Dr. Cyrus Adler, chairman of the committee, as assistant secretary of the Institution, the com- mittee was reorganized as follows: Dr. Frederick W. True, head curator of biology, United States National Museum, chairman; Mr. C. G. Abbot, director of the Astrophysical Observatory; Mr. W. I. Adams, of the International Exchanges; Dr. Frank Baker, superin- tendent of the National Zoological Park; Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Smithsonian Institution; Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist, the Bureau of American Ethnology; Prof. O. T. Mason, head curator of anthropology, United States National Museum; Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology, United States National Museum; and Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, curator of reptiles and batrachians, United States National Museum.
In order to prevent duplication of work in the examination of papers, the Museum advisory committee on publications was discon- tinued and its duties transferred to this committee.
THE LIBRARY.
The additions to the Smithsonian Library during the year aggre- gated 29,729 complete volumes and parts of volumes, besides over 34,000 parts of periodical publications. Of the accessions more than 20,000 were placed in the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Con- egress, and the remainder were divided among the libraries of the Secretary’s office, the Astrophysical Observatory, the National Zoo-
18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
logical Park, the International Exchanges, and the National Museum library. The library of the Bureau of American Ethnology, which is administered separately from the general library, has also had numerous additions. The Institution has continued the policy of send- ing to the Library of Congress public documents received in exchange for its publications.
During the last two years special efforts have been made to com- plete the sets of the publications of scientific societies and learned institutions in the Smithsonian deposit, including serial publications in the main collection, resulting in the receipt of nearly 4,000 parts, an increase of more than 2,000 over the previous year.
The reference books in the Institution and the general library, together with the sectional libraries in the National Museum and the library of the Bureau of American Ethnology, have been very freely consulted.
The importance of the collection of scientific works in the hbrary of the Institution is becoming more and more appreciated each year by the scientific investigator, as 1s evidenced by the increase in the number of publications withdrawn for consultation, especially the proceedings and transactions of the scientific societies and learned institutions.
The assistant librarian has been engaged in preparing a bibliog- raphy of aeronautical literature, which includes the indexing of about 13,500 papers in periodicals and proceedings of aeronautical socie- ties, books and separate pamphlets on the subject, and comprises all available titles, domestic and foreign, published before July 1, 1909. At the close of the year the manuscript was ready for the printer.
PRESERVATION OF AMERICAN ANTIQUITIES.
Under the terms of the act of Congress approved June 8, 1906, uniform regulations for the preservation of archeological and other objects on the public domain were prepared by the Secretaries of the Interior, War, and Agriculture, with the cooperation of the Smith- sonian Institution. Under rule 8 of these regulations applications for permits to carry on explorations or researches are referred to the Smithsonian Institution for recommendation, and during the year a number of such applications were acted on by the Institution.
CONGRESSES, CELEBRATIONS, AND EXPOSITIONS.
International Congress of Orientalists—At the Fifteenth Inter- national Congress of Orientalists, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, August 14 to 20, 1908, the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum were represented by Dr. Paul Haupt, professor of semitic philology in Johns Hopkins University, and associate of the National Museum in historic archeology. At the suggestion of the Institution,
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19
Doctor Haupt, Dr. C. R. Lanman, of Harvard University, Prof. Morris Jastrow, jr., of the University of Pennsylvania, and Prof. A. V. W. Jackson, of Columbia University, were designated by the Department of State as delegates of the United States Government to this congress.
Congress of Americanists—Dr. Franz Boas, of Columbia Univer- sity, was representative of the Institution at the Sixteenth Inter- national Congress of Americanists, held at Vienna September 8 to 14, 1908, and the Department of State, at the suggestion of the Insti- tution, designated, besides Doctor Boas, the following delegates on the part of the United States Government: Prof. Marshall H. Saville, of Columbia; Dr. George Grant McCurdy, of Yale; Dr. Charles Peabody, of Harvard; and Dr. Paul Haupt, of Johns Hopkins.
Fisheries Congress.—The International Fisheries Congress was held in Washington September 22 to 26, 1908, delegates being present from a large number of countries and from various societies and clubs interested in fisheries. The Institution was represented by Dr. T. N. Gill and Dr. F. W. True; the National Museum by Mr. W. de C. Ravenel and Dr. Leonhard Stejneger. Dr. Richard Rathbun, Assist- ant Secretary of the Institution, served as delegate at large from the Government. In connection with this congress the Smithsonian Institution had offered a prize of $200 for the best essay or treatise “ On international regulation of the fisheries on the high seas: Their history, objects, and results.” This prize was awarded to Mr. Charles H. Stevenson, of the United States Bureau of Fisheries.
Tuberculosis Congress—In compliance with the direction of the President, the new building for the National Museum was selected for the meetings of the International Congress on Tuberculosis, $40,000 being placed at the disposal of the Secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution for the necessary arrangements in this connection.
The plans for the adaptation of the building to this purpose were put in the hands of the superintendent of construction, Mr. Bernard R. Green, and the work necessary was conducted by him to a success- ful conclusion. About 100,000 square feet of the building on the first and second floors, exclusive of the south wings, were used for the purposes of the congress. In order to make the space as attractive as possible, muslin was used to cover the rough places and many flags of the United States and of foreign nations were gracefully festooned about the halls. The Institution is indebted to the War, Navy, and Treasury departments, and also to the Bureau of American Republics, for the use of the flags. The temporary arrangements for the illumi- nation of the building required 600 lamps of 80 candlepower each, consuming about 40,000 feet of wiring.
The congress opened on September 21, 1908, and adjourned on October 12. By November 3 all traces of the convention had been
20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
removed and the building was again ready for the resumption of construction operations. About $25,000 was expended in fitting up the building for the congress ($15,000 being thus unused from the appropriation).
Thirty-one independent nations and forty-five States of the Union were represented. There were 488 contributors, of whom 312 were citizens of the United States. The total attendance at the congress was approximately 148,000.
Among the contributors to the exhibits the Smithsonian Institu- tion presented results of an investigation among certain of the Indian tribes for the Department of the Interior, with a view to showing the actual amount of tuberculosis existing. This work was done by Dr. Ale’ Hrdlitka, of the National Museum, who visited the Menominee, Sioux, Quinault, Hupa, and Mohave tribes. The exhibit occupied a space amounting to 18 by 40 feet, and the congress expressed its appreciation of it by awarding the Institution a gold medal.
As already mentioned in the paragraphs on the Hodgkins fund, the Institution offered a prize of $1,500 for the best treatise on “ The relation of atmospheric air to tuberculosis.”
Anniversary of birth of Torricelli.—At the exercises commemorat- ing the three hundredth anniversary of the birth of Evangelista Torricelli, held at Faenza, Italy, in November, 1908, Professor Senator Giovanni Copellini was requested to act as the representative of the Institution.
American Mining Congress——Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology, United States National Museum, represented the Institu- tion and the Museum at the eleventh annual session of the American Mining Congress, held at Pittsburg, Pa., December 2 to 5, 1908.
Pan-American Scientific Congress.—The first Pan-American Scien- tific Congress was held in Santiago, Chile, December 25, 1908, to January 6, 1909. The Smithsonian Institution was represented by Mr. William H. Holmes, Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology and curator of prehistoric archeology in the National Museum, who presented a paper on “ The peopling of America.” An account of the congress, by Mr. Holmes, is given as an appendix to the present report.
Aeronautical exposition.—The Institution sent seven large photo- graphs of the Langley aerodrome to the International Aeronautical Exposition held at Frankfort on the Main, Germany, February 27, 1909.
National Academy of Sciences—As has been the custom for many years, the Institution afforded facilities for the meetings of the Na- tional Academy of Sciences, April 21 to 23, 1909. One of the halls of the National Museum was used for the public meetings of the academy, the council meetings being held in rooms in the Smithsonian
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 21
building. The programme of the meetings included the usual num- ber of papers covering a wide field.
Congress of photography.—The Smithsonian Institution accepted an invitation to participate in the International Congress on Pho- tography at Dresden, Germany, May to October, 1909, and sent a number of enlarged photographs and transparencies.
International Archeological Congress.—Upon the recommendation of the Smithsonian Institution Mr. A. M. Lythgoe, of the Metropoli- tan Museum of Art, and Prof. Paul Baur, of Yale University, were designated by the Department of State as delegates on the part of the United States to the Second International Archeological Con- gress, which was held at Cairo, Egypt, Easter, 1909.
Darwin celebration—It was my pleasure, by resolution of the Board of Regents, to represent the Institution at the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin, held at Cambridge University, England, June 22 to 24, 1909, when the university con- ferred upon me the degree of Sc. D. In this connection a bronze bust of Darwin, a gift of many of Darwin’s admirers in America, was presented to the university.
University of Geneva anniversary.—Prof. J. M. Baldwin, of Johns Hopkins University, was appointed to represent the Smithsonian Institution at the three hundredth anniversary of the founding of the Geneva University, which was held at Geneva July 7 to 10, 1909.
University of Leipzig anniversary.—The Institution accepted an invitation to participate in the five hundredth anniversary of the University of Leipzig held July 28 to 30, 1909, and Dr. William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md., consented to act as its representative on that occasion.
Congress for the History of Religions——Dr. Paul Haupt, of Johns Hopkins University, and Prof. Morris Jastrow, jr., of the University of Pennsylvania, were designated, at the suggestion of the Institu- tion, as delegates on the part of the United States to the Third Inter- national Congress for the History of Religions, held at Oxford, England, September 15 to 18, 1909.
Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition—In the act of Congress ap- proved May 27, 1908, an appropriation of $200,000 was made for an exhibition by the Government at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Ex- position held at Seattle, begining June 1 and closing October 1, 1909. Mr. W. deC. Ravenel, administrative assistant in the United States National Museum, was designated by the Secretary as Repre- sentative of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum. An allotment of $24,000 was made for an exhibit by the Institution and the Museum to illustrate our national history, especially with refer- ence to Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippine Islands, and the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Ravenel’s account of this exhibit is given in an appendix to the present report.
99 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Mr. Ravenel was also appointed by the President as a member of the United States Government board of managers of the exposition.
LANGLEY MEDAL AND MEMORIAL TABLET.
As a tribute to the memory of the late Secretary Samuel Pierpont Langley and his contributions to the science of aerodromics, the Regents on December 15, 1908, adopted the following resolution:
Resolved, That the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution establish a medal to be known as the Langley medal; to be awarded for specially meri- torious investigations in connection with the science of aerodromics and its application to aviation.
Following the establishment of this medal a committee on award, composed of the following gentlemen of recognized attainments in the science of aerodromics, was appointed by the Secretary:
Mr. Octave Chanute, of Chicago, chairman.
Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Washington, D. C.
Maj. George O. Squier, U. S. Army.
Mr. John A. Brashear, Allegheny, Pa.
Mr. James Means, formerly editor of the Aeronautical Annual, Boston, Mass.
The obverse of the medal is the same as in the Hodgkins medal and was designed by M. J. C. Chaplain, of Paris, a member of the French Academy. It represents a female figure, seated on the globe, carrying a torch in her left hand and in her right a scroll emblematic of knowledge, and the words “ Per Orbem.” The reverse is adapted from the seal of the Institution as designed by Augustus St. Gaudens, the special inscription being inserted in the center instead of the map of the world. The medal is about 3 inches in diameter.
The committee recommended that the first medal be bestowed on Wilbur and Orville Wright, and the medal was awardeu to these gentlemen under the following Tesolubion, adopted by the Board of Regents on February 10, 1909:
Resolved, That the Langley medal be awarded to Wilbur and Orville Wright for advancing the science of aerodromics in its application to aviation by their successful investigations and demonstrations of the practicability of mechanical flight by man.
At the meeting of the Board of Regents on December 15, 1908, the following resolution was adopted:
Resolved, That the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution be requested to report to the Board of Regents as soon as practicable upon the erection in the Institution building of a tablet to the memory of Secretary Langley, setting forth his services in connection with the subject of aerial navigation.
Designs for this tablet are now being prepared by a well-known architect of this city, whose advice I have requested.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 23
MISCELLANEOUS. GREENOUGH STATUE OF WASHINGTON.
The Greenough statue of Washington, which was transferred to the custody of the Institution by joint resolution of Congress of May 22, 1908, introduced by Representative Mann, was removed from the plaza east of the Capitol in November, 1908, and has been installed in the west hall of the Smithsonian building.
MEMORIAL CONTINENTAL HALL.
Under date of April 30, 1909, the president-general of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution communicated with the President, offering to place at the disposal of the Smith- sonian Institution the use of the auditorium in Memorial Continental Hall. The President transmitted this offer to the Secretary of the Institution, and its thanks were expressed in a statement that the needs of the Institution at present are of a special nature and require particularly facilities for laboratory and research work, for which Continental Hall is not well adapted, but should there be need in the future for additional space for lecture purposes and the like, the Institution would be glad to avail itself of the courteous proposal of the Daughters of the American Revolution.
NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The operations of the National Museum are discussed in detail by the assistant secretary in the appendix to this report and also in a separate volume, and need not therefore be fully treated here.
It was expected that the new building would be ready for occu- pancy before June 30, but delayed contracts and other circumstances prevented its completion. The entire stonework of the outer walls was, however, finished, as were also the roofs and skylights of the building. Much progress was made in the interior and it is expected that some of the halls and workrooms will be ready for use early in the autumn. A large part of the first and second floors and of the basement were utilized in the autumn of 1908 for the meetings and exhibition halls of the Sixth International Tuberculosis Congress, an appropriation having been made by the Government for the erec- tion of necessary partitions and other fittings.
It was found to be in the interest of economy to install in the new building a central heating and electrical plant of sufficient capacity to serve the needs of the older buildings as well, the pipes and wires to be carried through a small connecting tunnel.
Over 250,000 specimens were added to the Museum collections dur- ing the year, about 200,000 of them pertaining to biology and the re- mainder to geology and anthropology. One of the most important
45745°—sm 1909——3
24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
additions to the division of ethnology was a contribution from Dr. W. L. Abbott, consisting of about 500 objects from southwestern Borneo. I may also mention a number of Chinese velvets and em- broideries of the Chien-lung period (1736-1795), presented by the Baroness von Sternberg as a memorial to her husband, the late Baron Speck von Sternberg, German ambassador to the United States. To the technological collections were added more than 200 objects trans- ferred from the United States Patent Office. These included a num- ber of rifles, muskets, revolvers, and pistols, making the firearms ex- hibit in the National Museum one of the finest in the country. Many other objects of interest are enumerated by the assistant secretary in his detailed report. The department of biology received a noteworthy gift of about 1,200 European mammals and 61 reptiles from Mr. Old- field Thomas, of the British Museum, and Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, of this Museum. This has so greatly increased the importance of the National Museum collection of the mammals of Europe that it now ranks as one of the largest and most valuable in the world. I may also mention a contribution of about a thousand mammals and birds of Borneo, received from Dr. W. L. Abbott.
In connection with the work of excavation and repair of the Casa Grande ruins in Arizona, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, as authorized by act of Congress approved March 4, 1907, there were collected and placed in the National Museum about 650 stone axes and hammers, rubbing and grinding stones, earthen- ware bowls and vases, pieces of basketry and textile fabrics, shell ornaments, and wooden implements. From similar excavations in the Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, there were received about 500 objects of like character. The department of geology received a large series of Cambrian fossils from the Rocky Mountains, col- lected during my field studies in that region. There were also added to the collections many interesting objects pertaining to mineralogy and paleobotany. Eighty-two regular sets of geological specimens to the number of 7,739 were distributed during the year for educa- tional purposes, besides 1,300 specimens of geology, marine inverte- brates, and fishes arranged in special sets.
In my last report mention was made of a loan collection of laces, embroideries, rare porcelains, enamels, jewelry, and other artistic ob- jects, temporarily installed in the hall occupied by the gallery of art. This collection was brought together by Mrs. James W. Pinchot with the assistance of a committee of ladies of Washington. The extent of the collection is limited on account of present lack of space. The lace exhibit is specially noteworthy in variety and value. It is ex- pected that this temporary collection will lead to a permanent exhibit of art objects that may help to elevate the standard of American art workmanship.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25
Two field parties in which the Institution and Museum are greatly interested left this country during the year for important collecting regions, from both of which especially valuable results may be ex- pected. The first, which will explore Java and some of the adjacent islands, is being conducted by Mr. Owen Bryant, of Cohasset, Mass., entirely at his own expense. He is accompanied by Mr. William Palmer, of the Museum staff, and will present to the Museum a large share of the specimens obtained. The party sailed at the be- ginning of the calendar year 1909. The second expedition is that under the direction of Col. Theodore Roosevelt into British East Africa and more inlands districts. This expedition is more fully mentioned on another page.
In the near future it will be possible to give the national collections adequate space and more systematic arrangement. In the new build- ing it is proposed to exhibit collectioms representing ethnology, archeology, natural history, and geology, while the older buildings will be more specially given up to the arts and industries. The Museum thus amply provided with space will enter upon a new era of prosperity and usefulness.
NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.
Some notable accessions have been made to the National Gallery of Art as enumerated in the appendix. I may specially mention addi- tions to the Charles L. Freer collection, consisting of a number of oil paintings, pastels, 247 pieces of oriental pottery, and 25 miscella- neous examples of oriental art. Mr. William T. Evans has also in- creased his generous gift of works of contemporary American artists so that it now numbers 84 oil paintings, representing 58 artists. This collection, which had been exhibited for some months at the Corcoran Gallery of Art, was transferred to the Museum building during the first week of July, 1909.
Congress having failed to authorize the adaptation of the large hall of the Smithsonian building for the exhibition of the rapidly in- creasing collection of works of art, it has become necessary to make temporary use of one of the halls in the new Museum building and its adaptation to that purpose will soon begin.
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
The Bureau of American Ethnology during the year has been engaged mainly in making summaries of the information resulting from many: years of study, both in the field and office, of the lan- guages, social organization and government, systems of belief, reli- gious customs, and arts and industries of the Indians, as well as their physical and mental characteristics.
26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
The bureau has collected data relating to 60 families or linguistic stocks and upward of 300 tribes. It does not expect to study all of the tribes in detail, but rather to investigate a sufficient number as types which may stand for all. The results of the work heretofore accomplished are embodied in 26 published reports, 36 bulletins, 8 volumes of contributions, and in many manuscripts preserved in the archives of the bureau. It has seemed wise at this stage of the re- searches to prepare a summary of our knowledge of the tribes, and this has taken the form of a Handbook of the Indians, of which one large volume is published and the second nearly through the press. In order to keep this summary within the compass of an easily con- sulted handbook many important subjects are treated merely in out- line. Other handbooks dealing with the more important branches of the work are in course of preparation. The first is the Hand- book of Languages, which is now in press and will form two volumes. The arts and industries are also being treated in separate volumes, and handbooks relating respectively to religions, folklore, social cus- toms, government, sign language, pictography, esthetic arts, phys- ical and mental characters, pathology and medicine, archeology, geo- graphical names, etc., are in prospect.
The people of the United States have two great obligations which the bureau is trying to fulfill: (1) That of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the Indian tribes in the interests of humanity; (2) that of preserving to the world an adequate record of the American race which is so rapidly disappearing. The work is of national, even of world-wide, importance, and unless steadfastly carried for- ward by the Government can never be completed.
Recently much popular interest has been manifested in the antiqui- ties of the country, more especially in the great pueblo ruins and cliff dwellings of the arid region, and the Fifty-ninth Congress enacted a law for the preservation of these antiquities. A first step in making this law effective is their exploration. A second is the excavation and repair of the more important ruins to insure their preservation and to make them available to the public and for study.
Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, has continued the work of excavation and repair of the ancient ruins in the Mesa Verde National Park, in cooperation with the Department of the Interior. During the year the repair of Spruce Tree House was completed, and at the end of June he had made excellent progress in uncovering and repairing the crumbling walls of Cliff Palace, the greatest of the ancient ruins of its kind in this country.
There is need also for ethnological work in the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa, for the following reasons: It is regarded as most im- portant that the Government should have definite and detailed in- formation regarding the native inhabitants of these islands, which
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Oy
are under its control and for whose welfare it is responsible. It is not less a duty of the nation to preserve some record of this peculiar race for the purposes of history and science, as neglect will become a source of deep regret. An experienced ethnologist should make investigations regarding the history, social institutions, religion, and general culture of the people, and a physical anthropologist should study their physical and mental characteristics.
A work by Dr. N. B. Emerson—Unwritten Literature of Hawaii: the Sacred Songs of the Hula—is now in press, and there is also be- ing prepared by Dr. Cyrus Thomas, of the bureau’s staff, and Prof. H. M. Ballou, of Boston, Mass., a catalogue of books and papers re- lating to the Hawaiian Islands.
Another field for research that should be developed is among the tribes of the Middle West. There is now a strong sentiment among historical societies and educational institutions of this section in favor of prosecuting more vigorously the studies of the tribal remnants of the Mississippi Valley, for it is realized that when the old people of the present generation have passed away the opportunity for collect- ing historical and ethnological data will be lost forever.
Mr. J. P. Dunn has been engaged as a collaborator of the bureau on a study of the linguistics of the Algonquian tribes of this region, and Prof. H. E. Bolton, of the University of Texas, has continued his studies on the tribes of Texas.
Other collaborators of the bureau have been making special investigations relating to various tribes in different parts of the country.
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
For the purpose of more fully carrying into effect the provisions of the exchange convention concluded at Brussels on March 15, 1886, and proclaimed by the President January 15, 1889, a resolution was passed by Congress during the year setting aside a certain number of copies of the daily Congressional Record for exchange with the legislative chambers of foreign countries. Under the authority contained in this resolution arrangements for the exchange of the parliamentary record have been entered into with 21 governments, and the matter has been taken up with a number of other countries. It should be stated in this connection that the convention here re- ferred to was the second exchange agreement concluded at Brussels between the United States and other countries on March 15, 1886. The first convention was for the exchange of government documents and scientific and literary publications, while the articles of the second agreement made it obligatory on the contracting States to transmit, immediately upon publication, a copy of the official journal to the legislatures of each. The full text of the resolution, together with
28 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
further details concerning this exchange, will be found in the ap- pended report on the exchanges.
The increase in the number of packages handled by the bureau during the past year was the largest in the history of the exchanges— 25,777 more packages having passed through the service than in 1908, the total number being 228,875. The weight of these pack- ages was 476,169 pounds, a gain of 40,884 pounds over the preceding year.
The congressional appropriation for carrying on the system of exchanges during 1909 was $32,200 (the same amount as was granted for the preceding year), and the sum collected on account of repay- ments was $3,777.33, making the total available resources $35,977.33.
The results of the efforts of the bureau to procure larger returns of publications from abroad for the Library of Congress and the several departments and bureaus of the Government have been more than satisfactory—in fact, they have far exceeded my expectations, in some cases hundreds of volumes having been received.
The Japanese department of foreign affairs, which has in the past been good enough to distribute exchanges sent in its care for cor- respondents in Japan, has recently signified its willingness to for- ward to the Smithsonian Institution consignments bearing addresses in the United States.
A bureau of exchanges has been established by the Kingdom of Servia and placed under the direction of the department of foreign affairs at Belgrade, and the Argentine exchange bureau has been separated from the National Library and connected with the super- vising commission of public libraries at Buenos Aires.
The total number of full sets of United States official publications now sent regularly to depositories abroad is 55, and the number of partial sets 33, Servia having been added during the year to the former and Alsace-Lorraine to the latter.
The number of correspondents has increased from year to year until the aggregate is now 62,630, or 2,507 more than at the conclu- sion of the fiscal year 1908.
NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
The National Zoological Park during the year added 576 new animals to its collections, which offsets a loss of 562 by exchange, death, and return of animals, and brings the number of individuals on hand June 30, 1909, up to 1,416. There were 564,639 visitors, a daily average of about 1,547, the largest number in any one month being in April, when 127,635 were counted, a daily average of 4,254.
The entire support of the park was derived from an appropriation of $95,000 for general purposes, including the purchase, transporta- tion, care, and maintenance of animals; the care and improvement
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 29
of grounds; the construction and repair of all buildings, inclosures, roads, walks, and bridges. Of this amount the increased price of necessary provisions and labor brought the cost of maintenance alone to about $85,000. It was therefore possible to do little toward per- manent construction or improvement of the more or less temporary shelters, roads, walks, and inclosures which lack of adequate funds at the time of the inception of the park made it necessary to build. It has not been possible as yet to develop the park to the standard that such institutions usually attain at the capitals of great nations.
The improvements made during the year were for the most part those necessary for the safety of visitors. A series of yards for bears and ten new yards for foxes and wolves were constructed, however, and many of the roads treated with tar preparations to prevent dust and abrasion. The superintendent of the park states that there are needed: A new aquarium, the present building being originally a hay shed, now in a most dilapidated condition; a general aviary and out- of-door shelter for hardy birds; an inclosure for sea lions and seals; an antelope house; a more centrally located office building; a restau- rant and retiring rooms for visitors; and further improvements to roads and walks.
Of the 576 accessions to the collections during the year, 124 were gifts to the park, 12 were received in exchange, 307 were purchased, 9 were deposited, 110 were born and hatched in the National Zoolog- ical Park, and 14 were captured in the Yellowstone National Park. It is expected that the collections of the Zoological Park will benefit either directly or indirectly through the Smithsonian African expe- dition under Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, which left this country in March and is at present engaged in gathering specimens of fauna in Africa.
The appropriations during the eighteen years since it was estab- lished have permitted of the erection of only three permanent build- ings, all of the others having necessarily been constructed cheaply and as temporary makeshifts to meet the successively urgent require- ments of the growing collections. The result is that at the present time most of the animals are housed in poor wooden buildings and exposed cages, which are not only inadequate and unsightly but also entail a larger annual expense for repairs and maintenance than the dictates of economy would seem to justify. Elaborate and ornate buildings are not called for, but the necessity for substantial struc- tures adapted to the requirements of the different groups of animals can not be too strongly urged.
It is also to be borne in mind that the Zoological Park is a part of the great park system extending through Rock Creek Valley. Its main roads are continuous with those leading up the creek and are traversed by the same vehicles, including heavy automobiles, which
30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
makes it necessary to maintain these roads on a better basis than would be required if they were intended solely as entrances to the Zoological Park. The heavy expense which this involves falls upon the appropriation for the park, a fact which, it is felt, may not have been fully realized by the Congress in considering the park estimates.
Attention has heretofore been called to the importance of acquiring the narrow tracts of land lying between the park boundaries and the recently established highways on the southeast and west. The high- ways were located as close to the park as the topography would per- mit, so as to reduce these tracts to a minimum width, with the expectation that they would be acquired by the Government. Prop- erty in this vicinity is gradually increasing in value, and in the inter- est of economy the tracts should be secured now so that the park boundaries may be permanently established and guarded against injurious encroachment by adjacent grading.
ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.
The work of the Astrophysical Observatory during the year con- sisted :
(1) Of bolometric observations carried on at Washington on the brightness of different parts of the sun’s image; also some experi- mental work on the transparency of the air for long-wave rays, such as the earth radiates. A computation of the results of these experi- ments is now far enough advanced to show their satisfactory quality. Precise knowledge of the selective absorption of our atmosphere for earth rays is still lacking, and contradictory views are still being expressed about this important subject; hence it is hoped that these experiments will be useful in the study of the dependence of the earth’s temperature on radiation.
(2) Spectrobolometric measurements of the solar constant of radia- tion have been continued at the Mount Wilson observatory in Cali- fornia. As in former years, evidences of a fluctuation of solar radia- tion were found in the results of the measurements thus far obtained. A new and improved standard pyrheliometer was found to be more satisfactory than the one used in 1906, and great confidence is felt in the results obtained with it. Efforts have also been made to carry the bolometric measurements much farther in the ultra-violet through the use of a large quartz prism, a large ultra-violet glass prism, and two magnalium mirrors. Mr. Abbot, the director of the Astrophysical Observatory, visited the summit of Mount Whitney (14,502 feet), where the institution is preparing to erect a shelter house for the use of observers. This is the mountain upon which Mr. Langley carried on his well-known observations in 1881, and it is believed that the location will prove to be of great value in the further study of the solar constant of radiation.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. ol
As stated in the two preceding annual reports, it is highly desirable to continue the solar observations throughout the year, and this can be accomplished by observing during the winter and spring months in southern Mexico, where a cloudless sky and high altitude of the sun may be had, although during those months bad observing condi- tions occur in the United States. Hitherto lack of funds has pre- vented a Mexican expedition.
The work of the observatory is receiving highly favorable notice both in this country and abroad, its results being employed by our own Weather Bureau and by foreign investigators as a basis for their measurements on the radiation of the sun.
INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITER- ATURE.
The purpose of the International Catalogue of Scientific Litera- ture is to collect and publish in 17 annual volumes a classified index of the current scientific publications of the world. This is accomplished by the cooperation of 32 of the principal countries of the world, each having a regional bureau which prepares the data necessary and indexes all scientific literature published within its domain. The material thus prepared is forwarded to a central bureau in London for publication in the annual volumes.
The various subscribers throughout the world bear the entire cost of printing and publishing by the central bureau, each country tak- ing part in the enterprise bearing the cost of indexing and classify- ing its own publications. The 17 annual volumes combined contain between 10,000 and 12,000 printed pages.
The regional bureau for the United States furnishes yearly about 30,000 classified citations to American scientific literature, which is between 11 and 12 per cent of the total work.
Millions of dollars are being spent each year in scientific investiga- tion and many of the foremost men of the day are devoting their entire time to such work. The results of their labors find publicity through some scientific journal of which there are over 5,000 being regularly indexed by the various regional bureaus, and over 500 in the United States alone. In addition to these periodicals are hun- dreds of books and pamphlets, all of which the International Cata- logue aims to index in its yearly work.
The International Catalogue furnishes in condensed, accurate, and permanent form a minutely classified index to all of these publica- tions. It is necessary for each paper to be carefully studied by a person competent to thoroughly understand the subject treated, as the method of classification actually furnishes a digest of the con- tents in addition to the usual bibliographisal data. The catalogue is to science what the legal digest is to law.
32 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
During the past year 34,409 classified index cards of American scientific literature were prepared and forwarded to London, as compared with 28,528 during the year preceding. The publication of the sixth annual issue was completed during the year and 9 of the 17 volumes of the seventh annual issue were received from the Central Bureau and distributed to the subscribers in this country.
NECROLOGY. OTIS TUFTON MASON.
It is with deep regret that I have to announce the death, on Novem- ber 5, 1908, of one of our strong men, Prof. Otis T. Mason, who had been associated with the Institution since 1873, first as a collaborator -~ in ethnology, next as curator of that branch, and finally as head curator of the department of anthropology. I may say, indeed, that this association and influence dates much farther back, when, at 12 years of age, in 1851, he began his education in Washington when the activities of the Institution affected every intelligent citizen.
Professor Mason was born in 1888, so that his life has been almost contemporaneous with the Smithsonian Institution, and he bears an honorable share in its history. He says in his autobiography:
My first studies were in the culture of the eastern Mediterranean peoples, which I followed persistently until the early seventies, when a chance acquaint- ance with Professor Henry and Professor Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, opened the Western Hemisphere to my mind and changed the current of my life.
His agreeable qualities as a man, his earnestness in his work, and his contagious enthusiasm render this loss a most severe one to the Institution.
Respectfully submitted. Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary.
APPENDIX I.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Str: I have the honor to submit the following report on the operations of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909:
BUILDINGS.
Although it had been fully expected, as explained in the last report, that the new building would be completed before the close of the year, delayed contracts and other circumstances interfered so greatly with the progress of the work that no part of the structure was in condition for occupancy at the end of June. The entire stonework of the outer walls of the building, including the porch, columns, and front of the south pavilion in which the main entrance is located, was, however, finished, as were the roofs and skylights of the build- ing generally. The placing of the slate on the dome of the rotunda and on the adjacent roof of the south pavilion was under way, but the laying of the extensive granite approaches, for which the stone has been delivered, had not been begun.
Much remains to be done in the interior of the rotunda, but as it is the main part of the building which is most urgently needed for the accommodation of the collections and laboratories, it is there that the work has been most energetically prosecuted. Except for some special items, such as metal doors, transoms, etec., the construction of which will require several months, it is expected that at least some parts of the building will be ready for use and that the moving from the older buildings may be started before autumn.
It is interesting to mention that the building has already been made to serve a commendable purpose as the meeting place of the Sixth International Tuberculosis Congress, held in the early autumn of 1908. Being then in a very unfinished condition, it was necessary to make special arrangements, authorized by an act of Congress, for such partitions and other fittings as were required for the accommodation of the several sections and for the display of the exten- sive collections that were brought together. A large part of the first and second floors as well as of the basement was given over to the congress, and while the progress of construction on the building was thereby much retarded, the delay may be regarded as fully sanctioned by the exceptionally important nature of the event which occasioned it.
The reconstruction of the main roofs of the old Museum building was com- pleted during the summer of 1908, when the slate covering of the rotunda was replaced with tin. The use of slate on these roofs in the beginning had been a mistake in view of their generally slight pitch and the relatively light charac- ter of the supporting iron framework. ‘The old roofs had always leaked badly, but up to the present time the new ones have shown no weakness of any kind, and it is felt that they have been built in a proper and substantial manner. Other important repairs interfered with the work of filling in the large arch- ways between the halls of the old building, intended, as explained in previous
3°
34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
reports, to provide against the spread of fire, though something was done in this direction. A much-needed alteration in the arrangements and conveniences of the photograph gallery was in progress at the end of the year.
Much work was done in the preparation and construction of furniture for the new building, more especially for the storage rooms and laboratories, in which it is important that fireproof material be employed to the greatest ex- tent possible. There is already in use a large amount of wooden furniture of modern and appropriate design which it would be extravagant to dispense with, and it is therefore being sheathed with sheet steel to conform to the required conditions.
In regard to new storage furniture, an effort is being made to obtain all metal work, and in view of its recent reduction in cost, due to competition, it now appears feasible to provide for the protection of the immense reserve col- lections on a basis in keeping with the substantial character of the building. There were on band at the close of the year 2,407 exhibition cases, 3,184 storage eases, and 1,645 pieces of office and laboratory furniture.
The boiler and electrical plant installed in the new building, embodying the latest improvements, is found to be of sufficient capacity for also heating and lighting the older buildings, and, in the interest of economy, it has been de- cided to make this one plant serve for all. Plans for carrying this arrangement into effect were nearly completed at the close of the year, and it is expected that the connections can be made before autumn. It will be necessary to con- struct a small tunnel for carrying the pipes and wires from the new building to the Smithsonian building, where they will enter the existing conduits. While the new building will be heated by hot water, steam will be carried to the older buildings, the latter being the medium for which their pipes and radiators
are now adapted. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.
By a third deed of gift, dated May 10, 1909, Mr. Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, Mich., added to his large donation of American and oriental art the following examples acquired since the transfer of the previous year, namely: Four oil paintings and 1 pastel, by Dwight W. Tryon; 3 oil paintings and 1 pastel, by Thomas W. Dewing; a portrait of ex-President Roosevelt, by J. Gari Melchers; 2 oil paintings, 1 water color, 4 drawings and sketches, 1 album of sketches, and 8 etchings and dry points, by James McNeill Whistler; 4 oriental paintings; 247 pieces of oriental pottery; and 25 miscellaneous examples of oriental art.
Mr. William T. Evans, of New York, also continued to make important addi- tions to his collection of the works of contemporary American artists, which, at the close of the year, numbered 84 oil paintings received in Washington, rep- resenting 58 artists. As the Corcoran Gallery of Art required for its own use the space which has been occupied by the Evans pictures, the transfer of the latter was arranged for in June and carried into effect during the first week of July, 1909. The walls and screens of the picture gallery in the Museum building were entirely given over to this collection, and the new installation displays the paintings to much better advantage than the previous one. This change, however, necessitated the removal of the paintings which have hitherto been hanging in the gallery to temporary quarters in the Smithsonian building.
It has now become imperative to provide some place where the paintings be- longing to the National Gallery of Art can be segregated, and since the fitting up of the second story of the Smithsonian building has so far failed to secure the approval of Congress, it has been decided to make temporary use of one of the skylighted halls in the new Museum building. Its adaptation to this pur- pose will be taken up early in the new fiscal year.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35
It should be mentioned that the full-length portrait of Guizot, the French statesman and writer, by G. P. A. Healy, belonging to the Government, has beep recalled from the Corcoran Gallery of Art. An important addition to the historical-portrait series is a full-length painting of Rear-Admiral George W. Melville, U. S. Navy, by Sigismond de Ivanowski. This portrait was executed on the order of a number of friends of the distinguished naval officer and pre- sented through the American Society of Mechanical Engineers at their annual meeting, held in Washington, in May, 1909.
ART TEXTILES.
The loan collection of art textiles and other objects begun in May, 1908, by Mrs. James W. Pinchot, with the assistance of a number of ladies of Washing- ton, has ‘received much attention, and its importance has been greatly increased by many valuable additions. The limited amount of space which could be allotted to this subject in the picture gallery tended to restrict the number of contributions, but as soon as the removal of the paintings to another hall has been effected the entire area of the present one will become available. The col- lection is now contained in 24 cases, of which 9 are devoted to laces, 7 to other art fabrics, 4 to porcelains, 2 to enamels, and 2 to fans. With these are also exhibited numerous examples of silverware, jewelry, and wood and ivory carving. There have been 22 contributors since the last report. The assemblage of lace constitutes the most noteworthy part of the collection, being exceeded in variety and value only by the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York and the Boston Museum of the Fine Arts. This art movement, so auspiciously inaugurated and so earnestly supported, if it be sedulously fol- lowed up, is certain to prove an important factor in the future history of the National Museum. It was started with the definite purpose of stimulating the formation of a permanent exhibit, which should be valued not only on account of its attractiveness and historical interest, but more especially as furnishing motives and designs which may help to elevate the standard of art workman- ship in this country. Its growth has been exceptional, and it is hoped that its intent will be fulfilled.
ADDITIONS TO THH COLLECTIONS.
The total number of accessions to the Museum during the year was 1,358, comprising 254,787 specimens, distributed among the three departments, as fol- lows: Anthropology, 26,400; biology, 216,324; and geology, 12,063.
Department of Anthropology.—The most important contribution in ethnology consisted of about 500 objects illustrating the handiwork and domestic arts of the natives of southwestern Borneo, collected and presented by Dr. W. L. Abbott, to whom the Museum was already indebted for several large gifts of a Similar character from the Malaysian region. Next should be mentioned a valuable collection obtained by Dr. AleS Hrdlicka in the course of his investiga- tions relative to tuberculosis among the Indians of the southwestern United States, and many objects from the northern coast of Alaska, donated by Mr. E. de K. Leffingwell, who is conducting extensive explorations in that region. Ethnological material was also received from the Philippine Islands, Africa, and Central and South America.
Most noteworthy among the additions in prehistoric archeology were the collections resulting from the work of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, in the excavations and repairs, conducted first at the Casa Grande ruins in Arizona, under a special appropriation by Congress to the Smithsonian Institution, and, later, at the Spruce Tree House in the Mesa
36 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Verde National Park, Colo., under authority from the Department of the In- terior. The number of objects forwarded to Washington from the former locality was 662 and from the latter 501. In these important undertakings, justified by the great historical and scientific significance of the ruins, every- thing that formed an integral part of the structures or could be safely left at the sites was allowed to remain, only such objects being taken away as would tend to attract looting or would be likely to fall into the hands of unwarranted collectors.
The division of historic archeology was enriched by a manuscript of the Mahabarata, the great epic of India, containing 90,000 couplets, written in Sanscrit characters on palm leaves, a gift from the learned Rajah Sir Sourindro Mohun Tagore. Several interesting additions were made to the very valuable loan collection of Jewish ceremonial objects by the generous friend of ie Museum, Haidji Hphriam Benguiat, of New York.
The collections of physical anthropology, which are not restricted to the human race, but also extend to other groups of the higher vertebrates, received important additions from many widely separated regions. Mention should especially be made of the generous action by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, of New York City, in allowing the National Museum to share, without expense, in the results of its Egyptian excavations, which are in charge of Prof. Albert M. Lythgoe. ‘The skeletal remains of the ancient Egyptians found in the tombs uneovered by the explorations, and hitherto not generally preserved, are now being saved and in greater part turned over to the National Museum, where their study should result in interesting contributions on the physcial character- istics of these peoples. A large number of remains were received during the year, and, on the invitation of the Metropolitan Museum, Doctor Hrdli¢ka, assistant curator in charge of these collections, had the opportunity of visiting Hgypt last winter for the purpose of instructing the excavators as to the best methods of preserving and packing the remains for shipment and of making studies on the spot.
The division of technology received numerous accessions, including many objects transferred from the Patent Office. The subjects principally represented were firearms (of which the Museum collection is now the finest in the coun- try), electrical devices, calculating machines, printing presses, the early history of the aeroplane, and watch movements.
Two gifts of exceptional beauty and value from the Government of China were added to the collections in ceramics. One was a celadon vase of large size and graceful shape, the other one of the famous peachblow vases from the imperial treasure house at Mukden. :
To each of the divisions of graphic arts and musical instruments a few addi- tions were made. Plans were begun for broadening and enlarging the collec- tions of medicine so as to meet the requirements of the recent extensive inves- tigations into this subject, and they will be carried out as soon as additional space becomes available.
Among many gifts and loans to the division of history, mention should be made of a number of valuable presents to the Hon. Gustavus Vasa Fox by the Czar of Russia during his mission to that country in 1866, and bequeathed to the Museum by his widow;; also interesting relics of the Jeannette arctic expedi- tion of 1879-1881, and memorials of Gen. Judson Kilpatrick, U. S. Army, and Commander Harry H. Hosley, U. S. Navy.
Department of Biology.—The largest amount of zoological material from any single source was derived from the Bureau of Fisheries, and especially from the explorations of the steamer Albatross among the Philippine Islands, in which Dr. Paul Bartsch, assistant curator of mollusks, participated for about
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. a
a year, being detailed as a member of the scientific staff of that vessel. A part of the collections obtained on this expedition, including over 100,000 speci- mens of mollusks and other groups of marine invertebrates, was transferred directly to the Museum for working up. Doctor Bartsch was also enabled to make some important collections of birds and reptiles. The same bureau likewise turned over to the Museum other important collections of marine invertebrates and fishes, chiefly from explorations in various parts of the Pacific Ocean.
Among important gifts were about 1,200 Huropean mammals presented by Mr. Oldfield Thomas, of the British Museum, and Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, jr.; about 700 mammals and 200 birds collected in Borneo by Dr. W. L. Abboit; about 600 specimens, mainly of invertebrate animals obtained in Labrador, by Mr. Owen Bryant; and a large collection of Peruvian reptiles, mollusks, crusta- ceans, and sponges from the Peruvian Government. The large collection of birds secured during the expedition of Mr. Robert Ridgway to Costa Rica was received in the summer of 1908. Besides those mentioned above the prin- cipal accessions of reptiles came from the Philippines and Panama, and of fishes from New South Wales and Florida.
The division of insects received over 32,000 specimens, including several accessions of special value. Mr. William Schaus added to his previous note- worthy donations about 16,000 specimens of Lepidoptera from Costa Rica and other tropical countries. Mr. H. L. Viereck, of the Bureau of Entomology, and Mr. J. C. Crawford, of the National Museum, presented their private collec- tions of Hymenoptera, amounting to over 5,000 specimens in all. Lord Wal- singham and Mr. F. D. Codman contributed many Central American species described in the Biologia Centrali Americana. The balance of the accessions consisted mainly of transfers from the Department of Agriculture, and repre- sented many parts of the United States.
The additions to the collections of mollusks and other marine invertebrates were mainly derived from the explorations of the Bureau of Fisheries, as else- where described. A notable gift from the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark, consisted of several hundred crabs from the Gulf of Siam, including 20 genera and 66 species new to the Museum.
The herbarium received extensive collections, coming mostly from Mexico, New Mexico, Oregon, and the Philippines.
Department of Geology.—Nine series of rock specimens, the results of field work in as many parts of the United States, were transferred by the Geological Survey. In invertebrate paleontology the more noteworthy additions were a large series of Cambrian fossils from the Rocky Mountain region, resulting from the explorations of Secretary Walcott during the summer of 1908; a large collection of Paleozoic fossils from the Appalachian Valley and central Ten- nessee, made by the curator of the division; and a collection of Tertiary fossils from the Coalinga district, California, received from the Geological Survey. A large amount of material from the Fort Union beds of Sweet Grass County, Mont., representing many new and little known mammalian species, constituted the principal accession in vertebrate paleontology.
CARB AND PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS.
The collections have been maintained in good condition notwithstanding the overcrowding in all the divisions. Much of the routine work was planned with the view of placing the collections in such shape as to permit of their removal to the new building in systematic order, but the delay in the completion of the building has made this part of the task especially difficult. With the assur-
38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
ance that the new structure would be finished during the winter or spring of 1909, no appropriation was requested or obtained for continuing the occupancy of the rented buildings, in which, for many years, large quantities of museum specimens and other property have been housed. As these buildings had to be surrendered at the end of the year it became necessary to transfer nearly all of this material in bulk to the new building, where it occupies a large part of one of the exhibition floors. Under more favorable circumstances it would have been unpacked and assorted beforehand.
AS good progress was made in the sorting, classifying, labeling, and cata- loguing of the accessions of the year as was possible under the adverse condi- tions and with the relatively small staff of experts attached to the Museum. The examination of the collections resulting in many important scientific con- tributions, in which a number of specialists connected with other establishments have participated.
The exhibition collections have been added to and changed only in minor ways, principally in connection with the loan collection of art textiles, tech- nology, history, and historic archeology.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Of duplicate material, chiefly natural history, separated from the collections in the course of recent studies, over 9,000 specimens arranged in classified sets for educational purposes were distributed to many high-grade schools and colleges throughout the country. About 10,000 duplicates were used in making exchanges with museums and other scientific establishments, from which an equivalent in new material has been or will be received. To specialists in different fields connected with other institutions, both at home and abroad, about 19,000 specimens were sent for examination, all of which, except some of the duplicates, will be returned to the Museum. A large part of the work on these loan collections is being carried on directly in the interest of the Na- tional Museum.
The number of visitors to the public halls was a little less than a quarter of a million, which is about the annual average. This is in striking contrast with the records of Jarge museums in other places, where the hours of opening are extended to evenings and Sundays for the benefit of the working people. While the additional cost involved in the extra. hours of heating and the employment of a few more watchmen would be inconsiderable, the means at the disposal of the museum have never been quite sufficient to accomplish this worthy purpose. It is hoped that this matter may be satisfactorily adjusted in connection with the- new building.
The publications issued by the Museum consisted of the annual report for the year ended June 30, 1908; volumes 34 and 385 and part of volume 36 of the Proceedings; 3 bulletins and parts of 2 other bulletins. They comprised 91 separate papers and memoirs, all of which except the administrative report were descriptive of Museum collections. In addition, a number of papers of the same character were printed in the Quarterly Issue of the Miscellaneous Col- lections of the Smithsonian Institution and elsewhere.
The additions to the library, which is restricted to the subjects covered by the activities of the Museum, consisted of 2,680 books, 3,671 pamphlets, and 227 parts of volumes, which increased the total contents of the library to 36,244 volumes and 56,010 unbound papers. The annual appropriation of $2,000 for the purchase of books, periodicals, and pamphlets required for the classification of collections, is wholly inadequate to meet the needs of this work, and should be at least doubled. For a large part of its increase the library is dependent
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 39
upon gifts and exchanges, but even these means combined with the purchase fund are not nearly sufficient to satisfy the important demands in this direction.
In conjunction with the Institution, the Museum is participating extensively in the government exhibit at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacifie Exposition at Seattle, which opened on June 1 and will close on October 16. The general subject which, in accordance with the law, the Institution and Museum were directed to illustrate is that part of the national history of the United States which re- lates to Alaska, the Philippine Islands, and that section of the country lying west of the Rocky Mountains. Samoa and Guam have also been included. The collections assembled for this purpose, obtained partly from original sources and in part selected from the Museum exhibits, consist of models, pictures, and actual objects, representing the peoples, conditions, etc., from prehistoric to modern times. The exhibit is interesting and instructive and has been attrac- tively arranged.
The Museum, in conjunction with the Bureau of American Ethnology, also sent to the International Photographic Exhibition at Dresden, Germany, a series of enlarged photographic prints and transparencies covering a variety of subjects, but designed to illustrate the perfection to which the art of photog- raphy has attained in this country in the portrayal of scientific subjects.
Respectfully submitted.
RICHARD RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary in charge of U. S. National Museum.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
45745°—sm 1909——4
APPENDIX II. REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.
Sir: The operations of the Bureau of American Ethnology for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, conducted in accordance with the act of Congress making provision for continuing researches relating to the American Indians, under direction of the Smithsonian Institution, were carried forward in con- formity with the plan of operations approved by the Secretary June 18, 1908.
As in previous years, the systematic ethnologiec work of the bureau was in- trusted mainly to the regular scientific staff, which comprises eight members. As this force is not large enough to give adequate attention to more than a limited portion of the great field of research afforded by the hundreds of Indian tribes, the deficiency was supplied in a measure by enlisting the aid of other specialists in various branches of ethnologic work. By this means the bureau was able to extend its researches in several directions at a compara- tively modest outlay.
The work of the bureau for the year comprised: (A) The continuation of various unfinished researches among the Indian tribes and (B) the summar- izing for publication of available data from all sources.
(A) The unfinished researches were in continuation of systematic investiga- tions already in hand and were essential to a reasonable rounding out of the work among the tribes. These researches were distributed as follows:
Regular force: Matilda Coxe Stevenson, the Pueblo tribes; James Mooney, -
the Great Plains tribes; J. N. B. Hewitt, the Iroquoian tribes; J. R. Swanton, the Southern tribes; F. W. Hodge, literary researches for the Handbook of the Indians; J. W. Fewkes, archeology of Southwestern tribes; W. H. Holmes, technology of the tribes; Cyrus Thomas, bibliography of Hawaii.
Collaborators: Franz Boas and eight assistants, the languages of the tribes; AleS Hrdlitka, the physical anthropology of the tribes; Frances Densmore, ceremony and songs of the Ojibwa tribes; J. P. Dunn, linguistics of the Algon- quian tribes of the Middle West; N. B. Emerson, the Hawaiians; H. M. Ballou, the Hawaiians; H. EH. Bolton, the tribes of Texas; J. P. Reagan, Northwest Coast, tribes; Alice C. Fletcher, the Omaha tribe; Francis La Flesche, the Omaha tribe; W. F. Gerard, etymology of Indian names.
(B) The summarizing of the materials now available relating to the tribes was initiated by the preparation of the Handbook of the Indians, which assumes to cover the whole ground in brief articles arranged in alphabetical order. Its preparation has led to a clearer understanding of the work done and to be done, and the researches now in hand contemplate the preparation of a series of handbooks, each to be devoted to a full presentation of a single branch of the subject, as follows:
(a) Handbook of the Tribes: History, distribution, settlements, population, ete., of each stock, tribe, and minor group. Preliminary assemblage of the data is embraced in the present Handbook of American Indians, of which Part I is published and Part II almost ready. ;
(6) Handbook of Languages: Volume I now in press, Volume II in prepa- ration. As several hundred languages are to be considered, a number of years will be required to complete the work.
40
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 41
(c) Handbook of Race History: Physical and mental characters, physiology, pathology, medicine, etc. Researches in hand, but requiring extensive addi- tional investigation.
(d) Handbook of Social Systems: Organization and customs of society, the family, clan, tribe, confederacy, government, etc. A large body of material is already in hand, but much additional research is necessary.
(e) Handbook of Religions: Religious customs, rites and ceremonies, folk- lore, etc. The large body of data in hand requires much elaboration, with additional research.
(f) Handbook of Technology: Arts, industries, implements, utensils, manu- factures, building, hunting, fishing, ete.
(g) Handbook of the Hsthetic Arts: Painting, sculpture, ornaments, music, drama, etc.
(h) Handbook of Sign Language.
(i) Handbook of Pictography.
(j) Handbook of Treaties and Land Cessions,
(k) Handbook of Games and Amusements.
(1) Handbook of Burial Customs.
(m) Handbook of Economics: Food resources, culinary arts, medicinal re- sources, etc.
(n) Handbook of Archseology. The extensive researches of past years need to be supplemented by much additional exploration.
(0) Handbook of Geographical Names.
(p) Handbook of Hawaii. Researches initiated by the preparation of a bib- liography of 6,200 titles now nearly ready and a work on mythology now in press.
(q) Bibliographies.
(vr) Dictionaries.
(s) Grammars.
(t) Portfolios of portraits, ete.
The body of data in hand relating to the Indians probably surpasses that heretofore obtained relating to any primitive people, but still falls short of the rounding out that should characterize the work of the American nation, dealing as it does with a race and a culture which are rapidly disappearing.
During the year researches were carried on in Arizona, New Mexico, Col- orado, Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, South Carolina, Indiana, and Oregon, and were incidentally extended to the Argentine Republic, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, California, Washington, and British Columbia.
The chief devoted his time while in the office to the administrative work of the bureau, giving the necessary attention to his duties as curator of the Section of Prehistoric Archeology and to the National Gallery of Art in the National Museum. During the year considerable progress was made in the preparation of a work already well advanced, on the stone implements of North America.
Having been designated by the Department of State to represent the Smith- sonian Institution at the First Pan-American Scientific Congress, held at San- tiago, Chile (at which he represented also the George Washington University), on October 29 the chief took passage on the Hamburg-American steamer Amerika for England, sailing thence by way of Vigo, Spain, and Lisbon, Portu- gal, to Buenos Aires. After spending ten days in the Argentine capital with members of the delegation, making official visits and pursuing studies in va- rious public institutions, he traversed the pampean country by rail to Mendoza, and thence up the Mendoza River to Las Cuevas at the base of the cumbre or crest of the Andes. Taking coach at this point he crossed to the Chilean
42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
side and soon reached Santiago. The three weeks spent in Santiago were taken up largely with affairs of the delegation, including official duties and attend- ance on meetings of the Congress. The section of the natural sciences, includ- — ing anthropology, met daily, and on December 28 the chief acted as chairman of the section. His contribution to the programme of the congress was a paper on “ The peopling of America,” an abstract of which follows:
Discussion of the problem of the origin of the American aborigines involves consideration of several important questions, as follows:
(1) Evolution of the human species from lower forms.
(2) Geographical location of the original home of the race.
(8) Dispersal to the different land areas of the globe.
(4) Differentiation of the subraces physically and culturally.
(5) Chronology of the racial history.
In the present state of our knowledge we can not assume to dispose finally of these several questions. It is most important, however, that the whole sub- ject should be passed under review at frequent intervals, and the data as- sembled, classified, and critically examined. The writer’s views, formulated after careful consideration of the various phases of the subject presented, con- sidering more especially the North American evidence, are expressed in the following summary of probabilities:
(1) That the human family is monogenetic; that is to say, the present sub- races have been derived by differentiation from a common stock.
(2) That the precursor—that is to say, man before he reached the human status—occupied a limited area.
(3) That this area was tropical or subtropical and was situated in the Old World rather than in the New.
(4) That multiplication of numbers led to wide distribution, and that isola- tion on distinct land areas finally led to the differentiation of the subraces.
(5) That the separation into distinct groups began at an early period, but not until after the typical human characters had been developed.
(6) That the human characters were acquired in Tertiary time, and that dissemination extended to distant continents, mainly in Quaternary time.
(7) That the pioneers of the present American race belonged to the well- differentiated Asiatic subrace and that they reached America by way of Bering Strait. :
(8) That the early migrations included few individuals and occurred at widely separated periods; that the movements were slow and by means of the ice bridge in winter or by skin boats in summer.
(9) That the culture of the immigrants in all cases was very primitive, not rising above the hunter-fisher stage.
(10) That successive migrations involved numerous distinct groups or tribes, so that the American race is a composite of diversified Asiatic elements more or less completely amalgamated.
(11) That the result was a new people and a new culture, essentially American.
(12) That the Eskimo—forming a widely distributed ethnic group occupying the northern shores of both continents—acquired their physical characteristics and peculiar culture under the influence of Arctic conditions, and that they are the descendants of marginal tribes early forced to the northward from southern Eurasian sources of population. Y
(18) That occasional accessions of population may have resulted from the accidental arrival of voyagers from other lands, though not in numbers large enough to affect the race perceptibly.
(14) That in the present period prior to the Columbian discovery occasional voyagers from southern Asiatic culture centers or from Japan or China may have reached American shores and left an impress on the culture of middle America. ; '
(15) That the peopling of America with the present race was accomplished in late Glacial or post-Glacial time rather than in early Glacial or Tertiary time.
(16) That much of the recorded geological evidence of great human antiquity in America is unreliable and requires critical revision.
(17) That the aboriginal peoples will soon disappear as the result of inter- minglings with other races and failure to accommodate themselves to new con- ditions; that America will be fully occupied by a cosmopolitan people embody-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43
ing the best elements of every civilization—a race of superior capacity and force, destined in its full fruition to surpass all others in the grandeur of its achievements; and that the activities of the present and of future Pan-Ameri- ean scientific congresses will contribute a worthy share in the accomplishment of this grand result.
At the closing session of the congress the chief was made a member of a com- mittee of five to arrange for the next meeting of the congress, to be held in Washington, D. C., in October, 1912.
While in Santiago much attention was given to the national museum, which contains a great deal of material illustrating the ethnology and archeology of Chile, and a number of private collections, rich chiefly in Peruvian antiquities, were visited.
The homeward trip from Santiago included excursions to Bolivia, where the small national museum was visited and where studies were made of the ruined city of Tiahuanaco; to Peru, where a brief period was devoted to a study of the rich collections of the national museum; and to Panama for a short stay. Washington was reached on February 11, and reports were then prepared for the institutions which the chief represented as delegate and for publication in scientific journals.
The services of the chief were enlisted during the early months of the year in the preparation of the Institution’s exhibit to illustrate the history of the Pacific Coast States and the Pacific islands at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposi- tion at Seattle. Before leaving for South America in October he designed a number of lay-figure family groups, which were elaborated by the sculptor during the winter months; and on his return from the South he attended to the completion of these groups and to the construction of a model of the Santa Bar- bara mission establishment, California, for the exposition. On May 4 he pro- ceeded to Seattle to assist in setting up the exhibits, stopping en route to select a site on the southern rim of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado suitable for the erection of the monument to the late Maj. J. W. Powell recently provided for by the Congress; at Los Angeles, to examine the collections in the Southwestern Museum; at Santa Barbara, to study the plan of the mission; and at San Francisco, to visit the museum of the University of California. While in Seattle visits were made to Tacoma, Wash., and to Victoria, British Columbia, for the purpose of examining collections of ethnological and archeological material preserved in these places. The chief returned to Washingéon on June 11.
During the year the chief made studies of a more or less elaborate nature in the following museums:
Blackmore Museum, Salisbury, England. University of La Plata Museum, Argentine Republic. Faculty of Philosophy and Letters Museum, Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic.
National Museum, Buenos Aires. National Museum, Santiago, Chile. National Museum, La Paz, Bolivia. National Museum, Lima, Peru. California University Museum, San Francisco.
_ Southwestern Museum, Los Angeles. Ferry Museum (Tozier collection), Tacoma, Wash. University of Washington Museum, Seattle, Wash. Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Academy of Sciences Museum, Philadelphia.
44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Early in the year the bureau was urged by the officers of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association to contribute data relating to the history of the Indian tribes of the region for the meeting of the association convened in St. Louis June 15, 1909. ‘The chief contributed a paper entitled ““ Remarks on the aboriginal history of the Mississippi Valley;” and Mr. James Mooney and Dr. John R. Swanton were designated to attend the meeting and present papers dealing with kindred subjects.
Mrs. M. C. Stevenson, ethnologist, remained in the field, in New Mexico, during the entire year. Having established headquarters at Espafiola, she devoted her time largely to investigations among the local Pueblo tribes, inter- rupting the work for short periods to record valuable data communicated by visiting members of the Zufi tribe. Her researches included detailed studies of the history, social organization and customs, religion and religious prac- - tices, and arts and industries of the Santa Clara and San Ildefonso tribes; and progress was made in the comparative study of these varied subjects among the numerous pueblos.
Aside from the more systematic ethnological work, Mrs. Stevenson gave much attention to her unfinished papers on “The preparation of cotton, yucca, and wool for the loom by the New Mexican tribes” and on the ‘“‘ Medicinal and food plants used by the Zuni Indians.”
Mr. EF. W. Hodge, ethnologist, was engaged chiefly in continuing the editorial work on Part 2 of the Handbook of American Indians, carrying along the proof reading toward the close of the alphabet and writing and inserting many ar- ticles on lesser subjects that it had been found essential to include. In this work he had the assistance especially of Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, who prepared articles pertaining chiefly to the Iroquois tribes; of Mr. William R. Gerard, of New York, who revised and rewrote numerous articles involving the etymology of Indian terms; and of Dr. Herbert H. Bolton, of the University of Texas, who continued to supply, to the end of the alphabet, articles relating to the tribes of Texas. The work of completing the second part of the Handbook of American Indians did not proceed as rapidly as was hoped at the beginning of the year, owing to the fact that the burden of the administrative work of the bureau devolved upon Mr. Hodge when the chief was called to South America and later to the Seattle Exposition, as previously mentioned. In the handbook work Mr. Hodge had the clerical assistance of Mrs. Frances Nichols. It is now expected that Part 2 will be ready for distribution in the near future. Mr. Hodge represented the bureau on the Smithsonian advisory com- mittee on printing and publication, and served also as a member of the sub- committee on bibliographical citations. In addition he prepared answers to many inquiries from correspondents, oftentimes requiring considerable research.
Dr. Cyrus Thomas, ethnologist, devoted his time during the year to work on the catalogue of books and papers relating to the Hawaiian Islands. This catalogue, in the preparation of which Prof. H. M. Ballou, of Boston, Mass., is joint author, has grown to an extent not anticipated at the outset. During the last and next preceding fiscal years Professor Ballou examined, for this purpose, the libraries of Boston and other cities of New England, and also of New York. He also visited Hawaii, where he made a careful examination of the public and private libraries of Honolulu, obtaining thereby considerable early mission and official material of a bibliographical nature not found else- where. During the same period Doctor Thomas visited Boston and Worcester twice, searching the libraries chiefly along special lines to which Professor Ballou had not given exhaustive attention; he also devoted considerable time to an examination of the libraries of Washington. In addition to these researches considerable bibliographical material has been obtained by corre-
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 45
spondence. As a result of this work the number of titles in the catalogue (which is now about finished) reaches some 6,200—more than eight times the number in the largest catalogue in the same field hitherto published. Hon. George R. Carter, former governor of the Territory of Hawaii, has given much encouragement to this work; in fact, with Professor Ballou, he formed the leading spirit in its inception, though the beginning of the work for the bureau was undertaken quite independently. Doctor Thomas has appended a subject or cross-reference catalogue of about 38,200 titles, which is so nearly complete that it is hoped the entire work will be submitted for publication before the end of August, 1909. In addition to this work Doctor Thomas assisted to some extent in the preparation of Part 2 of the Handbook of American Indians, and attended to such official correspondence as was referred to him.
Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, during the entire year was occupied chiefly in an investigation of the subject of the Indian population north of Mexico at the period of first disturbance and occupancy of the country by the whites. A preliminary study was condensed for introduction into Part 2 of the Hand- book of the Indians. The final work is expected to appear as a bulletin of the bureau. The investigation is being carried out in detail for each well- defined geographic section, and for each tribe or tribal group separately, from the earliest period to the present, with careful sifting of authorities and con- sideration of Indian habits of living. No such detailed and extended study of the subject has ever before been attempted, and the result must prove of interest and importance. The usual share of attention was given also through- out the year to the preparation and proof reading of various articles for the Handbook of the Indians and to routine correspondence. On request of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, Mr. Mooney, together with Doctor Swanton, attended the meeting of that body at St. Louis, June 17-19, as repre- sentatives of the bureau, and presented papers on the ethnology of the central region.
During the year Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, was engaged as follows: The months of October, November, and December, 1908, were spent in Okla- homa, Texas, and Louisiana. In Oklahoma the Natchez linguistic material collected by Gallatin, Pike, Brinton, and Gatschet was gone over with one of the four surviving speakers of the Natchez language, and about fifty pages of text were recorded. In Texas the Alibamu Indians were visited in an en- deavor, partially successful, to determine the relationship of the Pascagoula tribe, formerly resident near them. In Louisiana the linguistic material col- lected by Gatschet and Duralde was gone over with some of the surviving Attacapa, Chitimacha, and Tunica. On the way to Washington Doctor Swan- ton visited Columbia, S. C., to examine the early archives of that State. The most important result of the expedition, however, was the discovery at Marks- ville, La., of a woman who remembers a large amount of the Ofo language formerly spoken on Yazoo River. As large a vocabulary of this language as possible was recorded.
In the office Doctor Swanton completed the proof reading of his work “ Tlin- git myths and texts,’ which was ready for the press at the close of the year. He completed also a bulletin on ‘The Indian tribes of the lower Mississippi Valley and northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico,” and read proofs of the same. Additional work was accomplished as follows: The editing of the late J. O. Dorsey’s material on the Biloxi language (in press), and the proof reading of the same; the copying of texts collected during the field expedition above referred to, and incorporating the linguistic material then obtained with the material previously collected in the Natchez, Attacapa, Chitimacha, and Tunica languages, and the copying on cards of the Ofo vocabulary; the reading of
46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
galley proofs of sketches of the grammar of the Haida and the Tlingit for the Handbook of Indian Languages; assistance rendered Doctor Thomas in preparing for publication his bulletin on the languages of Mexico and Central America, and work incidental to the preparation for publication of Byington’s Choctaw Dictionary (in press).
Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, was occupied in the office during the entire year. For a large portion of the time he was engaged in amending and transcribing the Onondaga text which, with a long supplement, is to form Part II of his Iroquoian Cosmology, and in supplying an interlinear rendering and a free translation of the text. From his researches in connection with the preparation of articles for the Handbook of the American Indians he arrived at facts which greatly modify hitherto accepted views regarding the location and interrelations of the tribes around lakes Huron and Michigan. In this connection he pursued extended studies of the early history of the Potawatomi, Mascoutens, Kickapoo, Sauk, Foxes, Miami, and the “ Nation de la Fourche,” or ‘Tribe of the Fork,” in an effort to identify these tribes with those known to the early Hurons by names which occur in the writings of Champlain, Sagard, and the Jesuit Fathers. The expulsion of the Potawatomi, Sauk, Foxes, and the Tribe of the Fork from their earliest known habitat in Michigan by the Neutrals and their Ottawa allies—not by the Iroquois, as commonly asserted—was determined, and the most probable course of their retreat fixed. Similar research was conducted among early records to determine as far as possible the identity of the tribes whose names are recorded on the Dutch “Carte Figurative” of 1614, which represents them as living along the middle and upper Susquehanna River and its western affluents. As these names were erroneously identified as Spanish in origin, and as such adopted without ques- tion, much confusion and many inaccuracies have arisen in recent historical works.
Mr. Hewitt continued the collection and elaboration of linguistic data for the sketch of Iroquois grammar as exemplified in the Onondaga and the Mohawk, with parallel illustrative examples from the Seneca, Cayuga, and Tuscarora. He also partially rewrote the articles “Seneca” and “Sauk” for the Hand- book of American Indians, and endeavored, so far as was feasible, to incorporate in the remaining galley proofs of this work the results of his later researches. Mr. Hewitt was also called on to prepare data of an ethnologic nature for official correspondence.
At the beginning of the year Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, was in the field, having just completed the excavation and repair of the cliff ruin known as the “ Spruce-tree House,” in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. Before the close of July he returned to Washington and commenced the preparation of a report on this work, and undertook to complete the reports of unfinished researches of previous years. During his stay in Washington his services were enlisted in the building of a number of large models of the ruins for the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition at Seattle and in supervising the painting of pano- ramic views of the Cliff Palace in Mesa Verde National Park for the same purpose.
In June Doctor Fewkes again took up his work among the Mesa Verde ruins, and by the close of the year had made excellent progress in uncovering and reenforcing the crumbling walls of Cliff Palace, the greatest of the ancient ruins of its kind in the arid country.
The funds for the actual work of excavation and repair of these ruins were furnished by the Department of the Interior, which has control of the park. Being the essential feature of the park, it is most fortunate that these impor- tant and interesting ruins are now receiving adequate care and protection,
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 47
since in recent years the progress of destructive agencies, especially the activi- ties of relic hunters, has been very rapid.
SPECIAL RESEARCHES.
As in former years, a number of collaborators were engaged in conducting researches of a special nature in various fields. Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist of the bureau, continued his labors on the Handbook of Languages, assisted by a number of students. Prominent among these is Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg, who at the close of the year was engaged in studying the lan- guage of the Siletz tribe on its reservation in Oregon. Volume I of the Hand- book of Languages is now in press, and the work of Doctor Boas for the year included the proof reading of this volume as well as the preparation. of the text of Volume II.
Miss Frances Densmore continued her researches relating to the music of the Chippewa, and a paper dealing with this subject was submitted for pub- lication as Bulletin 45. A number of valuable phonographic records were obtained.
Mr. J. P. Dunn, who was assigned the linguistic work among the western Algonquian tribes left unfinished by the late Doctor Gatschet, continued the study of the Miami language among tribal remnants in Indiana and Oklahoma, and submitted a number of preliminary papers,
COLLECTIONS.
The collections acquired by the bureau and transferred to the National Mu- seum during the year comprise fifteen accessions, the more important being as follows:
Collection of West Indian antiquities, purchased from C. W. Branch, St. Vincent, British West Indies.
Indian relics from Moosehead Lake, Maine, presented by Mr. J. D. McQuire.
Cache of flaked stone objects from Moosehead Lake, Maine, purchased from T. Wilson.
Collection of bones, pottery fragments, ete., obtained by Mr. J. D. McGuire and Dr. AleS Hrdlitka at Piscataway, Md.
Archeological objects collected by Dr. J. W. Fewkes, ethnologist, during the excavation and repair of Spruce-tree House in the Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado.
Pottery fragments from Coden, Ala.
Stone implements from Tiahuanaco, Bolivia, and an earthenware vessel from Nazco, Peru, collected by Mr. W. H. Holmes.
Fragments of earthenware of the variety known as “salt vessels,” from the vicinity of Shawneetown, Ill., presented by Mr. R. Moore, of Equality, M1.
Ethnologica of the Chitimacha Indians, collected by Dr. John R. Swanton.
PUBLICATIONS.
The editorial work remained in charge of Mr. J. G. Gurley, who for a short period had the assistance of Mr. Stanley Searles.
Work on the publications of the bureau during the fiscal year may be briefly summarized as follows: The proof reading of the Twenty-sixth Annual Report and of Bulletin 34 was completed, and these publications were issued. The Twenty-seventh Annual Report and Bulletins 39, 41, 42, 48, 46, and 47 were prepared for and submitted to the Government Printing Office. Of these at the close of the year Bulletin 42 was issued, while Bulletins 39 and 41, also Bulletin 38 (the proof reading of which occupied much time during the year), were substantially ready for the bindery. The Twenty-seventh Annual and Bul- letin 43 were in galley form, and considerable progress had been made in the
48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
composition of Bulletins 46 and 47. The preparation of nearly all the manu- script of Bulletin 40, Part I, was finished, and most of the volume was in type.
At the close of the year manuscripts duly approved for publication as bu- reau bulletins were on hand, as follows:
Bulletin 37 (partially edited). Antiquities of central and southeastern Mis- souri, by Gerard Fowke.
Bulletin 44 (partially edited). Linguistic families of Mexico and Central America, by Cyrus Thomas, assisted by John R. Swanton.
Bulletin 45. Chippewa music, by Frances Densmore.
The distribution of publications continued as in former years. The Twenty- sixth Annual Report was issued in July, and Bulletin 34 in December. During the year 1,676 copies each of the Twenty-sixth Annual Report and Bulletin 34 were sent to regular recipients, and 3,000 volumes and pamphlets were trans- mitted in response to special requests, presented largely by Members of Con- gress. The number of requests for the bureau’s publications greatly exceeded those received during any previous year.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
The preparation of illustrations continued in charge of Mr. De Lancey Gill, with Mr. Henry Walther as assistant. Illustrative material for six bulletins and one annual report was completed during the year; of this material 498 illustrations were photographic prints and 77 were drawings. Proofs of the illustrations of three bulletins were examined and approved. Portrait nega- tives of 22 visiting Indian delegations to the number of 196 were made. ‘The total output of the photographic laboratory was as follows: New negatives, 473 ; films exposed in the field and developed in the office, 454; photographic prints, 3,498.
LIBRARY.
The library continued in charge of Miss Ella Leary, librarian. During the year 1,459 volumes and about 700 pamphlets were received and catalogued, and about 2,000 serials, chiefly the publications of learned societies, were received and recorded. As the law now permits the binding of miscellaneous publica- tions belonging to the library at the expense of the allotment for general print- ing and binding, it was found possible to bind a much larger number of vol- umes than in previous years, and thus to save many valuable works that were threatened with destruction. During the year 2,194 volumes were sent to the bindery, and of these all but about 500 had been received before the close of the fiscal year. In addition to the use of its own library, which is becoming more and more valuable through exchange and by limited purchase, it was found necessary to draw on the Library of Congress.for the loan of 5138 vol- umes. The library of the bureau now contains 15,511 volumes, about 11,000 pamphlets, and several thousand unbound periodicals.
LINGUISTIC MANUSCRIPTS.
Mr. J. B. Clayton served as custodian of manuscripts. The bureau now pos- sesses 1,678 manuscripts, mostly linguistic, 19 having been added during the year, mainly by purchase. All of these are of great value, and the number in- cludes four by Miss Frances Densmore on Chippewa music, four by Mr. J. P. Dunn on Miami and Peoria linguistics, one each by Miss Alice C. Fletcher on the Omaha Indians, Mr. D. I. Bushnell on the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana, and Mr. Paul Radin on the Winnebago Indians. The card catalogue of manu- scripts is complete to date.
Respectfully submitted.
W. H. Hortmes, Chief.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX III. REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
Sir: I have the honor to submit a report on the operations of the Interna: tional Exchange Service during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909.
The most noteworthy event in connection with the service during the year was the passage of the following resolution:
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That for the purpose of more fully carrying into effect the provisions of the convention concluded at Brussels on March fifteenth, eighteen hundred and eighty-six, and proclaimed by the President on January fifteenth, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, the Public Printer is hereby authorized and directed to supply to the Library of Congress such number as may be required, not exceeding one hundred copies, of the daily issue of the Congressional Record for distribution, through the Smithsonian Institution, to the legislative chambers of such foreign governments aS may agree to send to the United States current copies of their parliamentary record or like publica- tion, such documents, when received, to be deposited in the Library of Con- gress. (Approved March 4, 1909.)
Though the Smithsonian Institution has endeavored on previous occasions to have the Congress set aside a number of copies of the daily Congressional Record for exchange with foreign governments, it has only now been possible to have the matter favorably acted upon—twenty years having elapsed since the rati- fication by this Government of the Brussels convention for the immediate ex- change of the official journal.
Upon the passage of the above resolution, the Congressional Record was at once sent to the following countries, the parliaments of which already transmit their official journal to the Library of Congress or have agreed to do so:
Australia. Greece. Portugal. Austria. Guatemala. Roumania. Belgium. Honduras. Russia. Brazil. Hungary. Servia. Canada. Italy. Spain.
Cuba. New South Wales. Switzerland. France. Prussia. Uruguay.
The subject has been brought to the attention of other countries, and it is anticipated that during the coming year this proposed exchange, which is of so much importance to the members of the various national legislatures, will be entered into with a number of additional governments. It should be stated, in this connection, that the exchange here alluded to is separate and distinct from the exchange of official documents which has existed between the United States and other countries for a number of years. It is interparliamentary, and pro- vides for the immediate transmission, direct by mail, of the official journal as soon as published.
That the Smithsonian system of exchanges is appreciated by governmental and scientific establishments and men of learning throughout the world is indi- cated by the large number of packages intrusted to its care for distribution.
49
50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
During the past year 228,875 packages were handled, being an increase over the number for the preceding year of 25,777-—the largest annual increase in the history of the service. The total weight of these packages was 476,169 pounds, a gain of 40,884 pounds.
The handling and recording of these parcels has taxed to the utmost the limited force engaged in conducting the service, and it has only been possible to keep abreast of the work by the diligent application of each employee.
The appropriation by Congress for the support of the service during 1909 was $32,200 (the same amount as was granted for the preceding year), and the sum collected on account of repayments was $3,777.33, making the total avail- able resources for carrying on the system of international exchanges $35,977.33.
In the last report it was stated that the bureau had entered upon an active and definite campaign to secure reciprocal returns from abroad for the ex- changes sent by this Government and its departments and bureaus. Though this work has added greatly to the correspondence of the office, it has been pursued with unabated vigor during the past year, and the results have been more than satisfactory. In some cases the returns have exceeded all expecta- tions, hundreds of volumes having been received.
While the Japanese department of foreign affairs at Tokyo has, for a number of years, been good enough to distribute exchanges sent in its care for corre- spondents in Japan, the department has only recently signified its willingness to act in the full capacity of a bureau of exchanges—forwarding to the Smith- sonian Institution consignments for distribution in the United States, as well as transmitting to their addresses in Japan exchanges sent in its care.
Reference was made in the last report to the fact that the Kingdom of Servia, which was one of the signatories to the Brussels convention of 1886, had not established a bureau of exchanges and that the good offices of the Department of State had been solicited in bringing the matter to the attention of the Servian officials. JI am gratified to state that these efforts have resulted in the establishment of a bureau under the department of foreign affairs at Belgrade. Packages received for Servia in the future will therefore be sent to that department for distribution instead of being forwarded through the Smith- sonian agent in Germany, as formerly. In the communication from Servia regarding this subject, it is stated that copies of all of the official, scientific, and literary publications will henceforth be forwarded to the United States, and a request is made for similar documents of this Government. Servia has accordingly been added to the list of those countries receiving full sets of official publications, the first shipment, consisting of 20 cases containing a collection of documents published since 1901, having been made on June 22, 1909.
In response to a request forwarded to the Library of Congress through the Department of State, Alsace-Lorraine was added to the list of foreign coun- tries receiving partial sets of official documents of the United States. The first shipment, composed of 6 cases, was made under date of April 29, 1909.
Just before the close of the year a communication was received from the director of the Biblioteca Nacional at Buenos Aires, stating that by decree of his Government the Argentine bureau of exchanges had been withdrawn from the national library and connected with the comisi6n protectora de bibliotecas populares, Buenos Aires, which is under the direction of the department of public instruction. Consignments intended for that country will therefore be forwarded to the commission in the future. The Institution desires to record here its grateful acknowledgements for the services rendered in the past by the national library in the distribution of exchanges in the Argentine Republic.
In spite of the extra efforts put forth by this bureau in making shipments to all countries at least once a month—in some instances, two, three, and even
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
51
four times a month—complaints regarding delay in the delivery of packages to
addresses in other countries have been received by the Institution.
These de-
lays, aS a rule, occur in the various foreign exchange bureaus after consign-
ments have passed beyond the control of the Institution.
An improvement in
the service in this respect can therefore be brought about only by the societies and individuals in other countries themselves taking the matter up directly
with their own governments.
this course has been suggested. So far as reported to this office, the service has not suffered the loss of any
of its consignments during the past year.
Whenever such complaints have been received
When it is considered that nearly
2,000 boxes were shipped to every quarter of the globe, this statement is worthy
of note.
INTERCHANGE OF PUBLICATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES.
The statement which follows shows in detail the number of packages re- ceived for transmission through the International Exchange Service during the year ending June 30, 1909:
Country.
PATADLAS seemic ec a's niels se siaiciercinie AMON seems caicisecelecicisie ce Austria-Hungary............ LTO ime GQ DOBC ODO DOR CMOCOSe
IBETMAUGAS| <5 oc ccicleicisicineec sis. MOM eeeee ar aes sete see Bismarck Archipelago -....-.. Boliviais-neejssce ae - cicisoecese IBOINCOlauis sist cise secs fnceecse
ibalptloy lejbhom ee asoeoueceeso se British Central Africa....... British East Africa .......... IBTitish GUIANA. sos... s2scs<s
UIP ATID io ciais cnc =a ceciesisc ss Wanary Islands ...2-..------ Cape Colony: as<. 2 = <csse 505
Cape Verde Islands.......... |
(CEATIGIN sth ae SHER es ae me
Packages. Packages. Country. For. From. For. From.
146 G35] eDominicageen-oeeeeeeseseeccs 4B) epicesesee Sul ects eeccee DutehiGuidnaresaseeesee seas Spl eeeeesnaoo AGA Sarectesist= = WCUACOLar eae see esas ens 247 31 23) |e pocodaace Heyipiieresccj cee scccaeccisise sc 369 282 3, 378 464 || Falkland Islands..........-- Bilicscseemens 8, 003 POOR) |W) Wp TIER Rc a osoeco aoasesos S8ulee soos ee ae 89 |loosacoseas TAN COrsese eset erie Se 3, 074 5, 969 383i llbadogaoase French Cochin China....... 41 7 Ibi) | ASeS5ecace MrenchiGwiandess-eeeecee cee Biilc~menesee 17) |lsasooasocc German East Africa......... 22. catrejnacem's 4,535 2yOog|| RG CrMAllVie= seer eeeseeeeeranice 24, 821 8, 763 i ees ee Gibraltar ssseccoerasscesees 4 i Ne Soecnpadd Gold'iCoast: sien cccsicccacre sc Geil eases I essasodasa Grenadateucececscc = tice csies 7 |esteeeees UG) Ta Soanecads Great Britain and Ireland ..| 22,808 8, 427 Gil eeiseccreecie (TE CCEn eo stan eocio ooo wtelelele 1,548 3 2, 718 AS6ullEGreenlandsaseasoaecseciacecn SP) sosceelce se 7, 306 446 || Guadeloupe ...-...-.....-.... PAY gosencede > 47 2al\KGusttemalaycececcissee sine ose B84 rarest wee Was ceccnads DSU i ite see oe eee nee OADM ee emteeterae aN aletnreratetareyat= Hawaiian Islands ........... 46) Socios Be! llaceesocose FON GUTAS HS sees seca teisoe BIE | eecccoceco (4b oesscosone On PON SS wpe ieee Sacre sien ieieie 188 I 215 TSU hicelandeeeseccce wens cee aise. 60 37 SA Rretertesereere TMG Ay esc eeaciccciseecce ee 2,710 176 1, 663 22 || Italy ...... alehate fasaleisisieiens spewose 7, 458 1, 352 eee eeeeneee JAMAICA eaee et seioecises icc ase 261 68 263) |/<nisin2c%si<1 JaMeMs eas eesee ones acme scl 3, 244 1, 646 2, 461 DADO PAV oree so -mee ewe eeceaccceccs 220 128 1, 088 65 || Kongo Free State.........-.. Di ltee ck mastmece 1,348 ME || PROLEA secs ciss sclaccloc Socewic ees (8) |(Saasosdoss 1, 672 AA WE AS OS = a oeacsclelsissteiesisvelnsie ce 2% | soocoacoos 1, 544 260) | PILI DErI Aiea sae so - aes Setectelios 527 1 Meo Secaagococ Lourenco Marquez.......... PANN saconnocce Gb isegctione Toei setetete sella relelelejai=t 84 41 2,022 MOLD MMA CH OR teicrecisiis cele ciernisios as ilpecaoaee aoe
52
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Packages. Packages. Country. Country. For. From. For. From.
Mad arascanecescecce os. eie =e BON ewseencce St. Rubtsy.. sscsues se ceeee eer 4 oa cee Madeira: ofoscccscscsesces Sal secececice St) buciae. <n eeces ce saee see 12) | cimictareteteets Mia enya ood siecle osisesicisie ce xis Bijiossmeres sb. Martin! 2tecce-e- seeeese cee 125 | eee Maltare saccsscscscecescsncse 128 1 || St. Pierre and Miquelon..... 14 | s2acdeeee Mantini que ssassneecce cas = ccs 14 Se tekiece Siahomash: aaaceceseee tenes Ay |} eaneeeeae MaMITILIMS Sees occeecteitaoe tae 1) escce nonce Stavincentiie-seeeeeeeee ners Alls Semele IMIGXAG Oli. a sicisaccie seicins eeisisivie 1, 768 QO AtAlVad OLA Asse cceeaeee ner eaees 186 83 MontenerrOmeceerenscesceeeee NUD Masenecoad Samoa. ast sees ee eee LT: conte eee MONtSErralb) a smencseess secre Dla werateatalatew Santo Domingo.............. BD 5<oeeeceee IM OFOCCOM ERE Cte tee scismcinaesc ag er eeeseaic Sarawiales. 5.5 aes seeoescaceee 3) || Seemecesine INSiballene cc acnme cic ctciocseacs 248 Gu |liSemerallen a. sees eit Gill Seremteerernte INGEIETIHMOSEeeeeeenece reeset 8, 226 pinGH fall iistesare eae acoscaro nc ooborAoHe 735 il ING VASeer wea te ciaeaniccls secs cele Bal eS Rcee SisM serosa oe cleo see ae 1,193 76 Newioundland= = - ==: 2222 s-.- 152 39)|tSierra Wueone eee seeeesseeeee re ease aGcoS NewaHebridess-s-2- == -maccee DS a aden Ne Society Islands.............. 20 'lKasee eee New South Wales............ 2, 955 462 || South Australia ............. 1, 605 439 News Zien an Gneceises ceric eee 1, 880 243) iG paimeseecessecseeacc- eee ccse 2,599 185 NCAT AP UIAE escsocaeeenee ase 230 1 || Straits Settlements.......... 224 4 NortolkalslandSseceses = sos 1 | eee res Sudan seeeeereceensceecnaae 34 1 IN ORW.E Veeco selsceinesieice 2, 670 5225 ||| Sumiatrarsses-- sesso aeens (| Gacenases: Orange River Colony........ 129 TES WeEGeNh asses c sic a ane 8,366 50 (DATTA Meas elena ee eee cleo GON eee tee llwswalbzerl any Gast css a eene 4, 348 1,540 PALER UAV sem scecieiseeree ee cise ore 170 2h ASMA ates Sms oye mesa ee 1, 321 11 IRCTS1 8 een ae ssfatc tary eee Abe er ae Mransvaalsceean ak seems cese 1,407 10 Jee) Ula Gees ASB ONE Rane aan 1, 562 7610) trinidad eeee.scee essere ee IPA londcoo=bo5 Philippine Islands .......-.. OOH Eis ees MUMIS Se cones esa eee ce Stee 39 8 BOnOVRACOZ ese tek cise ceee tees 7D Ot asa ae Munkeyis-pesseceeseiaccces see UFO leBaneonco- Ronhup alee sesessereseeeeene 1,800 2) |ehunks elanaseeeesesseeeeeee 20) eee eee Portuguese West Africa ..... 33) eae eens United!/Statesss2----seeeee eee 52, 524 180, 292 Queensland! eee -cecee-=acce 1, 589 261) || Umugtaynaaseeaeee eens ceees 1, 965 867 REUMION: tee ce csstceccncccee Agfa) Wa eae ee VENCZUCI AS 2. nose eceeeeeeee 1, 289 2 RINGO eSigieee eo ee aseteee cee atl [gee ennai WiCtOriaisesce-cacnaecee carers 38, 329 208 ROUMANIA seo eee ee eee ee 536 12 || Western Australia........... 1, 463 551 EVUISSIA oieeijstorsgnciec see tesco 5, 3389 pe Bisyll| VAchiWAll eh ue Gat oaemonesboose V7 sete ecases St. Croix. .-....-....--22-...- 4 fe.e--ee ees Motels eee ee "228,875 | 228, 875 Susetelenamascseses jones sele Sileaenisacects
During the year there were sent abroad 1,963 boxes (an increase over 1908 of 54 boxes), of which 236 contained complete sets of United States Government documents for authorized depositories and 1,727 were filled with departmental and other publications for depositories of partial sets and for distribution to miscellaneous correspondents.
EXCHANGE OF GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS.
The number of packages sent abroad through the International Exchange Service by United States Government establishments during the year was 122,340, an increase over the number forwarded during the preceding twelve months of 19,646; while 20,216 packages were received in exchange, an increase
of 3,363.
This disparity between the number of packages received and those
sent may be accounted for largely by the fact that many returns for the publi- cations forwarded abroad are not made through the exchange service, but are
sent to their destinations direct by mail.
This difference is further due to the
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 53
practice of sending consignments to the Library of Congress intact, in many cases a whole box of publications being entered on the records of this office as one package.
FORHBIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS.
In accordance with treaty stipulations and under the authority of the con- gressional resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901, setting apart a cer- tain number of documents for exchange with foreign countries, there are now sent regularly to depositories abroad 55 full sets of United States official pub- lications and 33 partial sets—Servia having been added during the year to the list of countries receiving full sets and Alsace-Lorraine to the list of those receiving partial sets, the details concerning which will be found above. ‘The recipients of full and partial sets are as follows:
DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS.
Argentina: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires.
Argentina: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
Australia: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne.
Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.
Baden: Universitits-Bibliothek, Freiburg.
Bavaria: Konigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich.
Belgium : Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels.
Brazil: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.
Canada: Parliamentary Library, Ottawa.
Cape Colony: Government Stationery Department, Cape Town.
Chile: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago.
China: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.
Colombia: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.
Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje de Publicaciones, San José.
Cuba: Department of State, Habana.
Denmark: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen.
England: British Museum, London.
England: London School of Economics and Political Science, London.
France: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.
France: Préfecture de la Seine, Paris.
Germany: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin.
Greece: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.
Haiti: Secrétairerie d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.
Hungary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest.
India: Home Department, Government of India, Calcutta.
Ireland: National Library of Ireland, Dublin.
Italy: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome.
Japan: Department of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo.
Manitoba: Provincial Library, Winnipeg.
Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico.
Netherlands: Library of the States General, The Hague.
New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Sydney.
New Zealand: General Assembly Library, Wellington.
Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania.
Ontario: Legislative Library, Toronto.
Peru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.
Portugal: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.
54 | ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Prussia: K6nigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.
Quebec: Legislative Library, Quebec.
Queensland: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane.
Russia: Imperial Public Library, St. Petersburg.
Saxony: Konigliche Ceffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden.
Servia: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade.
South Australia: Parliamentary Library. Adelaide.
Spain: Depdsito de Libros, Cambio Internacional y Biblioteca General del Ministerio de Instruccién Publica y Bellas Artes, Madrid.
Sweden: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm.
Switzerland: Bibliothéque Fédérale, Berne.
Tasmania: Parliamentary Library, Hobart.
Transvaal: Government Library, Pretoria.
Turkey: Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople.
Uruguay: Oficina de Deposito, Reparto y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevideo.
Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.
Victoria: Public Library, Melbourne.
Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.
Wiirttemberg: Konigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart.
DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS.
Alberta: Legislative Library, Edmonton.
Alsace-Lorraine: K. Ministerium fiir Elsass-Lothringen, Strassburg.
Bolivia: Ministerio de Colonizacién y Agricultura, La Paz. -
British Columbia: Legislative Library, Victoria.
Bremen: Kommission fiir Reichs- und Auswiirtige Angelegenheiten.
Bulgaria: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia.
Ceylon: United States Consul, Colombo.
Heuador: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito.
Egypt: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo.
Guatemala: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala.
Hamburg: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswiirtigen Angelegenheiten.
Hesse: Grossherzogliche Hof-Bibliothek, Darmstadt.
Honduras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa.
Jamaica: Colonial Secretary, Kingston.
Liberia: Department of State, Monrovia.
Lourengo Marquez: Government Library, Lourenco Marquez.
Malta: Lieutenant-Governor, Valetta.
Montenegro: Ministére Princier des Affaires Iitrangéres, Cetinje.
Natal: Colonial Governor, Pietermaritzburg.
Newfoundland: Colonial Secretary, St. John.
New Brunswick: Legislative Library, St. John.
Nicaragua: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua.
Northwest Territories: Government Library, Regina.
Nova Scotia: Legislative Library, Halifax.
Orange River Colony: Government Library, Bloemfontein.
Panama: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.
Prince Edward Island: Legislative Library, Charlottetown.
Paraguay: Oficina General de Informaciones y Canjes y Commisaria General de Inmigracion, Asuncion.
Roumania: Academia Romana, Bucarest.
Salvador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 55
Straits Settlements: Colonial Secretary, Singapore. Siam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok. Vienna: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt.
CORRESPONDENTS.
The record of exchange correspondents at the close of the year contained 62,630 addresses, being an increase of 2,507 over the preceding year. A table showing the number of correspondents in each country at the close of 1907 will be found in the report for that year.
LIST OF BUREAUS OR AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH BXCHANGES ARH TRANSMITTED.
Following is a list of bureaus or agencies abroad through which the distribu- tion of exchanges is effected. Those in the larger and many in the smaller countries forward to the Smithsonian Institution in return contributions for distribution in the United States:
Algeria, via France. Angola, via Portugal. Argentina: Presidente de la Comisién Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares,
Ministerio de InstrucciOn Publica, Buenos Aires.
Austria: K. K. Statistische Central-Commission, Vienna.
Azores, via Portugal.
Barbados: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridgetown.
Belgium: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Brussels.
Bermuda. (Sent by mail.)
Bolivia: Oficina Nacional de Inmigraci6n, Hstadistica y Propaganda Geografica, ha Paz.
Brazil: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de
Janeiro.
British Colonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.?
British Guiana: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown. British Honduras: Colonial Secretary, Belize.
Bulgaria: Institutions et Bibliothéque Scientifiques de S. A. R. le Prince de
Bulgarie, Sofia.
Canada. (Sent by mail.)
Canary Islands, via Spain.
Cape Colony: Government Stationery Department, Cape Town.
Chile: Servicio de Canjes Interracionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago. China: Zi-ka-wei Observatory, Shanghai.
Colombia: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional,
Bogota.
Costa Rica: Oficina de Depdésito y Canje de Publicaciones, San José. Cuba. (Sent by mail.)
Denmark: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen. Dutch Guiana: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo. Ecuador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito.
Egypt: Director-General, Survey Department, Giza (Mudiria). France: Service Francais des changes Internationaux, Paris. Friendly Islands. (Sent by mail.)
Germany: Karl W. Hiersemann, K6nigsstrasse 29, Leipzig.
@This method is employed for communicating with several of the British colonies with which no medium is available for forwarding exchanges direct.
45745°—sm 1909——5
26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Great Britain and Ireland: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex street, Strand, London.
Greece: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.
Greenland, via Denmark.
Guadeloupe, via France.
Guatemala: Instituto Nacional de Guatemala, Guatemala.
Guinea, via Portugal.
Haiti: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.
Honduras: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa.
Hungary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, City Hall, Budapest.
Iceland, via Denmark.
India: India Store Department, India Office, London.
Italy: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Eman- uele, Rome.
Jamaica: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.
Japan: Department of Foreign Affairs, Tokyo.
Java, via Netherlands.
Korea. (Shipments temporarily suspended. )
Liberia: Department of State, Monrovia.
Lourengo Marquez: Government Library, Lourenco Marquez.
Luxemburg, via Germany.
Madagascar, via France.
Madeira, via Portugal.
Mexico. (Sent by mail.)
Montenegro: Ministére Princier des Affaires Htrangéres, Cetinje.
Mozambique, via Portugal.
Natal: Agent-General for Natal, London.
Netherlands: Bureau Scientifique Central’ Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de l’Uni- versité, Leyden.
Newfoundland. (Sent by mail.)
New Guinea, via Netherlands.
New Hebrides. (Sent by mail.)
New South Wales: Board for International Exchanges, Public Library, Sydney.
New Zealand: Dominion Museum, Wellington.
Nicaragua: Ministerio de Relaciones Extericres, Managua.
Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania.
Paraguay: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion.
Persia: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City.
Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Ministerio de Fomento, Lima. .
Portugal: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.
Queensland: Board of Exchanges, Brisbane.
Roumania, via Germany.
Russia: Commission Russe des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Im- périale Publique, St. Petersburg.
Saint Christopher. (Sent by mail.)
Salvador: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.
Santo Domingo. (Sent by mail.)
Servia: Department of Foreign Affairs, Belgrade.
Siam: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.
South Australia: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide.
Spain: Depésito de Libros, Cambio Internacional y Biblioteca General del Min- isterio de Instruceién Ptblica y Bellas Artes, Madrid,
Sumatra, via Netherlands,
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57 -
Sweden: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm. Switzerland: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale Cen- trale, Bern. Syria: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York. Tasmania: Royal Society of Tasmania, Hobart. Transvaal: Government Library, Pretoria. Trinidad: Victoria Institute, Port of Spain. Tunis, via France. Turkey : American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston. Uruguay: Oficina de Depésito, Reparto y Canje Internacional, Montevideo. Venezuela: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas. Victoria: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne. Western Australia: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. Zanzibar. (Sent by mail.) Dr. Cyrus Adler resigned his position as assistant secretary in charge of library and exchanges on September 380, 1908.
Respectfully submitted. F. V. BERRY,
Chief Clerk, International Exchange Service.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX IV. REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the condition and operations of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909.
RESOURCES.
The entire support of the park was provided for by an item in the sundry civil act approved May 27, 1908, appropriating $95,000 for general purposes, includ- ing the purchase, transportation, care and maintenance of animals; the care and improvement of grounds; the construction and repair of all buildings, inclosures, roads, walks, and bridges. A sum of equal amount has been appropriated annually for several years past. The considerable increase in the prices of the necessary provisions and labor has made it increasingly difficult to do any- thing toward developing the park to the standard that such institutions usually attain at the capitals of great nations. The expenses of maintenance alone amounted to about $85,000, so it will be seen that there was but little margin left for additional works.
It should be remembered that at the inception of the park the funds provided for buildings and improvements were entirely inadequate for its proper equip- ment and that consequently the management was forced to construct cheap, temporary shelters, roads, walks, and inclosures. These have now arrived at about their limit of usefulness and do not admit of further economical repair. It is not for the interest of the Government to continue to erect structures of this class, and it would certainly be advantageous to have sufficient appropriations to replace them with satisfactory permanent buildings.
BUILDINGS AND INCLOSURES.
The principal improvements made during the year were the completion of a series of bear yards and the construction of a series of 10 new yards for wolves and foxes. i
Bear yards.—Six yards of the series had been built up to the beginning of the year. During 1908-9 the terminal yard, 42 feet wide and 26 feet deep, at the east end of the series, was built, and the north end of the series was com- pleted by the construction of three yards from 32 to 36 feet deep and 382, 24, and 40 feet wide, respectively. All of the yards have floors of rock and con- crete except the large one at the north end, where most of the area has been left in the original hard clay over which is spread a thick layer of sand. A concrete walk 12 feet wide was constructed in front of all the new yards, and a trellis of steel bars was built over the walk and in front of the cages, over which vines will be trained, to afford shelter until trees are large enough to give sufficient shade. The cost of the work on the bear yards during the year was about $6,000. The steep bank adjoining the’ yards was graded and a macadam walk with stone steps was built to furnish a convenient approach.
58
|
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59
The completion of the series of yards made it possible to transfer all of the bears from the temporary wooden cages that they have been occupying to their permanent quarters. The cages were then removed, and the area which they had occupied was graded and planted.
Wolf and fox yards.—Since the occupation of the park the wolves and foxes have been kept in temporary yards near the lion house. This has been unsatis- factory in several respects, the yards being of an irregular and unsightly character, rather obtrusive, and not as secure as desirable. A better site for them was selected at the foot of the steep acclivity, where the stream from the beaver valley empties into Rock Creek. There were constructed here a series of ten yards having a tota! frontage of 230 feet, with a depth varying from 16 to 36 feet. The fence was constructed of heavy wire netting with square mesh, on steel posts, and has a height of 6 feet 6 inches. A retiring den for each yard was excavated in the hill at the rear of the cages and arranged with a door outside the inclosure for the keeper’s use. ‘These cages, as well as the bear yards, were completed and occupied in the late autumn of 1908.
An entirely pleasant feature of this site is its secluded, woodland character, enhanced by the little stream flowing down over rocks to the creek. Consider- able planting was done here, using the material indigenous to the neighborhood in order to retain as far as possible the original character of the forest.
The cost of this series of yards was about $2,600.
ROADS AND WALKS.
Lack of funds prevented the continued prosecution of the repair of roads and walks in the park, only such work being done as was absolutely necessary for the public safety. The Adams Mill road and part of the road along the banks of the creek were treated with a coal-tar product known as “ terracolio,” to obtain freedom from dust and prevent the washing of the roadbed during heavy rains. This was fairly successful. Some of the walks were treated with another coal-tar preparation known as “tarvia.” This, too, proved an excellent preventive of dust and abrasion.
The shaded walk and stairway from the Adams Mill entrance to the lower levels of the park was completed and a small rest house and shelter built at the upper end. It is believed that this walk can be made one of the most attractive features of the park. In spite of the careful watch, some difficulty is experienced in preventing the uprooting and carrying away by visitors of the ferns and other specimens that have been planted in profusion along its sides. The amount expended on the walk during the present year was about $700, while the rustic shelter, 20 by 25 feet, cost approximately $400.
ACCESSIONS AND LOSSES.
Gifts included 5 chamois from Bernese Oberland, received through the De- partment of the Interior from the Swiss Government as a gift to the United States Government; 3 young Alaskan brown bears from Mr. George Mixter, 2d, of Boston, Mass.; 3 Barbados woolless sheep, from the United States Department of Agriculture; a large grizzly bear and female black bear with 2 cubs were received from Lieut. Gen. S. B. M. Young, superintendent Yellowstone National Park; also 2 mule deer and 2 prong-horn antelopes from Maj. H. C Benson, who succeeded General Young at the Yellowstone Park. Ten beavers were also obtained in the Yellowstone Park through the cooperation of General Young.
A lioness, a pair of Sarus cranes, 2 European flamingoes, and a fishing cat were received in exchange for surplus animals.
60 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Purchases included a pair of Rocky Mountain sheep, an Arabian camel, a reindeer from Alaska, a cassowary, 2 South American condors, 2 jabirus, ete.
Births numbered 110, and included a Brazilian tapir, 3 American bison, a yak, 4 tigers, 2 black bears, a llama, 6 Barbary sheep, 17 deer of 6 species, kangaroos, armadillos, ete., also various birds.
The deaths included the Philippine water buffalo, which died from peri- tonitis resulting from the bursting of an abscess of the rumen; a young orang, which died from leukemia; and a leopard, which, also, died from peritonitis. A Rocky Mountain goat, which was deposited in the park, died thirty-seven days after its receipt, from tuberculosis, which evidently had been contracted while it was kept in confinement near the place of capture in British Columbia. An Huropean flamingo, a crowned pigeon, and several other birds died from aspergillosis, and five storks from cercomonad roup.
One hundred and thirty-eight autopsies were made by the pathologists of the Bureau of Animal Industry and two by the Laboratory of Hygiene, which gave the following results:
Cause of death, 1908-9.
ETN TIAN OT eee ee a 20M Eiydnrophilosigi a ss =:. arene 1 TMObereulOSiS = see ts Sa eee 16 | Subcutaneous acariasis.__________ 1 Pulmonary Gonuzestion= saan 80 -Uncinariaisig, Mae ele ee 2 SER OUILOSI Se: = oo ote ae Ga SBroteus bacilosishaa ass. 3 Pnteritis (and gastro-enteritis).._._ 20 | Echinococcosis____-__-________ if! INGDHTICIiSSe. ae swe coe Aes Dee 6 | Porocephalus infestation_________ 2 INGCCEOSIS/ OLmivier= == == seen 2) | Rapes Se We 3 PC DAbiG See 2A ee A | Vivo fibroma ste eee ee il Parenchymatous degeneration of Goiter 222.22 952 SE ee if
iL ,C Teen EE ns AN es Se 2 oh Se ae it \WOsteomalacia= ===. se a ee 2 Fatty degeneration of liver______- 15) Simpacrionvor bowelas= === 3 PSRIhOMUG SM cure See Ne BAN ay |) IbonoeveiKorm Ort (Crtoy)en oo alt IRERICATOIt Ses =a ate eae we a 2 | Urinary concretions in cloaca_____ 1 Fatty degeneration of heart and Brokenvecesinelod Gia =.= aa all
a ViGTire haem Sa Se ee ee PEPE were es Ll Starvation Se 5 Valvular obstruction of heart____ 1 | Starvation resulting from cystic Septicemiial 2s es ee eee LM raboarere aloy Tdoywor ees Ve ee al lmeukemila. 222k So ee Li) Stillbornpes = 22 ee aes = see ee 4 Cercomonad | roup ee 4") Necident=- 2b. 5 ee io Infectious entero-hepatitis_______ i JNO cause found === 4 Coccidialityphlitis== =a aaa iL |
VISITORS.
The number of visitors to the park during the year was 564,639, a daily average of about 1,547. The largest number in any month was 127,635, in April, 1909, a daily average of 4,254.
During the year there visited the park 148 schools, Sunday schools, classes, ete., with 4,611 pupils, a monthly average of 384 pupils. While most of them were from the city and the immediate vicinity, 25 of the schools were from neighboring States, and classes came from Lowell, Warren, Boston, Fall River, and Dover, Mass.; Portland, Augusta, and Auburn, Me.; and Wallingford, Vt.
NEEDS OF THE PARK.
Aquarium.—The present building was originally a hay shed of ordinary Vir- ginia pine lumber. It is now in a most dilapidated condition, the foundation
PLATE 1.
Secretary's Report.
Smithsonian Report, 1909
BEAR YARDS IN NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61
having sunk so much as to crack the glass of the fish tanks, thus causing them to leak. It will be necessary to close this building temporarily unless some means are found for totally reconstructing it. An exhibit of fish and other marine animals is one of the most attractive that can be given in a zoological collection, and it is very desirable that it should be maintained.
General aviary.—The need for a structure of this character is evident to any intelligent visitor to the park. Only a part of the collection can now be exhib- ited to the public because of lack of room. A number of outdoor shelters and cages should also be provided for the exhibition of hardy birds.
Inclosure for sea lions and seals.—A proper pool for these animals, with suit- able shelter, should be built as soon as possible. A good site for such an ex- hibit would be just above the wolf and fox dens in the beaver valley.
Antelope houwse.—The inadequacy of this building has been mentioned in previous reports. If any considerable additions of ruminant animals are re- ceived at the park, it will be necessary to enlarge it.
Office building.—It is greatly to the disadvantage of the park to have the superintendent’s office at so great a distance from the general working force. A suitable structure should be built near the center of activity.
Restaurant and public comfort——The park is becoming more and more a place of frequent resort for the public, as is shown by the number of visitors. The present arrangements are totally inadequate. A good restaurant building is urgently needed. Shelters and addition public comfort quarters for visitors are also wanted. At present, whenever a quick rainstorm occurs, many visitors are unable to get proper shelter. ‘
Roads and walks.—It is highly desirable that the construction of roads and walks, which was commenced under the appropriation of $15,000, made in 1907, should now be continued. .The general appropriation for the park is insufficient for this purpose.
STATEMENT OF THE COLLECTION,
Accessions during the year:
SEES CTC Cl pee an eae re es asia aly lat ee ed eel ok Ce ee 124 RECEIV EG TMU EX CHATS Cs a= ae ae ee a ee ee ee ee ee 12 EU CHaS Cee ee e e e 307 IMB) POS TU a a ee BB ke Eee re ee Se 9 Born and hatched in the National Zoological Park__________________ 110 CapturediineYellowstonesNatlon allie ait: kee ee eee 14
PAOCG EST) le as ae Be oN ee aR EN a sees Lae aad Sate Se NE 576
Presented.
Diamond rattlesnake, Cl RR. kWwappone; Cairo) Gases). ee Rhesus monkey, F. N. Meyer, Department of Agriculture________________ ANU OTES IY SCG EM CH Geo) asa 0 pe pee ee ete Ae ey ee ae ee a Common canary, William J. Myatt, Sharon Hill, Philadelphia, Pa________ 27 Chapman’s curassow, C. H. Jones, Campeche, Mexico____________________ Burplishyuan CH sones: Campeche Mexicous a2. = ates eee ee Barbados sheep, experiment station, United States Department of Agri-
UDG UIT ee ce re es ee Pe ho A a Alaska peninsula, brown bear, George Mixter, 2d, Boston, Mass__________ Common canary, R. L. Beard, 1018 H street NW., Washington, D. C__-_-- Unidentified bird, Wm. J. Myatt, Sharon Hill, Philadelphia, Pa__________ Chickenysnake; Hen Carrico Stithton, (Ny2ese cess oneness eee eee
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62 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Etog-nosed snake, Hii. Carricoy Stiehton wy a ee ees Capuchin monkey, Miss M. Alexander, Moorefield, W. Va__-------------- Coyote) theseresident,. Washington; Di C3=22 Se Se ee Banded rattlesnake, Dr. Prentiss Wilson, 2024 O street NW., Washing-
Spotted lynx, Mr. Hunt, superintendent registry division, city post-office__ Blackibearstherbresident. Washington, Dy C222. Cooper’s hawk, Russel Meredith, 1219 Girard street, Washington, D. C_-_ Hog-nosed snake, Capt. J. Walter Mitchell, the Evening Star, Washing-
Gray fox, Miss M. P. Offterdinger, 330 A street NE., Washington, D. C___ Riza Ose Ni ChOlsonee Orleana ofp Hol ee ee Diana monkey, Nikolai Sokoloff, 14 Park lane, Jamaica Plain, Boston,
Sharp-shinned hawk, W: A. Sherman, Vienna, Va-=-===-_--__=--==-=2_—2 English rabbit, Mrs. John R. MeLean, Friendship, D. C_--------------_- Common ferret: Mrs; John Re Mclean) briendship Ds C222 22222 Alligator, Miss Sarah Leon, 1183 Fourteenth street, Washington, D. C____ Yellow-trontedsamazon, Hy AwkWacess Cratvon, baa se eee Rabbit, J. B. Henderson, jr., 1306 Euclid place, Washington, D. C__-___-- Brown capuchin monkey, Hon. S. B. Elkins, United States Senate-______ Pine snake, George V. Green, 304 Tenth street NW., Washington, D. C___ shea, Oyadl, Cleats Gull, A kesclave heel, Wels Mallard duck, Mrs. L. E. Johnson, 1007 L street NW., Washington, D. C__ Red-tailed hawk, Jesse Hand, jr., Belleplain, N. J------___-____-----_-- Belgian hare, J. H. Fellows, 5504 Wisconsin avenue, Washington, D. C__- AIMerICAnETAVeH Jepke. 2 Gates IweOkeen Viale 2 ee eee lesen Ohyaly Hobe han J rooney ANSI Mobi eal, Weel ee a ee eee laynraeeyel Oval TIL IK Sine INKY, Wilelslautisrearoa, ID), (C2 2 Sereech owl, W. S. Hinman, 2700 Thirteenth street NW., Washington,
Bullfinech, attaché of the Austrian embassy, Washington, D. C___-___--- Common"opossum, the President, Washington, D. ©_-2-_-— Common opossum, W. L. McAtee, Department of Agriculture___________ Mule deer, Maj. H. C. Benson, superintendent Yellowstone National
IEE edits eau VAY © AMT Os ee ee ee ee eee Prong-horn antelope, Maj. H. C. Benson, superintendent Yellowstone
INGGLOM ai earl aaa OMIN Ses 2 eae tee ae) eee ee Raccoon, Charles H. Smith, Piedmont, Va____________— ie ernie te. Pape ek RACCOON ME a Clanbkaelmvines ian.) Been Se eee ee eee Common opossum, Pink Cherry Market Company, Atlanta, Ga___-_--___-_ Alligator, Mr. Widderfield, 1217 Connecticut avenue NW., Washington,
Commongskunk, HOM SON. Wits es CO Tey) © een ee Great horned owl, F. Johnson, Washington, D. C_______________________ Alligator, attaché of the Austrian embassy, Washington, D. C__________ Alligator, Harry Williams, 418 E street NE., Washington, D. C_________ Bald eagle, C. F. Brock, 53 I street NE., Washington, D. C_____________ CHATHOIUS RIS WASS 4 GOVINO pst aa ee UE ae ae ee Common canary, George Hawkins, 2316 First street NW., Washing-
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| REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63
Bidckesnake wh. ©; Harley, Wasnineton Ds ©2222 202 2 es oe ee 1
Black muscovy duck, J. H. Holmead, 3531 Thirteenth street NW., Wash- iT LC Ti pe UBD oy (0) eee sk ee epee Se a ee 1 Alligator, John H. Knight, 1410 Chapin street NW., Washington, D. C___ il Common canary, A. L. Brandon, 2130 G street, Washington, D. C________ 1
Common goat, Louis Brandt, 400 New Jersey avenue NW., Washington, STB 0) eee renee ts SRS ee a ea ee eh De oe le AL ee 1 CoucarmpeA. EVE roctor, News VOrki Citys 2 = 22252 ee ee eee if! 124
SUMMARY.
AANA SoMa Gh byeelis MOS 2a sxe lee le ea Pe ee 1, 402 PRECESSION Sm (iinsli Om GIN Cie yy, Cae sp a 576 ONDE em ee ae a a at EE oe 9k ea oe 1, 978 Deduct loss (by exchange, death, and returning of animals)____________ 562 OnphandyIuMe~s OOOO S ase See i ee ee ee eee 1, 416 Species pees VATE BIS Sees alo ainiejse ore ieiaisiosre © piss Gra sisi siecle ise em Wealsiajarsiclsjnioia = ciajejeiie ciapeleissleletaiere 143 578 Bins eee a NR La ee tines he Ok Dai gu, | Wa ks wien! UC Se cc ce Pe aM ol 173 711 IRGIOHMNIGE peop case acaaseesorongoe seas peubdoSsacHoocecobasacdescs J eioie etelsiclstececis/sreic lars es 38 | 127 PING ea eae gene eteyeseie ie etcetera tale nin ie icine aie Slee arclaisicina cisteieicta lacie cise Sinieinieis 354. 1, 416
Respectfully submitted. FRANK BAKER, Superintendent. Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
APPENDIX V. REPORT ON THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.
Str: During the past year the temporary wooden shelters used for observing on Mount Wilson, California, in 1905, 1906, and 1908 have been torn down and replaced by a structure of cement blocks. This was erected at a cost of $2,200 on a plot of ground 100 feet square in horizontal projection, leased for a term of ninety-five years by the Smithsonian Institution from the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory. The new observing shelter is shaped in plan, 36 feet long, 27 feet wide, and with the two branches of the L14 and 10 feet wide, respec- tively. Four tall piers are provided for the future erection of a tower over the south end of the structure. The proposed tower is intended for use as a vertical telescope in solar observations and also as a suitable station for making meas- urements of the brightness of the sky and clouds. Within the new building is a chamber of constant temperature in which is the spectro-bolometrie outfit, and also a dark room for photographie work and a small office room. ‘The site leased is on the edge of a preciptous ridge overlooking canyons about 1,000 feet deep on the east, south, and west. It is thoroughly isolated from disturbances caused by electric service, gas engines, or traffic, and seems to be peculiarly well adapted for the work in hand.
The personnel of the observatory has continued principally unchanged. Mr. L. B. Aldrich completed his temporary service as bolometric assistant on Sep- tember 20, 1908. Dr. L. R. Ingersoll was engaged temporarily as bolometric assistant on Mount Wilson beginning June 21, 1909.
WORK OF THE YBAR,
i. Work at Washington.
Mr. Fowle has continued bolometric observations of the brightness of dif- ferent parts of the sun’s image whenever conditions favored. No measure- ments of the solar constant of radiation were attempted at Washington, as that branch of the work can seldom be done there successfully, on account of smoke and clouds.
A most interesting piece of experimental work on tthe transparency of air for the long-wave rays, such as the earth radiates, had been begun by Mr. Fowle early in 1908. Results have been obtained by him for the transmission of all rays between wave-lengths Ju and 10y, through a column of air 400 feet long, containing various known amounts of water vapor. Computation of the re- sults from these experiments is so far advanced as to show their satisfactory quality. Many additional experiments with still longer columns of air and other amounts of water vapor, and extending as far down in the spectrum as wave- length 17, are in preparation.
The late Secretary Langley stated,“ as a result of his Mount Whitney ob- servations: ‘‘I consider that the temperature of the earth under direct sun- shine, even though our atmosphere were present as now, would probably fall
“Report of the Mount Whitney Expedition, p. 128. 64
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 65
to —200° C. if that atmosphere did not possess the quality of selective absorp- tion.” <A little later his experimental results on the temperature of the moon led him to change this view, for he said:% ‘As between my observations and my inferences, I hold to the former; and since later and long-continued ob- servations * * * show that the temperature of the sunward surface of the moon (which is certainly nearly airless) is almost certainly not greatly below zero (centigrade), I have been led to believe myself mistaken in one of my inferences drawn from former experiments.” Precise knowledge of the select- ive absorption of our atmosphere for earth rays is still lacking, although two decades have elapsed since this was written, and contradictory views are still being expressed about this very important subject by able writers. It is hoped that Mr. Fowle’s experiments will add much definite information, useful in the study of the dependence of the earth’s temperature on radiation.
Computations of the results of Washington and Mount Wilson observations have gone on steadily, but it has not been possible to keep the reductions abreast with the numerous observations now being obtained. It has been con- sidered desirable to make daily observations of the “solar constant of radia- tion’ during the observing season at Mount Wilson, and the reduction of each day’s observations requires several days of measurements and computations
at Washington. 2. Work at Mount Wilson.
Spectro-bolometric measurements of the ‘‘ solar constant of radiation ’’ were continued by Mr. Abbot (with the assistance till September 20 of Mr. Aldrich) on every favorable day until about November 20, 1908. The expedition was re- newed late in the following spring by Mr. Abbot, and observations begun on June 1, 1909. As in former years, evidences of a fluctuation of solar radiation were found in the results of the measurements of 1908 thus far obtained. Various improvements in the modes of observing have been made, especially in the bolometric measurements of the ultra-violent region of the spectrum, and also in pyrheliometry. A new and improved standard pyrheliometer was tried repeatedly on Mount Wilson. Its action is more satisfactory than the one used in 1906, and great confidence is felt in the results obtained with it. Appar- ently the results published on the provisional arbitrary scale of pyrheliometry employed in Volume II of the Annals are several per cent higher than they would be if expressed on the scale of the standard calory. On the other hand, the results of the year indicate that a larger allowance of increase should have been made for solar rays in the ultra-violet and extreme infra-red regions of the spectrum not observed in 1905 and 1906 by the bolometer, and this increase will probably nearly or quite compensate the change of scale in pyrheliometry, leaving the mean “solar constant” value very near to 2 calories per square centimeter per minute, as stated in Volume II of the Annals. Great efforts have been made this past year to carry the bolometric measurements much further in the ultra-violet. For this purpose a large quartz prism, a large ultra-violet glass prism, and two magnalium mirrors have been procured and are now in use on Mount Wilson, and daily observations are now carried as far
as wave-length 0.335. 8. Mount Whitney Expeditions.
In August, 1908, with Director Campbell, of the Lick Observatory, Mr. Abbot spent about twenty-four hours-on the summit of Mount Whitney (14,502 feet). This mountain, which was the objective point of the famous expedition of Mr. Langley in 1881, was recommended by him to be reserved by the Government
@ The Temperature of the Moon, p. 193.
66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
and used as the site for an observatory. The reservation was in fact made, but no observatory has been established there. Mr. Abbot carried with him to Mount Whitney a pyrheliometer and wet and dry thermometers, and made observations on the summit both in the afternoon and morning hours. Both he and Mr. Campbell were favorably impressed with the advantages of the place for observing, and with the relative convenience of ascending the mountain, considering its great altitude. Fine building stone, sand, and water were found at the summit. Messrs. Campbell and Abbot, therefore, recommended to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution that a grant from the Hodgkins fund should be made for the purpose of erecting on the summit of Mount Whitney a stone and steel house to shelter observers who might apply to the Institution for the use of the house to promote investigations in any branch of science. This recommendation was approved, and the house is now in course of con- struction (July, 1909).
It has been held by some astronomers that measurements of the “solar constant of radiation ”’ by high and low sun observations from a single station at a low altitude, or even at the altitude of Mount Wilson, are subject to a great error by reason of the impossibility of correctly allowing for loss in our atmosphere. In order to ascertain if this objection is well founded, an expe- dition to Mount Whitney by Mr. Abbot is planned for August, 1909. He will earry a complete spectro-bolometric outfit, for which Mr. Kramer has con- structed the mechanical parts in the shop of the Astrophysical Observatory at Washington. This apparatus will point directly at the sun, so as to dispense with reflections at a coelostat. A quartz prism and two magnalium mirrors constitute the sole optical parts of the spectroscope, as it will generally be used, but a glass prism and silvered mirrors will also be employed in the examination of the water vapor bands and of the infra-red spectrum. With the quartz and magnalium outfit it is expected to measure the energy of the spectrum from about wave-length 0.304 in the ultra-violet to wave-length 4y in the infra-red. Simultaneously with these “solar constant” measurements on Mount Whitney complete observations of the same kind will be made on Mount Wilson by Doctor Ingersoll, and if the results of the two shall agree it is thought that there will be left no ground for reasonable doubt of the accuracy
of the method. SUMMARY.
The principal work of the year comprises frequent spectro-bolometriec exam- inations of the relative brightness of different parts of the sun’s disk for rays of several different wave lengths; measurements of the transmission of long-wave rays, such as the earth emits, through very long columns of moist air; the steady continuation of the reduction of Mount Wilson and Washington observa- tions; six months of almost daily observation on Mount Wilson for the deter- mination of the variability of the sun; a preliminary observing expedition to the summit of Mount Whitney; and the complete preparation of apparatus and ar- rangements for a series of observations of the “ solar constant” by the spectro- bolometric method, to be me*e simultaneously at Mount Wilson and Mount Whitney in August, 1909.
Respectfully submitted.
C. G. ABBot, Director.
Dr. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
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PLATE 5.
Secretary's Report.
Smithsonian Report, 1909.
SMITHSONIAN SHELTER FOR OBSERVERS ON MOUNT WHITNEY, CALIFORNIA.
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APPENDIX VI. REPORT ON THE LIBRARY.
Str: I have the honor to present the following report on the operations of the library of the Smithsonian Institution for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1909:
The retirement early last fall of Dr. Cyrus Adler, librarian of the Institution and later assistant secretary in charge of library and exchanges, in order to assume the presidency of the Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, of Philadelphia, Pa., was a serious loss to the library. His loyalty, his knowl- edge of library science at home and abroad, his love of books, and his intimate acquaintance with the workings of this library were invaluable not only to the Institution but to investigators at large.
The accessions recorded for the Smithsonian deposit, Library of Congress, numbered 1,623 volumes, 11,947 parts of volumes, 2,987 pamphlets, and 777 charts, making a total of 17,284 publications.
The accession numbers run from 488,289 to 495,195. These publications were sent to the Library of Congress as soon as received and entered, and in their transmission 166 boxes were required, which, it is estimated, contained the equivalent of 6,640 volumes, while the number of pieces sent, which includes parts of periodicals, pamphlets, and volumes, was 29,679. This does not include, however, about 3,888 parts of serial publications secured by exchange to com- plete sets transmitted separately.
The policy of sending to the Library of Congress public documents presented to the Smithsonian Institution, without stamping or entering, has been contin- ued, and the number of publications given above does not include these, nor does it include other publications sent to the Library of Congress which are received through the International Exchanges.
The libraries of the Smithsonian office, of the Astrophysical Observatory, and the National Zoological Park have received 294 volumes and pamphlets and 1,690 parts of volumes and charts, making a total of 1,984, and a grand total, including the publications for the Smithsonian deposit, of 28,151.
The parts of serial publications entered on the card catalogue numbered 26,640, and 1,119 slips for completed volumes were-made, together with 477 cards for new periodicals and annuals, which were added to the permanent record from the periodical recording desk.
Inaugural dissertations and academic publications were received from univer- sities at the following places:
Basel. Heidelberg. Philadelphia. Bern. Jena. Rostock.
Bonn. Kiel. St. Petersburg. Breslau. Konigsberg. Strassburg. Dresden. Leipzig. Warsaw. Hrlangen. Lund. Wurzberg. Freiburg-im-Breisgau. Marburg. Ziirich. Giessen. New York.
Halle-an-der-Saale. Paris.
67
68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909.
Similar publications have been received fiom the technical high schools at—
Budapest. Karlsruhe. Prague. Darmstadt. Louvain. Upsala. Hannover. Paris. Wiesbaden.
In carrying out the plan to effect new exchanges and to secure missing parts to complete sets, 2,396 letters were written, resulting in about 477 periodicals being added to the lists and the receipt of about 3,883 parts lacking in the sets, which partially filled or entirely completed the various series of publications in the Smithsonian deposit. In writing for the missing parts of publications the library has had assistance from the International Exchanges of the Institu- tion, but the results of these requests can not be definitely stated, as the replies from them were still coming in at the close of the year. In addition, the library has cooperated with the International Exchanges in sending out lists of government documents and serial publications of that class needed to complete the sets in the Library of Congress to the following: Argentine Republic, Austria-Hungary, Baden, Bavaria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bremen, Province of Buenos Aires, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Department of the Seine and city of Paris, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Free City of Hamburg, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Malta, Mexico, Monte- negro, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Prussia, Roumania, Russia, Sweden, Salvador, Saxony, city of Vienna, Uruguay, Wurttemberg.
A decided increase has been noted in the number of persons consulting the publications in the reading room, and in addition there were issued, for office use, 80 bound volumes of periodicals and 3,706 parts of scientific periodicals and popular magazines, making a total of 3,786. While the consultation has been chiefly by members of the staff, the various bureaus of the Government have availed themselves of the opportunity to use