DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY RUSSEN SCOBELL DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY SIDNEY LEE VOL. L. RUSSEN SCOBELL LONDON SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE 1897 [All rights reserved} J)/ Z8 JH LIST OF WRITERS IN THE FIFTIETH VOLUME. J. G. A. W. A. J. A. . E. B-L. . . . H. F. B. . . G. F. E. B. . M. B C. E. B. H. L. B. . . H. E. D. B. G. C. B. . . T. G. B. G. S. B. W. B-T. . , E. I. C.. . , W. C-B. . , E. C-E. . . A. M. C-E., T. C W. P. C. . . H. C L. C H. D J. C. D. . J. A. D. . E. D. . . . C. H. F. . J. G. ALGEB. W. A. J. ARCHBOLD. EICHARD BAGWELL. H. F. BAKER. G. F. EUSSELL BARKER. Miss BATESON. C. E. BEAZLEY. THE EEV. CANON LEIGH BENNETT. THE EEV. H. E. D. BLAKISTON. , G. C. BOASE. , THE EEV. PROFESSOR BONNEY, F.E.S. , G. S. BOULGER. , MAJOR BROADFOOT. , E. IRVING CABLYLE. , WILLIAM CARR. . ERNEST CLARKE, F.S.A. , Miss A. M. COOKE. THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. W. P. COURTNEY. HENRY CRAIK, C.B. LIONEL GUST, F.S.A. HENRY DAVEY. . J. C. DIBDIN. . J. A. DOYLE. . EGBERT DUNLOP. . C. H. FIRTH. W. T. G. E. G. . . G. G. . . A. G. . . E. E. G. J. C. H. J. A. H. C. A. H. P. J. H. T. F. H. W. H.. . W. H. H. C. K. . . C. L. K. J. K. . . H. K. . . J. K. L. T. G. L. E. L. . . S. L. . . E. H. L. E. M. L. J. E. L. W. B. L. J. H. L. H. T. L. . PROFESSOR W. T. GAIRDNER, M.D. LL.D. . EICHARD GARNETT, LL.D., C.B. . GORDON GOODWIN. . THE EEV. ALEXANDER GORDON. . E. E. GRAVES. . J. CUTHBERT HADDEN. . J. A. HAMILTON. . C. ALEXANDER HARRIS. . P. J. HARTOG. . T. F. HENDERSON. . THE EEV. WILLIAM HUNT. . THE EEV. W. H. BUTTON, B.D. . CHARLES KENT. . C. L. KlNGSFORD. . JOSEPH KNIGHT, F.S.A. . COLONEL HENRY KNOLLYS, E.A. . PBOFESSOB J. K. LAUGHTON. . T. G. LAW. . Miss ELIZABETH LEE. . SIDNEY LEE. . E. H. LEGGE. . COLONEL E. M. LLOYD, E.E. . JOHN EDWARD LLOYD. . THE EEV. W. B. LOWTHER. . THE EEV. J. H. LUPTOX, D.D. , . H. THOMSON LYON. VI List of Writers. J. B. M. . . J. B. MACDONALD. E. C. M. . . E. C. MARCHANT. F. T. M. . . F. T. MARZIALS. L. M. M. . . MlSS MlDDLETON. A. H. M. . . A. H. MILLAR. C. M Cosmo MONKHOUSE. N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D. J. B. M. . . J. BASS MULLINGER. A. N ALBERT NICHOLSON. G. LE G. N. G. LE GRYS NORGATE. K. N Miss KATE NORGATE. D. J. O'D. . D. J. O'DONOGHUE. F. M. O'D.. F. M. O'DONOGHUE. J. H. O. . . THE BEV. CANON OVERTON. A. F. P. . . A. F. POLLARD. D'A. P. ... D'ARCY POWER, F.B.C.S. F. B FRASER BAE. J. M. B. . . J. M. Brno. M. E. S. . . MICHAEL E. SADLER. T. S-D. . . . T. SCATTERGOOD. T. S. . . THOMAS SECCOMBE. W. F. S. . . W. F. SEDGWICK. W. A. S. . . W. A. SHAW. G. B. S. . . SIR GEORGE B. SITWELL, BART. C. F. S. . . Miss C. FELL SMITH. G. W. S. . . THE BEV. G. W. SPROTT, D.D. L. S LESLIE STEPHEN. G. S-H. . . . GEORGE STRONACH. C. W. S. . . C. W. SUTTON. D. LL. T. . . D. LLEUFER THOMAS. S. T SAMUEL TIMMINS, F.S.A. T. F. T. . . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT. B. H. V. . . COLONEL B. H. VETCH, B.E., C.B. A. W. W. . PRINCIPAL A. W. WARD, LL.D. M. G. W.. . THE BEV. M. G. WATKINS. W. W. W. . SURGEON-CAPTAIN W. W. WEBB. C. W-H. . . CHARLES WELCH, F.S.A. W. B, W. . W. B. WILLIAMS. S. W-N. . . MRS. SARAH WILSON. B. B. W. . . B. B. WOODWARD. W. W. ... WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A. ** In vol. xlix. p. 10, col. 1, 11. 14 and 13 from bottom, for The Melbourne ministry consequently broke ^/p, read The Grey ministry subsequently broke up. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Russen Rust RUSSEN, DAVID (ft. 1705), author, was in 1702 resident at Hythe, Kent. In 1703 lie published ' Iter Lunare ; or a Voyage to the Moon.' It was reissued in 1707. The book consists of a detailed account and criticism of Cyrano Bergerac's ' Selenarchia,' which Russen had read ' with abundance of delight ' in the English version by Thomas St. Sere. He\ holds Bergerac's view that the moon was inhabited to be l more than probable,' and adds that he had t promised a just treatise of it.' After discussing the diffi- culties of various proposed means of ascent to the moon, he propounds one of his own. His method is to make use of ' a spring of well- tempered steel fastened to the top of a high mountain, having attached to it a frame or seat, the spring being with cords, pullies, or other engines bent, and then let loose by de- grees by those who manage the pullies.' The moon must be at the time of ascent ' in the full in Cancer, and the engine must be so order'd in its ascent that the top thereof may touch the moon when she comes to the meridian.' The moon's motion must be exactly calculated to prevent the rotation of the earth carrying away the engine, and the distance from the top of the mountain exactly known. Russen opines it ' possible in nature to effect such a spring, though 'tis a query if art will not be defective.' Russen also published 'Fundamentals without a Foundation, or a True Picture of the Anabaptists in their Rise, Progress, and Practice ' (1G98 ?). There is no copy in the British Museum Library. A reply by Joseph Stennett appeared about 1699, and was re- printed in 1704. Russen made insinua- I tions against the private character of Ben- i jamin Keach [q. v.], the baptist preacher. | VOL. L. A rejoinder to Stennett by James Barry, first published in 1699, was reprinted in 1848. [Russen's Iter Lunare ; Stennett's reply to Fundamentals without a Foundation; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Gent. Mag. 1777, pp. 506, 609 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] " a. LB G-. N. RUST, GEORGE (d. 1670), bishop of Dromore, was a native of Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. from St. Catharine's Hall early in 1647. He became a fellow of Christ's College in 1649, and proceeded M.A. in 1650. His reputation for learning was considerable even in youth. In 1655 he delivered a Latin discourse in St. Mary's, Cambridge, in answer to Pilate's question, ' What is Truth ? ' At the commencement of 1658 he maintained in the same place the thesis that scripture teaches the resurrection of the body, and that reason does not refute it. He belonged to the Cambridge Platonist school (MASSON, Life of Milton, vi. 307), and among his friends at Christ's were Sir John Finch (1626-1682) [q.v.] and the learned Henry More (1614- 1687) [q.v.] He was also intimate with Joseph Glanvill [q. v.], an Oxford man, but closely associated with More. He gave up his fellowship in 1659. Soon after the Restoration, Rust was in- vited to Ireland by his fellow-townsman Jeremy Taylor [q. v.], ordained deacon and priest on the same day, 7 May 1661, and made dean of Connor in August. In 1662 he was presented by the crown to the rectory of Island Magee. On 20 Oct. 1663, preaching at Newtownards at the funeral of Hugh Montgomery, first earl of Mount Alexander q. v.], Rust remarked, New presbyter is "' f old priest writ large.' Milton, whose Rust Rustat sonnet containing the same line, probably written in 1646, was not published till 1673, was a Christ's man, and Rust perhaps de- rived the phrase from him. For himself, said Rust, he had studied all creeds, and pre- ferred the church of England. In 1664 Rust j was rector of Lisburn, whe v e Lord Conway lived. He naturally became the friend of Taylor's friends, and in 1665 he visited Con- way in England, when Valentine Greatrakes q. v.] was trying to cure Lady Conway's headaches (JRawdon Papers, pp. 206, 213). Jeremy Taylor died at Lisburn on 13 Aug. 1667, and Rust preached a well-known funeral sermon. In succession to Taylor, Rust was appointed bishop of Dromore by patent in November 1667, and consecrated in Christ Church, Dublin, on 15 Dec. He died of fever in the prime of life in December 1670, and was buried in the choir of Dromore Cathedral in the same vault with his friend Taylor. No monument was erected there to either of them, and the bones of both were disturbed a century later to make room for another prelate. Bishop Percy of the * Re- liques ' collected the remains of his two pre- decessors and restored them to their original resting-place. Joseph Glanvill [q.v.] says Rust gave a new turn to Cambridge studies : ' he had too great a soul for trifles of that age, and saw clearly the nakedness of phrases and fancies ; he out grew the pretended orthodoxy of those days, and addicted himself to the primitive learning and theology in which he even then became a great master.' Rust's works are : J.. * A Letter of Resolution concerning Origen,' &c., London, 1661, 4to. 2. 'Ser- mon on ii. Tim. i. 10, preached at Newtown, 20 Oct. 1663, at the Funeral of Hugh, earl of Mount Alexander,' Dublin, 1664, 4to. 3. ' Sermon at Jeremy Taylor's Funeral,' Dublin, 1667, 4to ; numerous later editions ; it was included by Heber in vol. i. of Tay- lor's 'Works.' 4. 'A Discourse of Truth,' London, 1677, 12mo j another edition, with copious notes and a preface by Joseph Glanvill, was published by James Collins, London, 1682 ; this is not identical with Rust's discourse delivered at Cambridge in 1655. 5. ' A Discourse of the Use of Rea- son in Matters of Religion, showing that Christianity contains nothing repugnant to Right Reason, against Enthusiasts and Deists,' London, 1683, 4to ; this comprises the Latin original edited by Henry Hally- well, with a translation, copious notes, and a dedication to Henry More. 6. ' Remains,' edited by Henry Hallywell and dedicated to his diocesan, John Lake [q. v.], bishop of Chichester, London, 1686, 4to. [An account of Rust is given in Cooper's Annals of Cambridge, iii. 545-6 ; see also Ware's Bishops and Writers of Ireland, ed. Harris ; Worthington's Diary and Corresp. (Chetham Soc.), pp. iii, 118, 134, 301, 305, 312, 339 ; Cot- ton's Fasti Ecclesise Hibernic?e, vol. iii. ; Berwick's Rawdon Papers ; Jeremy Taylor's Works, ed. Heber; Wood's A thense Oxon. ed. Bliss: Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge; notes supplied by the master of Christ's College.] K. B-L. RUST, THOMAS CYPRIAN (1808- 1895), divine, born at Stowmarket, Suffolk, on 25 March 1808, was educated in a board- ing school at Halesworth. He became a baptist preacher in London, ami in 1838 was ordained pastor of the baptist chapel, Eld Lane, Colchester. In 1849 he joined the- communion of the church of England, and entered Queens' College, Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. in 1856. He had pre- viously been licensed to the perpetual curacy of St. Michael at Thorn, Norwich, and in 1860 he was presented by Dr. Pelham, bishop of Norwich, to the rectory of Heigham. That huge parish was subsequently divided into- three, and Rust chose for himself the newly constituted parish of Holy Trinity, South Heigham, to the rectory of which he was admitted on 2 April 1868. In 1875 he was presented to the rectory of "Westerfield, near Ipswich, which he resigned in 1890. He died at Soham, Cambridgeshire, on 7 March. 1895, in the house of his only child, John Cyprian Rust, vicar of the parish. Rust was an accomplished Hebrew scholar, and published : 1. 'Essay sand Reviews: a Lecture,' Norwich, 1861 . 2. ' The Higher Criticism : some Account of its Labours on the Primitive History the Pentateuch and Book of Joshua,' London. 1878 ; this treatise, which chiefly criticised the writings of Ewald, was entirely rewritten and republished under the same title in 1890, in order to deal with the theories of Wellhausen and Kuenen. 3. ' Break of Day in the Eighteenth Century : a History and Specimen of its First Book of English Sacred Song: 300 Hymns of Dr. Watts carefully selected and arranged, with a Sketch of their History,' London, 1880. [Private information.] T. C. RUSTAT, TOBIAS (1606 ?-l 694), uni- versity benefactor, born at Barrow-upon- Soar, Leicestershire, about 1606, and said to have been the descendant of a refugee from Saxony, was the grandson of William Rustat, vicar of Barrow from 1563 to 1588. He was the second son of Robert Rustat (d. 1637), M.A., of Jesus College, Cambridge, vicar of Barrow-upon-Soar and rector of Skeffington in Leicestershire. His mother was a daugh- Rustat Ruthall ter of Ralph Snoden of Mansfield, Notting- hamshire, and sister of Robert Snoden, bishop of Carlisle. Early in life Rustat was apprenticed to a barber-surgeon in London, but soon left, and entered the service of Basil, viscount Feilding, eldest son of William Fielding, Earl of Den- bigh [q.v.] About 3633 he attended that nobleman in his embassy to Venice ; he was next attached to the youthful George Villiers, second duke of Buckingham, and became a servant of the young Prince of Wales (Charles II) when he was about four- teen years old. While in this position he was often employed in carrying letters be- tween Charles I and the queen, discharging his duty during the civil war at great bodily risk. He was personally engaged in July 1648 during the royalist rising instigated in Kent by the Earl of Holland, and, hav- ing saved the life of the Duke of Bucking- ham, he escaped with him to the conti- nent. Rustat bought the reversion of the post of yeoman of the robes to Charles II, and suc- ceeded to that empty honour about 1650. At the Restoration he was sworn into office (9 Nov. 1660), and held his place until the death of Charles II in 1685. His salary was only 4:01. a year, but the king gave him in addition an annuity of the same amount. By patent for his life he was created in 1660 under-housekeeper of the palace at Hampton Court, and, according to John Evelyn, he was also ' a page of the back-stairs.' The emoluments attached to these posts were not excessive, but through strict frugality he became rich. He was a great benefactor to ' Churches, Hospitalls, Universities, and Colleges,' and found, says his epitaph, that the more he distributed ' the more he had at the year's end.' A grace to bestow on Rustat the degree of M. A. was passed by the university of Cam- bridge on 13 Oct. 1674, and he was admitted per literas reyias on 20 Oct. In 1676 his armorial bearings Avere confirmed by the king. Towards the end of his days he lived mostly at Chelsea, and for the last eight years of his life he kept his funeral monument in his house, with the inscription fully written, ex- cepting the date of death, and with the in- junction that no alteration or addition should be made in it. He died a bachelor on 1 5 March 1693-4, and was buried in the chapel of Jesus College, Cambridge, on 23 March. The white marble monument to his memory, with his own inscription on it, is now placed in the south transept, and a small stone in the pavement of the chancel marks the place of sepulture. His will was dated on 20 Oct. 1693, and precisely a century later the family became extinct. His portrait, by Sir Peter Lely, hangs in the hall of Jesus College, and was engraved by Gardiner in 1795, and for Hewett's memoir of Rustat in 1849. There is preserved at the British Museum a unique copy of a very fine mezzotint engraving of him, with a long Latin quotation, in which he is represented as a young man (J. C. SMITH, Portraits, iv. 1670). Rustat founded at Jesus College in 1671 seventeen scholarships, ranging in annual value from 40/. to 50/., for the sons of clergy- men deceased or living. To the same college he gave money to provide annuities for the widows of six clergymen, and to defray the cost of the annual commemoration and visita- tion on Easter Thursday. He was a bene- factor to the library of St. John's College at Cambridge, and to the college of the same name at Oxford he left a large sum for the encouragement of 'the most indigent Fellows or Scholars,' and for the endowment of loyal lectures on certain days connected with the Stuart kings. On 1 June 1666 he gave 1,000/. to the university of Cambridge for the pur- chase of choice books for its library. The copper statue at Windsor by Stada of Charles II on horseback, on a marble pedestal by Grinling Gibbons, was given by Rustat in 1680. A brass statue of the same monarch, draped in the Roman habit, by Grinling Gibbons, now in the centre of the quadrangle at Chelsea Hospital, Avas simi- larly the gift of Rustat, who also presented the'hospital with the sum of 1,000/. The fine bronze statue of James II behind White- hall, set up on 31 Dec. '1686, was also the work of Gibbons, and the gift of Rustat. Nor does this list exhaust his benefactions. He is described by Evelyn as ' a very simple, ignorant, but honest and loyal creature.' [Wordsworth's Scholse Acad.pp. 294-6 ; Peck's Cromwell, pp. 83-5 ; Law's Hampton Court, ii. 246 ; Dyer's Cambridge, ii. 70 ; Evelyn's Diary (1827 ed.), iii. 27; Cambridge Univ. Cal. pp. 538, 663; Cooper's Annals of Cambr. iii. 519; Baker's St. John's Coll. Cambr. ed. Mayor, i. 341, ii. 11 08; "Beaver's Chelsea, p. 283 ; Cunning- ham's London, ed. Wheatley, i. 384, iii. 513; Peck's Desid. Curiosa, ii. 553-554 ; Clark's Ox- ford Colleges, p. 361 ; information from the Rev. Dr. Morgan, master of Jesus Coll. Cambr. A memoir of him by William Hewett, jun., was published in 1849.] W. P. C. RUTHALLorROWTHALL, THOMAS (d. 1523), bishop of Durham, was a native of Cirencester. His mother's name seems to have been Avenyng. He was educated at Oxford, and incorporated D.D. at Cambridge B2 Ruthall Rutherford in 1500 ; but before this date he had entered the service of Henry "VII. In June 1499, being then described as prothonotary, he j went on an embassy to Louis XII of France, and he, on his return, occupied the position of king's secretary (cf. GAIKDNER, Letters and Papers of Richard III t:nd Henry VII, Rolls Ser. i. 405, &c. ; Cal. State Papers, Venetian, i. 795, 799). Ruthall had a long series of ecclesiastical preferments. In 1495 he had the rectory of Booking, Essex, in 1502 he became a prebendary of Wells, and in 1503 archdeacon of Gloucester and chancellor of Cambridge University. In 1505 he was made prebendary of Lincoln, and was ap- pointed dean there (not, as Wood says, at Salisbury). Henry VII, who had already made him a privy councillor, appointed him bishop of Durham in 1509, but died before he was consecrated. Henry VIII confirmed his appointment, and continued him in the office of secretary. He went to France with the king in 1513 with a hundred men, but was sent back to England when James IV threatened war. He took a great part in the preparations for defence, and wrote toWolsey after Flodden. He was present at the mar- riage of Louis XII and the Princess Mary in 1514, and in 1516 was made keeper of the privy seal. In 1518 he was present when Wolsey was made legate, and was one of the commissioners when the Princess Mary was betrothed to the Dauphin. He was at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520, and was again at Calais with Wolsey in 1521. When Buckingham was examined by the king, Ruthall was present as secretary. A story is told that being asked to make up an account of the kingdom, he did so, but accidentally gave in to the king another account treat- ing of his own property, which was very large, and that he became ill with chagrin. He was a hardworking official who did a great deal of the interviewing necessary in diplomatic negotiations. Brewer represents him as Wolsey's drudge, and Giustinian speaks of his ' singing treble to the cardinal's bass.' He died on 4 Feb. 1522-3 at Durham Place, London, and was buried in St. John's Chapel, Westminster Abbey. Ruthall was interested ' in architecture. He repaired the bridge at Newcastle, and built a great chamber at Bishop Auckland. He also increased the endowment of the grammar school at Cirencester which had been established by John Chedworth, bishop of Lincoln, in 1460. It afterwards fell into difficulties when the chantry commissioners of Edward VI's day attacked its endow- ments, which were not fully restored till 1573. [Cooper's Athense Cantabr. i. 27; Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 722 ; Wriothesley's Chron. (Carad. Soc.) i. 12; Chron. of Calais (Camd. Soc.\ pp. 12, 19, 30 ; Letters and Papers of Richard III and Henry VII, ed. Gairdner (Rolls Ser.), i. 132, 405, 412, 414, ii. 338 ; Friedmann's Anne Boleyn, ii. 322 ; Leland's Itinerary, ii. 50, 51 ; Brewer's Henry VIII, i. 27 n. ; Giustinian's Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII (ed. Rawdon Brown), i. 73 n., ii. 25 n. ; Chesham's Cirencester, p. 213 ; Cal. State Papers, Venetian, 1509-19 passim, 1520-6 passim; in the index to vol. i. of the Spanish Series he is confused with Fox, cf. p. 158; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, vols. i. and ii.] W. A. J. A. RUTHERFORD, ANDREW, EAEL OF TEVIOT (d. 1664), was the only son of Wil- liam Rutherford of Q.uarrelholes, Roxburgh- shire, a cadet of the Rutherfords of Hunthill, by Isabella, daughter of Sir James Stuart of Traquair. He was educated at the uni- versity of Edinburgh, and at an early period he entered the French service, where he rose to the rank of lieutenant-general. He re- turned to Scotland at the Restoration, and, being specially recommended by the French king to Charles II, was by patent dated Whitehall, 10 Jan.1661, created Lord Ruther- ford ' to his heirs and assignees whatsoever, and that under the provisions, restrictions, and conditions which the said Lord Ruther- ford should think fit.' Soon afterwards he was appointed governor of Dunkirk, which had been captured from the Spanish in 1658, and was held in joint possession by the French and English. On the transference of the town in 1662 to Louis XII of France for 400,000/., Rutherford returned to Eng- land, and in recognition of his able services as governor he was on 2 Feb. 1663 created Earl of Teviot, with limitation to heirs male of his body. In April he was appointed colonel of the second or Tangier regiment of foot, and the same year was named governor of Tangier, where he was killed in a sally against the Moors on 4 May 1664. By his will he made provision for the erection of eight chambers in the college of Edinburgh, and gave directions that a Latin inscription which he had composed should be placed upon the building. By his death without law- ful male issue the earldom of Teviot became extinct ; but on 23 Dec. 1663 he had exe- cuted at Portsmouth a general settlement of his estates and dignities to Sir Thomas Rutherford of Hunthill, who on 16 Dec. 1665 was served heir in his title of Lord Rutherford and also in his lands. [Monteath's Theatre of Mortality; Douglas's Scottish Peerage (Wood), ii. 458-9; Jeffrey's Hist, of Roxburghshire, ii. 286-8.] T. F. H. Rutherford Rutherford RUTHERFORD, DANIEL (1749- 1819), physician and botanist, born at Edin- burgh on 3 Nov. 1749, was son of Dr. John Rutherford (1695-1779) [q. v.], by his second wife, Anne, born Mackay. Educated at first at home, he was sent, when seven years old, to the school of a Mr. Mimdell, afterwards to an academy in England, and thence to the university of Edinburgh, where, after graduating M.A., he entered on his medical studies. He studied under William Cul- len [q. v.] and Joseph Black [q. v.], and obtained his diploma as M.D. 12 Sept. 1772, his inaugural dissertation being 'De aere fixo dictoaut Mephitico.' This tract owes its importance to the distinction, clearly established in it, between carbonic acid gas and nitrogen [see PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH]. It opens with an account of the work of Black and of Henry Cavendish [q. v.] on ' fixed ' or l mephitic air ' (carbonic acid). Rutherford proceeds to point out (p. 17) that ' by means of animal respiration ' pure air not only in part becomes mephitic, but also undergoes another singular change in its nature ; ' for even after the mephitic air has been absorbed by a caustic lye from air which has been rendered noxious by re- spiration, the residual gas (atmospheric nitrogen) also extinguishes flame and life. The mephitic air he supposes to have been probably generated from the food, and to have been expelled as a harmful substance from the blood, by means of the lungs. He found experimentally that air passed over ignited charcoal and treated with caustic lye behaves in the same way as air made noxious by respiration ; but that when a metal, phosphorus, or sulphur is calcined in air (probably in the case of the sulphur in the presence of water), the residual gas contains no ' mephitic air,' but only under- foes the ' singular change ' above referred to. t follows then ' that this change is the only one which can be ascribed to combustion.' Rutherford gave no name to the residual gas (which has since been called nitrogen), but supposed that it was ' atmospheric air as it were united with and saturated with phlo- giston.' John Mayow [q. v.] had already conjectured that the atmosphere was com- posed of two constituents, of which one re- mained unchanged in the process, of combus- tion, and had supported this view by experi- ments. Moreover, practically all the facts and views recorded by Rutherford are to be found in Priestley's memoir published in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for 1772 (p. 230 and passim), and read six months before the publication of Rutherford's tract ; but Priest- ley's exposition is less methodical and precise. Rutherford mentions that he had heard of Priestley's researches on the action of plants on mephitic air (p. 25), but makes no other reference to Priestley's work, which he had quite possibly not seen. Neither of the two chemists regarded the gas as an element at this time. Rutherford's comparison of putre- faction to slow combustion (p. 24) is inte- resting, although Priestley had also previ- ously shown the similarity of the two pro- cesses. Having published this valuable paper and completed his university course, Rutherford travelled in England, went to France in 1773, and thence to Italy. He returned in 1775 to Edinburgh, where he began to practise. He became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh on 6 Feb. 1776, and a fellow on 6 May 1777. He was pre- sident of the college from December 1796 to Dec. 1798. On 1 Dec. 1786 he succeeded Dr. John Hope as professor of botany in the univer- sity and keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, and was nominated a member of the faculty of medicine in the university, which brought him into connection with the royal infirmary as one of the clinical pro- fessors, and, on the death of Henry Cullen in 1791, he was elected one of the physicians in ordinary to that establishment. He was elected a fellow of the Philosophical (after- wards the Royal) Society of Edinburgh about 1776, and of the Linnean Society in 1796. He was also a member of the ^Esculapian, Harveian, and Gymnastic Clubs. When ten years old Rutherford suffered from gout, which increased in severity in later life, and was probably the cause of his sudden death, on 15 Nov. 1819, as he was preparing to go his usual round. He mar- ried, on 13 Dec. 1786, Harriet, youngest daughter of John Mitchelson of Middle- ton. Besides the important dissertation referred to, Rutherford was author of ' Characteres Generum Plantarum,' &c., 8vo, Edinburgh, 1793, and of a paper containing ' A Descrip- tion of an Improved Thermometer ' in the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of Edin- burgh,' vol. iii. A letter of his also appears in ' Correspondence relative to the Publica- tion of a Pamphlet, entitled * A Guide for Gentlemen studying Medicine at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh," by James Hamilton, jun., D. Rutherford, and James Gregory,' 4to [Edinburgh, 1793]. A portrait in oils by Raeburn is in the possession of Mrs. Rutherford-Haldane ; a replica hangs in the hall of the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh. This was en- Rutherford Rutherford graved by II oil, published in London 011 1 June 1804, and included in R. J. Thorn- ton's ' New Illustration of the Sexual System of Carolus von Linnaeus/ 1807. [Information kindly supplied by P. J. Hartog, esq. of Owens College, Manchester, and D'Arcy Power, M.E., F.R.C.S. ; Ann. Biogr. and Obit. 1821, pp. 138-48; Hoefer's Hist, de la Chemie, 1st edit. ii. 486 ; Ilopp's Geschichte der Chemie, iii. 194, 200, and passim; Black's Lectures on Chemistry, ed. Robison, 1803, ii. 105 ; Britten and Boulger's Brit. Botanists ; Index Cat. Libr. Surg.-Grenl. United States Army ; Historical Sketch of the Royal College of Physicians, Edin- burgh.] B. B. W. RUTHERFORD, JOHN(dU577), divine, born at Jedburgh, studied under Nicolaus Gruchius at the college of Guienne at Bor- deaux. He accompanied his teacher and George Buchanan (1506-1582) [q. v.] in their expedition to the new university of Coimbra, and thence in 1552 he proceeded to the uni- versity of Paris. His reputation attracted the notice of John Hamilton (1511 P-1571) [q. v.], archbishop of St. Andrews, who offered him a chair in the college of St. Mary, which he had recently organised at St. Andrews (Hovcei Oratzo, MS. in Archiv. Univ. St. Andr. ) ; and, after teaching for some years as professor of humanity, Rutherford was translated in 1560 to be principal of St. Sal- vator's College in the same university. Soon after his admission to the university he was also made dean of the faculty of arts, although not qualified by the statutes. He had em- braced the reformed doctrines abroad, and on 20 Dec. 1560 the assembly declared him one of those whom ' they think maist qualified for ministreing and teaching,' and on 25 June 1563 he was ordained minister of Cults, a parish in the gift of his college (CALDER- WOOD, Hist, of the Kirk, ii. 45 ; KEITH, Affairs of Church and State, iii. 72). Rutherford retained the provostship of St. Salvator's till a short time before his death, at the close of 1577. He had a son, John, who became minister of St. An- drews in 1584, and died of the plague in the following year. Rutherford was the author of ' De Arte Disserendi,' lib. iv., Edinburgh, 1577, 4to: a work said by Thomas McCrie (1772-1835) [q. v.] to mark 'a stage in the progress of philosophy in Scotland.' He also wrote a reply to John Davidson's ' Dialogue betwixt a Clerk and a Courteour,' which was not printed ; it incurred the censure of the as- sembly (CALDEEWOOD, iii. 310-12). There are further assigned to him ' Collatio Philo- sophise Platonicse et Aristotelicse,' ' Collatio Divi Thomse Aquinatis et Scoti in Philo- sophicis,' and ' Prsefationes Solennes, Parisiis et Conimbriae habitse.' [Scott's Fasti Ecclesise Scoticanse, n. ii. 422, 483 ; McCrie's Life of Andrew Melville, i. 107- 110, 127, 249; Dempster's Hist. Eccles. Gentis Scotorum, ii. 565 ; Masson's Register of Scottish Privy Council, 1569-78, p. 208.] E. I. C. RUTHERFORD, JOHN (1695-1779), physician, son of John Rutherford, minister of Yarrow, Selkirkshire, born 1 Aug. 1695, was educated at the grammar school of Sel- kirk. He entered the university of Edin- burgh in 1709-10, and, after passing through the ordinary arts course, was apprenticed to Alexander iS T esbit, an eminent surgeon, with whom he remained until 1716. He then pro- ceeded to London, and attended the various hospitals, hearing the lectures of Dr. Douglas on anatomy and the surgical lectures of Andre. From London he went to Leyden, which Boerhaave was then rendering famous as a centre of medical teaching. He obtained the degree of M.D. at Rheims about the end of July 1719, and passed the winter of that year in Paris ; he attended the private de- monstrations of Winslow. In 1720 he re- turned to Great Britain. He settled in Edin- burgh in 1721, and started, with Drs. Sin- clair, Plummer, and Innes, a laboratory for the preparation of compound medicines, an art which was then little understood in Scot- land. They also taught the rudiments of chemistry, and afterwards, by the advice of Boerhaave, lectured on other branches of physic. Each member of the band became a professor in the university of Edinburgh, Dr. Rutherford being appointed in 1726 to the chair of the practice of medicine, from which he delivered lectures in Latin until 1765, when he resigned. He was succeeded by Dr. James Gregory [q. v.] Rutherford commenced the clinical teach- ing"of medicine in the university of Edin- burgh. In 1748 he was granted permission to give a course of clinical lectures in the Royal Infirmary. He encouraged his pupils to bring patients to him on Saturdays, when he inquired into the nature of the disease and prescribed for its relief in the presence of the class. The success of this innovation was so great, and the number of students increased so rapidly, that within two years the managers of the Royal Infirmary appropriated a special ward to the exclusive use of Rutherford, and they thus laid the foundation of that form of teaching in which the university of Edinburgh has long held a proud pre-eminence. Ruther- ford was buried on 10 March 1779 in Grey- friars Churchyard, Edinburgh. Sir Walter Scott says, in his 'Autobiography : ' ' In April Rutherford Rutherford 1758 my father married Anne Rutherford, eldest daughter of Dr. John Rutherford, pro- fessor of medicine in the university of Edin- burgh. He was one of those pupils of Boer- haave to whom the school of medicine in our northern metropolis owes its rise, and a man distinguished for professional talent, for lively wit, and for literary acquirement. Dr. Ruther- ford was twice married. His first wife, of whom my mother is the sole surviving child, was a daughter of Sir John Swinton of Swin- ton. . . . My grandfather's second wife was Miss [Anne] Mackay/ a descendant of the family of Lord Rae, an ancient peer of Scot- land. His son by this marriage was Dr. Daniel Rutherford [q. v.] A three-quarter length, in oils, unsigned, represents Rutherford with powdered hair, and holding a copy of BoerhaaveV Aphorisms' in his left hand, at about the age of forty-five. This painting is in the possession of Mrs. Rutherford-Haldane, the wife of his great- grandson, and a copy of it hangs in the hall of the Royal College of Physicians of Edin- burgh. A second portrait is in existence, of which there is a replica at Abbotsford, and a reduced watercolour copy in the possession of Mrs. Rutherford-Haldane. It represents Rutherford at least twenty years later than the previous one. [Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary ; Stewart's History of the Eoyal Infirmary, in the Edinb. Hospital Reports, 1893, vol. i. ; Obituary Notice of Dr. Daniel Rutherford, in the Annual Bio- graphy and Obituary for 1821; information kindly given by Mr. James Haldane and Mrs. Ruther- ford-Haldane.] D'A. P. RUTHERFORD, SAMUEL (1600- 1661 ), principal of St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, was born about 1600 in the parish of Nisbet, now part of Crailing, Roxburghshire. His secretary says that ' he was a gentle- man by extraction/ and he used the arms of the Rutherford family. He had two brothers, one an officer in the Dutch army, the other, schoolmaster of Kirkcudbright. It is believed that he received his early education at Jedburgh. He entered the university of Edinburgh in 1617, graduated in 1621, and in 1623 was appointed regent of humanity, having been recommended by the professors for ' his eminent abilities of mind and virtuous disposition.' The re- cords of the town council of Edinburgh under 3 Feb. 1626 contain the following: 'Forasmuch as it being declared by the principal of the college that Mr. Samuel Rutherford, regent of humanity, has fallen in fornication with Eupham Hamilton, and has committed a great scandal in the college and . . . has since demitted his charge there- in, therefore elects and nominates . . . com- missioners . . . with power ... to ins.st for depriving of the said Mr. Samuel, and being deprived for filling of the said place with a sufficient person.' Rutherford married the said Eupham, and his whole subsequent life was a reparation for the wrong he had done. According to his own statement, he had ' suffered the sun to be high in heaven * before he became seriously religious. After this change he began to study theology under Andrew Ramsay, and in 1627 Gordon of Kenmure chose him for the pastorate of Anwoth in Galloway. He was no doubt ordained by Lamb, bishop of that diocese, who lived chiefly in Edinburgh or Leith, and was very tolerant towards those of his clergy who did not observe the five articles of Perth. Rutherford's secretary says that he entered ' without giving any engagement to the bishop,' which probably means that he took only the oath of obedience to the bishop prescribed by law in 1612, and not the Jater engagements imposed by the bishops on their own authority. At Anwoth he rose at 3 A.M., spent the forenoon in devotion and study, and the afternoon in visiting the sick and in catechis- ing his flock. Multitudes flocked to his church, and he became the spiritual director of the principal families in that part of Gal- loway. In 1630 he was summoned by ' a profligate parishioner ' before the high com- mission at Edinburgh for nonconformity to the Perth articles, but the proceedings were stopped as the primate was unavoidably absent, and one of the judges befriended him. In 1636 he published ' Exercitationes Apologeticse pro Divina Gratia,' a treatise against Arminianism, which attracted much attention. There is a tradition (which has a certain probability in its favour) that Arch- bishop Lusher paid him a visit in disguise at Anwoth, but was discovered and officiated for him on the following Sunday. Thomas Sydserf [q. v. ], appointed bishop of Galloway in 1634, had frequent interviews with Ruther- ford to induce him to conform, but without effect. Upon the appearance of the ' Exer- citationes ' Sydserf took proceedings against him, and, after a preliminary trial at Wigton, summoned him before the high commission at Edinburgh in July 1636, when he was forbidden to exercise his ministry, and was ordered to reside at Aberdeen during the king's pleasure. Baillie, in his ' Letters/ gives in detail the causes of his being silenced. Great efforts were made by Argyll and other notables and by his own flock to have the sentence modified, but to no purpose, and in August 1636, 'convoyed' by a number Rutherford 8 Rutherford of Anwoth friends, he proceeded to Aberdeen. Rutherford gloried in his trials, but it was a great privation not to be allowed to preach. ' 1 had but one eye,' he says, ' one joy, one delight, ever to preach Christ.' In exile he carried on his theological studies, and en- gaged in controversy with the Aberdeen doctors. ' Dr. Barren ' (professor of divinity), he says, ' often disputed with me, especially about Arminian controversies and for the ceremonies. Three yokings laid him by ... now he hath appointed a dispute before witnesses.' He wrote numerous letters, chiefly to his Galloway friends. After eighteen months of exile he took advan- tage of the covenanting revolution to re- turn to Anwoth. He was a member of the Glasgow Assembly of 1638, and by the commission of that assembly was appointed professor of divinity at St. Mary's College, St. Andrews. He was reluctant to accept the post, and petitions against his removal were sent in, one from his parishioners, another from Galloway generally. In the end he consented, but on condition that he should be allowed to act as colleague to Robert Blair [q. v.], one of the ministers of the city. He was a member of the covenanting as- semblies in following years, and took an important part in their deliberations, though * he was never disposed to say much in judicatories.' One of the burning questions 'at that time was the action of some Scots, with Brownist leanings, who had returned from Ireland and troubled the church by holding private religious meetings, and by opposing the reading of prayers, the singing of the Gloria, the use of the Lord's Prayer, and ministers kneeling for private devotion on entering the pulpit. Rutherford be- friended them to some extent on account of their zeal. In 1642 he published his ' Plea for Presbytery,' a defence of that system against independency. In 1643 he was appointed one of the commissioners of the church of Scotland to the Westminster Assembly. He went to London in November of that year, and re- mained there for the next four years. He preached several times before parliament, and published his sermons. He also pub- lished, in 1644, * Lex Rex,' a political trea- tise ; in 1644, ' Due Right of Presbyteries ; ' in 1645, Trial and Triumph of Faith;' in 1646, 'Divine Right of Church Government,' and in 1647 'Christ dying and drawing Sin- ners to Himself.' For his attacks on inde- pendency, Milton named him in the sonnet on ' The new Forcers of Conscience under the Long Parliament.' Rutherford took a prominent part in the Westminster As- sembly, and was much respected for his talents and learning. In November 1647, before leaving the assembly, he and the other Scots commissioners were thanked for their services. Rutherford then resumed his duties at St. Andrews, and was soon afterwards made principal of St. Mary's. In 1648 he published ' A Survey of the Spiritual Anti- christ,' a treatise against sectaries and en- thusiasts ; ( A Free Disputation against pre- tended Liberty of Conscience,' which Bishop Heber characterised as ' perhaps the most elaborate defence of persecution which has ever appeared in a protestant country ; ' and ' The Last and Heavenly Speeches of Lord Kenmure.' In this year Rutherford was offerer! a divinity professorship at Harder- wyck in Holland, in 1649 a similar ap- pointment in Edinburgh, and in 1651 he was twice elected to a theological chair at Utrecht, but all these he declined. In 1651 he was appointed rector of the university of St. Andrews, and in that year he pub- lished a treatise in Latin, ' De Divina Provi- dentia.' On returning from London, Rutherford found his countrymen divided into moderate and rigid covenanters, and he took part with the latter in opposing the ' engagement ' and in overturning the government. After the death of Charles I there was a coalition of parties, and Charles II was proclaimed king. On 4 July 1650 Charles visited St. An- drews, and Rutherford made a Latin speech before him 'running much on the duty of kings.' He afterwards joined with the western remonstrants who condemned the treaty with the king as sinful, and opposed the resolution to relax the laws against the engagers so as to enable them to take part in the defence of the country against Crom- well. Rutherford was the only member of the presbytery of St. Andrews who adhered to their protest. When the assembly met at St. Andrews in July 1651, a protesta- tion against its lawfulness was given in by him and twenty-two others, and thus began the schism which mainly brought about the restoration of episcopacy ten years later. The last decade of Rutherford's life was spent in fighting out this quarrel. A section of the protesters went over to Cromwell and sectarianism, but he testified against those l who sinfully complied with the usurpers/ against the encroachments of the English on the courts of the church, 'against their usurpation, covenant-breaking, tolera- tion of all religion and corrupt sectarian Rutherford Rutherford ways.' On the other hand he was at war with those of his own house ; his colleagues in the college were all against him, and one of them, ' weary of his place exceedingly ' because of ' his daily contentions ' with the principal, removed to another college. He preached and prayed against the resolutioners, and \vould not take part with Blair in the holy communion, which because of strife was not celebrated at St. Andrews for six years. In 1655 Rutherford published < The Covenant of Life opened/ and in 1658 'A Survey of the Survey of Church Discipline,' by Mr. Thomas Hooker, New England. In the preface to this work he attacks the re- solutioners, and says of his own party ' we go under the name of protesters, troubled on every side, in the streets, pulpits, in divers synods and presbyteries, more than under prelacy.' The last work he gave to the press was a practical treatise free from contro- versy, ' Influences of the Life of Grace,' 1659. After the Restoration the committee of estates ordered Rutherford's ' Lex Rex ' to be burnt at the crosses of Edinburgh and St. Andrews, deprived him of his offices, and summoned him to appear before parliament on a charge of treason; but he was in his last illness, and unable to obey the citation. In February 1661 he emitted ' a testimony to the covenanting work of reformation,' and in March following he died, in raptures, testifying at intervals in favour of the ' pro- testers/ but forgiving his enemies. His last words were l Glory, Glory dwelleth in Emmanuel's land.' He was buried in St. Andrews. In 1842 a fine monument was erected to his memory on a conspicuous site in ' Sweet Anwoth by the Sol way.' Ruther- ford was much annoyed when he heard that collections of his letters were being made, and copies circulated. They were published by Mr. Ward, his secretary, in 1664, were translated into Dutch in 1674, and have since appeared with additions and expurga- tions in many English editions. His favourite topic in these letters is the union of Christ and his people as illustrated by courtship and marriage, and the language is sometimes coarse and indelicate. He left in manuscript 'Exanien Arminianismi/ which was pub- lished at Utrecht in 1668, also a catechism printed in Mitchell's ' Collection of Cate- chisms.' He was best known during life by his books against Arminianism, and his repu- tation since has rested chiefly on his letters. He was a ' little fair man/ and is said to have been f naturally of a hot and fiery tem- per.' He was certainly one of the most per- fervid of Scotsmen, but seems to have had little of that humour which was seldom wanting in the grimmest of his contem- poraries. * In the pulpit he had ' (says a friend) ' a strange utterance, a kind of skreigh that I never heard the like. Many a time I thought he would have flown out of the pulpit when he came to speak of Jesus Christ.' His abilities were of a high order, but as a church leader by his narrowness he helped to degrade and destroy presby- terianism which he loved so well, and in controversy he was too often bitter and scurrilous (see e.g. his Preface to Lex Rex). With all his faults, his honesty, his stead- fast zeal, and his freedom from personal ambition give him some claim to the title that has been given him of the * saint of the covenant.' In 1630 his first wife died. In 1640 he married Jean M'Math, who, with a daughter Agnes, survived him. All his children by the first marriage, and six of the second, pre- deceased him. Agnes married W. Chiesly, W.S.. and left issue. [Lament's Diary ; Baillie's Letters ; Blair's Autobiogr. (Wod. Soc.) ; Crawford's Hist, of Univ. of Edin.; Life by Murray; Records of the Kirk; Bonar's edition of Rutherford's Letters.] G-. W. S. RUTHERFORD, WILLIAM (1798?- 1871), mathematician, was born about 1798. He was a master at a school at Woodburn from 1822 to 1825, when he went to Hawick, Roxburghshire, and he was afterwards (1832- 1837) a master at Corporation Academy, Berwick. In 1838 he obtained a mathe- matical post at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he was popular with his pupils. His mode of instruction was prac- tical and clear. Rutherford was a member of the council of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1844 to 1847, and honorary secretary in 1845 and 1846. He is said to have been well versed in both theoretical and practical astronomy, and interested in the proceedings of the society, but did not con- tribute to its ' Transactions.' He sent many problems and solutions and occasional papers to the ' Lady's Diary ' from 1822 to 1869, and also contributed to the ' Gentlemen's Diary.' He always delighted in a ' pretty problem/ although his mathematical studies were quite of the old north-country type. He was a friend of Woolhouse. He retired from his post at Woolwich about 1864, and died on 16 Sept, 1871, at his residence, Tweed Cot- tage, Maryon Road, Charlton, at the age of seventy-three. Rutherford was the editor, in conjunction with Stephen Fenwick and (for the first Rutherforth 10 Rutherforth volume only) with Thomas Stephen Davies, of The Mathematician,' vol. i. 1845, vol. ii. 1847, vol. iii. 1850, to which he contributed many papers, lie edited ' Simeon's Euclid ' (1841, 1847) and IluttonV Course of Mathe- matics/ ' remodelled for R. M. A., Woolwich,' 1841, 1846, 1854, 1860; Bonny castle's 'Al- gebra,' with William Galbiaith, 1848 ; Tho- mas Carpenter's 'Arithmetic,' 1852, 1859; Tyson's ' Key to Bonnycastle's Arithmetic,' 1860 ; and published : 1. ' Computation of TT to 208 Decimal Places (correct to 153),' (' Phil. Trans.'), 1841. 2. ' Demonstration of Pascal's Theorem' ('Phil. Mag.'), 1843. 3. ' Theorems in Co-ordinate Geometry ' (' Phil. Mag.') 1843. 4. ' Elementary Pro- positions in the Geometry of Co-ordinates ' (with Stephen Fenwick), 1843. 5. ' Earth- work Tables' (with G. K. Sibley), 1847. 6. < Complete Solution of Numerical Equa- tions,' 1849. 7. The Arithmetic, Algebra, and Differential and Integral Calculus in 1 Course of Mathematics for R.M.A. Wool- wich,' 1850. 8. 'The Extension of TT to 440 Places ' ('Royal Soc. Proc.' 1853, p. 274). 9. ' On Statical Friction and Revetments,' 1859. Among several mathematical pam- phlets he wrote one on the solution of spherical triangles. [Monthly Notices Royal Astronom. Soc. 1871- 1872, p. 146; Allibone ; Brit. Mus. Cat.; in- formation from Mr. W. J. Miller, Richmond-on- Thames.] W. F. S. RUTHERFORTH, THOMAS, D.D. (1712-1771), regius professor of divinity at Cambridge, was the son of Thomas Ruther- forth, rector of Papworth Everard, Cam- bridgeshire, who had made large manu- script collections for a history of that county. He was born at Papworth St. Agnes, Cambridgeshire, on 3 Oct. 1712, re- ceived his education at Huntingdon school under Mr. Ma'tthews, and was admitted a sizar of St. John's College, Cambridge, 6 April 1726. He proceeded B.A. in 1729, commenced M.A. in 1733, served the office of junior taxor or moderator in the schools in 1736, and graduated B.D. in 1740. On 28 Jan. 1741-2 he was elected a member of the Gentlemen's Society at Spalding, and on 27 Jan. 1742-3 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society (THOMSON, Chrono- logical List, p. xliii). He taught physical science privately at Cambridge, and issued in 1743 l Ordo Institutionum Physicarum.' In 1745 he was appointed regius professor of divinity at Cambridge, and created D.D. His dissertation on that occasion, concerning the sacrifice of Isaac as a type of Christ's death, was published in Latin, and elicited a reply from Joseph Edwards, M.A. He be- came chaplain to Frederick, prince of Wales, and afterwards to the princess dowager. He also became rector of Shenfield, Essex, and was instituted to the rectory of Barley, Hertfordshire, 13 April 1751 (CLTTTTERBUCE:, Hertfordshire, iii. 387, 388). On 28 Nov. 1752 he was presented to the archdeaconry of Essex (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 337). He died in the house of his wife's brother, Sir Anthony Abdy, on 5 Oct. 1771, and was buried in the chancel of Barley church ; a memorial slab placed over his tomb was removed in 1871 to the west wall of the south aisle. Cole says that Rutherforth ' was pitted with the smallpox, and very yellow or sallow complexioned.' He married Char- lotte Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Abdy, bart., and left one son, Thomas Abdy Rutherforth, who became rector of Theydon Garnon, Essex, and died on 14 Oct. 1798. Besides single sermons, tracts, charges, and a paper read before the Gentlemen's Society at Spalding, on Plutarch's descrip- tion of the instrument used to renew the Vestal fire (cf. NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. ii. 196), Rutherforth published : 1. ' An Essay on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue,' Cam- bridge, 1744, 4to ; of this Mrs. Catherine Cockburn wrote a confutation, which War- burton, afterwards bishop of Gloucester, published with a preface of his own as ' Re- marks upon . . . Dr. Rutherforth's Essay ... in Vindication of the contrary Principles and Reasonings inforced in the Writings of the late Dr. Samuel Clarke,' 1747. 2. < A System of Natural Philosophy, being a Course of Lectures in Mechanics, Optics, Hydrostatics, and Astronomy,' 2 vols. Cambridge, 1748, 4to. 3. ' A Defence" of the Bishop of London [T. Sherlock] 's Discourses concerning the use and intent of Prophecy ; in a Letter to Dr. Middleton ; ' 2nd edit. London, 1750, 8vo. 4. ' The Credibility of Miracles defended against [David Hume] the Author of Philo- sophical Essays/ Cambridge, 1751, 4to. 5. ' Institutes of Natural Law ; being the substance of a Course of Lectures on Grotius de Jure Belli et Pacis,' 2 vols. Cambridge, 1754-6, 8vo ; second American edit, care- fully revised, Baltimore, 1832, 8vo. 6. < A Letter to ... Mr. Ivennicott, in which his Defence of the Samaritan Pentateuch is ex- amined, and his second Dissertation on the State of the printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament is shewn to be in many in- stances Injudicious and Inaccurate,' Cam- bridge, 1761, 8vo. Ivennicott published in 1762 an answer, to which Rutherforth at Rutherfurd Rutherfurd once retorted in 'A Second Letter.' 7. ' A Vindication of the Right of Protestant Churches to require the Clergy to subscribe to an established Confession of Faith and Doctrines, in a Charge delivered at a Visitation in July 1766,' Cambridge [1766], 8vo. ' An Examination ' of this charge * by a Clergyman of the Church of England ' [Benjamin Daw- son] reached a fifth edition in 1767. 8. 'A Second Vindication of the Right of Protes- tant Churches/ &c., Cambridge, 1766, 8vo. This was also answered anonymously by Daw- son. 9. 'A Defence of a Charge concern- ing Subscriptions, in a Letter to [F. Black- burne] the Author of the Confessional,' Cambridge, 1767, 8vo. This caused further controversy. [Addit. MS. 5879, f. 52 ; Brydges's Eestituta, iii. 224, iv. 230, 233, 401 ; Butterworth's Law Cat. p. 178 ; Mrs. Catherine Cockburn's Works, ii. 326, and Life prefixed, p. xlv ; Cooke's Preacher's Assistant, ii. 291; Gent. Mag. 1771, p. 475, 1780, p. 226, 1798, ii. 913; Georgian Era, i. 503 ; Button's Philosophical and Mathe- matical Diet. ii. 344 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), iii. 643, 656 ; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, ii. 196-8, 705, vi. 361; Account of the Gentle- men's Society at Spalding (1784), pp. xxxiv, xxxv.] T. C. RUTHERFURD, ANDREW, LOKD RTTTHEBFTJRD (1791-1854), Scottish judge, born on 13 Dec. 1791, was educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh. Through ' his mother Mrs. Janet Bervie he was descended from the old Scottish house of Rutherfurd, and he and the other mem- bers of his family assumed this patronymic ' (ROGERS, Monuments and Monumental In- scriptions in Scotland, 1871, i. 131). Ruther- furd passed advocate on 27 June 1812, and rapidly acquired a great junior practice. On 6 June 1833 he was appointed a member of the commission of inquiry into the state of the laws and judicatories of Scotland (see Parl. Papers, 1834 xxvi., 1835 xxxv., 1838 xxix., 1840 xx.) He was described by Cock- burn in November 1834 as ' beyond all com- parison the most eminent person now in the profession ' (Journal, 1874, i. 77). He suc- ceeded John Ctuminghame as solicitor-gene- ral for Scotland in Lord Melbourne's second administration on 18 July 1837 {London Gazette, 1837, ii. 1833). He was promoted to the post of lord advocate in the room of Sir John Archibald Murray on 20 April 1839 {ib. 1839, i. 857), and in the same month was elected to the House of Commons as mem- ber for Leith Burghs, which he continued to represent until his elevation to the judicial bench. He made his maiden speech in the House of Commons during a debate on Scottish business on 3 July 1839 (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. xlviii. 1158, 1168-70). On 7 Feb. 1840 he made an able reply to Sir Edward Sugden during the adjourned de- bate on the question of privilege arising out of the case of Stockdale v. Hansard (ib. 3rd ser. Iii. 25-33). During this session he con- ducted the bill for the amendment of the Scottish law of evidence (3 & 4 Viet. cap. 59) through the House of Commons. He re- signed office with the rest of his colleagues on the accession of Sir Robert Peel to power in September 1841. Cockburn, in a review of Rutherfurd's official career, records, under 27 Sept. of this year : ( Rutherfurd has made an excellent Lord Advocate, but far less a speaker than in other respects. The whole business part of his office has been done ad- mirably, but he has scarcely fulfilled the expectations which his reputation had ex- cited as a parliamentary debater or manager. . . . Yet the House of Commons contains few more able or eloquent men ' (Journal, i. 307). In March 1843 he urged in vain the expediency of considering the petition of the general assembly of the church of Scotland, and warned the house that unless the peti- tion was granted * a schism would almost inevitably be created in Scotland which would never be cured ' (Parl. Hist. 3rd ser. Ixvii. 394-411). On 31 July 1843 he op- posed the second reading of Sir James Gra- ham's Scotch Benefices Bill, the only effect of which he declared * would be to deprive the Church of any small claim it might have on the affections of the people ' (ib. 3rd ser. Ixxi. 32-44). In the following session he supported Fox-Maule's bill for the aboli- tion of tests in Scottish universities (ib. 3rd ser. Ixxiv. 480-6). He was chosen lord rector of Glasgow University on 15 Nov. 1844 by a majority of three nations, his op- ponent being Lord Eglinton. He was in- stalled on 10 Jan. 1845; when he 'made a judicious and pleasant address, in his style of pure and elevated thought and finished expression ' (Journal of Henry Cockburn, ii. 98). On 16 April 1845 he spoke in favour of the Maynooth grant, though ' he knew that he was delivering an opinion against the sentiments of many of his constituents ' (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. Ixxix. 831-3). On the 1st of the following month he brought in a bill for regulating admission to the secular chairs of the Scottish universities (ib. 3rd ser. Ixxx. 11-16). So good was his speech on this occasion that ' it had the rare effect of changing the previously announce resolution of government to refuse the leave (CocKBTJKNT, Journal, ii. 111). The bill was however, subsequently defeated on the se- Rutherfurd 12 Rutherfurd cond reading in spite of Macaulay's eloquent appeal on its behalf. On 2 Dec. 1845 Ruther- furd and Macaulay addressed a public meet- ing in Edinburgh in favour of the abolition of the corn laws (ib. ii. 133). Rutherfurd was reappointed lord advocate on the for- mation of Lord John Russell's first admini- stration (6 July 1846). Owing to Ruther- f urd's exertions, five acts dealing with Scottish law reform were passed during the following session. These were about services of heirs (10 & 11 Viet. cap. 47), the transference of heritages not held in burgage tenure (cap. 48), the transference of those held in burgage (cap. 49), the transference of heritable secu- rities for debt (cap. 50), and about crown charters and precepts from chancery (cap. 51). He failed, however, to pass his Registration and Marriage bills (Par I. Debates, 3rd ser. xc. 386-7, xciii. 230-8). On 28 June 1847 he was nominated a member of the commission appointed to inquire into ' the state and ope- ration of the law of marriage as relating to the prohibited degrees of affinity and to mar- riages solemnized abroad or in the British colonies ' (see Parl. Papers, 1847-8 xxvin., 1850 xx.) On 24 Feb. 1848 he moved for leave to bring in a bill to amend the law of entail in Scotland, the object of which, he explained, was ' to get rid of an absurd and preposterous system which had been the curse of the country for 160 years ' (ib. 3rd ser. xcvi. 1307-13). The credit of this im- portant measure, which received the royal assent on 14 Aug. 1848 (11 & 12 Viet. cap. 36), belongs entirely to Rutherfurd. On 20 June 1849 he supported the second read- ing of Stuart- Wortley's bill to amend the law of marriage (Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. cvi. 613-16), and on 9 July he urged the house to pass the Scotch marriage bill which had received the sanction of the House of Lords no fewer than three times (ib. cvii. 3, 9- 18, 37). During the following session he conducted the Scotch Police and Improve- ment of Towns Bill (13 & 14 Viet. cap. 33) through the commons. He spoke for the last time in the house on 16 May 1850 (Parl. Hist. 3rd ser. cxi. 146-7). At the commence- ment of 1851 Rutherfurd was seized with a severe attack of illness. On 7 April 1851 he was appointed an ordinary lord of session in the place of Sir James Wellwood Mon- creiff [q.v.] He was sworn a member of the privy council on 5 May following (London Gazette, 1851, i. 981, 1196), and took his seat on the bench, with the title of Lord Rutherfurd, on the 23rd of the same month. He died at his residence in St. Colme Street, Edinburgh, after an illness of some months, on 13 Dec. 1854, and was buried on the 20th in the Dean cemetery, under a pyramid of red granite. He married, on 10 April 1822, Sophia Frances, youngest daughter of Sir James Stewart, bart., of Fort Stewart, Ramelton, co. Donegal; she died at Lauriston Castle, Kincardineshire, on 10 Oct. 1852. There were no children of the mar- riage. His nephew, Lord Rutherfurd Clark, was a judge of court of session from 1875 to 1896. The fine library which Rutherfurd formed at Lauriston was sold in Edinburgh by T. Nisbet on 22 March 1855 and the ' ten following lawful days ' (Gent. Mag. 1855, i. 391, 502). His Glasgow speech will be found in 'Inaugural Addresses delivered by Lords Rectors of the University of Glasgow,' 1848, pp. 147-57. Although Rutherfurd's manner was af- fected and artificial, he was an admirable speaker and a powerful advocate. ' In legal acuteness and argument, for which his pecu- liar powers gave him a great predilection, he was superior to both his friends, Cockburn and Jeffrey' (SiR ARCHIBALD ALISON, Life and Writings, 1883, i. 280). He was a pro- found lawyer, a successful law-reformer, and an accomplished scholar. He could read Greek with ease, and he possessed an extra- ordinary knowledge of Italian. According to Sir James Lacaita, Rutherfurd ' and Mr. Gladstone were the only two Englishmen he had ever known who could conquer the difficulty of obsolete Italian dialects' (Re- collections of Dean Boyle. 1895, p. 27). In private life he was a delightful companion, but as a public man he incurred unpopu- larity owing to his unconciliatory and some- what haughty demeanour. There is a portrait of Rutherfurd, by Col- vin Smith, in Parliament House, Edinburgh, where there is also a bust, by Brodie. A portrait, by Sir John Watson Gordon, is in the National Gallery of Scotland. Another portrait, by the last-named artist, belongs to the Leith town council. [Besides the authorities quoted in the text the following have been consulted : Mrs. Gordon's Memoir of Christopher North, 1862, i. 185, ii, 248-9, 357-6, 367 ; Anderson's Scottish Nation, 1863, iii. 392-3; Grant's Old and New Edin- burgh, ii. 98, 156, 174, iii. 68, 111 ; Scotsman, 16 Dec. 1854 ; Times, 16 Dec. 1854 ; Illustrated London News, 23 Dec. 1854; Gent. Mag. 1852 ii. 656, 1855 i. 194-5; Annual Register, 1854, App. to Chron. p. 373 ; Scots Mag. 1822, i. 694;' Irving's Book of Scotsmen, 1881, p. 455 ; Foster's Members of Parliament, Scotland, 1882, p. 301 ; Official Return of Lists of Members of Parlia- ment, ii. 374, 392, 409 ; Notes and Queries', 8th ser. vii. 367 ; Haydn's Book of Dignities, 1890.] G. F. K. B. Ruthven Ruthven RUTHVEN, ALEXANDER (1680?- 1600), master of Ruthven, third son of William, fourth lord Ruthven and first earl of Gowrie [q. v.], and Dorothea Stewart, was born probably in December 1580, and was baptised on 22 Jan. 1580-1. Like his brother John, third earl of Gowrie [q. v.], he was educated at the grammar school of Perth, and afterwards, under the special superintendence of Principal Robert Rollock [q. v.], at the university of Edinburgh. He became a gentleman of the bedchamber to James VI, and was a favourite and even the reputed lover of the queen. Accord- ing to tradition, he received on one occa- sion from the queen a ribbon she had got from the king, and having gone into the garden at Falkland Palace on a sultry day, and fallen asleep, his breast became acci- dentally exposed, and the ribbon was seen by the king, in passing, about his neck below the cravat (Pinkerton's ' Dissertation on the Gowrie Conspiracy' in MALCOLM LAING'S Hist, of Scotland^ 1st edit. i. 533). For whatever reason, Ruthven, either before or after the return of his brother to Scotland in May 1600, left the court, and he was present with his brother during the hunting in Stra- bran in the following July. If we accept the genuineness of the correspondence of the earl with Robert Logan [q. v.], the master was also at the time engaged in maturing a plot for the capture of the king. According to the official account of the conspiracy, the visit of Ruthven to the king at Falkland on the morning of 5 Aug. was totally unex- pected ; but the entries in the treasurer's accounts seem rather to bear out the state- ment that he went to Falkland on the summons of the king. Gowrie's chamberlain, Andrew Henderson, ' the man in armour,' stated that Ruthven set out for Perth after a conference on the previous evening with Gowrie, and took Henderson with him; but there is no other evidence as to this, and the king asserted that he was igno- rant that 'any man living had come' with Ruthven. According to the official account, when the king, between six and seven in the morning of 5 Aug., was about to mount his horse to begin buck-hunting, he was suddenly accosted by Ruthven, who informed him that he had ridden in haste from Perth to bring him important news. This was that he had accidentally met outside the town of Perth a man unknown to him, who had (con- cealed below his arm) a large pot of coined gold in great pieces. This mysterious stranger he had left bound in a . Wexford. He was educated at Trinity < '"liege, Dublin, and afterwards entered the VOL. L. 33 Ryan army as surgeon in the 103rd regiment, com- manded by Sir Ralph Abercromby [q. v.] On the reduction of that regiment in 1784 he married Catherine Bishopp of Kinsale, co. Cork, and obtained an appointment as editor of the ' Dublin Journal/ one of the chief govern- ment papers, of which his uncle by marriage, John Gitfard, was proprietor. In this way he was brought into close relations with Lord Castlereagh and under-secretary Edward Cooke [q. v.] He was soon noted for his loyalty, and, having raised the St. Sepulchre's yeomanry corps, of which he was captain, he was frequently employed in assisting town- majors Henry Charles Sirr [q. v.] and Swan ! in the execution of their police duties (cf. Castlereagh Corresp. i. 464). He was instru- mental in capturing William Putnam M'Cabe [q. v.] (cf. Auckland Corresp. iii. 41 3), and at Cooke's request he consented to help Sirr and Swan on 19 May 1798 in arresting Lord Ed- ward Fitzgerald [q. v.] Arrived at Murphy's house in Thomas Street, where Fitzgerald lay in hiding, Major Sirr, with eight men, remained below with his men to guard the exits and to prevent a rescue, while Ryan and Swan searched the house. It was Swan who first entered the apartment where Fitzgerald lay, but the details of the conflict that ensued are rather confused, some claiming for Swan an equal if not a greater share than Ryan in the capture of Fitzgerald, while others attri- bute his capture solely to the bravery of Ryan. On a careful comparison of the autho- rities, and with due regard to the testimony of Ryan's family, it would appear that Swan, having been slightly, but, as he believed, mortally, wounded by Fitzgerald, hastily retired to seek assistance, leaving Ryan, who entered at that moment, alone with Fitz- gerald. Though possessing no more formi- dable weapon than a sword-cane, which bent harmlessly against him, Ryan at once grappled with him, while Fitzgerald, enraged at finding his escape thus barred, inflicted on him four- teen severe wounds with his dagger. When Sirr appeared, and with a shot from his pis- tol w T ounded Fitzgerald in the right arm, and thus terminated the unequal struggle, Ryan presented a pitiable spectacle. He was at once removed to a neighbouring house, and, though at first hopes were given of his recovery (ib. iii. 415), he expired of his wounds on 30 May 1798. Before his death he gave an account of the scene to a relative, who committed it to writing, and it is still in the possession of his descendants. He was buried on 2 June, his funeral being attended by a large concourse of citizens, includinghis own yeomanry corps. He left a wife and three young children. His widow received a D Ryan 34 Ryan pension from government of 200/. per annum for herself and her two daughters, while her son, Daniel Frederick Ryan, became a bar- rister at Dublin, an assistant secretary in the excise office, London, and subsequently found a friend and patron in Sir ilobert Peel. [Madden's United Irishmen, 2nd edit. 2nd ser. pp. 433-7; Gent. Mag. 1798, i. 539, ii. 720; Lecky's Hist, of England, viii; 42- 3 ; Fitzpatrick's Secret Service under Pitt, with Swan's o\vn ac- count from the Express of 26 May 1798; Castle- reagh Corresp. i. 458-63; Moore's Life of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, ii. 82-90 ; Auckland Corresp. iii. 413-18 ; Eeynolds's Life of Thomas Keynolds, ii. 230-6 ; Froude's English in Ireland, ed. 1881, iii. 393 ; information furnished by Kyan's grand- son, Daniel Bishopp Kyan, esq., of Glen Elgin, New South Wales, and Mrs. Eleanor D. Coffey, Kyan's granddaughter.] E. D. RYAN, EDWARD, D.D. (d. 1819), pre- bendary of St. Patrick's, Dublin, second son of John Philip Ryan, by his wife, Miss Murphy, was born in Ireland. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, as a scholar, 1767, graduated B.A. 1769, M.A. 1773, LL.B. 1779, B.D. 1782, and D.D. in 1789. He was curate at St. Anne's, Dublin, from 1776, vicar of St. Luke's, Dublin, and prebendary of St. Patrick's from 16 June 1790 until his death in January 1819. Although some of his family were strictly catholic, Ryan strenuously attacked Catholicism in a ( His- tory of the Effects of Religion on Mankind' (vol. i. London, 1788, 8vo, vol. ii. 1793 ; 3rd ed. Edinburgh, 1806, 8vo). It was translated into French (' Bienfaits de la Re- ligion,' Paris, 1810, 8vo). The proceeds of the publication Ryan devoted to the poor of the parish of St. Luke's. Other works by him are : 1. ' A Short but Comprehensive View of the Evidences of the Mosaic and Christian Codes,' &c., Dublin, 1795, 8vo. 2. 'An Analysis of Ward's Errata of the Protestant Bible' (published 1688), Dublin, 1808, 8vo ; this was answered by Dr. Milner in ' An Inquiry into certain Opinions con- cerning the Catholic Inhabitants of Ireland,' &c. ; 3rd ed. London, 1818. 3. 'Letter to G. Ensor, &c., to which are added Reasons for being a Christian,' Dublin, 1811, 8vo. [Cat. of Grad. Trin. Coll. Dublin, p. 499 ; Cotton's Fasti Eccles. Hib. ii. 163*, 185, v. 125 ; Biogr. Diet, of Living Authors,1816, p. 303 ; Gent. Mag. 1819, i. 92; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iv. 328, and 3rd ser. iii. 344 ; Nichols's Lite- rary Illustrations, vii. 106, 137, 149, 183, 825; Monck Mason's History and Antiquities of St. Patrick's, App. pp. Ixxxi, Ixxxiv ; informa- tion from C. M. Tenison, esq., of Hobart, Tas- mania.] C. F. S. RYAN, SIR EDWARD (1793-1875), chief justice of Bengal and civil-service com- missioner, second son of William Ryan, was born on 28 Aug. 1793. In the autumn of 1810 he matriculated from Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was the friend and contemporary of John E.W.Herschel, F.R.S., Charles Babbage, F.R.S., and George Pea- cock, F.R.S. Graduating B.A. in 1814, he directed his attention to the study of law, and on 23 June 3817 was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and went the Oxford cir- cuit. His acquaintance with Herschel led him to join the Royal Astronomical Society in February 1820. In 1826 he was appointed a puisne judge of the supreme court of Cal- cutta and was knighted. He was promoted to the chief-justiceship of the presidency of Bengal in 1833. During his residence in Calcutta he exercised much hospitality and was very popular. In January 1843 he re- signed his office and returned to England, and on 10 June 1843 was sworn a privy councillor, so that the country might have the benefit of his experience as a judge in cases of Indian appeals to the judicial com- mittee of the privy council, a duty which he discharged until November 1865. He was gazetted a railway commissioner on 4 Nov. 1846, and served as assistant controller of the exchequer from 1851 to 1862. On the formation of the civil service commission, he was by an order in council dated 21 May 1855 named one of the first unpaid com- missioners. In April 1862 he became first commissioner and a salaried officer, resigning the assistant-comptrollership of the ex- chequer and his membership of the judicial committee of the privy council. Under his presidency the scope of the commission was enlarged from year to year, the test examina- tion of nominees for civil appointments being succeeded by limited competition as recommended by Lord Derby's committee of 1860, and that being followed by open com- petition as established by the order in council of June 1870. In addition, the commission from 1858 conducted the examinations for the civil service of India, and also for the ad- missions to the army. During all this period Ryan, assisted by his colleagues, was the guiding spirit, performing his duties with a rare tact and sagacity. Ryan also took much interest in the pro- sperity of the university of London, of which he was a member of the senate, and from 1871 to 1874 vice-chancellor. He was a member of the council of University College, London, and was elected F.G.S. in 1846, and F.R.S. 2 Feb. 1860. He died at Dover on 22 Aug. 1875. He married, in 1814, Louisa, Ryan 35 Ryan sixth daughter of William Whitmore of , Dudmaston, Bridgnorth, Shropshire, and by her, who died on 6 Feb. 1866, he had five children. His third son, William Caven- dish Bentinck, became a colonel of the Ben- | gal army. Ryan was the author of ' Reports of Cases | at Nisi Prius, in the King's Bench and Com- | mon Pleas, and on the Oxford and Western Circuits, 1823-26,' 1827, and with Sir Wil- I liam Oldnall Russell [q. v.] he published ! 1 Crown Cases reserved for Consideration and decided by the Twelve Judges of England from the year 1799,' 1825. [Emily Eden's Letters from India, 1872, i. 114 et seq. ; Solicitors' Journal, 1875, xix. 825; \ Law Times, 1875, lix. 321 ; Illustrated London j News, 1875, Ixvii. 215, 253, 367, with portrait; j Dunkin's Obituary Notices of Astronomers, 1879, ; pp. 221-3; Annual Register, 1875, p. 146 ;j Times, 25 Aug. 1875, p. 7.] G-. C. B. RYAN, LACY (1694 ?-l 760), actor, the son of a tailor, of descent presumedly Irish, was born in the parish of St. Margaret, West- minster, about 1694. He was intended for the law, educated at St. Paul's School, and sent into the office of his godfather, one Lacy, a solicitor. This occupation he abandoned, and on 1 July 1710 he played at Greenwich, under William Pinkethman [q. v.], Rosen- crantz in 'Hamlet.' He must have pre- viously appeared at the Haymarket, since Betterton, who saw him as Seyton in * Mac- beth' (28 Nov. 1709?), and who died on 4 May 1710, is said to have commended j him while chiding Downes the prompter for i sending on a child in a full-bottomed wig to | sustain a man's part. On 3 Jan. 1711 Ryan | played at Drury Lane Lorenzo in the ' Jew of Venice,' Lord Lansdowne's alteration of . the ' Merchant of Venice.' Granius in j ' Caius Marius' followed on 17 March 1711, j and on 17 Aug. he was the original Young Gentleman in Settle's ' City Ramble, or a Playhouse Wedding.' On 12 ISov. he was the first Valentine in the ' Wife's Relief, or the Husband's Cure,' an altera- tion by Charles Johnson of Shirley's ( Game- ster.' In the ' Humours of the Army ' of Charles Shadwell he was on 29 Jan. 1713 the original Ensign Standard. On the re- commendation of Steele, he was assigned the part of Marcus in the original production of 'Cato' on 14 April, and on 12 May he was the first Astrolabe in Gay's 'Wife of Bath.' At Drury Lane he was on 5 Jan. 1714 the original Areas in Charles Johnson's * Victim,' played Ferdinand in the ' Tempest,' Sir Andrew Tipstaff in the ' Puritan, or the Widow of Watling Street,' Loveday in 4 London Cuckolds,' and Lovewell in the ' Gamester;' he was on 20 April 1715 the original Sussex in Rowe's ' Lady Jane Gray,' played Laertes, Vincent in the ' Jovial Crew,' Edgworth in ' Bartholomew Fair,' Richmond in ' Richard III,' Frederick in the ' Rover,' Prince of Tanais in ' Tamer- lane,' Bonario in ' Volpone,' Cassio, Lucius in ' Titus Andrcmicus,' Sir William Rant in the ' Scourers,' Bertram in the * Spanish Friar,' Clerimont in the * Little French Lawyer;' was on 17 Dec. 1716 the first Learchus in Mrc. Centlivre's 'Cruel Gift,' on 25 Feb. 1717 the first Osmyn in Charles Johnson's 'Sultaness,' and on 11 April the first Vortimer in Mrs. Manley's 'Lucius, the first Christian King of Britain.' In the autumn of 1717 he was acting in the booth of Bullock and Leigh at Southwark Fair. In the fol- lowing summer, while eating his supper at the Sun tavern, Ryan was assaulted by a notorious tippler and bully named Kelly, whom in self-defence he ran through with his sword and killed, fortunately without serious consequence to himself (20 June 1718). On 1 March 1718 he had made, as Cassius in 'Julius Csesar,' his first appear- ance at Lincoln's Inn Fields, where he remained about fourteen years. Quite in- terminable would be a list of the parts he played at this house, where he shared with Quin the lead in tragedy and comedy. Among them may be mentioned Torrismond in the ' Spanish Friar,' Careless in the 'Double Dealer,' Lysimachu.s in the ' Rival Queens,' Portius in ' Cato,' Courtwell in ' Woman's a Riddle,' Banquo, Essex, Hamlet, Richard II, lago, Oroonoko, Edgar, Ford, Troilus, Bene- dick, Hotspur, Castalio, Moneses, Archer, Sir George Airy, Hippolitus, Macduff, Mar- donius in ' King and No King,' Loveless in ' Love's Last Shift,' Captain Plume, Julius Caesar, Buckingham in ' Henry VIII,' Amintor in the ' Maid's Tragedy,' Sir Harry Wildair, the Copper Captain, and Lord Townly. Among very many original parts, Howard in Sewell's ' Sir Walter Raleigh,' 16 Jan. 1719, and Flaminius in Fenton's ' Mariamne,' 22 Feb. 1723, alone need be men- tioned. On the opening of the new house in Covent Garden, on 7 Dec. 1732, by the Lincoln's Inn Fields company, Ryan took part as Mirabell in the performance of the ' Way of the World.' At this house he continued during the remainder of his career. On 15 March 1735 Ryan was shot through the jaw and robbed by a footpad in Great Queen Street. On the 17th, when his name was in the bill for Loveless, he wrote to the ' Daily Post ' ex- pressing his fear that he would never be able to appear again, and apologising for not being D2 Ryan ; able to appeal in person to his patrons at his benefit on the 20th. The benefit was, however, a great success. The Prince of Wales sent ten guineas, and there was a crowded house, for which, on the 22nd, in the same paper, Ryan returned thanks. His upper jaw was prin- cipally injured. He reappeared on 25 April as the original Bellair in Popple's ' Double Deceit, or a Cure for Jealousy.' On 7 Feb. 1760, as Eumenes in the ( Siege of Damascus,' he was seen for what seems to have been the last time. On 1 March he advertised that he had been for some time much indisposed, and had postponed his benefit until 14 April, in the hope of being able to pay his personal attendance on his friends. For that benefit ' Comus ' and the ' Cheats of Scapin ' were played. It does not appear that he took part in either piece, and on 15 Aug. 1760, at his house in Crown Court, Westminster, or, ac- cording to another account, in Bath, he died. After his first success as Marcus in Addi- son's ' Cato,' Ryan enjoyed for nearly thirty years a claim rarely disputed to the lovers in tragedy and the fine gentlemen in comedy. Above the middle height, easy rather than graceful in action and deportment, and awk- ward in the management of his head, he ap- peared at times extravagantly ridiculous in characters such as Phocyas or Sir George Airy, yet for a long time he was highly esteemed. His parts were very numerous. His most important original part was Falcon- bridge in Gibber's 'Papal Tyranny in the Reign of King John,' 15 Feb. 1745. His best performances were as Edgar in ( Lear,' Ford, Dumont, lago, Mosca in l Volpone,' Cassius, Frankly in the * Suspicious Husband,' Mo- neses, and Jaffier. In the fourth act of 1 Macbeth ' he was excellent as Macduff. His mad scene in ' Orestes ' won high commenda- tion, and in his last act as Lord Townly he triumphed, though he had to encounter the formidable rivalry of Barry. He was too old when he played Alonzo in the ' Revenge/ but showed power in the scenes of jealousy and distraction, and his Captain Plume, one of his latest assumptions, displayed much spirit. Without ever getting quite into the first rank, he approached very near it, and was one. of the most genuinely useful actors of the day. Ryan, whose voice had a drawling, croak- ing accent, due to the injury to his jaw, by which his features, naturally handsome, were also damaged, was one of the actors whom Garrick, in his early and saucy mimicries, derided on the stage. In subsequent years Garrick went to see Ryan for the purpose of laughing at his ungraceful and ill-dressed figure in l Richard III,' but found unexpected 5 Ryan excellence in his performance, by which he modified and improved his own impersonation. Quin's friendship with Ryan was constant, and was creditable to both actors [see QFIN, JAMES], [Genest's Account of the English Stage ; Dibdin's English Stage; Davies's Life of Garrick and Dramatic Miscellanies ; Tate Wilkinson's Memoirs and Wandering Patentee ; Theatrical Examiner, 1757 ; Doran's Stage Annals, ed. Lowe; Life of Garrick, 1894; Thespian Dic- tionary ; Georgian Era ; Clark Eussell's Repre- sentative Actors ; Dramatic Censor.] J. K. RYAN, MICHAEL (1800-1841), phy- sician and author, was born in 1800. He was a member of both the College of Surgeons and the college of Physicians in London, where he practised, and was physician to the Me- tropolitan Free Hospital. In 1830 he was a candidate for the professorship of toxicology in the Medico-Botanical Society. On 11 May of the same year he communicated to that society a paper on l The Use of the Secale Cornutum or Ergot of Rye in Midwifery.' Besides editing from 1832 to 1838 the original ' London Medical and Surgical Jour- nal ' (J. F. CLARKE, Autobiographical Recol- lections, 1874, pp. 279-80), he published in 1831 part of a course of lectures on medi- cal jurisprudence, delivered at the medical theatre, Hatton Garden, under the title ' Lec- tures on Population, Marriage, and Divorce as Questions of State Medicine, comprising an Account of the Causes and Treatment of Impotence and Sterility/ In the same year appeared the completed ' Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, being an Analysis of a Course of Lectures on Forensic Medicine, &c.' A second and en- larged edition was issued in 1836, an edition with notes by R. E. Griffith, M.D., having been published in Philadelphia in 1832. In 1831 also appeared the third edition, in 12mo, of Ryan's ' Manual of Midwifery . . . comprising a new Nomenclature of Obstetric Medicine, with a concise Account of the Symptoms and Treatment of the most im- portant Diseases of Women and Children. Illustrated by plates.' An enlarged octavo edition was issued in 1841, rewritten, and containing ' a complete atlas including 120 figures.' The 'Atlas of Obstetricity ' had been issued separately in 1840. An Ameri- can edition of the ' Manual ' appeared at Burlington, Vermont, in 1835. Ryan's later publications included l The Philosophy of Marriage in its Social, Moral, and Physical Relations ; with an Account of the Diseases of the Genito-Urinary Organs and the Phy- siology of Generation in the Vegetable and Animal Kingdom,' 1837, 8vo ; this formed Ryan 37 Ryan part of a course of obstetric lectures delivered at the North London School of Medicine. Twelve editions in all, the last in 1867, were issued. It was followed in 1839 by ' Pro- stitution in London, with a Comparative View of that of Paris and New York . . . with an Account of the Nature and Treat- ment of the various Diseases, c. Illus- trated by plates.' He died in London on 11 Dec. 1841, leav- ing a young family unprovided for. Besides the works mentioned, Ryan pub- lished * The Medico-Chirurgical Pharma- copoeia,' 1837, 12mo, 2nd ed. 1839 ; and T. Denman's ' Obstetrician's Yade-Mecum, edited and augmented,' 1836, 12mo. He also trans- lated and added to ' Le Nouveau Formula-ire pratique des Hopitaux ' by Milne-Edwards and Vavasour. Another MICHAEL RYAN (f. 1800), medi- cal writer, graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 1784, his thesis being 'De Raphania.' He was a fellow of the Irish College of Sur- geons, and practised for some years at Kil- kenny. He afterwards gained some reputa- tion at Edinburgh, and is described as a fellow of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries, though his name is not in the lists. In 1787 he published at Dublin ' An Enquiry into the Nature, Causes, and Cure of Consump- tion of the Lungs, &c.' This work was in the nature of a comment upon Cullen's ' First Lines of the Practice of Physic,' and had an appendix combating the views contained in Reid's * Essay on the Phthisis Pulmonalis.' In 1793 Ryan published ' Observations on the History and Cure of the Asthma, in which the propriety of using the cold bath in that disorder is fully considered;' and in 1794 a treatise ' On Peruvian Bark.' He also contributed to the 'London Medical and Phy- sical Journal ' < Observations on the Medical Qualities of Acetate of Lead ; ' ' Remarks on the Cure of Autumnal Fever ; ' ' Observations on the Influenza of 1803 ;" An Account of an Epidemic at Kilkenny in 1800,' and other articles. He appears to have joined the Royal College of Surgeons (London), and afterwards entered the colonial service. His widow died at Ranelagh, Dublin, in 1851. His son, Michael Desmond Ryan, is separately noticed (Gent. Mag. 1851, ii. 555 ; cf. Lit. Memoirs of Living Authors, 1798 : Biogr. Diet, of Living Authors, 1814-16 ; CAMERON, Hist, of the Royal Coll. of Surgeons in Ireland, p. 46 ; Cat. Roy. Med. and Chirurg. Society ; Brit. Mus. Cat.} [Gent. Mag. 1830 i. 351, 450, 1841 i. 105; List of Royal Coll. of Surg. and Physicians ; Cat. Royal Med. and Chirurg. Society; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Ryan's works; Allibone's Diet, of Engl. Lit. ii. 1904, which assigns the works of the two Michael Ryans to one author.] G. LE G. N. RYAN, MICHAEL DESMOND (1816- 1868% dramatic and musical critic, son of Dr. Michael Ryan (f,. 1800) [see under RYAN, MICHAEL], was born at Kilkenny on 3 March 1816. He was educated at Edin- burgh for the medical profession, but went to London in 1836 and gradually drifted into literature. ' Christopher among the Mountains,' a satire upon Professor Wilson's criticism of the last canto of 'Childe Harold/ and a parody of the ' Noctes Ambrosianso ' were his first notable efforts. In 1844 he be- came a contributor to the ' Musical World,' of which he was sub-editor from 1846 to 1868. He was also connected as musical and dramatic critic with the ' Morning Post,' 'Morning Chronicle,' ' Morning Herald,' and other journals. In 1849 he wrote the libretto of Macfarren's ' Charles II,' and a specta- cular opera, ' Pietro il Grande,' commissioned by Jullien, was produced at the Royal Italian Opera on 17 Aug. 1852. In collaboration with Frank Mori he wrote an opera, ' Lam- bert Simnel,' intended for Mr. Sims Reeves, but never produced. He wrote the words of a very large number of songs, of which may be mentioned * Songs of Even,' with music by F. N . Crouch (1841), a set of twelve ' Sacred Songs and Ballads ' by Edward Loder (1845), and a collection of ' Songs of Ireland,' in which, in conjunction with F. N. Crouch, he fitted old melodies with new words. He died in London on 8 Dec. 1868. [Grore's Diet, of Music and Musicians; O'Do- noghue's Poets of Ireland ; Obituary notices in Musical World and Morning Post.] J. C. H. RYAN, RICHARD (1796-1849), bio- grapher, born in 1796, was son of Richard Ryan, a bookseller in Camden Town, who died before 1830 (cf. Gent. May. 1830, pt. i.) Ryan seems to have followed the business of a bookseller, but found time to write several interesting books, a few plays, and some songs which were set to music by eminent composers. His plays ' Everybody's Hus- band,' a comic drama in one act ; ' Quite at Home,' a comic entertainment in one act ; and 'Le Pauvre Jacques,' a vaudeville in one act, from the French are printed in J. Cumberland's Acting Plays/ 1825. Ryan died in 1849. Besides the works mentioned, he published 1. 'Eight Ballads on the Superstitions of the Irish Peasantry/ 8vo, London, 1822. 2. < Biographia Hibernica, a Biographical Dictionary of the Worthies of Ireland, from Ryan the earliest periods to the present time/ 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1819-21. 3. < Poems on Sacred Subjects/ &c., 8vo, London, 1824. 4. ' Dramatic Table Talk, or Scenes, Situa- tions, and Adventures, serious and comic, in Theatrical History and Biography, with en- gravings/ 3 vols. 12mo, London, 1825. 5. ' Poetry and Poets, being a Collection of the choicest Anecdotes relative to the Poets of every age and nation, illustrated by en- gravings/ 3 vols. 12mo, London, 1826. [Allibone's Diet, of Engl. Lit. vol. iii. ; O'Donoghue's Poets of Ireland, p. 220.] D. J. O'D. RYAN, VINCENT WILLIAM (1816- 1888), first Anglican bishop of the Mauritius, son of John Ryan of the 82nd regiment, by his wife Harriett, daughter of Pierre Gauvain, judge, of Alderney, was born in Cork Bar- racks on 18 Dec. 1816, and within three years went with his parents to the Mauritius. On their return to England he was educated at Gosport. He entered Magdalen Hall (after- wards Hertford College), Oxford, in 1838, and graduated B.A. in 1841, M.A. 1848, and D.D. 1853. Taking holy orders, he went as curate to St. Anne's parish, Alderney, of which he became incumbent in 1842. In 1847 he became curate of Edge Hill, near Liverpool, and vice-president of the Liver- pool Collegiate Institute. He moved to the principalship of the Church of England Metro- politan Training Institution at Highbury, London, on 1 July 1850. In 1854 he was nominated bishop' of Mauritius, a post for which his familiarity with the French lan- guage specially adapted him. He sailed for Mauritius on 15 March 1855, and landed at Port Louis on 12 June. Ryan found only two clergymen in Port Louis and a missionary in the country districts, but there were signs of awakening interest of which he took full advantage. On 8 Jan. 1856 he consecrated a new church at Mahe- bourg. Later in the year (11 Oct.) he started on his first visit to the Seychelles Islands, which were included in his diocese. In 1859 he visited them again, and consecrated the new church at Mahe. To the schools all over his diocese he gave particular attention, and interested himself in the Hindu population. In June 1860 Ryan visited England to raise further funds for his missionary work. On 12 July 1862 he went, in H.M.S. Gorgon, with the special commissioner to Madagas- car, with a view to establishing a new mission to that island. He visited the capital and the scene of the massacres of the Christians, and returned to Mauritius in indifferent health. In October 1862 he revisited Sey- Rycaut chelles after the hurricane of that year. He paid a second visit to England in the spring of 1863. In 1867 he finally left Mauritius. After holding for four months the arch- deaconry of Suffolk, Ryan became rector of St. Nicholas,Guildford, and commissary of Win- chester. In May 1870 he w r as transferred to the vicarage of "Bradford, Yorkshire, where his ministration was marked by a great de- velopment of the parish work. He was rural dean from 1870 to 1876, and in 1875 became archdeacon of Craven and commissary to the bishop of Ripon. In 1872 he went on a special mission to the Mauritius. In August 1880 Ryan became vicar of St. Peter's, Bourne- mouth, and in 1881 rector of Middleham, whence he removed in 1883 to the rectory of Stanhope in Durham. He died at Stanhope on 11 Jan. 1888. Ryan married Elizabeth Dowse, daughter of Charles Atkins of Romford, Hampshire, and left two sons, who both took holy orders, and one daughter. He held pronounced evangelical views, and had notable power of organisation. He w r as the author of: 1. 'Lectures on Amos/ London, 1850. 2. ' The Communion of Saints : a Series of Sermons/ London, 1854. 3. ' Mau- ritius and Madagascar/ extracts from his journals, London, 1864. [Crockford's Clerical Directory, 1887 ; Colonial Church Chronicle, 1854-62; Mauri- tius and Madagascar, London, 1864; A Me- morial Sketch, "by W. M. Egglestone, Stanhope, 1889.] C. A. H. RYCAUT or RICAUT, SIR PAUL (1628-1700), traveller and author, was born at The Friary, his father's seat at Aylesford in Kent, in the autumn of 1628. His grand- father was Andrew Rycaut, a grandee of Brabant, who married Emerantia, daughter of Garcia Gonzalez of Spain. Their son Peter, a financier who lent money to the sovereigns of Spain and England, came to London in James I's reign, bought lands at Aylesford and at Wittersham in Kent, and was knighted at Whitehall by Charles I on 13 May 1641. He devoted a large treasure to the royal cause, and was assessed by the parliamentary commissioners to pay a fine of 1,500/., or one twentieth of his income. The fine remaining unpaid, his debtors were or- dered to make payments to the committee, before whom Sir Peter \vas frequently sum- moned, until, on 3 March 1649, he was found to be ruined, and his assessment ' discharged' ( Cal. ofProc. of Comm. for Advance of Money, p. 134). Having sold his estates in Kent, he tried, but without success, to obtain letters of marque from Cromwell in order to re- Rycaut 39 cover his debt from the king of Spain. He died about 1657, leaving 1 by his wife Mary, daughter of Roger Vercolad, a large family of sons and a daughter Mary. She married Sir John Mayney of Linton, Kent, who was created a baronet in 1641, and ruined him- eelf by his sacrifices for the royal cause, his son Sir Anthony dying of want in 1706. Sir Peter's youngest son, Paul, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1647, and graduating B.A. in 1650. He spent the greater part of the next ten years abroad, and in 1661 was sent to Turkey as secretary in the embassy of Heneage Finch, second earl of Winchilsea [q. v.] He was attached to the Porte about six years, and during that period twice travelled to Eng- land, once through Venice and once through Hungary. He published in 1663, in his official capacity, ' The Capitulations and Ar- ticles of Peace between England and the Porte, as modified at Adrianople, January 1661,' dedicated to the company of Levant merchants, and printed at Constantinople by Abraham Gabai, ' chafnahar.' In the mean- time he was collecting materials for his most important work, based largely upon his own observations, and entitled ' The Present State of the Ottoman Empire, containing the Maxims of the Turkish Politie,the most mate- rial points of the Mahometan Religion, their Military Discipline, a particular Description of the Seraglio . . . illustrated with divers pieces of Sculpture, representing the varieties of Habits among the Turks, in three books/ 1668, London, 4to. A third edition appeared in 1670, and a sixth, dedicated to Lord Ar- lington, in 1686, while an abridgment was appended to Savage's ' History of the Turks In 1701.' It was translated by Briot, Paris, 1670, and by Bespier, with valuable notes and corrections, Rouen, 1677, 2 vols. 12mo. It was also translated into Polish, 1678, and German, Augsburg, 1694. Dudley North, who knew Turkey well, condemned the work as superficial and erroneous, and Bespier pointed out a few direct misstatements, such as that Mahometan women have no hope of heaven. It nevertheless presents an ani- mated and, on the whole, faithful picture of Turkish manners. It long proved a useful companion to Richard Knolles's 'History,' while the writer's impartiality renders it of interest to the modern reader. It is quoted by Gibbon in his account of the rise of the Ottomans (Decline and Fall, ed. Milman, viii. 50). Meanwhile, in 1667, Rycaut was appointed by the Levant Company to be their consul at Smyrna, and he remained there eleven years. A summary of his instructions upon Rycaut taking the post is printed (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1667-8, pp. 402-3). In 1669 he ob- tained a gratuity of two thousand dollars for two years' employment, while a post in the consulate was granted to his kinsman, James Rycaut. In 1679 he returned to England, and printed by command of the king ' The Present State of the Greek and Armenian Churches, Anno Christi 1678,' an essay cha- racterised by his former spirit of fairness, and expressing in the preface a desire for Christian reunion. In the following year he published * The History of the Turkish Empire from 1623 to 1677, containing the reigns of the last three emperors (Amurath IV-Mahomet IV),' London, 4to, dedicated to the king. This was a continuation of Knolles's ' Turkish Histor}^,' to the sixth edition of which (3 A r ols. 1687-1700) it was printed as a supple- ment. The whole work was abridged, with some addenda by Savage, in 1701. Early in October 1685 Rycaut was ap- pointed secretary to the Earl of Clarendon, recently created lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and he was knighted at Whitehall on the 8th of the month, and sworn a privy coun- cillor and judge of the admiralty in Ireland. The position was not a grateful one, as Cla- rendon soon became a cipher in Irish politics, and some charges of extortion were fomented by the Roman catholic party against the secretary. These, however, were warmly rebutted by Clarendon, who spoke highly of Rycaut's integrity and generosity to his sub- ordinates. In January 1688. after their return to England, Rycaut was instrumental in bringing about an interview between Cla- rendon and Halifax, who was urged to in- fluence the king in the former's favour. In July 1689 Rycaut's ability as a linguist and experience in affairs gained him the appoint- ment of resident in Hamburg and the Hanse Towns. His letters contain numerous warn- ings of privateers fitted out in the Hanse ports. In December 1698 he caused to be seized a Malagasy pirate ship which had been built in England. He remained at Ham- burg, with a few intervals, until June 1700, when he was finally recalled. He died of apoplexy on 16 Nov. 1700, and was buried near his father and mother in the south chancel of Aylesford church. Rycaut was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 12 Dec. 1666 (THOMSON, App. vol. iv. p. xxv), and contributed to the ' Philo- sophical Transactions' (No. 251) in April 1699 a paper on the gregarious habits of sable mice, described as 'mures norwegici' by Olaus Wormius in his ' Museum/ 1653, 4to, and now known as 'mures decuman i' (Zoolog. Soc. Proc. 1838, p. 350). He also translated Ryder Ryder ' The Critick ' from the Spanish of Balthazar (iracian, 1681, 12ino; 'The Lives of the Popes, translated from the Latin of Baptist Platina, and continued from 1471 to this present time,' 1685, fol. and 1688 fol. ; and ' The Royal Commentaries of Peru, from the Spanish of Garcilasso de la Vega,' 1688, fol. Some of his diplomatic papers from Ham- burg wereprinted from Sir Thomas Phillipps's manuscripts (Brit. Mus. 577, 1. 28). A portrait, by Sir Peter Lely, was en- graved by R. White for a frontispiece to ftycaut's 'Turkish History,' and represents the traveller with a refined and sensitive face, bearing a resemblance to Moliere's; another portrait was painted by Joliann Rundt at Amsterdam in 1691 (cf. EVANS, Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p. 301). [Le Neve's Pedigrees of the Knights, pp. 399, 400; Metcalfe's Book of Kniffhts, p. 198; Burke* s Extinct Baronetcies, s.v.' May ney'; Bio- graphia Britannica, 1760, s.v. Ricant ; Hasted's Kent, ii. 170; Archseolo he was elected F.R.C.S. (Lond.), and seems to have practised afterwards at Reigate VOL. L. Rymer and Ramsgate. He was living at the latter place in 1841-2. His last surviving daughter died at Brighton on 13 June 1855 (Gent. Mag. 1855, ii. 331). Rymer wrote, besides the works already noticed : 1 . ; Introduction to the Study of Pathology on a Natural Plan, containing an Essay on Fevers,' 1775, 8vo. 2. ' Description of the Island of Nevis, with an Account of its Principal Diseases,' &c., 1776, 8vo. 3. ' An Essay on Medical Education, with Advice to Young Gentlemen who go into the Navy as Mates,' 1776, 8vo. 4. ' The Practice of Navigation on a New Plan, by means of a Quadrant of the Difference of Latitude and Departure,' 1778, 4to. 5. ' Observations and Remarks respecting the more effectual means of Preservation of Wounded Sea- men and Mariners on board H.M.'s ships in Time of Action,' 1780, 8vo ; 2nd edit. 1782. 6. * Letter on the Scurvy,' 1782, 8vo. 7. l Chemical Reflections relating to the Na- ture, Causes, Prevention, and Cure of some Diseases, particularly the Sea Scurvy,' 1784, 8vo. 8. ' A Tract upon Indigestion and the Hypochondriac Disease, and on Atomic Gout,' 1785, 8vo ; 5th edit. 1789. 9. ' On the Nature and Symptoms of Gout,' 1785, 8vo. 10. ' Physiological Conjectures concern- ing certain Functions of the Human (Eco- nomy in Foatus and in the Adult,' 1787, 8vo. 11. 'A Short Account of the Method of treating Scrofular and other Glandular Af- fections,' 1790, 8vo. 12. ' Essay on Pesti- lential Diseases,' 1805, 8vo. 13. 'On the Nutriferous System in Men and all Creatures which have Livers,' 1808, 8vo. 14. 'A Treatise on Diet and Regimen, to which are added a Nosological Table, or Medical Chest Directory, Prescriptions,' &c., 1828, 8vo ; dedicated to Dr. Abernethy. Rymer also contributed to the ' Gentleman's Maga- zine ' for June 1822 (Supplement) ' Observa- tions on Hydrophobia,' for which he recom- mended the old remedy of immersion in cold or tepid water, with injections of the same; and he translated 'Analysis of the Section of the Symphysis of the Ossa Pubis, as recommended in cases of Difficult Labour and Deformed Pelvis. From the French of Alphonse le Roy,' 1783. [Rymer himself tells the story of his early life in Transplantation (1779), mentioned in the text. See also Lists of the Koyal College of Surgeons; Lit. Mem. Living Authors, 1798; Biogr. Diet, of Living Authors, 1816; Watt's Bibl. Brit. i. 824 ; Cat. Hoy. Med. and Chirurg. Socitty; Brit. Mus. Cat] G-. LE G. N. RYMER. THOMAS (1641-1713), author and archaeologist, son of Ralph Rymer, lord of the manor of Braflerton, Yorkshire, was Rymer 66 Rymer born at 'The Hall' at Yafforth in 1641 (INGLEDEW, Hist, of Northallerton, p. 288). The father, ' possessed of a good estate.' was, according to Clarendon, * of the quality of the better sort of grand jury men, who was esteemed a wise man, and was known to be trusted by the greatest men who had been in rebellion' (Continuation of Life, 1759, p. 461). An ardent roundhead, he was made treasurer of his district during the Common- wealth, and he was granted the estate at Yaftbrth and Wickmore, Yorkshire, which he had previously rented at 200/. a year of the royalist owner, Sir Edward Osborne. At the Restoration Sir Edward's son, Thomas, com- pelled him to surrender these lands. Ralph Rymer, resenting this treatment, joined ' the presbyterian rising ' in the autumn of 1663. He was arrested on 12 Oct., was condemned to death for high treason on 7 Jan., and was hanged at York. A son Ralph, who also engaged in the conspiracy, was detained in prison till 16 July 1666. Thomas was educated at the school kept by Thomas Smelt, a loyalist, at Danby-Wiske. George Hickes [q. v.] was a schoolfellow. He was admitted a l pensionarius minor ' at Sidney - Sussex College, Cambridge, on 29 April 1658, at the age of seventeen. On quitting the university without a degree, he became a member of Gray's Inn on 2 May 1666, and was called to the bar on 16 June 1673 (cf. FOSTER, Reg. p. 300). But literature rather than law occupied most of his attention. In 1668 he first ap- peared as an author by publishing a trans- lation of a . Latin anthology from Cicero's works called ' Cicero's Prince ; ' this he dedi- cated to the Duke of Monmouth. The special study of his early life was, however, dramatic literature, and he reached the conviction that neglect of the classical rules of unity had seriously injured the dramatic efforts of Eng- lish writers. In 1674 he published, with an elaborate preface in support of such views, an English translation of R. Rapin's ' Reflec- tions on Aristotle's Treatise of Poesie.' In 1677 he not only prepared an essay critically examining some typical English dramas in the light of his theories, but also wrote a play in which he endeavoured to illustrate prac- tically the value of the laws of the classical drama. The play, which was not acted, was licensed for publication on 13 Sept. 1677, and was published next year (in 4to) under the title * Edgar, or the English Monarch : an Heroick Tragedy.' It was in rhymed verse. The action takes place between noonday and ten at night. The plot was mainly drawn from William of Malmesbury. Abounding in strong royalist sentiments, the volume was dedicated to the king (other editions are dated 1691 and 1692). The only service that the piece rendered to art was to show how a play might faithfully observe all the classi- cal laws without betraying any dramatic quality. Addison referred to it in the ' Spec- I tator ' (No. 692) as a typical failure. Meanwhile Rymer's critical treatise was I licensed for the press on 17 July 1677. It was entitled ' The Tragedies of the Last Age consider'd and examin'd by the Practice of the Ancients, and by the Common Sense of all Ages, in a letter to Fleetwood Shepheard, esq.,' 1678, sm. 8vo. Here Rymer promised to examine in detail six plays, viz. Fletcher's 'Rollo,' 'King or no King,' and 'Maid's Tragedy,' Shakespeare's ' Othello ' and ' Julius- Caesar,' and Ben Jonson's ' Catiline/ as well as to criticise Milton's ' Paradise Lost ' ' which some are pleased to call a poem.' But he confined his attention for the present to the first three of the plays only. He is uni- formly hostile to the works criticised. Most of his remarks are captious, but he displayed wide reading in the classics and occasionally exposed a genuine defect. The tract was republished, with ' Part I ' on the title-page, in 1692. He returned to the attack on ' Othello ' in ' A Short View of Tragedy : its Original Excellency and Corruption; with some Reflections on Shakespeare and other Practitioners for the Stage.' This was pub- lished late in 1692, but bears the date 1693. In Rymer's eyes 'Othello' was 'a bloody farce without salt or savour.' He denies that Shakespeare showed any capacity in tragedy, although he allows him comic genius and humour. Both works attracted attention. Dry den wrote on the first volume some ap- preciative notes, which Dr. Johnson first pub- lished in his ' Life of Dryden.' The second volume was reviewed by Motteux in the ' Gentleman's Journal ' for December 1692, and by John Dunton in the 'Compleat Library.' December 1692 ((ii. 58). Dunton in his ' Life and Errors ' (1818, p. 354) calls Rymer ' orthodox and modest.' Pope de- scribed him as ' a learned and strict critic/ and ' on the whole one of the best critics we ever had ... He is generally right, though rather too severe in his opinion of the par- ticular plays he speaks of (SPENCE, Anec- dotes). Comparing Rymer's critical efforts with Dryden's ' Essay on Dramatic Poetry J (1668), Dr. Johnson wrote that Dryden's criti- cism had the majesty of a queen, Rymer's the ferocity of a tyrant ( JOHNSON, Lives of the Poets, ed. Cunningham, i. 341). Macaulay judged him to be the worst critic that ever lived. It is fairer to regard him as a learned fanatic, from whose extravagances any level- Rymer < headed student of the drama may derive much amusement and some profit. In ' Martin Scriblerus ' Pope classed Rymer with Dennis as one of those 'who, beginning with criticism, became afterwards such poets as no age hath paralleled ' (cf.PopE, Works, ed. Courthope and Elwin, iv. 82, v. 48). Rymer wrote three poems to the memory of Edmund Waller, which were published in a volume of elegies in 1688, as well as in Dryden's ' Miscellany Poems ; ' and he is said to have written the Latin inscription for Waller's tomb at Beaconsfield. In 1689 he published a poem on Queen Mary's arrival, and in 1692 a translation of one elegy in Ovid's ' Tristia' (bk. iii. elegy 6 ; reissued in Dryden's ' Mis- cellanies,' 2nd edit. p. 148). Further speci- mens of his verse, which was on occasion sportively amorous, appear in Nichols's ' Se- lect Poems,' 1780, and two pieces figure in Mr. A. H. Bullen's ' Musa Proterva ' (1895, pp. 125-7). A contemporary caricature scorn- fully designates him ' a garreteer poet ' (CAUL- PIELB, Portraits, 1819, i. 50). Other contri- butions by Rymer to literature consisted of a translation of Plutarch's ' Life of Nicias ' in the collection of Plutarch's ' Lives ' (1683- 1686), and he is supposed to be author of the preface to Thomas Hobbes's posthumous ' Historia Ecclesiastica carmine elegiaco con- cinnata' (1688). ' A Life of Thomas Hobbes ' (1681), sometimes attributed to Rymer, is almost certainly by Richard Blackburne [q. v.] 'An Essay concerning Critical and Curious Learning, in which are contained some short Reflections on the Controversie betwixt Sir William Temple and Mr. Wotton, and that betwixt Dr. Bentley and Mr. Boyl, by T. R., Esqr.,'1698 a 'very poor and mean perfor- mance ' is attributed to Rymer by Hearne (Collections, ii. 256-7) In the meantime Rymer's interests had been diverted to history. In 1684 he pub- lished a learned tract 'of the antiquity, power, and decay of parliaments' (other edi- tions in 1704 and 1714). In 1692 he re- ceived the appointment of historiographer to the king, in succession to Shadwell, at a salary of 200/. a year (LTJTTKELL, ii. 623). Shortly afterwards the government of William III determined, mainly at the sug- gestion of Lord Somers, to print by authority the public conventions of Great Britain with other powers. On 26 Aug. 1693 a warrant was issued to Rymer appointing him editor of the publication, which was to be entitled 'Fcedera,' and authorising him to search all public repositories for leagues, treaties, alli- ances, capitulations, confederacies, which had at any time been made between the crown of England and other kingdoms. Rymer took 7 Rymer as his model Leibnitz's recently published ' Codex Juris Gentium Diplomaticus ' (Han- over, 1693), and founded his work on an Elizabethan manuscript ' Book of Abbrevia- tions of Leagues ' by Arthur Agard [q. v.] He corresponded with Leibnitz and with Bishop Nicolson, and benefited by their sug- gestions. The warrant enabling him to con- tinue his researches was renewed to Rymer on 12 April 1694. His expenses were large, and he was inadequately remunerated by the government. On 23 April 1694 he was granted, on his petition, a sum of 200/., ' seized at Leicester on the conviction of a Romish priest,' Gervas Cartwright. But up to August 1698 he had expended 1,253/. in transcription and the like, and only re- ceived 500/. From May 1703 a salary of 200/. was paid him for his editorial labours, but he suffered extreme poverty until his death. Many importunate petitions, which Lord Halifax supported with his influence, were needed before any money was set aside by the government for printing his work. The first volume was at length published on 20 Nov. 1704, with a turgid dedication in Latin to the queen. It opens with a conven- tion between Henry I and Robert, earl of Flanders, dated 17* May 1101. Only two hundred and fifty copies were printed. The second volume appeared in 1705, and the third in 1706. In 1707, when the fourth volume was issued, Robert Sanderson [q. v.] was ap- pointed Rymer's assistant, and the warrant empowering searches was renewed on 3 May. The fifth and sixth volumes followed in 1708 ; the seventh, eighth, and ninth in 1709, the tenth and eleventh in 1710, the twelfth in 171 1 , the thirteenth and fourteenth in 1712, and the fifteenth, bringing the documents down to July 1586, in 1713, the year of Rymer's death. The sixteenth volume, which appeared in 1715, was prepared by Sanderson, 'ex schedis Thomae Rymeri potissimum.' By a warrant dated ISFeb. 1717 Sanderson was constituted the sole editor of the undertaking, and he completed the original scheme by issuing the seventeenth volume in 1717 ('accurante Roberto Sanderson, generoso'). Here the latest treaty printed was dated 1625. There were appended an index and a ' Syllabus seu Index Actorum MSS. quse lix voluminibus compacta (praeter xviii tomos typis vulgatos) collegit ac descripsit Thomas Rymer.' The syllabus consists of a list of all the manu- scripts Rymer had transcribed during the progress of the undertaking. These papers, which dealt with the period between 1115 and 1698, are now among the Additional MSS. at the British Museum (Nos. 4573- 4630 and No. 18911). Of the two hundred Rymer 68 Rysbrack and fifty copies printed of each of the seven- teen volumes, two hundred only were for sale at 2/. each. The cost of printing the seven- teen volumes amounted to 10,615/. 12s. 6d. Three supplemental volumes by Sanderson brought the total number to twenty, of which the last appeared in 1735. The latest docu- ment included was dated 1654. As the successive volumes issued from the press, the great design attracted appreciative attention, both at home and abroad. Each volume was, on its publication, abridged by Rapin in French in Le Clerc's ' Bibliotheque Choisie,' and a translation of this abridg- ment was published in English as ' Acta Regia ' by Stephen Whatley in 1731 in 4 vols. 8vo (originally issued in twenty-five monthly parts). Hearne highly commended Rymer's industry, and welcomed every instalment with enthusiasm (cf. Collections, ii. 296). Swift, who obtained the volumes for the library of Dublin University, wrote in his Journal to Stella ' on 22 Feb. 1712 : < Came home early, and have been amusing myself with looking into one of the volumes of Rymer's records.' Though defective at some points, and defaced by errors of date and by many misprints, Rymer's ' Foedera ' remains a collection of high value and authority for almost all periods of the middle ages and for the sixteenth century. For the period of the Commonwealth the work is meagre, and Dumont's ' Corps Universel Diploma- tique ' (8 vols. 1726) is for that epoch an indispensable supplement. A corrected reprint, issued by Jacob Ton- son at the expense of government, under the direction of George Holmes (1662-1749) [q. v.], of the first seventeen volumes, ap- peared between 1727 and 1730, and was sold at 50/. a set ; this was limited to two hun- dred copies (Reliquice Hearniance, ed. Bliss, iii. 23). Anew edition in ten volumes, pub- lished by John Neaulme at The Hague, 1737-45, is of greatly superior typographical accuracy, and supplies some new documents. A third edition of the 'Foedera ' was under- taken in 1806 by the Record Commission. Dr. Adam Clarke [q. v.] was appointed editor, and he was subsequently replaced by John Caley [q. v.] and Frederick Holbrooke ; but after 30,388/. 18s. 4^. had been spent, be- tween 1816 and 1830, on producing five hun- dred copies of parts i.-vi. (forming vols. i.-iii. and bringing the work to 1383), the publi- cation was finally suspended in 1830. A valuable syllabus of the ' Foedera,' contain- ing many corrections, was prepared by Sir Thomas Hardy, and was issued in three volumes (vol. i. appearing in 1869, 4to, vol. ii. in 1873, and vol. iii. in 1885). While engaged on the 'Foedera' Rymer found time to deal with some controverted historical problems. In 1702 he published a first letter to Bishop Nicolson ' on his Scotch Library/ in which he endeavours to free Robert III of Scotland from the imputa- tion of bastardy. A second letter to Bishop Nicolson contained ' an historical deduction of the alliances between France and Scot- land, whereby the pretended old league with Charlemagne is disproved and the true old league is ascertained.' Sir Robert Sibbald [q. v.], in a published reply, disputed Rymer's accuracy. Rymer, in a third letter to Nicol- son (1706), vindicated the character of Ed- ward III. Rymer died in poor circumstances at his house in Arundel Street, Strand, on 14 Dec. 1713, and was buried in the parish church of St. Clement Danes. He left all his property to Mrs. Anna Parnell, spinster ; she sold his ' Collectanea ' to the treasury for 215/. He seems to have been unmarried. After his death was published, in a volume called ' Curious Amusements, by a Gentleman of Pembroke-hall in Cambridge ' (1714, 12mo), 1 Some Translations [attributed to Rymer] from Greek, Latin, and Italian Poets, with other Verses and Songs never before printed.' [An unfinished life of Rymer, byDes Maizeaux, is among Thomas Birch's manuscripts (Add. MS. 4423, f. 161). This and all other accessible sources of information have been utilised by Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy in the elaborate memoir which he prefixed to vol. i. of his Syllabus of Rymer's Foedera (1869). See also Chalmers's Biogr. Diet. ; Rymer's Works ; Notes and Que- ries, 2nd ser. xi. 490 ; Diary of Ralph Thoresby, ed. Hunter; Gardiner's and Mullinger's Intro- duction to English History.] S. L. RYSBRACK, JOHN MICHAEL (JO- ANNES MICHIEL) (1693 P-1770), sculptor, is usually stated to have been born in Ant- werp on 24 June 1693, but the date and place both seem uncertain. He was son of Pieter Andreasz Rysbrack, a landscape-painter of Antwerp, who, after working in England for a short time in 1675, went to Paris, where he married a French woman, Genevieve Compagnon, widow of Philippe Buyster, by whom he had, besides the sculptor, two sons, Pieter Andreas and Gerard. A strong lean- ing to French models in the sculptor's work may be traced to the French origin of his mother. Rysbrack studied at Antwerp under Theodore Balant, one of the leading sculptors there, and in 1714-15 was ' meester ' of the" guild of St. Luke in that city. According to another account, his master from 1706 to 1712 was the sculptor, Michiel Van der Vorst. Rysbrack 6 9 Ryther Rysbrack came to England in 1720, and at first gained a reputation for modelling small figures in clay. Afterwards he executed a few portrait-busts, which brought him into notice, and he obtained employment on monuments from James Gibbs [q. v.] and William Kent [q. v.], the architects. Not being satisfied with their treatment of him, Rysbrack began an independent practice, and quickly became the most fashionable sculptor of his day. He was very industrious and did much to introduce something of simplicity and good taste into the rather oppressive style which prevailed in monu- mental sculpture. Among the principal monuments executed by him are those in Westminster Abbey of Sir Isaac Newton (designed by Kent), the Duke of Newcastle, Matthew Prior, Earl Stanhope, Admiral Vernon, Sir Godfrey Kneller (designed by himself), Mrs. Oldfield (designed by Kent); in Worcester Cathedral Bishop Hough ; in Salisbury Cathedral, the Duke and Duchess of Somerset ; at Blenheim the Duke of Marl- borough. Among the statues executed by him were the bronze equestrian statue of William III at Bristol, the statues of the Duke of Somerset at Cambridge, John Locke at Oxford, George I and George II for the Royal Exchange. As a sculptor of portrait busts Rysbrack has seldom if ever been ex- celled. Nearly all the leading men of his time sat to him, including Pope, Walpole, Sir Hans Sloane, Gibbs, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, the Duke and Duchess of Argyll, Martin Folkes, and many others. When his supremacy was shaken by the growing popularity of Scheemakers and Roubiliac, Rysbrack produced three impor- tant portrait statues of Palladio, Inigo Jones, and Fiammingo, which were placed in the Duke of Devonshire's villa at Chiswick. At the same time he executed a large statue of Hercules, which was compiled from the Far- nese Hercules and studies made from noted pugilists and athletes of the time ; it was purchased by Mr. Hoare of Stourhead, Wilt- shire, who built a temple there on purpose to receive it. Besides his merits as a sculptor, Rysbrack was also an accomplished draughts- man, and executed many hundreds of highly finished drawings in bistre, all in the manner of the great Italian artists. In 1765 he retired from business, and sold part of his collection of models and drawings ; other sales followed in 1767 and 1770. Rysbrack resided for many years in Vere Street, Ox- ford Street, where he died on 8 Jan. 1770 ; he was buried in Marylebone churchyard. A portrait of Rysbrack was painted by J. Vanderbank. [Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting (ed. Wornum) ; Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; J. T. Smith's Nollekens and his Times ; Rombouts and Van Lerius's Liggeren der Antwerpsche Sint Lucasgilde.] ' L. C. RYTHER, AUGUSTINE (Jl. 1576- 1590), engraver, one of the earliest English exponents of the art of engraving on copper, was a native of Leeds in Yorkshire, and a fellow-townsman of Christopher Saxton [q. v.] He was probably an offshoot of the old and knightly family of Ryther in Yorkshire. Ryther was associated with Saxton in en- graving some of the famous maps of the counties of England published by Saxton in 1579. His name appears as the engraver of the maps of Durham and Westmoreland (1576), Gloucester and York (1577), and that of the whole of England, signed ' Au- gustinus Ryther Anglus Sculpsit An Dm 1579.' His name appears in 1588 with those of Jodocus Hondius [q. v.], Theodore de Bry, and others, among the engravers of the charts to ' The Mariner's Mirrour . . . first made and set fourth in divers exact sea charts by that famous nauigator Luke Wagenar of En- chuisen, and now fitted with necessarie ad- ditions for the use of Englishmen by Anthony Ashley.' In 1590 Ryther published a trans- lation of Petruccio Ubaldini's ( Expeditionis Hispaniorum in Angliam vera Descriptio,' under the title of ' A discourse concerninge the Spanishe fleete inuadinge Englande in the yeare 1588, and overthrowne by her Ma ties Nauie under the conduction of the Right honorable the Lorde Charles Howarde, highe Admirall of Englande, written in Italian by Petruccio Ubaldino, citizen of Florence, and translated for A. Ryther : unto the w ch discourse are annexed certaine tables expressinge the seuerall exploites and conflictes had with the said fleete. These bookes, with the tables belonginge to them, are to be solde at the shoppe of A. Ryther, beinge a little from Leadenhall, next to the signe of the Tower.' The book was printed by A. Hatfield. This work is dedicated by Ryther to Lord Howard of Effingham, and in the dedication he alludes to the time spent by him in engraving the plates, and apolo- gises for the two years' delay in its publica- tion. In a letter to the reader, Ryther asks for indulgence ' because I count my selfe as yet but a yoong beginner.' The plates consist of a title and ten charts, showing the various stages of the progress and defeat of the Spanish Armada in the Channel, and tracing its further course round the British Isles. They were drawn out, as it appears, by Robert Adams (d. 1595) [q.v.], surveyor of the queen's buildings, and form the most im- Ryther 70 Ryves portant record of the Spanish Armada which exists. It is probable that Ryther's charts, or Adams's original drawings, were the basis for the tapestries of the Spanish Armada, executed by Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom in Holland, and formerly in the House of Lords. Reduced copies of Ryther's charts were pub- lished by John Pine [q. v.] in his work on the Armada tapestries. The ' tables ' were pub- lished by Ryther separately from the book, and are very scarce. [Ames's Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert; Ryther's own works and publications.] L. C. RYTHER, JOHN (1634P-1681), noncon- formist divine, son of John Rither (d. 1673), a tanner, was born in Yorkshire about 1634, and educated at Leeds grammar school. On 25 March 1650, being then under sixteen years of age, he was admitted as a sizar at Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge. His father became a leader among the quakers at York. Ryther held the vicarage of Froding- ham (including Bromby), Lincolnshire, from which he was ejected, the presumption being that it was a sequestered living, which he lost at the Restoration. He retired to York, but soon obtained the vicarage of North Ferriby, Yorkshire : he resided, however, at Brough in the neighbouring parish of El- loughton. Ejected from Ferriby by the Uni- formity Act of 1662, he preached in his house at Brough till the operation of the Five Miles Act (which came into force 25 March 1666) compelled him to remove. He preached at Allerton, near Bradford, and aided in founding in 1668 the congregational church at Bradford-dale. For illegal preaching he was imprisoned for six months, and again for fifteen months, in York Castle. About 1669 he removed to London, a meeting-house was built for him at Wapping, and here he became exceedingly popular with sailors, who shielded him from arrest. He was known as the ' seaman's preacher.' He died in June 1681. The mother of Andrew Kippis [q. v.] was his descendant. He published, besides single sermons (1672-80), including a funeral sermon for James Jarieway [q. v.] : 1. 'The Morning Seeker,' 1673, 8vo. 2. ( A Plat for Mariners; or the Seaman's Preacher,' 1675, 8vo ; reprinted [1780], 8vo, with pre- face by John Newton (1725-1807) [q. v.] 3. < The Best Friend ... or Christ's Awaken- ing Call/ 1678, 8vo. JOHN RYTHEK (d. 1704), son of the above, acted as chaplain on merchant ships trading to both the Indies, and early in 1689 became minister at Nottingham of the congrega- tional church in Bridlesmith Gate, and (from 3 Oct. 1689) in Castle Gate. He published : ' A Defence of the Glorious Gospel,' 1703, 8vo, against John Barret (1631-1713) [q. v.] Among the manuscripts in the museum of Ralph Thoresby [q. v.] were ( A Journal kept by the Rev. Mr. John Ryther of his Voyage from Venice toZant, 1676 . . . fromZant . . . to London. . . . Another from Sardinia to England. From London, 1680, to the coast of Cormandell, and Bay of Bengale. From Fort St. George, 1681, "to Cape Bona Espe- rance, from St. Helena to England.' [Calamy's Account, 1713, pp. 448, 833; Calamy's Continuation, 1727, ii. 601 sq. 953 sq. ; Musseum Thoresbyanum, 1816, p. 81 (89); Carpenter's Presbyterianism in Nottingham [1862], pp. 106, 109 ; Miall's Congregationalism in Yorkshire, 1868, p. 240; Nottingham Daily Press, 30 May 1889 (account of Castle Grate Chapel) ; informa- tion from the master of Sidney-Sussex College, and from J. S. Rowntree, esq., York.] A. G. RYVES, BRUNO (1596-1677), dean of Windsor, son of Thomas, and grandson of John Ryves of Damory Court, Dorset, was born in 1596, and educated at Oxford, sub- scribing as a clerk of New College in 1610. Sir Thomas Ryves [q. v.] was his first cousin. He graduated B.A. in 1616, and in the fol- lowing year became a clerk of Magdalen, proceeding M.A. 9 June 1619, B.D. 20 June 1632, and D.D. 25 June 1639. He was admitted of Gray's Inn in 1634. In the meantime he was instituted to the vicarage of Stanwell in Middlesex, where he made a name by his ' florid ' preaching (WOOD), obtaining in September 1628 the additional benefice of St. Martin-le-Vintry. About 1640 he became chaplain to Charles I. The inhabitants of Stanwell petitioned against him in July 1642, and he was forthwith deprived of his benefices, and a parliamentary preacher appointed in his stead. ' With his wife and four children and all his family he was (accord- ing to Walker) taken out of doors, all his goods seized, and all that night lay under a hedge in the wet and cold. Next day my Lord Arundel, hearing of this barbarous usage done to so pious a gentleman, sent his coach with men and horses,' and Ryves was entertained for some time at Wardour Castle. A patent of June 1646 created him dean of Chichester, but he remained in seclusion and dependent upon charity at Shafton in Dorset until after the king's death, when he made at least one journey abroad, bearing to Charles II some money which had been collected among his adherents. Upon the Restoration he petitioned for the vicarage of St. Giles's, Cripplegate ; but better preferment was in store for him. He was in July 1660 in- stalled dean of Chichester and master of the hospital there; he was also sworn chaplain- Ryves in-ordinary to the king, and appointed dean of Windsor (and Wolverhampton), being in- stalled on 3 Sept. 1660. He became scribe of the order of the Garter in the following January, and was shortly afterwards pre- sented to the rectories of Haseley, Oxon., and Acton, in Middlesex. As administrator of the charity of the poor knights of Wind- sor, he had great difficulty in dealing with the many and conflicting appeals of decayed royalists. In January 1662, upon the occasion of a great alarm caused by the prevalence of midsummer weather in midwinter, Ryves preached before the House of Commons at St. Margaret's, on Joshua vii. 12, showing how the neglect of exacting justice on offenders (by which he insinuated such of the old king's murderers as were yet reprieved and in the Tower) was a main cause of God's punishing aland ' (EVELYN, Diary, 15 Jan. : cf. PEPYS, i. 313). Being non-resident at Acton, he put in a drunken curate, whom he directed to persecute Richard Baxter. Baxter was drawing crowded audiences to his sermons in defiance of the conventicle act, by an un- popular application of which, in 1668, he was at length convicted and confined for six months. Baxter rightly attributed his mis- hap to the absentee rector, who had grown hard and sour ; even Sir Matthew Hale had no good word for him. Ryves died at Windsor on 13 July 1677, and was buried in the south aisle of St. George's Chapel, where he is commemorated by a long mural inscription in Latin. By his wife, Kate, daughter of Sir Richard Waldram, knt., of Charley, Leicestershire, he had several chil- dren. A son married Judith Tyler in 1668, and his son Bruno entered Merchant Tay- lors' School in 1709 ; a kinsman, Jerome Ryves (d. 1705), was installed dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin, in March 1699. Besides three separate sermons, Ryves was the author of ' Mercurius Rusticus ; or the Countries Complaint of the Barbarous Outrages committed by the Sectaries of this late flourishing Kingdom.' Nineteen num- bers (in opposition to which George Wither started a parliamentary ' Mercurius Rusticus ') appeared from August 1642, and the whole were republished, 1646, 1647, and 1685, with a finely engraved frontispiece, in compart- ments. The assaults upon Sir John Lucas's house, W ardour Castle, and other mansions are narrated, while a second part commences to deal with the violation of the cathedrals. From the fact of its being frequently bound up with < Mercurius Rusticus,' with the common title of ' Anglise Ruina,' the ' Querela Cantabrigiensis ' of John Barwick i Ryves [q. v.] has been erroneously attributed to Ryves (WooD, Athena, iii. 1111). Ryves assisted Walton in the business of the Lon- don tithes, and contributed to his polyglot bible (ToDD, Memoirs of Walton, i. 4, 306). A number of his letters are among the Ash- mole MSS. in the Bodleian Library (see BLOXAM, Magd. Coll. Reg. ii. 58). Both Ryves's Christian name and surname were variously spelt by his contemporaries, Brune, I Bruen, Brian, Bruno, and Reeves, Rives, Ryve, Reeve, and Ryves. An engraved portrait of the dean, from an original miniature in oil, was published in 1810 ; a second was engraved by Earlom (EVANS, Cat. of Engraved Portraits, p. 302). [Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 1110; Bloxam's Magdalen Coll. Registers, ii. 51-8 ; Hutchins's Dorset, i. 228 and iv. 96 (pedigree^ ; Le Neve's Fasti Eocles. Anglicanse; Newcourt's Eeper- torium, 1708, i. 423; Lysons's Environs of Lon- don, ii. 12 ; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, ii. 12 ; Lloyd's Memoirs, pp. 5, 6 ; Grey's Examples of Neal's Puritans, iii. App. p. 13; Baxters Addit. Notes on Sir M. Hale, 1682, p. 25 ; Baxter et 1'Angleterre religieuse de son temps, 1840, p. 249; Pote's Windsor, p. 365; j Fox- Bourne's Hist, of Newspapers, i. 13 ; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1661-2, passim ; Chalmers's Biogr. Diet.; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn); Brit. Mus. Cat.] T. S. RYVES, ELIZABETH (1750-1797), author, descended from an old Irish family connected with that of Bruno Ryves [q. v.], was born in Ireland in 1750. She owned some property, but, being cheated out of it, fell into poverty, and went to London to earn a living by her pen. She wrote poli- tical articles for newspapers, verses, plays, and learned French in order to make trans- lations ; she turned into English Rousseau's * Social Contract,' Raynal's ' Letter to the National Assembly,' and Delacroix's ' Re- view of the Constitutions of the Principal States of Europe,' 1792 ; she attempted Frois- sart, but gave it up as too difficult. For some time she is doubtfully said to have conducted the historical department of the 'Annual Register' (cf. Gent. Mag. 1795 ii. 540, 734, 1797 i. 522; and BAKER, Biogr. Dramat. i. 619). Her dramatic efforts, ' The Prude,' a comic opera in three acts (cf. ib. ii. 185), and ' The Debt of Honour,' were accepted by a thea- trical manager, but were never acted ; she re- ceived 100/. as compensation. She wrote one novel, ' The Hermit of Snowden,' said to be an account of her own life, and seven small volumes of poems. She died in poverty in April 1797 in Store Street, London. Isaac Ryves Disraeli, to whom she was personally known, expends much pity on her late (cf. Calamities of Authors, p. 95). [Webb's Irish Biography, p. 461 ; O'Dono^hue's Poets of Ireland, iii. 221; Male's Woman's Re- cord, p. 497 ; Gent. Mag 1797, i. 445.] E. L. RYVES, GEORGE FREDERICK (1758-1826), rear-adiniral, son of Thomas Ryves, of the old Dorset family, by his second wife, Anna Maria, daughter of Daniel Graham, was born on 8 Sept. 1758. He re- ceived his early education at Harrow, and in February 1774 was entered on board the Kent guardship at Plymouth. In April 1775 he joined the Portland, going out to the West Indies as flagship of Vice-admiral James Young, and shortly after arriving on the station was appointed to command the Tartar tender, carrying eight guns and a crew of thirty-three men. In her he had the fortune to capture upwards of fifty prizes, some of them privateers of superior force. In May 1778 the Portland returned to England, and in May 1779 Ryves joined the Europe, the flagship of Vice-admiral Arbuthnot, who in September appointed him acting-lieutenant of the Pacific armed ship. PI is lieutenant's commission was confirmed on 18 Nov. 1780, and in December he was appointed to the Fox on the Jamaica station. In her he returned to England in 1782, and early in 1783 he was appointed to the Grafton, which sailed for the East Indies ; but, having been dis- masted in a gale in the Bay of Biscay, was obliged to put back and, consequent on the peace, was paid off and Ryves placed on half-pay. In the armament of 1787 he was appointed first lieutenant of the Aurora frigate, and in January 1795 to the Arethusa on the coast of France. On 4 July 1795 he was promoted to the command of the Bull- dog, then in the West Indies, and went out to her as a passenger in the Colossus. On arriving at St. Lucia, in the absence of the Bulldog, Ryves volunteered for service with the seamen landed for the reduction of the island [see CHRISTIAN, SIR HUGH CLOBERRY], and rendered important assistance in the making of roads and the transporting of heavy guns. He afterwards joined the Bull- dog, in which he returned to England in September 1797. On 29 May 1798 he was advanced to post rank, and in April 1800 was appointed to the Agincourt of 64 guns, which during the summer carried the flag of Sir Charles Morice Pole [q. v.] on the Newfoundland station. In the following year the Agin- court was one of the fleet with Lord Keith on the coast of Egypt [see ELPHINSTONE, s Ryves GEORGE KEITH, VISCOUNT KEITH], and in March 1802 Ryves was sent with a small squadron to receive the cession ot Corfu. Afterwards, on intelligence that the French were preparing to seize on the island of Maddalena,he was sent thither to prevent the encroachrnenc. The intelligence proved to be incorrect ; but while waiting there Ryves carried out a survey of the roadstead, then absolutely unknown, and by his chart Nelson, in the following year, was led to make it his base, calling it, in compliment to Ryves, Agincourt Sound. In May 1803 Ryves was moved to the Gibraltar, in which he re- mained in the Mediterranean, under Nelson's command, till the summer of 1804, when the Gibraltar, being almost worn out, was sent home and paid off. In 1810 Ryves commanded the Africa, of 64 guns, in the Baltic, from which he brought home a large convoy, notwithstanding the severity of the weather and the violence of the gales. He had no further service, but became rear- admiral on 27 May 1825, and died at his seat, Shrowton House, Dorset, on 20 May 1826. Ryves was twice married : first, in 1792, to Catherine Elizabeth, third daughter of the Hon. James Everard Arundel ; and, secondly, in 1806, to Emma, daughter of Richard Robert Graham of Chelsea Hos- pital. By both wives he left issue ; five of his sons served in the navy. The eldest,. George Frederick Ryves, nominated a C.B. in 1826 for distinguished service in the first Burmese war, died, a rear-admiral, in 1858. [Marshall's Eoy. Nav. Biogr. iii. (vol. ii.) 136 ; O'Byrne's Nav. Biogr. Diet. p. 1017; Nicolas's Despatches of Lord Nelson (see Index) ; Service- book in the Public Eecord Office ; Gent. Mag. 1826, i. 640.] J. K. L. RYVES, MRS. LAVINIA JANETTA HORTON DE SERRES (1797-1871), claim- ing to be Princess of Cumberland. [See under SERRES, MRS. OLIVIA.] RYVES, SIR THOMAS (1583 ?-1652) r civilian, born about 1583, was the eighth son of John Ryves (1532-1587 ?) of Damory Court, near Blandford, Dorset, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Mervyn of Fonthill, Wiltshire. Of his brothers, George (1569-1613) was warden of New College, Oxford, and Sir William (d. 1660) was ap- pointed attorney-general for Ireland in 1619 arid judge of the king's bench in 1636-. Bruno Ryves [q. v.] was his first cousin. Thomas was admitted to Winchester School in 1590, was thence elected fellow of New College, Oxford, in 1598, and graduated B.C.L. on 7 Feb. 1604-5, and D.C.L. 21 June 1610. He also studied law in Hhe Ryves 73 Ryves best universities of France,' and the terms he spent there were allowed to count for his degree as if he had spent them in Oxford (Cal. State Papers, Ireland, 1615-25, pp. 105-7 ; Reg. Univ. Oxon. vol. ii. pt. i. p. 380). In 1611 he was admitted advocate of Doctors' Com- mon. In September 1612 Sir John Davies [q. v.], whose wife was sister to Ry ves's aunt, took Ryves with him on his return to Ireland, and in the following October procured him the reversion of the office of judge of facul- ties and the prerogative court in Ireland. Meanwhile he did the king ' good service ' during the parliament of 1613, made notable by the struggle between Davies and Sir John Everard [q. v.] for the speakership, of which Ryves wrote an account, pre- served among the state papers (Cal. State Papers, Ireland, 1611-14, pp. 354-5). On the death of Sir Daniel Donne [q. v.] in 1617, Ryves succeeded to the office of judge of faculties ; but the bishops, including Ussher, objected to his authority in ecclesi- astical matters, and demanded the appoint- ment of a prelate. Ryves defended his claims in a letter to Sir Thomas Lake ($.), but finally resigned the office, which was given to the archbishop of Dublin in 1621. Ryves now returned to England and began to practise in the admiralty court. In April 1623 he was associated with the attorney-general in the prosecution of Ad- miral Sir Henry Mervyn and Sir William St. John before the admiralty court. In the following July he was ordered to attend Arthur, lord Chichester [q. v.], in his fruit- less mission to negotiate peace in the Pala- tinate, but does not appear to have started (Cal. State Papers; Ryves to Ussher, in USSHER'S Works, ed. Elrington, xv. 201). In the same year he was appointed king's ad- vocate. In June 1626 he was sworn a master of requests extraordinary (Cal. State Papers, 1625-6, p. 362), and his activity in the admiralty courts is evidenced by nu- merous entries in the state papers from this date to the outbreak of the civil war. In 1634 he was placed on a commission to visit the churches and schools in the diocese of Canterbury. In 1636 he was made judge of the admiralty of Dover, and subsequently of the Cinque ports. His name does not occur after 1642, probably because he left his post to join the king. In spite of his advanced years he is said to have fought valiantly, and to have been several times wounded. He was knighted by Charles on 19 March 1644, and in September 1648 was employed on the king's behalf to negotiate with the parliament. He died on 2 Jan. 1651-2, and was buried on the 5th in St. Clement Danes Church, London. He married a lady named Waldram, but left no issue. Ryves was an able civilian, and his works evince considerable learning ; but Archbishop Ussher had no high opinion of his gratitude or honesty (UssHEE, Letters, ed. Parr, 1686, p. 335). His works are : 1 . ' The Poore Vicars Plea,' London, 1620, 4to ; it deals with the clergy of Ireland, and vindicates their claims to tithes, notwithstanding impropriations ; another edition was printed by Sir Henry Spelman in 1704. 2. ' Regiminis Anglican! in Hibernia Defensio adversus Analecten (by David Rothe [q. v.]),' London, 1624, 4to ; it seeks to exculpate James I from the charges of tyranny and oppression in Ireland, of de- basing the coin, and restraining freedom of speech in parliament ; it maintains the royal against papal supremacy in the church, and concludes with an eloquent vindication of Chichester's administration. 3. ' Impera- toris Justiniani Defensio adversus Aleman- num,' London, 1626, 12mo ; another edition appeared at Frankfort in 1628, 8vo. 4. ' His- toria Navalis, lib. i.,' London, 1629, 8vo; begins with Noah, and deals with ancient naval history down to the sixth century B.C. ; no more of this edition was published, and this volume was included in 5. 'Historia Navalis Antiqua, lib. iv.,' London, 1633, 8vo, which goes down to the establishment of the Roman empire. 6. ' Historia Navalis Media, lib. iii.,' London, 1640, 8vo ; carries on the history to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Many of Ry ves's letters are preserved among the state papers ; two to Camden are printed in Smith's 'Camdeni Epistolse/ 1691, pp. 236, 257, and seven to Ussher in Elrington's ( Works of Ussher.' In the last two he speaks of having translated some of Ussher's works, but these translations do not seem to have been published. [Authorities cited; Works in Brit. Mus. Libr. ; Cal. State Papers, Domestic and Irish ; Lascelles's Liber Mun. Hib. ; Hutchins's Dorset, i. 228, iv. 96 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. iii. 304-6 ; Ware's Ireland, ii. 339-40 ; Laud's Works, iv. 126, 129, 130, v. 132; Reg. Univ. Oxon. vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 120, 186, 380, pt. iii. p. 260; Kirby's Winches- ter Scholars; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Coote's Civilians, p. 70; Fuller's Worthies, i. 315 ; Gent. Mag. 1813.. ii. 22-3.] A. F. P. Sabie 74 Sabine s SABIE, FRANCIS (/. 1595), poetaster, was a schoolmaster at Lichfield in 1587 (ARBER, Stationers' Registers, ii. 146). He published three volumes of verse two in 1595, and one in 1596. His earliest publica- tion, in two parts, was entitled ' The Fisher- mans Tale : Of the famous Actes, Life, and Loue of Cassander, a Grecian Knight/ 1595. The second part bears the heading ' Flora's Fortune. The second part and finishing of the Fisher-mans Tale.' The poem, which was licensed for publication to Richard Jones on 11 Nov. 1594, is a paraphrase in monotonous blank verse of 'Pandosto, the Triumph of Time,' afterwards renamed 'Dorastus and Fawnia,' a romance by Robert Greene (1560 ?- 1592) [q.v.] A reprint from a Bodleian manu- script, limited to ten copies, was issued by James Orchard Halliwell (afterwards Halli- well-Phillipps) [q. v.] in 1867. Later in 1595 there appeared ' Pan's Pipe, Three Pastorall Eglogues in English Hexameter, with other poetical verses delightfull.' The publisher was Richard Jones, who obtained a license for the publication on 11 Jan. 1594-5 (ARBER, ii. 668). The prose epistle ( To all youthful Gentlemen, Apprentises, fauourers of the diuine Arte of sense-delighting Poesie,' is signed F. S. The hexameters run satisfactorily. In his third volume, which contains three separate works, Sabie showed for the first time his capacity in rhyme. The book was entitled ' Adams Complaint. The Olde Worldes Tragedie. Dauid and Bathsheba,' London, by Richard Jones, 1596, 4to. These poems, which are in rhyming stanzas (each consisting of three heroic couplets), versify scripture. ' The Olde Worldes Tragedie' is the story of the flood. The volume is dedicated to Dr. Howland, bishop of Peterborough. Copies of Sabie's three books all extremely rare are in the British Museum and at Brit- well. The British Museum copies of ' The Fisher-mans Tale ' and ' Flora's Fortune,' which are in fine condition, were acquired from Sir Charles Isham's collection in 1894 (Times, 31 Aug. 1895; Bibliographica. iii. 418-29). Sabie's son Edmond was apprenticed to Robert Cullen, a London stationer, 12 June 1587 (ARBER, ii. 146), and was admitted a freeman on 5 Aug. 1594. [Collier's Bibl. Cat. ii. 2, 305-7 sq. ; Collier's Poet. Decameron, i. 137-41 ; information kindly supplied by E. E. Graves, esq.] S. L. SABINE, SIR EDWARD (1788-1883), general, royal artillery, and president of the Royal Society, fifth son and ninth child of Joseph Sabine, esq., of Tewin, Hertfordshire, and of Sarah (who died within a month of her son's birth), daughter of Rowland Hunt, esq., of Boreatton Park, Shropshire, was born in Great Britain Street, Dublin, on 14 Oct. 1788. Sir Edward's great-grandfather was General Joseph Sabine (1662 P-1739) [q. v.], and Joseph Sabine (1770-1813) [q. v.] was his brother. Sabine was educated at Marlow and at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, which he entered on 25 Jan. 1803. He re- ceived a commission as second lieutenant in the royal artillery on 22 Dec. of the same year, and was stationed at Woolwich. He was promoted to be first lieutenant on 20 July 1804, and on 11 Nov. sailed for Gibraltar, where he remained until August 1806. On his return to England on 1 Sept. he was posted to the royal horse artillery, in which he served at various home stations until the end of 1812. He was promoted to be second captain on 24 Jan. 1813, and on 9 May sailed for Canada from Falmouth in the packet Manchester. When eight days out she was attacked by the Yorktown, an American privateer, but, carrying some light guns and carronades, was able to maintain a running fight for twenty hours, after which an hour's close engagement compelled her to strike her colours. Sabine and his soldier- servant were of great service in working the guns. On 18 July the Manchester was re- captured by the British frigate Maidstone, and Sabine was landed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, whence he proceeded to Quebec. In the winter of 1813-14 there was an advance of American militia on Quebec, and Sabine was directed to garrison a small out- post. He served during August and September 1814 in the Niagara frontier (Upper Canada) campaign under Lieutenant-general Gordon Drummond, was present at the siege of Fort Erie, took part in the assault on that fort on 15 Aug., when the British lost twenty- seven officers and 326 men, and was engaged in the action of 17 Sept. against a sortie, when the British loss was twenty officers and 270 men, was twice favourably men- tioned in despatches, and was privileged to wear the word ' Niagara ' on his dress and appointments. He returned home on 12 Aug. Sabine 75 Sabine 1816, and devoted himself to his favourite studies astronomy, terrestrial magnetism, and ornithology under the supervision of his brother-in-law, Henry Browne, F.R.S., at whose house (2 Portland Place, London) he met Captain Henry Kater, F.R.S., and other kindred spirits. Sabine was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1818, and the same year, on the recommendation of the president and council, he was appointed astronomer to the arctic expedition in search of a north-west passage, which sailed in the Isabella under Commander (afterwards Sir) John Ross (1777-1856) [q.v.] and was absent from May to November. His report on the biological results of the expe- dition appeared in the ' Transactions of the Linnean Society,' vol. xii., and embraced twenty-four species of birds from Greenland, of which four were new to the list, and one, the Larus Sabiiii, entirely new. He further contributed an account of the Esquimaux of the west coast of Greenland to the ' Quar- terly Journal of Science,' 1819. Sabine accompanied, in a similar capacity, a second arctic expedition in 1819, which sailed in the Hecla under Lieutenant-com- mander (afterwards Sir) Edward Parry [q.v.], and was away from May 1819 until No- vember 1 820. He tabulated all the observa- tions, and arranged nearly all the appendix of Parry's journal, and Parry warmly acknow- ledged his valuable assistance throughout the expedition. During the tedious stay for the winter months inWinter Harbour, when the sun was ninety-six days below the horizon, Sabine edited a weekly journal for the amusement of the party, which was en- titled 'The North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle,' and extended to twenty- one numbers. In 1821 he received the Copley medal of the Royal Society for various com- munications relating to his researches during the arctic expedition. Sabine was next selected to conduct a series of experiments for determining the variation in different latitudes in the length of the pendulum vibrating seconds, with a view to ascertain the true figure of the earth, a subject which had engaged his at- tention in the first arctic voyage. He sailed in the Pheasant on 12 Nov. 1821, and re- turned on 5 Jan. 1823, having visited St. Thomas (Gulf of Guinea), Maranham, Ascen- sion, Sierra Leone, Trinidad, Bahia, and Jamaica. On 1 May 1823 he sailed in the Griper on the same duty, returningon 19 Dec., having visited New York, Trondhjem, Ham- merfest, Greenland, and Spitzbergen. Sabine's observations of the magnetic in- clination and force at St. Thomas in 1822 I were the first made on that island. Utilised | as a base of comparison with later observa- tions of the Portuguese, they are important as showing the remarkable secular change which was in progress during the interval. The account of Sabine's pendulum experi- ments, printed in a quarto volume by the board of longitude in 1825, is an enduring monument of his indefatigable industry, his spirit of inquiry, and wide range of observa- tion. The work was honoured by the award to him of the Lalande gold medal of the Institute of France in 1826. In 1825 Sabine was appointed a joint com- missioner with Sir John Herschel to act with a French government commission in determining the precise difference of longi- tude between the observatories of Paris and Greenwich by means of rocket-signals. The difference of longitude thus found was nine minutes 21'6 seconds. The accepted dif- ference at the present time, by electric sig- nalling, is nine minutes twenty-one seconds. On 31 Dec. 1827 Sabine was promoted first captain, and having obtained from the Duke of Wellington, then master-general of the ordnance, general leave of absence so long as he was not required for military service, and on the understanding that he was use- fully employed in scientific pursuits, he acted until 1829 as one of the secretaries of the Royal Society. In 1827 and the two folio wing years Sabine j made experiments to determine the relative lengths of the seconds pendulum in Paris, London, Greenwich, and Altona, and he afterwards determined the absolute length at Greenwich. On the abolition of the board of longitude in 1828, it was arranged that three scientific advisers of the admiralty should be nominated, the selection being limited to the council of the Royal Society. Sabine, Faraday, and Young were appointed. Sabine's appointment was violently attacked by Charles Babbage in a pamphlet generally denouncing the Royal Society, entitled l Re- flections on the Decline of Science in Eng- land, and on some of its Causes ' (1830). Sabine did not answer Babbage's unmannerly attack, but contented himself with inserting in the ' Philosophical Magazine ' for 1830 an explanation on one point upon which par- ticular stress had been laid. The condition of Ireland in 1830 necessi- tated an increased military establishment, and Sabine was recalled to military duty in that country, where he served for seven years. During this time he continued his pendulum investigations, and in 1834 com- menced, in conjunction with Professor Hum- phrey Lloyd, afterwards provost of Trinity Sabine 76 Sabine College, Dublin, and Captain (afterwards Sir) James Clark Ross [q.v.], the first sys- tematic magnetic survey ever made of the British Islands. He extended it single- handed to Scotland in 1836, and in con- junction with Lloyd, Ross, and additional observers, in the following year to England. With the exception of the mathematical section of the Irish report, which was Pro- fessor Lloyd's, the reports published by the British Association were mainly Sabine's, as was also a very large share of the obser- vations, more particularly the laborious task of combining them, by equations of con- dition, to obtain the most probable mean results. Sabine was promoted to be brevet-major on 10 Jan. 1837, and did duty at Woolwich. On 22 April 1836 Humboldt wrote to the Duke of Sussex, president of the Royal So- ciety, in reference to a conversation he had recently held in Berlin with Sabine and Lloyd, and urged the establishment through- out the British empire of regular magnetic stations similar to those which, mainly by his influence, had been for some time in ope- ration in Northern Asia. The proposal was reported upon by Mr. (afterwards Sir) George Airey, astronomer royal, and Mr. Samuel Hunter Christie [q. v.] (see Royal Soc. Proc. vol. iii.) A committee on mathematics and physics, appointed in May, of which Sabine, Lloyd, and Lieutenant (afterwards Sir) Wil- liam Thomas Denison [q. v.] were prominent members, worked out the details, and to- wards the end of the year a definite official representation was made to government to establish magnetic observatories at selected stations in both hemispheres, and to despatch a naval expedition to the South Antarctic regions to make a magnetical survey of them. In the spring of 1839 the scheme was ap- proved by the government. The fixed observatories were to be esta- blished at Toronto in Canada, St. Helena, and the Cape of Good Hope, and at stations to be determined by the East India Company, while other nations were invited to co- operate. Sabine was appointed to superin- tend the whole, and the observatories began their work in 1840. Sabine's first publica- tion of results was a quarto volume in 1843 of ' Observations on Days of Unusual Mag- netic Disturbance,' which was followed by a second volume on the same subject in 1851. The subsequent publications, which were en- tirely edited by Sabine, who wrote an intro- duction to each volume, were : Toronto, 1842- 1847, in 3 vols., dated 1845, 1853, and 1857 respectively (observations were carried on from 1848 to 1853, but were not printed) ; St. Helena, 1843-9, in 2 vols., dated 1850 and 1860 ; Cape of Good Hope, the magnetic observations to 1846, 1 vol., dated 1851, and the meteorological to 1848, 1 vol., dated 1880 ; Hobart Town, Tasmania, to 1842, in 3 vols., dated 1850, 1852, and 1853 respec- tively. To enable Sabine to cope with the work, a small clerical staff was maintained by the war office at Woolwich for about twenty years. In 1839 Sabine was appointed general secretary of the British Association, a la- borious office which he held for twenty years, with the single exception of 1852, when he occupied the presidential chair at Belfast. In 1840 he commenced the series of l Con- tributions to Terrestrial Magnetism,' which comprised fifteen papers in the ( Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,' spread over thirty-six years. This gigantic work was a survey of the general distribution of magnetism over the globe at this epoch. In it is to be found every observation of any authority taken by sea or land since 1818 or thereabouts, arranged in zones of 5 and 10 of latitude, and taken in the order of longi- tude eastwards from Greenwich round the globe. Illustrative maps were prepared for it in the hydrographical department of the admiralty, under the supervision of Captain (afterwards Rear-admiral Sir) Frederick Evans, R.N. Several of the numbers ap- peared after Sabine had lost the aid of his staff of clerks at Woolwich. Numbers 11, 13, 14, and 15 contain a complete statement of the magnetic survey of the globe, in the double form of catalogue or tables and of magnetic maps. On 25 Jan. 1841 Sabine was promoted to be regimental lieutenant-colonel. On 1 Dec. 1845 he was elected foreign secretary of the Royal Society. In 1849 he was awarded one of the gold medals of the society for his papers on terrestrial magnetism. On 30 Nov. 1850 he was elected treasurer to the society. On 11 Nov. of the following year he was fromoted to be regimental colonel, and on 4 June 1856 major-general. Between 1858 and 1861, at the request of the British Asso- ciation, he undertook to repeat the magnetic survey of the British Isles. Dr. Lloyd was again his coadjutor, and, as before, Sabine reduced and reported the results relating to the elements of dip and force, Evans dealing with the declination. In 1859 he edited the * Letters of Colonel Sir Augustus Eraser, K.C.B., commanding the Royal Horse Artil- lery in the Army under the Duke of Wel- lington, written during the Peninsular and Waterloo Campaigns.' Sabine was elected president of the Royal Sabine 77 Sabine Society in 1861, and held the office until his resignation in 1871. In 1864 he moved the government of India to undertake at various stations of the great trigonometrical survey, from the sea-level at Cape Cormorin to the lofty tablelands of the Himalayas, the series of pendulum observations which have thrown so much light on the constitution of the earth's crust and local variations of gravity. On 9 Feb. 1865 Sabine was made a colonel- commandant of the royal artillery, and on 20 Sept. of the same year was promoted to be lieutenant-general. In 1869 he was made a civil knight-commander of the Bath, and on 7 Feb. 1870 was promoted to be general. In 1876 his scientific activity came to an end, and he retired from the army on full pay on 1 Oct. 1877. During his later years his mental faculties failed. He died at Rich- mond on 26 June 1883, and was buried in the family vault at Tewin, Hertfordshire, beside the remains of his wife. Sabine was created D.C.L. of Oxford on 20 June 1855, and LL.D. of Cambridge. He was a fellow of the Linnean and the Royal Astronomical societies and many other learned bodies. He held the foreign orders of Pour le Me"rite of Prussia, SS. Maurice and Lazarus of Italy, and the Rose of Brazil. He contributed more than one hundred papers to the * Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,' besides many others to the ' Philo- sophical Magazine,' ' Journal of Science,' and kindred publications (see Royal Society's Cat. of Scientific Papers). His scientific capacity was combined with an attractive personality. His grace of manner and invincible cheerful- ness rendered him universally popular. There is an oil portrait of Sabine by S. Pearce in the rooms of the Royal Society, presented by Lady Sabine in 1866. There is also a marble bust of him by J. Durham, presented by P. J. Gassiot, esq., F.R.S., in 1860. In the mess-room of the royal artil- lery at Woolwich there is a portrait of him by G. F. Watts, R.A., dated 1876. Sabine married, in 1826, Elizabeth Juliana (1807-1879), daughter of William Leeves, esq., of Tortington, Sussex. She was an accomplished woman, who aided him for more than half a century in his scientific investi- gations. Her translation of Humboldt's ' Cosmos,' in four volumes, was published 1849-58. She also translated ' The Aspects of Nature ' (1819, 2 vols.) by the same author, Arago's meteorological essays, and 'Narra- tive of an Expedition to the Polar Sea '(1840; 2nd ed. 1844) commanded by Admiral Fer- dinand von Wrangel, which were published under the sup3rintendence of her husband. There was no issue of the marriage. Sabine's only surviving nephew on the male side was Admiral Sir Thomas Sabine-Pasley [q. v.] The following is a list of some of the more important of Sabine's contributions to the Royal Society 'Philosophical Transac- tions ' that have not been mentioned: 1. ' Ir- regularities observed in the Direction of the Compass Needles of H.M.S. Isabella and Alexander in their late Voyage of Discovery, and caused by the Attraction of the Iron con- tained in the Ships,' 1819. 2. ' On the Dip and Variation of the Magnetic Needle, and on the Intensity of the Magnetic Fprce, made during the late Voyage in search of a North- West Passage,' 1819. 3. ' An Account of Experiments to determine the Accelera- tion of the Pendulum in different Latitudes,' 1821. 4. ' On the Temperature at consider- able Depths of the Caribbean Sea/ 1823. 5. ' A Comparison of Barometrical Measure- ment with the Trigonometrical Determina- tion of a Height at Spitsbergen,' 1826. 6. ' Experiments to determine the Difference in the Number of Vibrations made by an In- ! variable Pendulum in the Royal Observatory at Greenwich and in the House in London in which Captain Kater's Experiments were made,' 1829. 7. 'Experiments to ascertain the Ratio of the Magnetic Forces acting on a Needle suspended horizontally in Paris and London,' 1828. 8. ' Experiments to de- termine the Difference in the Length of the Seconds Pendulum in London and Paris,' i 1828. 9. ' An Account of Experiments to : determine the Amount of the Dip of the ' Magnetic Needle in London in August 1821, ' with Remarks on the Instruments which are i usually employed in such Determinations,' I 1822, being the Bakerian lecture. 10. ' On i the Dip of the Magnetic Needle in London ! in August 1828 = 1829.' 11. ' On the Reduc- i tion to a Vacuum of the Vibration of an In- j variable Pendulum,' 1829. 12. ' Experiments I to determine the Difference in the Number of Vibrations made by an Invariable Pen- 1 dulum in the Royal Observatories, Green- j wich and Altona/ 1830. 13. ' Experiments j on the Length of the Seconds Pendulum, made at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,' 1831. 14. 'Report on a Paper by the late Mr. Douglas, entitled " Observations taken on the Western Coast of North America,"' 1837. 15. ' On Magnetical Observations in Germany, Norway, and Russia,' 1840. 16. ' On the Lunar Atmospheric Tide at St. Helena,' 1847. 17. 'On the Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic Declination of St. Helena,' 1847. 18. 'On the Means adopted in the British Colonial Magnetic Observatories for deter- mining the Absolute Values, Secular Changes, and Annual Variation of the Magnetic Force,' Sabine Sabine 1850. 19. 'On the Annual Variation of the Mag- netic Declination at different periods of the day,' 1851. 20. 'On Periodical Laws discover- able in the Mean Effect of the larger Magnetic Disturbances,' 1851 and 1852. 21. 'On the Periodic and Non-periodic Variations of Tem- perature at Toronto in Canada from 1841 to 1852 inclusive,' 1853. 22. 'On the Influence of the Moon on the Magnetic Direction at Toronto, St. Helena, and Hobarton,' 1853. 23. ' On some Conclusions derived from the Observations of the Magnetic Declination at the Observatory of St. Helena,' 1854. 24. ' Reply (drawn up by Sabine) of the President and Council of the Royal Society to an Application of the Lords of the Com- mittee of Privy Council for Trade on the Subject of Marine Meteorological Observa- tion,' 1855. 25. ' On the Lunar Diurnal Mag- netic Variation at Toronto,' 1856. 26. ' On the Evidence of the Existence of the De- cennial Inequality in the Solar Diurnal Variations and its Non-existence in the Lunar Diurnal Variations of the Magnetic Declina- tion at Hobarton,' 1856. 27. 'On what the Co- lonial Magnetic Observations have accom- plished,' 1857. 28. ' On the Solar Magnetic Variation of the Magnetic Declination at Pekin,' 1860. 29. ' On the Laws of the Phenomena of the Larger Disturbances of the Magnetic Declination in the Kew Ob- servatory, with Notices of the Progress of our Knowledge regarding the Magnetic Storms,' 1860. 30. ' On the Lunar Diurnal Variation of the Magnetic Declination ob- tained from the Kew Photograms in the years 1858-60/1861 31. 'On the Secular Change in the Magnetic Dip in London be- tween the years' 1821 and I860,' 1861. 32. ' Results of the Magnetic Observations at the Kew Observatory from 1858 to 1862,' 1863. 33. 'A Comparison of the most notable Disturbance of the Magnetic Decli- nation in 1858-9 at Kew and Nertschinsk, with Retrospective View of the Progress of the Investigation into the Laws and Causes of the Magnetic Disturbances,' 1864. 34 'Re- sults of Hourly Observations of the Mag- netic Declination made by Sir F. L. McClin- tock, R.N., at Port Kennedy in the Arctic Sea in 1858-9, and a Comparison of them with those of Captain Maguire, R.N., in the Plover in 1852-4 at Point Barrow,' 1864. 35. ' Re- sults of the Magnetic Observations at the Kew Observatory of the Lunar Diurnal Varia- tion of the three Magnetic Elements,' 1866. 36. ' Results of the First Year's Performance of the Photographically Self-Recording Me- teorological Instruments at the Central Ob- servatory of the British System of Meteoro- logical Observations,' 1869. 37. ' Analysis of the principal Disturbances shown by the Horizontal and Vertical Force Magnetometers of the Kew Observatory from 1859 to 1864/ 1871. Sabine also published a work ' On the Cos- mical Features of Terrestrial Magnetism/ London, 8vo, 1862. [Royal Artillery Eecords ; War Office Eecords ; Despatches ; Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution, vol. xii. pp. 381-396 ; Phil. Trans, and Proc. of the Royal Soc. from 1818 to 1876, vol. li. p. xliii of Proc. (esp.)] R. H. V. SABINE, JOSEPH (1662 P-1739), gene- ral, born about 1662, came of a family settled at Patricksbourne in Kent ; his grandfather, Avery Sabine, was an alderman of Canter- bury. Joseph was appointed captain lieu- tenant to Sir Henry Ingoldsby's regiment of foot on 8 March 1689, captain of the grena- dier company before 18 Oct. 1689, major of the late Col. Charles Herbert's regiment on 13 July 1691, and lieutenant colonel on 6 July 1695. He obtained the brevet rank of colonel on 1 Jan. 1 703. He took part in William Ill's campaigns in the Low Countries, and after- wards served during with the 23rd or royal Welsh fusiliers in the war of the Spanish suc- cession. He was wounded on 2 July 1704 at the battle of Schellenberg, and on 1 April fol- lowing became colonel of his regiment. He took part in the battle of Ramillies, being stationed with the fusiliers on the right of the English line. On 1 Jan. 1707 he was pro- moted to the rank of brigadier-general. At the battle of Oudenarde on 11 July 1708 he led the attack on the village of Heynam, and afterwards he took part in the siege of Lille. On 1 Jan. 1710 he was appointed major- general, and three years later, on the con- clusion of peace, returned with his regiment to England. In 1715 he purchased the estate of Tewin in Hertfordshire, and rebuilt the house in the following year. In 1727 he re- presented the borough of Berwick-on-Tweed in parliament, and on 4 March of that year he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant- general. After being appointed general on 2 July 1730, he was nominated governor of Gibraltar, where he died on 24 Oct. 1739. He was buried in Tewin church. Sabine was twice married : his first wife was Hester, daughter of Henry Whitfield of Bishop Stortford in Hertfordshire. His second wife was Margaretta (1682-1750), youngest daughter of Charles Newsham of Chadshunt in Warwickshire ; by her he had five children, of whom Joseph, a captain in the Welsh fusiliers, was killed at Fontenoy. Sabine's portrait was painted by Kneller in 1711, and engraved by Faber in 1742. Sabine 79 Sabran [Granger's Biogr. Hist. ed. Noble, iii. 220 5 Dalton's Army Lists, iii. 78; Clutterbuck's Hist, of Hertfordshire, ii. 224, 229, iii. 190 ; Marlborough Despatches, ed. Murray, iii. 689, iv. 609, v. 20, 41, 531 ; Cannon's Hist. Record of the Twenty-Third Regiment, passim.] E. I. C. SABINE, JOSEPH (1770-1837), writer on horticulture, eldest son of Joseph Sabine of Tewin, Hertfordshire, and brother of Sir Edward Sabine [q. v.], was born at Tewin in 1770. He was educated for the bar, and practised until 1808, when he was made I inspector-general of assessed taxes, a post which he retained until his retirement in 1835. Sabine was chosen one of the original fellows of the Linnean Society in 1798, was elected fellow of the Royal Society on 7 Nov. 1779, and in 1810 succeeded Richard Anthony Salisbury [q. v.] as honorary secretary of the Horticultural Society. He found the society's accounts in the greatest confusion, and for his success in the work of reorganisation was awarded the society's gold medal in 1816. He took a leading part in the establishment of the society's garden, first at Hammersmith and afterwards at Chiswick ; in sending out David Douglas [q.v.] and others as collectors; in starting local societies in connection with the Royal Horticultural Society ; in growing fine varieties of fruit; and in distributing new and improved varieties of flowers, fruits, and vegetables throughout the country. To the ' Transactions ' of the society (vols. i.- vii.) he contributed in all forty papers, deal- ing among other subjects with paeonies, passion flowers, magnolias, dahlias, roses, chrysanthemums, crocuses, and tomatoes. His management of the society's affairs, which he ruled despotically, subsequently became unsatisfactory. A too sanguine view of its future led him to incur debts of more than eighteen thousand pounds. In 1830 a committee of inquiry was appointed, a vote of censure was threatened, and he resigned. He afterwards took an active part in the work of the Zoological Society, of which he was treasurer and vice-president, add- ing many animals to their collection. He was a recognised authority on British birds, their moulting, migration, and habits. He died in Mill Street, Hanover Square, London, on 24 Jan. 1837, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery on 1 Feb. There is a litho- graph of him after a portrait by Eddis, and his name was commemorated by DeCandolle in the leguminous genus Sabinea. He contributed a list of plants to Clutter- buck's < History of Hertfordshire ' (1815), a zoological appendix to Sir John Franklin's ' Narrative ' (1823), and four papers to the * Transactions of the Linnean Society,' vols. xii-xiv. (181 8-24), one dealing with a species of gull from Greenland, and another with North American marmots. [Gent. Mag. 1837, i. 435-5; Royal Society's Catalogue of Papers, v. 354-5 ; Britten and Boulger's Biogr. Index of British Botanists, and the authorities there cited.] Gr. S. B. SABRAN, LEWIS (1652-1732), Jesuit, was the son of the Marquis de Sabran, of the Saint-Elzear family, of the first nobility of Provence. His father was for many years resident ambassador to the court of St. James's, and married an English lady. Lewis was born at Paris on 1 March 1652, and educated in the college of the English Jesuits at St. Omer. He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Watten on 17 Sept. 1670, and was admitted to the profession of the four solemn vows on 2 Feb. 1688. On the accession of James II he was appointed one of the royal chaplains at St. James's Palace, and on the birth of the Prince of Wales on 10 June 1688 became the prince's chaplain. At the outbreak of the revolution he was ordered (November 1688) to proceed to Portsmouth in charge of the royal infant, but was afterwards directed to return to the metropolis. In endeavouring to escape to the continent, disguised as a gentleman in the suite of the Polish ambassador, he fell into the hands of a furious mob, was brutally treated, and committed to prison. He was soon liberated, and escaped to Dunkirk. He was appointed visitor of the province of Naples, and subsequently of the English province. On 23 June 1693 he was chosen at the triennial meeting of the province at Watten as the procurator to be sent to Rome. In 1699 the prince-bishop of Liege, by leave of the father-general of the order, constituted him president of the episcopal seminary in that city (FoLEY, Records, v. 294 ; DE BACKER, Eibl. des Ecrivains de la Compaffnie de Jesus, 1872, ii. 746). He held the office till 1708, when he was declared provincial of the English province. In 1712 Sabran was appointed rector of the college at St. Omer, and in 1715 spiritual father at the English College, Rome. He died in Rome on 22 Jan. 1731-2. Of two separately issued sermons by Sa- bran, published in 1687, one (on 2 Tim. iv. 7) ' preached before the King at Chester on August 28, being the Feast of Saint Augus- tin,' raised a heated controversy concerning the doctrine of the invocation of saints, in which Edward Gee [q. v.J was Sabran's chief antagonist. Sabran replied to Gee's first attack in ' A Letter to a Peer of the Church of England,' London, 1687, 4to ; to his second Sacheverell Sacheverell in his ' Reply ; ' to his third in ' The Challenge of R.F. Lewis Sabran of the Society of Jesus, made out against the Historical Discourse [by Gee] concerning Invocation of Saints. The First Part,' London, 1688, 4to. A manu- script copy of the last pamphlet is among the printed books in the British Museum (T. 1883/12). Gee replied to this in 1688 ; and another reply by Titus Gates appeared in 1689. Sabran answered Gee's attack in < A Letter to Dr. William Needham,' 1688, 4to, which elicited from Gee an anonymous ' Letter to the Superiours (whether Bishops or Priests) . . . concerning Lewis Sabran, a Jesuit,' London, 1688, 4to. ,, Sabran is also credited with ' Dr. Sherlock sifted from his Bran and Chaff' (London, 1687, 4to) and ' An Answer to Dr. Sherlock's Preservative against Popery ' (anon.), Lon- don, 1688, 4to. When William Giles, < a Protestant footman,' published a reply to the latter, Sabran retorted in ' Dr. Sherlock's Preservative considered,' 1688, 4to. Sher- lock published ' A Vindication ... in answer to the cavils of Lewis Sabran,' 1688. [De Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Com- pagnie de Jesus, 1876, iii. 449 ; Dodd's Church Hist, iii. 493; Foley's Records, v. 291, 1004, 1005, vii. 676 ; Halkett and Laing's Diet, of Anon. Lit. i. 1 1 5 ; Jones's Popery Tracts, pp. 146, 147, 408-11, 458, 484; Oliver's Jesuit Collec- tions, p. 183 ; Cat. of Library of Trinity Coll. Dublin.] T. C. SACHEVERELL, HENRY (1674?- 1724), political preacher, son of Joshua Sacheverell, rector of St. Peter's Church, Marlboro ugh, Wiltshire, was born in or about 1674, for he was fifteen when he matricu- lated at Oxford in 1689. He claimed to be connected with the Sacheverells of New Hall, Warwickshire, and of Morley, Derbyshire, and his claim was admitted by some of them, but the connection has not been made out. It is fairly certain that he was descended from a family formerly called Cheverell that held the manor of East Stoke, Dorset, from the reign of Edward IV until the manor was sold by Christopher Cheverell in or about 1596. John Sacheverell, rector of East Stoke and Langtori-Matravers in the same county, who died in 1651, left three sons, John, Timothy, and Philologus, all of whom were nonconformist ministers and were ejected in 1662. At the time of his ejection John ministered at Wincanton, Somerset. He had an estate of 60/. a year, which came to him by his third wife, but it went to her two daughters by a former husband, and this probably accounts for the fact that his eldest son Joshua, of St. John's College, Oxford, who graduated B.A. in 1667, and was the father of Henry, was in poor circumstances. The story that he was disinherited by his father for attachment to the church must be regarded with suspicion, especially as it is also said that his father left him his books (HuxCHiNS, History of Dorsetshire, i. 413, 423-4, 3rded. ; CALAMY, Memorials, iii. 222-4, ed. Palmer ; GLOVER, History of Derbyshire, I. ii. 220). As his father was poor and had other chil- dren, of whom two sons besides Henry and two daughters are mentioned, and Thomas and Susannah known by name, Sacheverell was adopted by his godfather, Ed ward Hearst, an apothecary, who sent him to Marlborough grammar school. After Hearst's death his widow Katherine, who resided at Wan- borough, Wiltshire, provided for the lad, and sent him to Magdalen College, Oxford (28 Aug. 1689), where he was chosen demy (BLOXAM). It is believed that he was the ( H.S. 7 to whom, as his friend and chamber- fellow, Addison dedicated a poem in 1694. He himself wrote some verses, translations from the Georgics, and Latin verses in ' Musae Anglicanae ' (vol. ii.) on the death of Queen Mary. On 31 Jan. 1693 he was reproved by the college authorities for contemptuous be- haviour towards the dean of arts, but it is evident that his conduct was generally good. He graduated B.A. on 30 June, pro- ceeded M.A. on 16 May 1695, was elected fellow in 1701, was pro-proctor in 1703, was admitted B.D. on 27 Jan. 1707, and created D.D. on 1 July 1708, in which year he was senior dean of arts in his college ; he was bursar in 1709. He was incorporated at Cambridge in 1714. He took several pupils, and seems to have held the living of Can- nock, Staffordshire. Both in pamphlets and sermons he advocated the high-church and tory cause, and violently abused dissenters, low churchmen, latitudinarians, and whigs. He aired his predilections in 'Character of a Low Churchman,' 4to, 1701, and another pamphlet ' On the Association of ... Mode- rate Churchmen with Whigs and Fanatics,' 4to, 3rd ed. 1702, and he joined Edmund Perkes, of Corpus Christi College, in writing 1 The Rights of the Church of England,' 4to, 1705. Not less violent than his pamphlets, his sermons on political and ecclesiastical matters attracted special attention owing to his striking appearance and energetic de- livery. Some of them, preached before the university of Oxford, were published, and one of these, preached on 2 June 1702, was among the publications that called forth Defoe's ' Shortest Way with the Dissenters,' and is referred to in his l Hymn to the Pillory.' He was elected chaplain of St. Saviour's, South- wark, in 1705. Sacheverell 81 Sacheverell On 15 Aug. 1709, when George Sacheverell, whom he claimed as a relative, was high sheriff of Derbyshire, Sacheverell preached the assize sermon at Derby on the ' com- munication of sin,' from 1 Tim. v. 22. This was published (4to, 1 709) with a dedication to the high sheriff and the grand jury. On 5 Nov. following Sacheverell preached at St. Paul's before the lord mayor, Sir Samuel ! Garrard [q. v.], and aldermen on ' the perils of false brethren in church and state,' from 2 Cor. xi. 26, this sermon, with some additions and alterations, being virtually identical with one preached at St. Mary's, Oxford, from the same text on 23 Dec. 1705. The Oxford sermon had excited Hearne's admiration by the boldness with which the preacher exposed the danger of the church from ' the fanatics and other false brethren,' in spite of the re- solution passed the same month by both houses of parliament that the church was ' in a nourishing condition,' and that whoever seditiously insinuated the contrary should be proceeded against as l an enemy to the queen, the church, and the kingdom.' Both the assize and the St. Paul's sermons are extremely violent in language. In the latter especially (November 1709), Sacheverell spoke strongly in favour of the doctrine of non-resistance, declared that the church was in danger from toleration, occasional con- formity, and schism, openly attacked the bishop of Salisbury [see BTIKNET, GILBERT], and pointed at the whig ministers as the false j friends and real enemies of the church, calling \ such, as he described them to be, * wiley } Volpones ' (p. 22), in obvious reference to the nickname of the lord treasurer, Sidney Godolphin, first earl of Godolphin [q. v.] The proposal that the St. Paul's sermon should be printed was rejected by the court of alder- men, but it was nevertheless published (4to, 1709) with a dedication to the lord mayor, who, in spite of his subsequent denial, was generally believed to have encouraged its publication, and was declared by Sacheverell to have done so. On 13 Dec. John Dolben 1710) [q. v.] called the attention of thf House of Commons to both sermons, and they were declared by the house to be * malicious, scandalous, and seditious libels, highly reflecting upon Her Majesty and her iH'iit, the late happy revolution, and the protestant succession.' The next day Sju'li.'verell and the printer of the sermons, Ht-nry Clements, appeared at the bar of the and Sacheverell owned the sermons. < 'lenient* was let go, but the house ordered that Stu-iu'ViMvll should be impeached for high crimes and misdemeanours, and he was committed to the custody of the sergeant-at- VOL. L. arms. A resolution passed the same day in favour of his rival, the whig divine, Benjamin Hoadly (1676-1761) [q. v.], was pointed at him. His petition on the 17th to be admitted to bail was refused on the 22nd by 114 votes to 79. The articles of impeachment were agreed to in spite of the vigorous opposition of Harley, afterwards first earl of Oxford [q. v.], and William Bromley (1664-1732) [q. v.] by 232 to 131, objection being taken to the St. Paul's sermon and the dedication of the assize sermon only. Some of the leading whigs, and specially Lord Somers, the pre- sident of the council, disapproved of the im- peachment, but it was urged on his fellow ministers by Lord Sunderland, and heartily approved by Godolphin, who was irritated at the insult to himself (SwiFT, Works, iii. 180). Sacheverell, having been transferred to the custody of the officer of the House of Lords, was, on 14 Jan. 1710, admitted to bail by the lords, himself in 6,000/. and two sureties, Dr. William Lancaster [q. v.], vice- chancellor of Oxford, and Dr. Richard Bowes of All Souls' College, vicar of New Rom- ney, Kent, in 3,000/. each. On the 25th he sent in a bold and resolute answer to the articles. Meanwhile the feeling of the country was strongly on Sacheverell s side, and it is said that forty thousand copies of the St. Paul's sermon were circulated. The case was made a trial of strength between the two parties, and the whigs gave special importance to it by ordering that it should be heard in West- minster Hall. The consequent delay gave time for the public excitement to reach the highest pitch. Prayers were desired for the doctor in many London churches ; he was lauded in sermons, and the royal chaplains openly encouraged and praised him. When, on 27 Feb., the day on which the trial began, he drove from his lodgings in the Temple to Westminster, his coach was followed by six others, and was surrounded by a vast multi- tude shouting wishes for his long life and safe deliverance. Among the managers of the impeachment were Sir James Montagu [q. v.], the attorney-general, Robert (after- wards Sir Robert) Eyre [q. v.], the solicitor- general, Sir Thomas Parker [q. v.], and Sir Joseph Jekyll [q. v.], while Sacheverell's counsel were Sir Simon Harcourt [q. v.], Const ant ine "Phipps, and three others. The queen, who went occasionally in a kind of private manner to hear the proceedings, was greeted by the crowd with shouts of ' God bless your majesty and the church. We. hope your majesty is for Dr. Sacheverell.' Riots were raised on the 28th, meeting- houses were attacked, the houses of several Sacheverell Sacheverell leading whigs were threatened, and the mob was only kept in check by the horse and foot guards. After Sacheverell's counsel had spoken, he read his own defence, which was very ably written, and was generally believed to have been composed for him by Atterbury. On 20 March the lords declared him guilty by 69 to 52, the thirteen bishops who voted being seven for guilty to six for acquittal. Sentence was given on the 23rd. It was merely that he should be suspended from preaching for three years ; he was left at liberty to perform other clerical functions, and to accept preferment during that period. His two sermons were ordered to be burnt by the common hangman. Such a sentence was felt to be a triumph for him and the high-church and tory party, and the news of it was received with extraordinary enthu- siasm throughout the kingdom ; great re- joicings being made in London, Oxford, and many other towns, and continued for several days. The ladies were specially enthusiastic, filled the churches where he read prayers, besought him to christen their children, and called several after him. During the progress of the trial he had been presented by Robert Lloyd of Aston, Shropshire, one of his former pupils, to the living of Selattyn in that county, said then to lie worth 200/. a year. On 15 June he set out for that place. His journeys there and back were like royal progresses. A large party on horseback ac- companied him to tlxbridge, and he was re- ceived with great honour at Oxford, Banbury, and Warwick, and at Shrewsbury, where the principal gentry of the neighbourhood and some fifty thousand persons assembled to meet him. On his way back he reached Oxford on 20 July, and was escorted into the city by the sheriff of the county and a com- pany of five hundred, having arranged his coming at the same time as the visit of the judges, in order, it was believed, to secure a large attendance. In August Godolphin was dismissed, the remaining ministers were turned out of office in September, and at the general election in November the tories gained an overwhelming victory. It was recognised at the time that the transference of power from the whigs to the tories was largely due to the ill-judged impeachment of Sacheverell. Much, however, as they owed to him, the leading tories disliked and de- spised him ( SWIFT, Works, ii. 340). William Bisset (d. 1747) [q. v.], who had previously replied to his sermon (Remarks, &c., 1709), made a violent attack upon him in 1710 in a pamphlet entitled ' The Modern Fanatick,' which contains several rather trumpery charges. Among these he was accused of j i unkindness to his relatives and specially to I his mother, who, after her husband's death, | became an inmate of Bishop Ward's founda- j tion for matrons at Salisbury. An answer to Bisset's pamphlet was published in 1711 j by Dr. William King (1663-1712) [q. v.], | probably with some help from Sacheverell ; i but Bisset renewed the attack. Sacheverell expected immediate preferment as a reward for his championship of the tory cause, and it was thought likely that he would receive a ( golden prebend' of Durham, and a rich living in the same diocese, but the bishop bestowed them elsewhere. Partly by Swift's help he obtained from Harley a small place for one of his brothers in 1712. This brother had failed in business, and Sacheverell de- clared that he had since then maintained him and his family. Sacheverell's term of punishment having expired, he preached to a large concourse at St. Saviour's, Southwark, on Palm Sunday, 1713, on the ' Christian triumph and the duty of praying for enemies/ from Luke xxiii. 34, and sold his sermon for 100/. ; it was believed that thirty thousand copies were printed (4to,1713). On 13 April the queen pre- sented him to the rich living of St. Andrew's, Holborn, and his acceptance of it vacated his fellowship at Magdalen. He preached before the House of Commons in St. Mar- garet's, Westminster, on 29 May, on f False notions of liberty/ and his sermon was printed by order. In 1715 George Sa- cheverell, the former high sheriff of Derby- shire, left him a valuable estate at Callow in that county, and in June 1716 he married his benefactor's widow, Mary Sacheverell. who was about fourteen years his senior, He thus became a rich man. He had some quarrels with his Holborn parishioners, and notably in 1719 with William Whiston, whom he ordered not to enter his church. On 7 Jan. 1723, during a sharp frost, he fell on the stone steps in front of his house, hurting himself badly and breaking two of his ribs. He died of a complication of dis- orders on 5 June 1724 at his house, where he habitually resided, in the Grove, High- gate, Middlesex, and was buried in St. An- drew's, Holborn. On 26 July 1747 the sexton of that church was committed to prison for stealing his lead coffin. He left a legacy of 500A to Bishop Atterbury. He had no children. His widow married a third husband, Charles Chambers, attorney, of London, on 19 May 1735, and died, aged 75, on 6 Sept. 1739. Sacheverell is described by Sarah, duchess of Marlborough, as ' an ignorant and impudent incendiary, the scorn of those who made him Sacheverell Sacheverell their tool ' (Account of her Conduct, p. 247), and by Hearne. who, though approving his sermons, had private reasons for disliking him, as ' conceited, ignorant, impudent, a rascal, and a knave ' (Collections, iii. 65). He had a fine presence and dressed well. He was an indifferent scholar and had no care for learn- ing (for a proof see ib. p. 376), was bold, insolent, passionate, and inordinately vain. His failings stand in a strong light, because the whigs, instead of treating him and his utterances with the contempt they deserved, forced him to appear as the champion of the church's cause, a part which, both by mind and character, he was utterly unfitted to play even respectably, yet the eager scrutiny of his ene- mies could find little of importance to allege against his conduct, though the charge that he used profane language when irritated seems to have been true. A portrait is in the hall of Magdalen Col- lege ; it was bequeathed to the college in 1799 by William Clements, demy, son of Sache- verell's printer (BLOXAM). Bromley gives a long list of engraved portraits of Sacheverell; three are dated 1710, one of which, en- graved by John Faber, the elder [q. v.], re- presents him with Francis Higgins (1669^ 1728) [q- v.], and Philip Stubbs, afterwards archdeacon of St. Albans [q. v.], as l three pillars of the church ' (Cat . of Engraved Por- traits, p. 227). A medal was struck to com- memorate Sacheverell's trial, bearing the doctor's portrait on the obverse, with inscrip- tion, H. Sach: D:D:,' which was accompanied by two different reverses, both alike inscribed * is : firm : to : thee : ' ; but one bears a mitre for the church of England, the other the head of a pope. [Bloxam's Presidents, &c. of St. M. Magd. Coll. Oxf. vi.98 sq. ; Hearne's Collect, i.-iii., ed.Doble (Oxf. Hist.Soc.), contains frequent notices; others from Hearne's Diary extracted by Bloxam, u.s. ; Swift's Works, passim, ed. Scott, 3rd ed. ; Account of family of Sacheverell; Sacheverell's Sermons; Howell's State Trials, xv. 1 sq. ; Bisset's Modern Fanatick, 3 pts. ; King's Vindication of Dr. S. ap Orig. Works, ii. 179 sq. ; Dr. S.'s Progress, by 'K. J.' (1710); Spectator, No. Ivii. ; White Kennett's Wisdom of Looking Backwards; Whis- 'count of Dr. S.'s Proceedings ; Burnet's Own Time, v. 539 sq., vi. 9, ed. 1823; Tindal's Cont. of Rapin's Hist. iv. 149 sq. ; Lecky's Hist. iund, i. 51 sq. ; Stanhope's Hist, of Queen n, ii. 130 sq., ed. 1872; Gent. Mag. 1735) v. 275, (1747) xvii. 446, ( 1779) xlix. 291, 538 ; Halket and Laing's Diet, of Anon, and Pseudon. Lit, An excellent bibliography of the ublished bv and concerning him has been compiled by Mr. Falconer Madari of Brasenose . Oxford (8vo, 1887, privately printed at Oxford). Besides the British Museum and Bod- leian libraries, the library of Magdalen College, Oxford, contains a large collection of Sacheverell literature.] W. H. SACHEVERELL, WILLIAM (1638- 1691), the 'ablest parliament man,' accord- ing to Speaker Onslow, of Charles IPs reign, was the representative of an ancient family which had fought against Henry VII, and had enjoyed the favour and confidence of Henry VIII. He was born in 1638, and in September 1662 succeeded his father, Henry Sacheverell, at Barton in Notting- hamshire and Morley, Derbyshire. His mother was Joyce, daughter and heir of Francis Mansfield of Hugglescote Grange, Leicestershire. In June 1667 he was present ' as an eye-witness ' of the Dutch attack upon Chatham, and on 30 Dec. he was ad- mitted at Gray's Inn. Three years later, in November 1670, he came forward at a by- election in Derbyshire, ' when Esquire Var- non stood against him, besides all the dukes, earles, and lords in the county ' (Derbyshire Arch. Journal, vol. xviii.). He was trium- phantly returned to parliament as an oppo- nent of the court policy. On 28 Feb. 1672-3 he opened a debate in supply with a proposal to remove all popish recusants from military office or command ; his motion, the origin of the Test Act which overturned the cabal, was enlarged so as to apply to civil employments, and accepted without a division. On the same day he was placed upon the committee of nine members appointed to prepare and bring in a test bill. From this time Sache- verell took part in almost every debate. He constantly expressed himself as opposed to the * increase of popery and arbitrary govern- ment ; ' he was of opinion that the security of the crown ought to rest upon the love of the people and not upon a standing army ; and, in foreign policy, he advocated an alliance with the Dutch against the growing power of France. His strength and readi- ness as a debater, his legal knowledge and acquaintance with parliamentary history and constitutional precedents, brought him ra- pidly to the front ; and in the same year he was the first named of the three members to whom the care of the second and more stringent test bill was recommended by the house. His attacks upon Buckingham, Ar- lington, and Lauderdale, had already gained him a dangerous notoriety, and, upon the un- expected news of the prorogation of February 1673-4, he was one of those members who fled for security into the city. Sacheverell's hostility to the court policy was not lessened by the overthrow of the Cabal and by Danby's accession to power. In the session of 1675 he moved or seconded G2 Sacheverell Sacheverell seven or eight debates upon the state of the navy and the granting of supplies, and was persistent in urging that money should not be voted, except it were appropriated to the use of the fleet. He acted as one of the commissioners of the commons in several conferences with the lords upon a quarrel which Shaftesbury had stirred up between the two houses, and showed himself ' very zealous ' in defending the rights of that to which he belonged. In February 1676-7, after the prorogation of fifteen months, Lords Russell and Cavendish, in the hope of forcing a dissolution, raised the question whether parliament was still legally in existence, and Sacheverell, who saw the un- wisdom of such a proceeding, risked his popularity with his party by opposing them. He continued to urge the necessity of a return to the policy of the triple alliance, and, after the surrender of St. Omer and Cambray, an address to that effect was voted at his instance. This attempt to dictate a foreign policy made the king exceedingly angry; parliament was prorogued, and by the royal command the speaker immediately adjourned the house, though Powle, Sa- cheverell, Cavendish, and others had risen to protest. The incident led, when parlia- ment met again, to a fierce onslaught by Sacheverell upon Sir Edward Seymour, the speaker, whom he accused of ' making him- self bigger than the House of Commons.' The charge was supported by Cavendish, Garro- way, Powle, and a majority of members, but eventually, after several adjournments, was allowed to lapse without a division. In January 1677-8 the commons were again summoned, and were informed in the king's speech that he had concluded alliances of the nature they desired. Sacheverell, however, had his suspicions, and did not hesitate to say that he feared they were being deceived, and that a secret compact had been negotiated with the French. Upon being assured that the treaties were, in all particulars, as they desired them, Sacheverell, still protesting that war was not intended, moved that such a supply should be granted as would put the king into condition to at- tack the French should he decide to do so. Ninety ships, thirty-two regiments, and a million of money were voted, but when the treaties which had been so often inquired for were produced at last, it was found that they were intended to make war impossible. From this moment the leaders of the country party abandoned as hopeless their struggle for a protestant foreign policy, and Sacheverell was one of the most resolute in demanding the disbandment of the forces which had been raised, and the refusal of money for military purposes. In October 1678 Oates's discovery of a pretended popish plot furnished the oppo- nents of the court with a new cry and a new policy. Sacheverell, like Lord Russell, was honestly convinced of the reality of the plot, and from the very commencement of the parliamentary inquiry he took a pro- minent part in investigating it. He served upon the committees to provide for the king's- safety, to inquire into the murder of Godfrey and the particulars- of the conspiracy, to- translate Coleman's letters, to prepare a bill to exclude papists from sitting in either house of parliament, and to draw up articles- of impeachment against Lord Arundel of Wardour and the five popish lords. He was elected chairman of committees to ex- amine Coleman, to examine Mr. Atkins in Newgate, to present a humble address that Coleman's letters might be printed and pub- lished, to prepare and draw up the matter to be presented at a conference between the two houses, and of several others. He was one of the commissioners of the commons in several conferences, one of the managers of the impeachment of the five popish lords, and the first named of the two members to whom the duty was assigned of acting as- counsel for the prosecution of Lord Arundel. He apparently presided also for some time over the most important committee of all, | that of secrecy, making four or five reports- from it to the house, including the results of the examinations of Dugdale, Bedloe, and Reading. Sacheverell, though he believed that ' the. Duke of York had not been the sole cause of the insolence of the papists,' was ready and eager to attack the duke, and the compromis- ing facts announced in his report of Cole- man's examination furnished his party with the desired opportunity. A week later, on 4 Nov. 1678, Lord Russell moved to address the king that James might be removed from the royal presence and counsels, and in the debate that followed ' the greatest,' as was said at the time, l that ever was in parlia- ment ' Sacheverell suggested the exclusion of the duke from the succession to the throne. This proposal he continued vigorously to ad- vocate, though Cavendish, Russell, and the other leaders of the country party were not yet prepared even to consider so desperate a remedy. Sacheverell was one of those who pressed for the impeachment of Danby, and he served upon the committee which drew up the articles. At the general election of February 1678-9 he and his colleague, Lord Cavendish, were returned again for Derby- Sacheverell Sacheverell shire ' without spending A penny ' upon the freeholders. A day or two afterwards Sache- verell dined with Shaftesbury in Aldersgate Street, and expressed his high regard for Rmnell. The new parliament opened with a contest between the commons and the king over the election of Seymour as speaker. In this Sacheverell took the lead, and did not give way until a short prorogation had re- moved the danger that a new precedent would be created to the disadvantage of the house. On 30 April the lord chancellor laid before both houses a carefully considered scheme to limit the powers of a catholic king, and Sacheverell greatly influenced the debate in the commons by his arguments that the pro- posed safeguards amounted to nothing at all, and that no securities could be of any value unless they came into operation in the lifetime of Charles. On 11 May the debate was resumed, and, in spite of the opposition of Cavendish, Littleton, Coventry, and Powle, and the disapproval of Lord Russell it was decided to bring in a bill to exclude the Duke of York from the imperial crowi of the realm. It is probable that Sacheverel had the chief hand in drawing up the bill and he advocated the withholding of supplies until the bill became law. He was one of the managers of the impeachment of Danby, anc of the several conferences with the lords con- cerning it : and in May he was elected chair- man of a committee to draw up reasons 'why the house cannot proceed to trial of the lords before judgment given upon the Earl of Danby's plea of pardon.' This able state paper, written chiefly, if not entirely, by Sacheverell, was published in several forms as a pamphlet or broadside, and had a large circulation in the country. Sacheverell con- tinued to lead the attack upon Danby, and opened six other debates on the subject, expressing a belief that, if the house con- firmed the pardon, they made the king abso- lute, and surrendered their lives, liberties, and all. He drew attention also to the fact, red by the committee of secrecy, that enormous sums of public money had been paid by ministers to various members of par- liament ; and, being determined to unmask 'nders, at last compelled the cofferer, Sir Stephen Fox, to disclose their names. A list of these pensioners was printed, and : of special advantage to the whigs in lections. On '27 May, before the Exclusion Bill could be read a third time, Charles prorogued and dissolved parliament; and the newly House of Commons was not allowed to meet until 21 Oct. 1680. On the 27th Sacheverell brought forward a motion affirming the subject's right to petition, and in the same month he spoke in favour of impeaching Chief-justice North. lie warmly urged the punishment of the judges who had foiled the intended presentment of the Duke of York as a popish recusant, and acted on behalf of the commons as a manager of Lord Stafford's trial in Westminster Hall. After the trial, Sacheverell ceased for a long time to take an active part in public affairs. His belief in the plot may perhaps have been shaken by Stafford's defence, or it may be that he was one of those of whom Ferguson speaks, who proposed to abandon the Exclu- sion Bill until they had secured themselves against the power of the court by impeach- ing several of the judges. At the election of February 1680-1 he and Lord Cavendish were not required even to put in an appear- ance at the show of hands at Derby, though ' the popish party ' had been ' very indus- trious ' in sending emissaries to that place ' to disparage and scandalise the late House of Commons.' In the autumn of 1682 Sacheverell led the opposition to the new charter at Nottingham, and for his share in this popular movement, which was described by the crown lawyers as 'not so much a riot as an insurrection,' he was tried at the king's bench and fined five hundred marks by Chief-justice Jeffreys. At the election of 1685 the court interest proved too strong for him, and he seems to have retired into private life until the revolution of 1688. He was returned to the Convention parlia- ment for the borough of Heytesbury, and was the second person named to serve upon the committee which drew up the new con- stitution in the form of a declaration of right. He was appointed also a manager for the commons in the conference concern- ing the vacancy of the throne; and in the first administration of King \Villiam was persuaded to accept office as a lord of the admiralty. The year brought little but disasters and disappointments, and in December 1689 Sacheverell resigned his post owing to the impending removal of his chief, Lord Tor- rington. This action seems, however, to have increased rather than diminished the ' great authority ' he possessed with his party. It was just" at this moment that the whigs, who lad greatly offended the king by their back- wardness in granting supplies for the war, found themselves compelled to face the pos- sibility of a dissolution. The Corporation Bill had not yet passed. No change had been made in the electoral bodies since Charles and James had remodelled them in Sacheverell 86 Sackville the court interest; and though, in the first heat of the revolution, they had returned a whig majority, it was certain that they would revert to their old allegiance. Three or four days after his resignation Sacheverell proposed to add a new clause to the bill, which was intended to shut out from the franchise a great number of those who had been concerned in the surrender of charters, and thus to secure the lasting ascendency of his party. The great debate which ensued, and ended in the discomfiture of the whigs, has been admirably described by Lord Macau- lay. Sacheverell and his friends, though defeated and discouraged, did not abandon the design of excluding their opponents from power. It was resolved to graft a bill of pains and penalties upon the bill of indem- nity, and soon afterwards a number of ex- ceptions from the latter were carried, among which Sachevereli's famous clause appeared in another form. At last the king's mind was made up. He desired to unite the nation, and was weary of these continual attempts to divide it. Four days later he prorogued parliament, and the dissolution which followed resulted in a large tory majority. Sacheverell was returned for Nottinghamshire ; but his health had begun to fail, and in October 1691, just as parlia- ment was about to meet for the opening of the new session, he died at Barton. His body was carried to Morley, and buried there on the 12th, and an altar-tomb was afterwards erected to his memory, which records with truth that he had ' served his king and country with great honour and fidelity in several parliaments.' He was twice married : first, to Mary, daughter of William Staunton of Staunton ; and secondly (before 1677), to Jane, daugh- ter of Sir John Newton of Barr's Court, and had issue by both wives. Dr. Henry Sache- verell [q. v.] was not related to the family of the politician. Sacheverell appears in Barillon's list of those who accepted presents of money from Louis XIV towards the end of 1680 ; but the evidence against him has been rejected by Hallam as untrustworthy, and the charge seems to be hardly consonant either with his character or with his circumstances. It is more difficult to defend his share in the events of the 'popish plot/ except at the expense of his judgment; but the excuse may be urged that he was a zealous protestant, and there- fore more prone than Shaftesbury to be im- posed upon by the perjured testimony of Gates. In the parliamentary struggles over the Test Act, the impeachment of Danby, the ' popish plot,' and the attempt to exclude James from the throne, he effectively influenced the policy of his party and the course of events ; but the whole of his life, with the exception of a single year, was passed in opposition, and (unless it were in the constitutional settlement of the revolution) he had never the opportunity of showing that he possessed the higher qualities of statesmanship. It was as an orator and a party tactician that he shone, and he was perhaps the earliest, certainly one of the earliest, of our great parliamentary orators. Many years after his death his speeches were still, writes Macaulay, l a favourite theme of old men who lived to see the conflicts of Walpole and Pulteney.' A fine portrait of William Sacheverell, ' set. 18 ' (the property of the present writer), is at Renishaw ; an engraving from it forms the frontispiece to The First Whig.' [Sacheverell is not mentioned in any biographi- cal dictionary, but many of his speeches are pre- served in Grey's Debates. See the present writer's ' The First Whig : with 49 illustrations from cuts, engravings, and caricatures, being- an Account of the Political Career of William Sacheverell, the Origin of the two great political Parties, and the Events which led up to the Eevolution of 1688,' 1894. Of this book fifty- two copies were privately printed.] Of. E. S. / SACKVILLE, CHARLES, sixth EARL^ OF DORSET and EARL OF MIDDLESEX (1638- ( 1706), poet and courtier, born on 24 J 1637-8, was the son of Richard Sack ville, fifth . earl (1622-1677), and Frances, daughter of Lionel Cranfield, first earl of Middlesex [see 5 under SACKVILLE, SIR EDWARD, fourth earl]. Owing, perhaps, to the confusion of the times in his youth, he received his education from a private tutor, and, as Lord Buckhurst ? travelled in Italy at an early age. Returning at the Restoration, he was in 1660 elected to parliament for East Grinstead, but i turned his parts,' says the courtly Prior, l rather to books and conversation than to politics.' In other words he became a courtier, a wit, and a man about town, and for some years seems to have led a very dissipated life. In February 1662, he, his brother Edward, and three other gentlemen were apprehended and in- dicted for killing and robbing a tanner named Hoppy. The defence was that they took him for a highwayman, and his money for stolen property ; and either the prosecution was dropped or the parties were acquitted. In 1663 he was mixed up in the disgraceful frolic of Sir Charles Sedley [q.v.] at < Oxford Kate's/ and, according to Wood and Johnson, was indicted along with him, but this seems to be negatived by the contemporary report of Pepys (1 July 1663). He found better Sackville Sackville employment in 166-5, volunteering in the fleet fitted out against the Dutch, and taking an honourable part in the great naval battle >{' '! June 1665. On this occasion he com- posed that masterpiece of sprightly elegance, the song, ' To all you ladies now at land/ which, according to Prior, he wrote, but ac- cording to the more probable version of Lord Orrery, only retouched on the night before the engagement. Prior claims for him a yet higher honour, as the Eugenius of Dry den's ' Dialogue on Dramatic Poesy.' Dry- den, however, gives no hint of this in his dedication of the piece to Sackville himself; and if it is really the case, he committed an extraordinary oversight in fixing his dialogue on the very day of the battle, when Sack- ville could not possibly have taken part in the conference. For some time after his re- turn Buckhurst seems to have continued his wild course of life. Pepys, at all events, in October 1668 classes him" along with Sedley as a pattern rake, ' running up and down all the night, almost naked, through the streets ; and at last fighting, and being beat by the watch and clapped up all night; and the king takes their parts ; and the Lord-chief- justice Keeling hath laid the constable by the heels to answer it next sessions ; which is a horrid shame.' He had a short time previously taken Nell Gwynne [see GWYN, ELEANOR] under his protection, to the addi- tional scandal of Mr. Pepys, not on moral grounds, but because the stage was thus deprived of a favourite actress. The latter is said to have called him Tier Charles I. He and Xell ' kept merry house at Epsom ' during lt;<>7, but about Michaelmas 1668 Nell be- came the king's mistress, and Sackville was sent to France on a complimentary mission (Or. as Dryden called it, 'on a sleeveless errand ') to get him out of the way. From this time we hear little of his follies, but much of his munificence to men of letters and of the position generally accorded him as an arbiter of taste. He befriended Dryden, Butler, Wycherley, and many more ; he was consulted, if we may believe Prior, by r for verse, by Sprat for prose, and by Charles II touching the merits of the .rsofSir Peter Lely. He inherited Bttderable estates that of his maternal unrl. , Lionel Cranfield, third earl of Middle- .M'\, in 1674; and that of his father in 1677, Avlu'ii he succeeded to the title. He had isly, on 4 April 1675, been created llaron Cranfield and Earl of Middlesex. He preserved Charles's favour throughout hole of his reign; but neither his nor his patriotism was a recommenda- tion to Charles's successor, whose mistress, Lady Dorchester, he had moreover bitterly satirised. Dorset withdrew from court, publicly manifested his sympathy with the ! seven bishops, and concurred in the invita- tion to the Prince of Orange. His active part in the revolution was limited to escort- I ing the Princess Anne to Nottingham. j Having no inclination for political life, he | took no part in public affairs under William, but accepted the office of lord chamberlain of the household, which he held from 1689 to 1697, and was assiduous in his attendance on the king's person, being on one occasion tossed for twenty-two hours in his company in an open boat off the coast of Holland. When obliged in his official capacity to with- draw Dryden's pension as poet laureate, he allowed him an equivalent out of his own estate. Dryden in a measure repaid the obli- gation by addressing his ' Essay on Satire ' to Dorset. Dorset also received the Garter (1691), and was thrice one of the regents I during the king's absence. In his old age he grew very fat, and, according to Swift, extremely dull. He died at Bath on 29 Jan. 1706, and was interred in the family vault at Withyham, Sussex. His first wife, Mary, widow of Charles Berkeley, earl of Falmouth, having died with- ' out issue, he married in 1685 Mary, daughter of James Compton, third earl of Northamp- ton, celebrated alike for beauty and under- standing. His second wife was a lady of the bedchamber to Queen Mary; she died on 6 Aug. 1691, and the earl married, thirdly, on 27 Aug. 1704, Anne, ' Mrs. Roche,' a ' woman of obscure connections.' His only son, Lionel Cranfield Sackville, succeeded to the title, and afterwards became first Duke of Dorset q. v.] An anonymous portrait of Dorset be- "onged in 1867 to the Countess De la Warr (cf. Cat. Second Loan Exhib. No. 110). Walpole wrote of Dorset with discern- ment that he was the finest gentleman of the voluptuous court of Charles II. 'He had as much wit as his master, or his con- temporaries Buckingham and Rochester, without the royal want of feeling, the duke's want of principle, or the earl's want of thought ' (Noble Authors, ii. 96). Despite the excesses of his early life, and the probably malicious innuendoes of the Earl of Mul grave in his ' Essay upon Satyr,' Sackville's charac- ter was not unamiable. His munificence to men of letters speaks for itself, and tempts us to accept in the main the favourable esti- mate of Prior, overcoloured as it is by the writer's propensity to elegant compliment, his confessed obligations to Dorset, and its occurrence in a dedication to his son. Prior's eulogiums on Dorset's native strength of Sackville 88 Sackville understanding, though it is impossible that they should be entirely confirmed, are in no way contradicted by the few occasional poems which are all that he has left us. Not one of them is destitute of merit, and some are ! admirable as ' the effusions of a man of wit ' j (in Johnson's word's), 'gay, vigorous, and j airy.' 'To all you Ladies ' is an admitted j masterpiece ; and the literary application of I the Shakespearian phrase ' alacrity in sink- ! ing ' comes from the satirical epistle to the | Hon. Edward Howard. Dorset's poems, together with those of Sir | Charles Sedley, appeared in ' A New Mis- I cellany ' in 1701, and in vol. i. of ' The Works j of the most celebrated Minor Poets ' in 1749. I They are included in the collection of the ' Poets ' by Johnson, Anderson, Chalmers, i and Sanford. Eight of his pieces are in- ! eluded in ' Musa Proterva,' 1889, edited by Mr. A. H. Bullen, who calls him one of the lightest and happiest of the Restoration lyrists. [Prior's Dedication to his own Poems, ed. 1709; i Collins's Peerage ; Beljame's Hommes de Lettres j en Angleterre, 1883, pp. 108, 5"! ; Cunningham's Story of Nell G-wyn ; Gramont's Memoirs, ed. j Vizetelly, passim ; Burnet's Hist, of his Own | Time; Maoaulay's Hist, of England ; Johnson's ' Lives of the Posts, ed. A. vVaugh ; Pepys's Diary.] E. G. SACKVILLE, CHARLES, second DUKE ! OFDoKSET (1711-1769), born on 6 Feb. 1711, j and baptised at St. Martin's-in-the-Fields on the 25th of the same month, was the eldest son of Lionel Cranfield Sackville, first duke of ; Dorset [q. v.], by his wife Elizabeth, daugJi- j ter of Lieutenant-general Walter Philip Colyear, and niece of David, first earl of j Portmore. He was educated at Westmin- ster School and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated on 27 Nov. 1728, and was created M.A. on 15 Sept. 1730. He sub- sequently went for the usual grand tour, ac- companied by the Rev. Joseph Spence [q. v.] Sackville had along and bitter quarrel with his father, whom he actually opposed in his own boroughs, and became an intimate friend of Frederick, prince of Wales (cf . DODINGTON, Diary). At the general election in April 1734 he unsuccessfully contested Kent, but was returned for East Grinstead, which he continued to represent until his appoint- ment as high steward of the honour of Otford on 26 May 1741. He sat for Sussex from January 1742 to June 1747, and was one of the iords of the treasury in Henry Pelham's administration from 23 Dec. 1743 to June 1747, when he was appointed master of the horse to Frederick, prince of Wales, j He was returned for Old Sarum at a by- ! election in December 1747, and continued to represent that borough until the dissolution of parliament in April 1754. He was with- out a seat in the House of Commons during the whole of the next parliament. At the general election in March 1761 he was again elected for East Grinstead. He succeeded his father as second Duke of Dorset on 9 Oct. 1765, and took his seat in the House of Lords on 17 Dec. following (Journals of the House of Lords, xxxi. 227). On 10 Feb. 1766 he was admitted a member of the privy council, and sworn in as lord-lieutenant of Kent (London Gazette, 1766, No. 10599). He died at his house in St. James's Street, Piccadilly, on 5 Jan. 1769, aged 57, and was buried at Withyham, Sussex, on the llth of the same month. On Dorset's death, without issue, the title descended to his nephew, John Frederick Sackville Tq. v.] Dorset married, on 30 Oct. 1744, the Hon. Grace Boyle, only daughter and heiress of Richard, second viscount Shannon, by his second wife, Grace, daughter of John Sen- house of Netherhall, Cumberland. She is described by Horace Walpole as ' very short, very plain, and very yellow : a vain girl, full of Greek and Latin, and music, and painting ; but neither mischievous nor political ' ( WAL- POLE, Reign of George II, i. 76). She suc- ceeded Lady Archibald Hamilton as mistress of the robes to Augusta, princess of Wales, in July 1745, and became the object of the prince's most devoted attention. She died on 10 May 1763, and was buried at W T alton- on-Thames on the 17th. Dorset was a dissolute and extravagant man of fashion. One of his chief passions was the direction of operas, in which he not only wasted immense sums of money, but ' stood lawsuits in Westminster Hall with some of those poor devils for their salaries ' (WAL- POLE, Reign of George II, 1847, i. 97; see also WALPOLE'S Letters, 1857-9, i. 88, 140, 239-40, 244, et seq.) According to Lord Shelburne, Dorset's appearance towards the close of his life was ' always that of a proud, disgusted, melancholy, solitary man,' while his conduct savoured strongly of madness (LORD EDMOND FITZMAURICE, Life of Wil- liam, Earl of Shelburne, 1875, i. 342). He spoke little or not at all in the House of Peers, but he wrote a number of detached verses and 'A Treatise concerning the Militia in Four Sections,' London, 1752, 8vo. His portrait, painted for the Dilettanti Society by George Knapton, was exhibited at South Kensington in 1868 (Catalogue, No. 916). [Bridgman's Sketch of Knole (18 17). pp. 114- 115; Walpole's Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors (1806), rv. 323-8; Doyle's Official Sackville 8 9 Sackville Baronage, 1886, i. 630; O. E. C.'s Complete Peerage, iii. 152; Collins's Peerage of England, 1812, ii. 178-9; Gent. Mag. 1744 p. 619, 1745 p. 45, 1763 p. 257, 1769 p. 54 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1715-1886, iv. 1241 ; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, 1812-15, ii. 374, iii. 643, viii. 98 ; Nichols's II lustrations of Literary History, 1817- 1858, iii. 145; Alumni Westmonast. 1852, pp. 235, 543; Haydn's Book of Dignities, 1890; Kogers's Protests of the Lords, ii. 89 ; Official Return of Lists of Members of Parliament, ii. 79, 92, 105, 131.] G. F. R. B. SACKVILLE, SIE EDWARD, fourth EARL OF DORSET (1591-1652), born in 1591, was the younger surviving son of Robert Sackville, second earl [q. v.] His elder bro- ther, Richard, born 28 March 1590, suc- ceeded as third earl on 28 Sept. 1609 and died on 28 March 1624. Edward matricu- lated from Christ Church, Oxford, with his brother Richard, on 26 July 1605. He may have been removed to Cambridge ; an ' Ed- ward Sackvil' was incorporated at Oxford from that university 9 July 1616. He was one of the handsomest men of his time, and in August 1613 became notorious by killing in a duel Edward Bruce, second lord Kinloss {Cal. State Papers, 14 Jan. and 9 Sept. 1613 ; WIXWOOD, Memorials, iii. 454). The'meet- ing took place on a piece of ground pur- chased for the purpose two miles from Bergen-op-Zoom, which even in 1814 was known as Bruceland. Sackville was himself severely wounded. He sent, in self-justifi- cation, a long narrative from Louvain, dated 8 Sept. 1613, with copies of Bruce's chal- lenges. The cover of this communication alone remains at Knole ; but the whole was frequently copied, and was first printed in the ' Guardian'(Nos. 129 and 133) 8 and 13 Aug. 1713, from a letter-book at Queen's College, Oxford (cf. Archceologia, xx. 515-18). The quarrel may have arisen out of Sackville's liaison with Venetia Stanley, afterwards wife of Sir Kenelm Digby [q. v.] The latter after his marriage maintained friendly relations with Sackville, who is the ' Mardontius ' of Dig-by 's memoirs (WARNER, Poems from / Papers, Roxburghe Club, app. p. 49; v in Bodleian Letters, ii. 326 sqq.) ville's life was attempted soon after his n to England (Cal. State Papers, 5 Dec. L61S). In 1614 and in 1621-2 Sackville repre- -d the county of Sussex in parliament, and was one of the leaders of the popular v. In 1616 he was visiting Lyons, when Sir Edward Herbert was arrested there, and he procured Herbert's release (HERBERT OF < '.' 1 1 K u R TRY'S Autobiography, ed. Lee, pp. 1 68- 171). He was made a knight of the Bath when Charles I was created Prince of Wales (3 Nov. 1616). He was one of the comman- ders of the forces sent under Sir Horatio Vere to assist the king of Bohemia, sailed on 22 July 1620, and was present at the battle of Prague, 8 Nov. 1620 (RUSHWOBTH, Collec- tions, pp. 15, 16). The following March he was nominated chairman of the committee of the commons for the inspection of the courts of justice, but did not act. He spoke on Bacon's behalf in the house 17 March 1621, and frequently pleaded for him with Buckingham (SPEDDING, Letters and Life of Bacon, vii. 324-44). In July 1621 he was for a short time ambassador to Louis XIII, and was nominated again to that post in Sep- tember 1623 (Hist. MSS. Comm., 4th Rep. app. p. 287). In November 1621 he vigorously defended the proposal to vote a subsidy for the recovery of the palatinate, declaring that 'the passing-bell was now tolling for reli- gion.' To this occasion probably belongs the speech preserved by Rush worth (Collec- tions, pp. 131-4) and elsewhere, but wrongly attributed to 1623, when Sackville was not a member of parliament. In April 1623 he was 'roundly and soundly' reproved by the king at a meeting of the directors of the Virginia company, having been since 1619 a leading member of the party which supported Sir Edwin Sandys [q. v.] (Cal. State Papers, April 1623). He was governor of the Ber- muda Islands Company in 1623, and com- missioner for planting Virginia in 1631 and 1634. On 23 May 1623 he received a license to travel for three years. He was at Rome in 1624, and visited Marc Antonio de Dominis [q. v.], archbishop of Spalatro,in his dungeon. At Florence he received the news of the death of his elder brother Richard, which took place on 28 March 1624. He there- upon became fourth Earl of Dorset. The estates to which he succeeded were much encumbered : he was selling land to pay off his brother's debts 26 June 1626, and something was still owing on 26 Sept. 1650. He became joint lord lieutenant of both Sussex and Middlesex, and held many similar offices, such as the mastership of Ashdown Forest, and stewardship of Great Yarmouth from 1629. He was made K.G. on 15 May 1625, and installed by proxy 23 Dec. At the coronation of Charles I on 2 Feb. 1626 he was a commissioner of claims, and carried the first sword, and he was called to the privy council 3 Aug. 1626. His influence at court was fully established by his appointment as lord chamberlain to the queen on 16 July 1628. As a peer and privy councillor Dorset showed great activity. He was a commis- Sackville Sackville sioner (30 May 1625 and 10 April 1636) for dealing with the new buildings which had been erected in or about London and West- minster ; a lord commissioner of the ad- miralty (Cal. State Papers, 20 Sept. 1628, 20 Nov. 1632, 13 March 1636) ; one of the adventurers with the Earl of Lindsey and others for the draining of various parts of Lincolnshire (ib. 5 June 1631, 18 May 1635, &c.) ; a commissioner for improving the supply of saltpetre (ib. 1 July 1631), and constable of Beaumaris Castle 13 June 1636. In 1626, while sitting on the Star-chamber commission, he advised the imprisonment of the peers who refused to pay a forced loan (GARDINER, vi. 150). but was himself among the defaulters for ship-money in Kent to the extent of 51. in April 1636. He was nomi- nated on a committee of council to deal with ship-money 20 May 1640 ; but he seems to have abstained carefully from committing himself to the illegal proceedings encouraged by his more violent colleagues. He kept up his connection with America, and petitioned for a grant of Sandy Hook Island (lat. 44), on 10 Dec. 1638. In 1640 Dorset was nominated one of the peers to act as regents during the king's absence in the north (Cal. State Papers, 2 Sept. 1640 ; see also 26 March 1639). In January 1641 he helped to arrange the marriage of the Princess Mary with the Prince of Orange, and was again a com- missioner of regency, 9 Aug. to 25 Nov. He was opposed to the proceedings against the bishops, and ordered the trained bands of Middlesex to fire on the mob that as- sembled to intimidate parliament on 29 Nov. 1641. Clarendon (bk. iv. 110) says that the commons wished to impeach him either for this or ( for some judgment he had been party to in the Star-chamber or council table.' He joined the king at York early in 1642, and pledged himself to support a troop of sixty horse ; he was among those who attested, 15 June 1642, the king's decla- ration that he abhorred the idea of war (ib. bk. v. 345-6). In July he attended the queen in Holland, but returned before the king's standard was raised at Nottingham. On 25 Aug. he was sent, with Lord South- ampton and Sir J. Culpepper, to treat with the parliamentary leaders. At the same date Knole House was plundered by parlia- mentary soldiers. He was present at the battle of Edgehill, perhaps in charge of the young princes. James II wrote (in 1679) that ' the old Earl of Dorset at Edgehill, being commanded by the king, my father, to go and carry the prince and myself up the hill out of the battle, refused to do it, and said he would not be thought a coward for ever a king's son in Christendom ' (Hist. MSS. llth Hep. App. v. 40). He came to Oxford with the king, but more than once protested against the continuance of the war ; a speech made by him at the council table against one by the Earl of Bristol, 18 Jan. 1642-3, was cir- culated as a tract (reprinted in Somers Tracts, iv. 486-88). He was made a commissioner of the king's treasury, 7 March 1643, and wa& lord chamberlain of the household (vice the Earl of Essex) from 21 Jan. 1644 to 27 April 1646. Early in 1644 he was also entrusted with the privy seal and the presidency of the council ; and he made sensible speeches, which were printed in Oxford and London as ' shewing his good affection to the Parlia- ment and the whole state of this Kingdom.' He signed the letter asking Essex to pro- mote peace, in January 1644 ; was one of the committee charged with the defence of Oxford ; and was nominated by Charles in December 1645 one of those to whom he would entrust the militia. He was one of the signatories to the capitulation of Oxford, 24 Juns 1646. In June 1644 Dorset had been assessed at 5,000/. and his eldest son at 1,500Z. by the committee for the advance of money (Comm. Advance Money, p. 398) ; in 1645 he resigned an estate of 6,000/., the committee under- taking to pay his debts ( Verney Papers, ii. 248). In September 1646 he petitioned to compound for his delinquency on the Ox- ford articles, and his fine of one tenth was fixed at 4,360/. ; it was reduced to 2,415/. on 25 March 1647, and he was discharged on 4 June 1650 (Comm. for Compounding, 1509). Whitelocke (Memorials, p. 275) mentions Dorset as one of the six peers who intended to go to Charles at Hampton Court in October 1647 and reside with him as a council. This was not permitted by the parliament ; and he seems to have taken no further part in public affairs. After the execu- tion of the king, he is said never to have left his house in Salisbury Court, Fleet Street. There he died 17 July 1652, and was buried in the family vault at Withyham. His monument perished in the fire of 16 June 1663. An elegy on him was printed, with heavy black edges, by James Ho well, in the rare "pamphlet entitled i Ah-Ha, Tumulus Thalamus ' (London, 4to, 1653). Dorset married, in 1612, Mary, daughter and heiress of Sir George Curzon of Crox- hall, Derbyshire. In 1630 she was ap- pointed ' governess ' of Charles, prince of Wales, and James, duke of York, for a term of twelve years. On 20 July 1643 she re- Sackville Sackville ceived charge of the younger children, Henry, duke of Gloucester, and his sister Elizabeth, and was allowed 600/. a year, with Knole House and Dorset House, in recognition of her services. In 1645 she died, just as she was about to be relieved of her duties, and, as a reward for her l godly and conscientious care and pains,' received a public funeral in Westminster Abbey (Cat. State Papers; GREEN, Princesses, vi. 342, 348; WHITE- LOCKE, p. 154). Dorset's children were : (1) .Mary, who died young, 30 Oct. 1632; (2) Richard, fifth earl (see below); (3) Ed- ward, who was wounded at Newbury, 20 Sept. 1643, and soon after his marriage with Bridget, baroness Norreys, daughter of Ed- ward Wray, was taken prisoner by parlia- mentary soldiers in a sortie at Kidlington, and murdered in cold blood at Chawley in the parish of Cumnor, near Oxford, 11 April 1646. Dorset is described by Clarendon (bk. i. 12U-37) as ' beautiful, graceful, and vigo- rous : his wit pleasant, sparkling, and sub- lime .... The vices he had were of the age, which he was not stubborn enough to con- temn or resist.' He was an able speaker, and on the whole a moderate politician, combining a strong respect for the royal prerogative with an attachment to the pro- testant cause and the liberties of parliament (GARDINER, iv. 70-1, 257). He was evi- dently an excellent man of business. The contemporary descriptions of his personalap- pearaiice are borne out by the fine portrait by Vandyck at Knole, the head from which has been frequently engraved e.g. by Hollar, Vertue, and Vandergucht. His elder son, RICHARD SACKVILLE, fifth EARL of DORSET (1622-1677), was born 'at Dorset House on 16 Sept. 1622. As Lord Buckhurst he contributed an elegy to t Jon- sonus Virbius' (1638), a collection of poems in Ben Jonson's memory, and he represented East Grinstead in the House of Commons from 3 Nov. 1640 till he was 'disabled' on 1643; but his seat was not filled up till 1646. He was one of the fifty-nine rdians ' who opposed the bill of at- tainder against Lord Strafford on 21 April he was imprisoned by the parliament in 1642, and was fined 1,600/. in 1644, but >t seem to have taken any part in the civil war. In January 1656 he com- ! that his property in Derbyshire and Staffordshire had been seized on an erro- mforination of delinquency, and an -toration was made on 12 April. March 1660 he was appointed a corn- er of the militia of Middlesex ; and April was on the committee of safety in the new parliament or convention, and chairman of a committee on the privileges of the peers ; in May he was placed on several committees connected with the restoration, being chairman of the one for arranging for the king's reception. Charles II ap- pointed him joint lord lieutenant of Mid- dlesex on 30 July 1660, which office he held till 6 July 1662; in the same year he received the stewardships in Sussex usually held by his family, and was joint lord lieutenant from 1670. In October he was nominated on the commission for the trial of the regicides. He acted as lord sewer at the coronation on 23 April 1661. and was made a member of the Inner Temple with the Duke of York on 3 Nov. He frequently petitioned for the renewal of grants made to his family, especially for a tax of 4s. a ton on coal. In 1666 he was inconvenienced by an encroachment by Bridewell Hospital on the site of Dorset House, which had been burnt in the fire ; but in September 1676 he was enriched by reversions which fell in on the death of the old Countess of Dorset, Pem- broke, and Montgomery, whose first husband, Richard, third earl of Dorset, was his uncle. [see CLIFFORD, ANNE]. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 3 May 1665, Aubrey says that Samuel Butler told him that Dorset translated the 'Cid ' of Corneille into English verse (Aubrey MSS. vii. 9, viii. 20). He died on 27 Aug. 1677, and was buried at Withy ham. He married, before 1638, Lady Frances, daughter of Lionel Cranfield, first earl of Middlesex [q. v,], and eventually heiress to her brothers ; she married, secondly, Henry Powle [q. v. ], master of the rolls, and died on 20 April 1687. He had seven sons and six daughters. His eldest son was Charles Sack- ville, sixth earl of Dorset [q. v.] In memory of his youngest child Thomas (b. 3 Feb. 1662, d. at Saumur 19 Aug. 1675) he contemplated a monument in the Sackville Chapel in Withy- ham church, which he had rebuilt. The con- tract (for a sum of 3507.) with the Dutch sculptor, Caius Gabriel Cibert or Gibber (1630-1700), is dated April 1677 ; and the monument, finished by the countess as a memorial of the whole family in 1678, is one of the finest works of the period. There are three portraits of Earl Richard at Knole, one of which was engraved by Bocquet and published by J. Scott in 1806. [Doyle's Official Baronage ; Collins's Peerage, ed. Brydgcs, ii. 151-69 ; Wood's Athenpe Oxon. iii. 748 ; Gardiner's Hist, of England ; Bridg- rnan's .Sketch of Knole ; Alexander Brown's Genesis U.S.A. ; Historical Notices of Withyham (by R. W. Sackville- West, the late Earl De la Sackville Sackville Warr); Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1590-1677; Hist. MSS. Comm. especially 4th Rep. App. pp. 276-317, and 7th Rep. App. pp. 249-60, being calendars of the papers at Knole, mostly those of the Cranfield family.] H. E. D. B. SACKVILLE, GEORGE, first VISCOUNT SACKVILLE (1716-1785). [See GERMAIN, GEORGE SACKVILLE.] SACKVILLE, JOHN FREDERICK, third DUKE of DORSET (1745-1799), only son of Lord John Philip Sackville, M.P., by- Frances, daughter of Jolin, earl of Gower, and grandson of Lionel Cranfield Sackville, first duke of Dorset [q. v.], was born on 24 March 1745, and educated at West- minster School, with which he kept up a connection in later life. As ' Mr. Sackville ' he was elected member for Kent at the general election of 1768 (Parliamentary Re- turns), but vacated his seat and was called to the House of Lords on the death of his uncle Charles, second duke of Dorset [q. v.] (5 Jan. 1769), when he succeeded to the title and estates. He was sworn of the privy council on being appointed captain of the yeomen of the guard on 11 Feb. 1782, which post at court he resigned on 3 April 1783, and from 26 Dec. 1783 to 8 Aug. 1789 he filled the responsible position of ambassador-extra- ordinary and plenipotentiary to the court of France. He quitted that country at the be- ginning of the revolution. He received the Garter on 9 April 1788, and was lord steward of the royal household 7 Oct. 1789 till he resigned on 20 Feb. 1799. He was also lord lieutenant of Kent from 27 Jan. 1769 till 13 June 1797, and colonel of the West Kent militia from 13 April 1778 till his death, being granted the rank of colonel in the army on 2 July 1779. He was appointed one of the trustees under the will of Dr. Busby on 11 May 1797 (PHILLIMORE, Alumni West- monasterienses) ; was elected a governor of the Charterhouse on 4 March 1796, and was high steward of Stratford-upon-Avon for many years. The duke died in his fifty-fifth year at his seat at Knole, Kent, on 19 July 1799, and was buried in the family vault at Withyham, Sussex. Dorset's manners were soft, quiet, ingratiating, and formed for a court, free from affectation, but not deficient in dignity. He possessed good sense, matured by knowledge of the world (WRAXALL, Memoirs]. A member of the Hambledon Club and a patron of cricket, he was one of the committee by whom the original laws of the Marylebone Club were drawn up. On 4 Jan. 1790 he married Arabella Diana, daughter of Sir Charles Cope, bart., of Brewerne, Oxfordshire ; and he left two daughters and a son, George John Frederick, who, dying from a fall in the hunting field in 1815, was succeeded as fifth and last duke by his cousin, Charles Sackville Germain (1767-1 843), son of Lord George Sackville Germain [q. v.] The se- cond daughter, Elizabeth (d. 1870), mar- ried, in June 1813, George John West, fifth earl De la Warr, who assumed in 1843 the additional surname and arms of Sack- ville. The countess was in April 1864 created Baroness Bucklmrst, and, dying on 9 Jan. 1870, left, with other issue, the pre- sent Baron Sackville. [Doyle's Official Baronage; Haydn's Book of Dignities, ed. Ockerby ; Burke's Peernge, s.v. De la Warr and Sackville ; Gent. Mas:.] W. R. W. SACKVILLE, LIONEL CRANFIELD, first DUKE OF DORSET (1688-1765), born on 18 Jan. 1688, the only son of Charles, sixth earl of Dorset [q. v.], by his second wife, Lady Mary Compton, younger daughter of James, third earl of Northampton, and sister of Spencer, earl of Wilmington, was educated at Westminster School. In April 1706 he accompanied Charles Montagu, earl of Hali- fax, on his special mission to Hanover for the purpose of transmitting to the elector the acts which had been passed in the in- terests of his family. He succeeded his father as seventh Earl of Dorset and second Earl of Middlesex on 29 Jan. 1 706, and took his seat in the House of Lords on 19 Jan. 1708 (Journals of the House of Lords, xviii. 430). In December 1708 he was appointed constable of Dover Castle and lord warden of the Cinque ports, posts from which he was removed in June 1713. He is said to have written the whig address from the county of Kent, which was presented to the queen on 30 July 1710 (Annals of Queen Anne, ix. 177-9), and on 15 June 1714 he protested against the Schism Act (ROGERS, Complete Collection of the Protests of the Lords, 1875, i. 218-21). On Anne's death he was sent by the regency as envoy-extraordinary to Hanover to notify that fact to George I. He was appointed groom of the stole and first lord of the bedchamber on 18 Sept. 1714, and constable of Dover Castle and lord warden of the Cinque ports on 18 Oct. On the 16th of the same month he was elected a knight of the Garter, being installed on 9 Dec. following. He assisted at the corona- tion of George I on 20 Oct., as bearer of the sceptre with the cross, and on 16 Nov. 1714 was sworn a member of the privy council. In April 1716 he supported the Septennial Bill in the House of Lords, and is said to Sackville 93 Sackville have declared that 'triennial elections de- I stroy all family interest and subject our ex- > cellent constitution to the caprice of the multitude ' (Par/. Hist. vii. 297). In July 1717 he was informed by Lord Sunderland j that the king had no further occasion for his j services (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. App. iii. 8). He was created Duke of Dorset on 17 June 1720, and took his seat at the upper end of the earls' bench on 8 Oct. following (Journals of the House of Lords, xxi. 370). On 30 May 1725 he was appointed lord steward of the j household. He acted as lord high steward of England at the coronation of George II j on 11 Oct. 1727, and was the bearer of St. ! Edward's crown on that occasion. On 4 Jan. 1728 he was reappointed constable of Dover Castle and lord warden of the Cinque ports. On resigning his post of lord steward of the household, Dorset was appointed lord-lieu- tenant of Ireland (19 June 1730). During his viceroyalty he paid three visits to Ire- land, where he resided during the parlia- mentary sessions of 1731-2, 1733-4, and 1735-6. In 1731 the court party was de- feated by a majority of one on a financial question (LECKY, Hist, of England, 1878, ii. 428) : but with this exception the political history of Ireland during Dorset's tenure of | office was uneventful. In 1735 Sir Robert Walpole appears to have obtained the queen's consent to Dorset's removal, and to have i secretly offered the post to Lord Scarbrough. ; To Walpole's great surprise, Scarbrough refused the offer, and ' Dorset went to Ire- land again, as satisfied with his own security as if he had owed it to his own strength ' (LORD HERVEY, Memoirs of the Reign of , George II, 1884, ii. 163-4). He was suc- ceeded as lord-lieutenant of Ireland by Wil- liam, third duke of Devonshire, in March 1737, and was thereupon reappointed lord steward of the household. Dorset continued to hold this office until 3 Jan. 1745, when he became lord president of the council. He was reappointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland on 6 Dec. 1750, being succeeded by Granville as president of the council in June 1751. During his former viceroyalty Dorset had performed the duties of his office to the en- I tire satisfaction of the court party. He had ! ' then acted for himself,' but now ' he was I in the hands of two men most unlike him- | self/ his youngest son, Lord George Sack- ! ville, who acted as his first or principal se- j cretary, and George Stone, the primate of j Iivland (\VALPOLE, Memoirs of the Reign of George II, 1847, i. 279; see also Letters ! \\ W.-x of the Earl of Chesterfield, 1845- ;, ii. :'.<><>, i v . 101). In consequence of I their policy, a serious parliamentary oppo- sition was for the first time organised in Ireland; while an injudicious attempt on the part of Lord George Sackville to oust Henry Boyle, the parliamentary leader of the whig party in Ireland, from the speakership led to his temporary union with the patriot party. The most important of the many alter- cations which arose between the court party and the patriots concerned the surplus re- venue. This the House of Commons wished to apply in liquidation of the national debt. Though the government agreed to the mode of application, they contended that the sur- plus could not be disposed of without the consent of the crown. In his speech at the opening of the session, in October 1751, Dorset signified the royal consent to the ap- propriation of part of the surplus to the liquidation of the national deto. The bill for carrying this into effect was passed, but the house took care to omit taking any notice of the king's consent. Upon the re- turn of the bill from England, with an alteration in the preamble signifying that the royal consent had been given, the house gave way, and the bill was passed in its altered form (LECKY, Hist, of England, ii. 432). In 1753 the Earl of Kildare pre- sented a memorial to the king against the administration of the Duke of Dorset and the ascendency of the primate ; but this re- monstrance was disregarded (WALPOLE, Reign of George II, i. 354). In the session of 1753 the contest between the court and the patriots was renewed. Dorset again an- nounced the king's consent to the appropria- tion of the fresh surplus. The bill again omitted any notice of the sovereign's con- sent. It was returned with the same alte- ration as before, but this time was rejected by a majority of five. Dorset thereupon adjourned parliament, and dismissed all the servants of the crown who had voted with the majority, while a portion of the surplus was by royal authority applied to the pay- ment of the debt (LECKY, Hist, of England, ii. 432 ; see WALPOLE, Reign of George II, i. 368-9). Another exciting struggle was fought over the inquiry into the peculations of Arthur Jones Nevill, the surveyor-general, who was ultimately expelled from the House of Com- mons on 23 Nov. 1753 (Journals of the Irish House of Commons, v. 196). A curious indication of the feeling against Dorset's administration was shown at the Dublin Theatre on 2 March 1754. The audience called for the repetition of some lines which appeared to reflect upon those in office. West Digges [q. v.], by the order of Sheridan Sackville 94 Sackville the manager, refused to repeat them. Where- upon ' the audience demolished the inside of the house and reduced it to a shell' (WALPOLE, Reign of George II, i. 389 ; Gent. Mag. 1754, p. 141). Alarmed by the discontent which had been aroused, the English government de- termined at last to make terms with Boyle, and to appoint Lord Hartington in Dorset's place. In February 1755 Dorset was in- formed that he was to return no more to Ireland. According to Horace Walpole, ' he bore the notification ill,' and hoped that, 1 if the situation of affairs should prove to be mended/ he might be permitted to re- turn (WALPOLE, Reign of George II, ii. 10). Dorset was appointed master of the horse on 29 March 1755, a post in which he was succeeded by Earl Gower in July 1757. During the riots occasioned by the Militia Bill in 1757, he was attacked at Knole, near Sevenoaks, by a mob, but was saved 'by a young officer, who sallied out and seized two-and-twenty of the rioters ' (ib. iii. 41). On 5 July 1757 Dorset was con- stituted constable of Dover Castle and lord warden of the Cinque ports for the term of his natural life. He died at Knole on 9 Oct. 1765, aged 76, and was buried at Withyham, Sussex, on the 18th. Dorset, says Lord Shelburne, was l in all respects a perfect English courtier and nothing else. . . . He had the good fortune to come into the world with the whigs, and partook of their good fortune to his death. He never had an opinion about public matters. ... He preserved to the last the good breeding, decency of manners, and dignity of exterior deportment of Queen Anne's time, never departing from his style of gravity and ceremony' (LoRD EDMOND FITZMAURICE, Life of William, Earl of Shel- burne, 1875, i. 341). According to Horace Walpole, Dorset, in spite of ' the greatest dignity in his appearance, was in private the greatest lover of low humour and buf- foonery ' (Reign of George II, i. 98). Swift, in a letter to Lady Betty Germain, an inti- mate friend of Dorset, writes in January 1727 : * I do not know a more agreeable per- son in conversation, one more easy or of better taste, with a greater variety of know- ledge, than the Duke of Dorset ' ( Works, 1824, xix. 117). Dorset was appointed a Busby trustee (14 March 1720), custos rotulorum of Kent (12 May 1724), vice-admiral of Kent (27 Jan. 1725), high steward of Tamworth (6 May 1729), governor of the Charterhouse (17 Nov. 1730), and lord-lieutenant of Kent (8 July 1746). He also held the office of high steward of Stratford-on-Avon, and was a member of the Kit-Cat Club. He was created a D.C.L. of Oxford University on 15 Sept. 1730, and acted as one of the lords justices of Great Britain in 1725, 1727, 1740, 1743, 1745, 1748, and 1752. He married, in January 1709, Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Lieutenant-general Walter Philip Colyear, and niece of David, first earl of Portmore. She was maid of honour to Queen Anne, and became first lady of the bed- chamber to Caroline, the queen consort, both as princess of Wales and queen. She was also appointed groom of the stole to the queen on 16 July 1727, a post which she resigned in favour of Lady Suffolk in 1731. By this marriage Dorset had three sons, viz. (1) Charles Sackville, second duke of Dor- set [q. v.] ; (2) Lord John Philip Sackville, M.P. for Tamworth, whose only son, John Frederick, became third duke of Dorset [q.v.] ; (3) Lord George Sackville Germain, first viscount Sackville [q. v.] ; and three daugh- ters, Lady Anne Sackville, who died on 22 March 1721, aged 11 ; (2) Lady Eliza- beth Sackville, who was married on 6 Dec. 1726 to Thomas, second viscount Wey- mouth, and died on 9 June 1729 ; and (3) Lady Caroline Sackville, who was mar- ried to Joseph Darner, afterwards first earl of Dorchester, on 27 July 1742, and died on 24 March 1775. The duchess died on 12 June 1768, aged 81, and was buried at Withyham on the 18th. Matthew Prior dedicated his l Poems on Several Occasions,' London, 1718, fol., to Dorset, out of gratitude to the memory of his father. Some of Dorset's correspon- dence is preserved among the manuscripts of Mrs. Stop ford Sackville of Dray ton House, Northamptonshire. Among the collection are several letters addressed to Dorset by Swift (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. pt. iii.) Portraits of Dorset, by Kueller, are in possession of the family. There are nume- rous engravings of Dorset by Faber, McAr- dell, and others, after Kneller. [Horace Walpole's Letters, 1857-9; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. 1812-15; E. W. Sackvi lie- West's Historical Notices of the Parish of Withyham, 1857 ; Autobiography and Correspondence of Mrs. Delany, 1863-4, vols. i. ii. iii. iv. ; Letters to and from Henrietta, Countess of Suffolk, 1824, i. 62, 63, ii. 29, 33-6, 220 ; Memoirs of the Kit-Cat Club, 1821, pp. 66-9 (with por- trait) ; Plowden's Historical Eelation of the State of Ireland, 1803, i. 280-4, 309-16, App. pp. 255-7 ; Fronde's English in Ireland, 1872-4, i. 4P7-8, 574, 580-2, 610-12, ii. 5 ; Lyon's Hist, of Dover, 1813-14, ii. 262-3; Doyle's Official Sackville 95 Sackville Baronage, 1886, i. 628-9 ; G. E. C.'s Complete Peerage, iii. 152; Collins's Peerage of England, 1812, ii. 174-8; Haydn's Book of Dignities, 1890; Alumni Oxoniensps, 1715-1886, iv. 1241 ; Alumni Westmonast. 1852, pp. 194, 240-1, 245, 294, 555, 556. 575; Gent. Mag. 1765, p. 491.] G. F. E. B. SACKVILLE, SraRICHARD(rf.l5G6), under-treasurer of the exchequer and chan- cellor of the court of augmentations, was eldest son of John Sackville of Chiddingley, Kent, by Anne, daughter of Sir William Boleyn, and sister of Thomas Boleyn, earl of Wiltshire and Ormonde. Queen Anne Boleyn was thus his first cousin. In later life he expressed regret that l a fond school- master, before he was fullie fourtene years olde, drove him with feare of beating from all love of learning ' (ASCHAM, Scholemaster, pp. xvii-xviii). He was educated at Cam- bridge but did not graduate ; he soon went to the bar, becoming Lent reader at Gray's Inn in 1529. He acted as steward to the Earl of Arundel, and sat for Arundel in the Reformation parliament of 1529. He pro- bably gave proof of his willingness to do what was wanted ; from 1530 he was con- stantly on commissions of the peace and of sewers for Sussex. In November 1538 he was one of those appointed to receive indict- ments against Sir Geoffrey Pole, Sir Edward Neville, and others, and shortly afterwards he became under-treasurer of the exchequer, treasurer of the army, and in 1542 escheator for Surrey and Sussex. In 1545 he received large grants of land. Under Edward VI he took a more prominent part in public life. On 24 Aug. 1548 he was appointed chan- cellor of the court of augmentations, and thus had ample opportunities of enrich- ing himself. He was knighted in 1549 (Lit. Rem. Edw. VI, p. cccvii). In 1552 he was a commissioner for the sale of chan- try lands ; at this time he lived at Derby Place, Paul's Wharf. He witnessed the will of Edward VI, but Mary renewed his patent as chancellor at the augmentations court on 20 Jan. 1553-4, and made him a mem- ber of her privy council. He sat in the parliament of 1554 as member for Ports- mouth. He lost, however, for the time, the advantage which he had gained in the last reign as patentee of the bishop of Winchester's lands, though he regained it under Elizabeth, who retained him in her service. He was appointed to supervise the arrangements for her coronation, and was present at the first meeting of her council on 20 Nov. 1558. He sat for Kent in the parliament of 1558, and for Sussex from 1563 till his death. In 1558 he was one of those appointed to audit the accounts of Andrew Wise, under-trea- surer for Ireland. In 1559 he was one of the commissioners appointed to administer the oaths to the clergy ; the same year, with Sir Ambrose Cave, he conducted the search among the papers of the bishops of Win- chester and Lincoln. On 9 and 10 Sept. 1559 he was one of the mourners at the funeral services held at St.Paul's on the death of Henry II of France ; he was also a mourner on the death of the emperor in 1564, when Grindal preached. On 25 April 1561 he received charge of Margaret, coun- tess of Lennox. In 1566 he took part in the fruitless negotiations as to the marriage with the Archduke Charles. He died on 21 April 1566, and was buried at Withyham in Sussex. He married Winifred, daughter of Sir John Bruges, lord mayor of London in 1520, and by her left 'a son Thomas, afterwards first Earl of Dorset (who is separately noticed), and a daughter Anne, who married Gre- gory Fiennes, tenth lord Dacre of the South [q. v.] His widow married William Paulet, first marquis of Winchester [q. v.], died in 1586, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Sackville was a pleasant, capable, and ac- commodating official. He grew very rich and established his family. Naunton de- clared that his accumulation of wealth en- titled him to be called 'Fill-sack' rather than ' Sack-ville ' (Fragmenta Regalia, ed. Arber, p. 55). But he had intellectual in- terests. He was dining with Sir William Cecil at Windsor in 1563, when another guest, Roger Ascharn [q. v.], turned the conversation on the subject of education. Sackville later in the day had a private colloquy with Ascham on the topic, urged the scholar to write his l Scholemaster,' and entrusted to him his grandson, Robert Sack- ville, second earl of Dorset [q. v.], to be edu- cated with Ascham's son. Ascham, in his 1 Scholemaster,' speaks of Sackville in terms of great respect. [Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, ed.Gaird- ner, passim ; Cooper's Athense Cantabr. i. 241 ; Foster's Reg. of Gray's Inn, p. 2 ; Hasted's Kent, i. 344 ; Coll. Top. et Gen. iii. 295 ; Arch. Cantiana, xvii. 214, &c. (Rochester Bridge); Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Dasent, passim; Strype's Works: Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1547-80, p. 10, &c. Addenda, For. Ser. 1558-9 ; Sussex. Arch. Coll. xxvi. 41 ; Napier's Swyncombe and Ewelme ; Ascham's Schoolmaster, ed. Mayor ; Narratives of the Reformation, p. 267, and Wrio- thesley's Chron. ii. 145 (Camd. Soc.) ; Lit. Re- mains of Edward VI (Roxburghe Club), passim.] W. A. J. A. Sackville 9 6 Sackville SACKVILLE, ROBERT, second EAKL OP DORSET (1561-1609), born in 1561, was the eldest son of Thomas Sackville, first earl of Dorset [q. v.], by Cecily (d. 1 Oct. 1615), daughter of Sir John Buker of Sis- singhurst, Kent, speaker of the House of Commons. His grandfather, Sir Richard Sackville [q. v.], invited Roger Ascham to educate Robert with his own son ( ASCHAM, Scholemaster, ed. Mayor). He matriculated from Hart Hall, Oxford, 17 Dec. 1576, and graduated B.A. and M.A. on 3 June 1579; it appears from his father's will (COLLINS, ii. 139-40) that he was also at New College. He was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1580, and elected to the House of Com- mons in 1585 as member for Sussex. In 1588 he sat for Lewes, but represented the county again in 1592-3, 1597-8, 1601, and 1604-8. He is said to have been a leading member of the House of Commons, serving as a chairman of several committees (cf. D'Ewss, Journals, passim). According to a contemporary writer (MiLLES, Catalogue of Honour, p. 414), he was ' a man of singular learning and many sciences and languages, Greek and Latin being as familiar to him as his own natural tongue.' At the same time he engaged in trading ventures, and had ships in the Mediterranean in Fe- bruary 1602. He also held a patent for the supply of ordnance (cf. Cal. State Papers, 20 Feb. 1596). He succeeded to the earldom of Dorset on the death of his father on 19 April 1608. He inherited from his father over sixteen manors in Sussex, Essex, Kent, and Middlesex, the principal seats being Knole and Buckhurst. Dorset survived his father less than a year, dying on 27 Feb. 1609 at Dorset House, Fleet Street. He was buried in the Sackville Chapel at Withy ham, Sussex, and left by will 200/. or 300/. for a tomb. This monument perished when Withyham church was destroyed by lightning on 16 June 1663. He left 1,000/. for the erection and a rent charge of 330/. for the endowment of a ' hospital or college' for twenty-one poor men and ten poor women, to be under the patronage and government of his heirs. This may have been an imita- tion of Emmanuel College, Westminster, founded by his aunt, Anne Fiennes, lady Dacre [q. v.] Accordingly, the building of j the almshouse known as ' Sackville College for the Poor ' at East Grinstead, Sussex, was commenced about 1616 by the executors, his brother-in-law, Lord William Howard [q. v.], and Sir George Rivers of Chafford. It was inhabited before 1622 (Burial Registers of East Grinstead ; cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. App. p. 120, House of Lords). Most of the Sackville lands were soon alienated by the founder's son, and the buyers refused to acknowledge the estate's liability to the col- lege. On 6 July 1 631 the poor inmates received a charter of incorporation, but their revenues were still irregularly paid (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. p. 44; PEPYS, Diary, 9 Feb. 1660). But in 1700, after tedious litigation, a re- duced rent charge of 216Z. 12s. 9d. was im- posed on the Sackville estates on behalf of the college, and the number of inmates re- duced to twelve, with a warden. The col- lege buildings were restored in the pre- sent century by the Dorset coheiresses, the Countess Amherst and the Countess De la. Warr (Baroness Buckhurst), and the pa- tronage remains with their representative, Earl De la Warr, the owner of the Sussex estates. Dorset married first, in February 1579-80, Lady Margaret, only daughter of Thomas Howard, fourth duke of Norfolk [q. v.] She was suspected of attending mass ( Cal. State Papers, 20 Dec. 1583). By her he had six children, of whom Richard became third earl, and Edward fourth earl [q. v.] A daughter, Anne, married Sir Edward Seymour, eldest son of Edward Seymour, lord Beauchamp, and Cecily married Sir Henry Compton, K.B. Lady Margaret died on 19 Aug. 1591 (coffin-plate) ; Robert Southwell [q. v.], the Jesuit, published in her honour, in 1596, a small quarto entitled ' Triumphs over Death/ with dedicatory verses to her surviving- children. It is reprinted in Sir S. E. Brydges's 1 Archaica ' (vol. i. pt. iii). Dorset married, secondly, on 4 Dec. 1592, Anne (d. 22 Sept. 1618), daughter of Sir John Spencer of Al- thorp, and widow of, first, William Stanley, Lord Monteagle, and, secondly, Henry, lord Compton. In 1608-9 Dorset found reason to complain of his second wife's misconduct, and was negotiating with Archbishop Bancroft and Lord-chancellor Ellesmere for a separa- tian from her when he died (Cal. State Papers, 1603-10, pp. 477, 484). There are two portraits of Dorset; at Knole House ; neither has been engraved. [Doyle's Official Baronage ; Collins's Peerage, ed. Brydges, ii. 146-9 ; Cal. State Papers, passim ; Kev. E. W. Sackville-West (the late Earl De la Warr), Hist. Notices of Withyham ; Stenning's Notes on East Grrinstead, originally a paper in Sussex Arch. Soc. Collectanea; Bridgman's Sketch of Knole ; Willis's Not. Parl.] H. E. D. B. SACKVILLE, THOMAS, first EAKL OF DOESET and BARON BUCKHURST (1536-1608), only son of Sir Richard Sackville [q. v.], was born in 1536 at Buckhurst in the parish of Withyham, Sussex. He seems to have at- Sackville 97 Sackville tended the grammar school of Sullington, Sussex, and in 1546 was nominated incum- bent of the chantry in the church there, a post from which he derived an income of 31. 16s. a year. There is no documentary eorroboration of the reports that he was a member of Hart Hall at Oxford and of St. John's College, Cambridge. Subsequently he joined the Inner Temple, of which his father was governor, and he was called to the bar (ABBOT, Funeral Sermon, 1608). In early youth he mainly devoted himself to literature. About 1557 he planned a poem on the model of Lydgate's ' Fall of Princes.' The poet was to describe his descent into the infernal regions after the manner of Virgil and Dante, and to recount the lives of those dwellers there who, having distinguished themselves in English history, had come to untimely ends. Sackville prepared a poetical preface which he called an ' Induction.' Here ' Sorrow ' guides the narrator through Hades, and after the poet has held converse with the shades of the heroes of antiquity he meets the ghost of Henry Stafford, duke of Buckingham, who recites to him his tragic story. Sackville made no further contribu- tion to the design, which he handed over to Richard Baldwin [q. v.] and George Ferrers [q. v.] They completed it adopting Sack- ville's seven-line stanzas under the title of * A Myrrovre for Magistrates, wherein may be seen by example of others, with howe grievous plages vices are punished, and howe frayle and unstable worldly prosperity is founde even of those whom fortune seemeth most highly to favour.' A first volume was issued in 1559, and a second in 1563. Sack- ville's ' Induction,' though obviously designed to introduce the work, appears towards the end of the second volume. It is followed by his ' Complaint of the Duke of Buck- ingham.' These contributions give the vo- lumes almost all their literary value. In dignified, forcible, and melodious expression Sackville's t Induction ' has no rival among the poems issued between Chaucer's ' Canter- bury Tales ' and Spenser's ' Faerie Queene.' Spenser acknowledged a large indebtedness to the ' Induction,' and he prefixed a sonnet to the * Faerie Queene ' (1590) commending the author Whose learned muse hath writ her own record In golden verse, worthy immortal fame. Other editions of the 'Mirror' are dated 1563, 1571, 1574, 1587, 1610, and 1815 [see art. BALDWYN, WILLIAM; BLENERHASSET, T HOM AS ;HiG GINS, JOHN ;NiccoLS, RICHARD]. Of equal importance in literary history, if less interesting from the literary point of view, VOL. L. was Sackville's share in the production of the first English tragedy in blank verse, ' The Tragedy of Gorboduc.' It was first acted in the hall of the Inner Temple on Twelfth Night 1560-1. Sackville was alone respon- sible (according to the title-page of the first edition of 1565) for the last two acts. These are by far the ' most vital ' parts of the piece, although Sackville's blank verse is invariably 'stiff and cumbersome.' There is no valid ground for crediting him with any larger re- sponsibility for the undertaking. The first three acts were from the pen of a fellow student of the law, Thomas Norton [see art. NORTON, THOMAS, 1532-1584, for biblio- graphy and plot of ' Gorboduc ']. Sackville's remaining literary work is of comparatively little interest. Commendatory verses by him were prefixed to Sir Thomas Hoby's ' Courtier,' a translation of Castiglione's ' Cortegiano,' 1561, and he has been credited with a poem issued under the signature 'M. S.' in the 'Paradise of Dainty De- vices,' 1576. That lie wrote other poems that have not been identified is clear from Jasper Hey wood's reference to ' Sackvyles Sonnets, sweetly sauste,' in his preface to his translation of Seneca's ' Thyestes ' (1560). George Turberville declared him to be, in his opinion, superior to all contemporary poets. In his later years William Lambarde eulo- gised his literary efforts ; and Bacon, when sending him a copy of his ( Advancement of Learning,' reminded him of his ' first love.' His chaplain, George Abbot, spoke in his funeral sermon of the ' good tokens ' of his learning' in Latine published into the world ; ' but the only trace of his latinity survives in a Latin letter prefixed to Bartholomew Clerke's Latin translation of Castiglione's ' Cortegiano ' (1571). Literature was not the only art in which Sackville delighted. Music equally attracted him. Throughout life he entertained musicians ' the most curious which anywhere he could have' (ABBOT). Among his other youthful inte- rests was a zeal for freemasonry, and he be- came in 1561 a grand master of the order, whose headquarters were then at York. He resigned the office in 1567, but while grand master he is stated to have done the fraternity good service by initiating into its innocent secrets some royal officers who were sent to break up the grand lodge at York. Their report to the queen convinced her that the society was harmless, and it was not molested again (Dr. JAMES ANDEKSON, New Book of Constitutions of the Fraternity of Freemasons, 1738, p. 81 ; PRESTON, Illustrations of Ma- sonry ; HYNEMAN, Ancient York and London Grand Lodges, 1872, p. 21). Sackville Sackville Politics, however, proved the real business of Sackville's life. To the parliament of Queen Mary's reign which met on 20 Jan. 1557-8 he was returned both for Westmore- land and East Grinstead, and he elected to serve for Westmoreland. In the first parlia- ment of Queen Elizabeth's reign, meeting on 23 Jan. 1558-9, he represented East Grin- stead, and he represented Aylesbury in the parliament of 1563. On 17 'March he con- veyed a message from the house to the queen. The queen recognised his kinship with her his father was Anne Boleyn's first cousin and she showed much liking for him, ordering him to be in continual attendance on her. But extravagant habits led to pecuniary difficulties, and, in order to correct his ' im- moderate courses/ he made about 1563 a foreign tour, passing through France to Italy. At Rome an unguarded avowal of pro- testantism involved him in a fourteen days' imprisonment. While still in the city news of his father's death on 21 April 1566 reached him, and he hurried home to assume control of a vast inheritance. Rich, cultivated, sagacious, and favoured by the queen, he possessed all the quali- fications for playing a prominent part in politics, diplomacy, and court society. He was knighted by the Duke of Norfolk in the queen's presence on 8 June 1567, and was raised to the peerage as Lord Buck- hurst on the same day. His admission to the House of Lords was calculated to strengthen the protestant party there. In the spring of 1568 he was sent to France, and, according' to 'Cecil's 'Diary,' he per- suaded the queen-mother to make i a motion for a marriage of Elizabeth with her second son, the Duke of Anjou.' Later in the year he was directed to entertain the Cardinal Chatillon at the royal palace at Sheen, which he rented of the crown, and where he was residing with his mother. Early in 1571 he paid a second official visit to France to con- gratulate Charles IX on his marriage with Elizabeth of Austria. He performed his ambassadorial functions with great magnifi- cence (cf. HOLINSHED, s.a. 1571), and did what he could to forward the negotiations for the queen's marriage with Anjou, pri- vately assuring the queen-mother that Eliza- j bethwas honestly bent on going through with the match (cf. F'KOUDE, History, ix. 368-70). Later in the year in August he was in attendance on Paul de Foix, a French am- bassador who had come to London to con- tinue the discussion of the marriage. On 30 Aug. he accompanied the ambassador from Audley End to Cambridge, where he was created M.A. Buckhurst joined the privy council, and found constant employment as a commis- sioner at state trials. Among the many prisoners on whom he sat in judgment were Thomas, duke of Norfolk (15 Jan. 1571-2), Anthony Babington (5 Sept. 1586), and Philip, earl of Arundel (14 April 1589). Although nominated a commissioner for the trial of Mary Queen of Scots, he does not seem to have been present at Fotheringay Castle or at Westminster, where she was condemned; but he was sent to Fotherin- gay in December 1586 to announce to Mary the sentence of death (cf. AMIAS POTILET, Letter Book; FROTJDE, xii. 219-21). He performed the painful duty as considerately as was possible, and the unhappy queen pre-< sented him with a wood carving of the pro- cession to Calvary, which is still preserved at Knole. Next year he once again went abroad on political service. Through the autumn of 1 586 Leicester's conduct in the Low Countries caused the queen much concern, and Leicester urged that Buckhurst might be sent to in- vestigate his action and to allay the queen's fears that he was committing her to a long and costly expedition. ' My lord of Buck- hurst would be a very fit man,' Leicester wrote, ' ... he shall never live to do a better service ' (Leycester Correspondence, pp. 304, 378). At the end of the year Leicester came home, and in March 1587 Buckhurst was di- rected to survey the position of affairs in the Low Countries. His instructions were to tell the States-General that the queen, while she bore them no ill-will, could no longer aid them with men or money, but that she would intercede with Philip of Spain in their behalf. He faithfully obeyed his orders, but the queen, perceiving that it was incumbent on her to continue the war, abruptly recalled him in June. She severely reprimanded him by letter for too literally obeying his instructions. She expressed scorn of his shallow judgment which had spilled the cause, impaired her honour, and shamed himself (MOTLEY, United Nether- lands, chaps, xv. and xvi. ; FEOUDE, xii. 301). On arriving in London he was di- rected to confine himself to his house. For nine months the order remained in force, and Buckhurst faithfully respected it, declining to see his wife or children. On Leicester's death he was fully restored to favour, and for the rest of her reign the queen's confidence in him was undisturbed. In December 1588 he \vas appointed a commissioner for ecclesiastical causes. On 24 April 1589 he was elected K.G., and was installed at Windsor on 18 Dec. Mean- Sackville 99 Sackville while he engaged anew in diplomatic busi- ness. Pie went on an embassy to the Low Countries in November 1589, and in 1591 he was one of the commissioners who signed a treaty with France on behalf of the queen. In 1598 he joined with Burghley in a futile attempt to negotiate peace with Spain, and in the same year went abroad, for the last time, to renew a treaty with the united pro- vinces, which relieved the queen of a sub- sidy of 120,000/. a year. High office at home finally rewarded his service abroad. He was one of the four commissioners appointed to seal writs during the vacancy in the office of chancellor after the death of Sir Christopher Hatton (20 Nov. 1591) and before the appointment of Pucker- ing on 3 June 1592. In August 1598 Lord- treasurer Burghley died, and court gossip at once nominated Buckhurst to the vacant post (CHAMBERLAIN", Letters, pp. 31, 37) ; but it was not until 19 May 1599 that he was in- stalled in the office of treasurer. He per- formed his duties with businesslike precision. Every suitor could reckon on a full hearing in his turn, and he held aloof from court factions. His character and position alike recommended him for the appointment in January 1601 of lord high steward, whose duty it was to preside at the trials of the Earl of Essex and his fellow-conspirators. The accession of James I did not affect his fortunes. On 17 April 1603 he was re- appointed lord treasurer for life. He at- tended Elizabeth's funeral at Westminster on the 28th of that month, and on 2 May met the king at Broxbourne. He was gra- ciously received. lie was one of the peers who in November 1603 sat in judgment on Henry, lord Cobham, and Thomas, lord Grey de Wilton, and he was created Earl of Dorset on 13 March 1603-4. In May 1604 he was nominated a commissioner to nego- tiate a new treaty of peace with Spain, which was finally signed on 18 Aug. The king of Spain showed his appreciation of Dorset's influence in bringing the negotiations to u satisfactory issue by bestowing on him a pension of 1,000/. in the same month, and by presenting him with a gold ring and a richly jewelled chain. Dorset's wealth and munificence in private life helped to confirm his political position. His landed property inherited or purchased was extensive. He resided in early life at Buckhurst, Sussex, where he employed John Thorpe to rebuild the manor-house between 1560 and 1565. In 1569 he ob- tained from King's College, Cambridge, a grant of the neighbouring manor of Withy- ham and the advowson of the church there in exchange for the manor and advowson of Sampford-Courtenay in Devonshire. The church of Withy ham was the burial-place of his family. He built a house, which was soon burnt down, on part of the site of Lewes Priory, which had been granted to his father. He had been joint lord lieutenant of Sussex as early as 1569, and he some- what humorously distinguished himself in that capacity in 1586, when, a false alarm having been given that fifty Spanish ships were off the coast, he hastily summoned the muster of the county and watched with them all night between Itottingdean and Brighton, only to discover in the morning that the strangers were innocent Dutch- men driven near the coast by stress of weather. Meanwhile, in June 1566, the queen granted to him the reversion of the manor of Knole, near Sevenoaks in Kent, subject to a lease granted by the Earl of Leicester, to whom the estate had been presented by the queen in 1561 (HASTED, Kent, i. 342). It was not until 1603 that Dorset came into possession of the property. He at once set to work to rebuild part of the house from plans supplied at an earlier date by John Thorpe. Two hundred workmen were em- ployed on it, and it was completed in 1605 (cf. Archccologia Cantiana, vol. ix. pp. xl et seq.) Another office of dignity which Dorset long filled was that of chancellor of the university of Oxford. He. was elected on 17 Dec. 1591. His competitor was Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, but the queen's influence was thrown decisively on the side of Lord Buckhurst. On 6 Jan. 1591-2 he was incorporated, at his residence in London, M.A. in the university. In September 1592 he visited Oxford, and received the queen there with elaborate ceremony (NICHOLS, Progresses, iii. 149 seq.) H> gave books to Bodley's Library in 1600, anl a bust of the founder, which is still extant there, in 1605 (MACRAY, ytert/*, pp.20, 31). In August 1605 he entertained James I at Oxf >rd, keeping open house at New College for a week. The earl sent 20/. and five brace o ' bucks to those who had disputed or acted b ;fore the king, and money and venison to e "erv col- lege and hall (NICHOLS, Progresses of James I, i. 539 seq.) One of Dorset's latest acts in his office of lord treasurer was to interview privately the barons of the exchequer (November 1606) while they were sitting in judgment on the great constitutional case of the mer- chant Bates who had refused to pay the im- positions that had been levied by the crown u 2 Sackville 100 Saddington without parliamentary sanction. Dorset had previously assured himself that judgment would be for the crown, but he apparently wished the judges to deliver it without stating their reasons (GARDINEP,, History, ii. 6-7). He died suddenly at the council-table at Whitehall on 19 April 1608. His body was taken to Dorset House, Fleet Street, and was thence conveyed in state to Westminster Abbey on 26 May. There a funeral sermon was preached by his chap^in, George Abbot [q. v.], dean of Winchester, and afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. In accordance with his will he was buried in the Sack- ville Chapel, adjoining the parish church of Withyham. His tomb was destroyed by lightning on 16 June 1663, but his coffin remains in the vault beneath. Dorset is credited by Naunton with strong judgment and self-confidence, but in domestic politics he showed little independence. His main object was to stand well with his" sovereign, and in that he succeeded. He was a good speaker, and the numerous letters and state papers extant in his handwriting exhibit an unusual perspicuity. In private life lie was considerate to his tenants. By his will, made on 7 Aug. 1607, a very detailed docu- ment, he left to his family as heirlooms rings given him by James I and the king of Spain, and a portrait of Queen Elizabeth, cut in agate and set in gold. This had been left him by his sister Ann, lady Dacre. Plate or jewels were bequeathed to his friends, the archbishop of Canterbury, Lord-chancellor Ellesmere, the Earls of Nottingham, Suffolk, Worcester, Northampton, Salisbury, and Dunbar. The Earls of Suffolk and Salisbury were overseers of his will, and his wife and eldest son were joint executors. He left 1,000. for building a public granary at Lewes, 2,000/. for stocking it with grain in seasons of scarcity, and 1,000/. for building a chapel at Withyham. "'He married, in 1554, Cecily, daughter of Sir John Baker of Sissinghurst in Kent ; Dorset speaks of her in his will in terms of warm affection and respect. She survived till 1 Oct. 1615. By her he was father of four sons and three daughters : the eldest son was Robert Sackville, second earl of Dorset [q. v.]; William, born about 1568, was knighted in France by Henry IV in October 1589, and was slain fighting against the forces of the league in 1591 ; Thomas, born on 25 May 1571, distinguished himself in fighting against the Turks in 1595, and died on 28 Aug. 1646. Of the daughters, Anne was wife of Sir Henry Glemham of Glemham in Suffolk (cf. Cal State Papers 1603-10, pp. 499, 575) ; Jane was wife of Anthony Browne, first viscount Montague [q. v.] ; and Mary married Sir Henry Neville, ultimately Lord Abergavenny. His poetical works, with some letters and the preamble to his will, were collected and edited in 1859, by the Rev. Reginald W. Sackville West, who prefixed a memoir. There are portraits of the Earl of Dorset at Knole and Buckhurst (by Marcus Ghee- raerts the younger [q. v.]) ; while in the picture gallery at Oxford there is a painting of him in the robes of chancellor, with the blue ribbon, George, and treasurer's staff. This was presented by Lionel, duke of Dorset, in 1735. There are engravings by George Vertue, E. Scriven, and W. J. Alais. [Cooper's Athense Cantabr. ii. 484-92, sup- plies the most detailed account of his official career. George Abbot's Funeral Sermon, 1608, dedicated to the widowed countess, gives a con- temporai'y estimate of his career (esp. pp. 13-18). W. D. Cooper's memoir in Shakespeare Society's edition of Gorboduc and Sackville West's memoir in his Collected Works, 1859, are fairly com- plete. See also Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia, ed. Arber, pp. 55-6 ; Strype's Annals ; Corres- pondance Diplomatique de Fenelon, iii. iv. v. vii. ; Birch's Queen Elizabeth ; Camden's An- nals; Doyle's Official Baronage; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1571-1608 ; Warton's Hist, of English Poetry; Ritson's Bibliographia Anglo- Poetica; Brydges's Memoirs of the Peers of James I.] S. L. SACROBOSCO, CHRISTOPHER (1562-1616), Jesuit. [See HOLYWOOD.] SACRO BOSCO, JOHANNES DE (/. 1230), mathematician. [See HOLYWOOD or HALIFAX, JOHN.] SADDINGTON, JOHN (1634 P-1679), Muggletonian, was born at Arnesby, Lei- cestershire, about 1634, and was engaged in London in the sugar trade. He was among the earliest adherents to the system of John Reeve (1608-1658) [q. v.] and Lodowicke Muggleton [q. v.], and hence was known as the * eldest son ' of their movement. He was a tall, handsome man, and an intelligent writer; his strenuous support in 1671 was of essential service to Muggleton's cause. He died in London on 11 Sept, 1679. Two only of his pieces have been printed: 1. ' A Prospective Glass for Saints and Sinners/ 1673, 4to; reprinted, Deal, 1823, 8vo. 2. 'The Articles of True Faith,' written in 1675, but not printed till 1830, 8vo. Of his unprinted pieces in the Muggletonian archives, the most important is ' The Wormes Conquest,' a poem of 1677, on the trial of Muggleton, who is the ' worme.' Saddler 101 Sadington [Saddington's printed and manuscript writ- ings; Muggleton's Acts and Letters; Ancient and Modern Muggletonians (Transactions of Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Hoc. 4 April 1870); Smith's Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana, 1873, pp. 321 sq.] A. G. SADDLER, JOHN (18] 3-1892), line engraver, was born on 14 Aug. 1813. He was a pupil of George Cooke (1781-1834) [q. v.], the engraver of Turner's ' Picturesque Views on the Southern Coast of England,' and it is related that on one occasion he was sent to Turner with the trial proof of a plate of which he had himself engraved a considerable portion. Scanning the plate with his eagle eye, Turner asked ' Who did this plate, my boy?' 'Mr. Cooke, sir,' answered Saddler, to which Turner replied, ' Go and tell your master he is bringing you on very nicely, especially in lying.' Later on he engraved the vessels in the plate of Turner's ' Fighting Temeraire,' the sky of which was the joint production of R. Dickens and J. T. Willmore, A.R.A., and he used to say that Turner took a keener interest in the engraving of this than of any others of his works. He assisted Thomas Landseer in several of his engravings from the works of Sir Edwin Landseer, especially ' The Twins,' 'The Children of the Mist,' ' Mar- mozettes,' and * Braemar,' and also in the plate of the ' Horse Fair,' after Rosa Bon- heur. Among works executed entirely by him are ' The Lady of the "Woods/ after John Mac Whirter, R.A.; 'The Christening Party,' after A. Bellows, engraved for the 'Art Journal' of 1872; 'Shrimpers' and ' Shrimping,' after H. W. Mesdag, and many book illustrations after Millais, Poynter, Tenniel, Gustave Dore, and others. He also engraved plates of ' Christ Church, Hamp- shire,' after J. Nash, and ' Durham Cathe- dral,' after H. Dawson, for the 'Stationers' Almanack,' and some other views and por- traits, and at the time of his death was en- gaged on the portrait of John Walter, from the picture begun by Frank Holl, R.A., and finished by Hubert Herkomer, R. A. He ex- hibited a few works at the Society of British Artists, and others at the Royal Academy between 1862 and 1883. Saddler was for many years the treasurer of the Artists' Amicable Fund, and was thus brought into contact with most of the artists of his time, and many and racy were the anecdotes of them which he was wont to tell, In 1882 he left London, and went to reside at Wokingham in Berkshire, where on 29 March 1892 he committed suicide by hanging himself during an attack of tem- porary insanity. [Times, 7 April 1892; Reading Mercury, 2 April 1892 ; Koyal Academy Exhibition Cata- logues, 1862-83.] K. E. G. SADINGTON, SIR ROBERT DE (/. 1340), chancellor, was no doubt a native of Sadington in Leicestershire, and perhaps a son of John de Sadington, a valet of Isa- bella, wife of Edward II, and custos of the hundred of Gertre [Gartree] in that county (Abbrev. Rot. Orig. i. 243). He may be the Robert de Sadington who was named by Joan de Multon to seek and receive her dower in chancery in January 1317 (Cal. Close Rolls, Edw. II, ii. 451). He appears as an advo- cate in the year-books from 1329 to 1336. In 1329 he was on a commission to sell the corn from certain manors then in the king's hands. On 18 Feb. 1331 he was on a com- mission of oyer and terminer to inquire into the oppressions of the ministers of the late king in Rutland and Northamptonshire (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edw. Ill, ii. 134). In the following years he frequently appears on similar commissions. On 12 Feb. 1332 he was placed on the commission of peace for Leicestershire and Rutland, and on 25 June 1332 was a commissioner for the assessment of the tallage in the counties of Leicester, Warwick, and Worcester (ib. ii. 287, 312). Previously to 8 Aug. 1334 he was justice in eyre of the forest of Pickering and of the forests in Lancashire (ib. iii. 1, 4, 172, 261). On 31 Dec. 1334 he was appointed on an in- quiry into the waterways between Peter- borough and Spalding and Lynn, and, on 10 July 1335, on an inquiry into the collec- tion of taxes of Northamptonshire, Warwick- shire, and Rutland (ib. iii. 70, 202). During 1336 he was a justice of gaol delivery at Lancaster and Warwick (ib. iii. 300, 324). On 20 March 1334 he was appointed chief baron of the exchequer (ib. iii. 400), and ap- pears to have been the first chief baron who was summoned to parliament by that title. On 25 July 1339 he was acting as lieutenant for the treasurer, William de Zouche, and from 2 May to 21 June 1340 was himself treasurer, but retained his office as chief baron. On 29 Sept. 1343 he was appointed chancellor, being the third layman to hold this position during the reign. He resigned the great seal on 26 Oct 1345. Thereasonfor his resignation is not given, but the fact that he was reappointed chief baron on 8 Dec. 1345 seems to preclude the suggestion of Lord Campbell, that it was due to inefficiency. He had been a trier of petitions for England in the parliaments of 1341 and 1343, and was a trier of petitions from the clergy in 1347 (Rolls of Parliament, ii. 126, 135, 164). In 1346 Sadington was one of the guardians of Sadleir 102 Sadleir the principality of Wales, duchy of Corn- wall, and earldom of Chester during 1 the minority of the prince. In 1347 he presided over the commission appointed to try the earls of Fife and Menteith, who had been taken prisoners in the battle of Neville's Cross. Sadington perhaps died in the spring of 1350, for his successor as chief baron was appointed on 7 April of that year. He mar- ried Joyce, sister and heiress of Richard de Mortival, bishop of Salisbury. Isabel, his daughter and sole heir, married Sir Ralph Hastings, [Murimut.h's Chronicle, p. 118; Nichols's Leicestershire, ii. 187, 612, 740, 776 ; Foss's Judges of England ; Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, i. 245-6 ; other authorities quoted.] c. L: K. SADLEIR, FRANC (1774-1851), pro- vost of Trinity College, Dublin, youngest son of Thomas Sadleir, barrister, by his first wife, Rebecca, eldest daughter of William Wood- ward of Clough Prior, co. Tipperary, was born in 1774. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he became a scholar in 1794, and a fellow in 1805. He graduated B.A. 1795, M.A. 1805, B.D. and D.D. 1813. In 1816, 1817, and 1823 he was Donnelan lecturer at his college ; from 1824 to 1836 Erasmus Smith professor of mathematics, and from 1833 to 1838 regius professor of Greek. In politics he was a whig, and his ad- vocacy of catholic emancipation was earnest and unceasing. In conjunction with the Duke of Leinster, the archbishop of Dublin, and others, he was one of the first com- missioners for administering the funds for the education of the poor in Ireland, 1831. In 1833 he was appointed, with the pri- mate, the lord chancellor, and other digni- taries, a commissioner to alter and amend the laws relating to the temporalities of the church of Ireland, but resigned the trust in 1837. On 22 Dec. of that year, during the viceroyalty of the Marquis of Normanby, he was made provost of Trinity College, a 'post which he held for fourteen years. On more than one occasion he is said to have declined a bishopric. He upheld the principle of the Queen's colleges in Ireland. He died at Castle Knock Glebe, co. Dublin, on 14 Dec. 1851, and was buried in the vaults of Trinity College on 18 Dec. He married Letitia, daughter of Joseph Grave of Ballycommon, King's County, by whom he left five children. There is a portrait of F. Sadleir in the pro- vost's house, Trinity College. Sadleir published f Sermons and Lec- tures preached in the Chapel of Trinity Col- lege, Dublin,' 1821-4, 3 vols. ; and ' National Schools for Ireland defended in a Letter to Dr. Thorpe,' 1835. [Gent. Mair. 1852, i. 193-4; Illnstr. London News, 27 Dec. 1851, p. 763 ; Freeman's Journal, 16 Dec. 1851, p. 2, 17 Dec. p. 2; Guardian, 17 Dec. 1851, p. 867; Taylor's History of the University of Dublin, 1845, p. 262; The Book of Trinity Coll., Dublin, 1892, p. 198.] G. C. B. SADLEIR, JOHN (1814-1856), Irish politician and swindler, born in 1814, was the third son of Clement William Sadleir, a tenant farmer living at Shrone Hill, near Tipperary, by his wife, a daughter of James Scully, founder of a private bank at Tip- perary. His parents were Roman catholics. He was educated at Clongowes College, and succeeded an uncle in a prosperous solicitor's business in Dublin. He became a director of the Tipperary joint-stock bank, established about 1827 by his brother, James Sadleir, afterwards M.P. for Tipperary. Shortly before 1846 he was an active par- liamentary agent for Irish railways, and re- tired from the legal profession in 1846. At that period and subsequently he was con- nected with a number of financial enterprises, including the Grand Junction Railway of France, the East Kent line, the Rome and Frascati Railway, a Swiss railway, and a coal company. He was an able chairman of the London and County Joint-Stock Bank- ing Company from 1848 to within a few months of his death. Sadleir was elected M.P. for Carlow in 1847. He was a firm supporter of Lord John Russell till the period of the Wiseman controversy, when he became one of the most influential leaders of the party known as ' the pope's brass band ' and l the Irish brigade.' In 1853, on the formation of Lord Aberdeen's ministry, he accepted office as a junior lord of the treasury, but his consti- tuents rejected him when applying, on his ap- pointment, for re-election. In the same year (1853) he was elected M.P. for Sligo, but the disclosure of some irregularities in con- nection with the election led to his resign- ing his junior lordship, though he retained his seat till his death. At the beginning of February 1856 the Tipperary bank, at that time managed by James Sadleir, was in a hopelessly insolvent condition, and John Sadleir had been allowed to overdraw his account with it to the ex- tent of 200,000^. On Saturday, 16 Feb., Messrs. Glyn, the London agents of the bank, returned its drafts as not provided for. John Sadleir was seen during the day in the city, and at his club till 10.30 at night ; but on the morning of Sunday the 17th his dead body was found lying in a hollow about a Sadler 10- Sadler hundred, and fifty yards from Jack Straw's Castle on Hampstead Heath. A silver cream jug, and a bottle which had contained the es- sential oil of almonds, and which bore several labels of ' poison,' were found by his side. Sadleir's suicide created a great sensation, and a revelation soon followed of his long career of fraud and dishonesty. The 'Times' for 10 March 1856 began a leading article with the words ' J ohn Sadleir was a national calamity.' The assets of the Tipperary bank were found to be only 3o,000/., and the losses of the depositors and others amounted to not less than 400,0007. The loss fell heavily upon many small farmers and clerks in the south of Ireland, who had been attracted by a high rate of interest to deposit their savings in the bank. Sadleir, who had dealt largely in the lands sold in the encumbered estate court in Ire- land, was found in several instances to have forged conveyances of such land in order to raise money upon them. His frauds in con- nection with the Royal Swedish Railway Com- pany, of which he was chairman, consisted in fabricating a large number of duplicate shares, and of appropriating 19,700 of these. The ' Nation ' (Dublin) described Sadleir at the time of his death as a sallow-faced man, ' wrinkled with multifarious intrigue, cold, callous, cunning.' He was a bachelor, and, to all appearance, had no expensive habits ; his only extravagance seemed to be that of keeping a small stud of horses at Watford to hunt with the Gunnersbury hounds. The character of Mr. Merdle in Dickens's ' Little Dorrit ' was.*according to its author, shaped out of l that precious ras- cality,' John Sadleir (FoKSTEE, Life of Charles Dickens, bk. viii. p. 1). In the spring of 1856 a curious belief was current that the body found at Hampstead was not Sadleir's, and that he was alive in America. But at the coroner's inquest the identification with Sadleir had been clearly established. [Gent. Mag. 1856, i. 530 ; Times 1856, 18 Feb. E. 1 1, 1 March, p. 8 (other references in Palmer's ndex) ; Walford's Old and New London, v. 455.1 W.W. SADLER, ANTHONY (/. 1630-1680), divine, son of Thomas Sadler, was born at Chitterne St. Mary, Wiltshire, in 1610. He matriculated at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, on 21 March 1628, graduated B. A. on 22 March 1632, was ordained by Dr. Richard Corbet [q.v.], bishop of Oxford,when only twenty-one, and became chaplain to the Sadler family in Hertfordshire, to whom he was related. Dur- ing the following twenty years he w r as curate at Bishopstoke, Hampshire, lived (Wood says beneficed) in London six or seven years, and was chaplain to Lettice, lady Paget, widow of Sir William Paget. By her he was pre- sented in May 1654 to the rectory of Comp- ton Abbas, Dorset, but was rejected by the triers in spite of his certificates from William Lenthall [q. v.], then master of the rolls, and Dr. Thomas Temple. On 3 July he was ex- amined before Philip Nye [q. v.] and four other commissioners. He then printed 'In- quisitio Anglicana,' London, 1654, 4to, con- taining the examination, with comments and complaints. Nye replied with l Mr. Sadler re-examined,' 1654, 4to, in which he declared that Sadler * preached not always for edifica- tion, but sometimes for ostentation.' Much graver charges were brought against him later. An order in council was given in December to three members to examine him (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1654, p. 410). He probably lived about London until the Re- storation, when, one authority says, ' being very poor, but well stocked with wife and chil- dren, he went up and down a birding for a spiritual benefice.' He preached an appro- bation sermon at Mitcham, and was presented to that living by the patron, Robert Cranmer, a London merchant. Sadler soon instituted a suit against Cranmer for dilapidations. It lasted two years and a half. Cranmer had Sadler arrested for libel, but he was liberated after a few days, on giving his bond in 500/. to relinquish the living on 10 April. He was accused of disorderly practices and omitting to perform divine service. He wrote from the Borough prison on 25 Nov. 1664 a peti- tion to George Morley, bishop of Winchester, ' Strange Newes indeed from Mitcham in Surrey,' London, 1664. Sadler next ob- tained an appointment to Berwick St. James, Wiltshire; but in 1681 Seth Ward, bishop of Salisbury, complained to Archbishop San- croft of his debauchery. Archdeacon Robert Woodward (afterwards dean) advised him, 21 May 1683, to submit to suspension by the bishop, but he petitioned the archbishop against it (CoxE,Cjotf. of Tanner MSS.y. 1091). Wood is wrong in saying he died in 1680. More accurate is Wood's description of him as ' leaving behind him the character of a man of a rambling head and turbulent spirit.' Sadler wrote: 1. ' The Subjects' Joy,' 1660, 4to, a kind of semi-religious drama. 2. ' The Loyal! Mourner, shewing the murdering of King Charles I. Foreshowing the restoring of Charles II,' London, 1660, 4to. The latter portion, which he pretends was written in 1648, contains the lines : And now is seen that maugre rebel's plots, The name of C. K. lives, and 0. C. rots. 3. 'Majestic Irradiant,' a broadside issued in Sadler 104 Sadler May 1660. 4. 'Schema Sacrum,' verses, with portraits of the king and archbishop, 1667 ; eprinted without the cuts in 1683. Another ANTHONY SADLER (fl, 1640), was admitted to Exeter College, Oxford, in 1621 ; graduated M.A. 1624, and M.D. 1633. The same or another (more probably of Cam- bridge) was presented to West Thurrock rec- tory, Essex, on 19 Dec. 1628 (NEWCOURT, Re'p. Eccles. ii. 592;, and died there on 20 May 1643. His dying confession, entitled ' The Sinner's Tears/ London, 1653, 12mo, was pub- lished by Thomas Fettiplace, master of Peter- house, Cambridge (reprinted 1680, 1688). [Kennett's Eegister, pp. 191, 215, 268, 330; Wood's Athense Oxon. iii. 1267, and his Fasti, i. 460; Foster's Alumni Oxon. early ser. iii. 1298; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, i. 175-8, ii. 356; works above mentioned; Manning and Bray's Hist, of Surrey, iii. 695; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. iii. 483 ; Hanbury's Hist. Mem. iii. 425- 429. There are no entries for 1610 in the Chit- terne parish register.] C. F. S. SADLER, JOHN (d. 1595 ?), translator, is said by Wood, without authority, to have been ' educated for a time in Oxon, in gram- mar and logic' (Athena Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 406). In reality he studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A. in 1534-5, and commenced M.A. in 1540 (COOPEE, AthencB Cantabr. ii/203). He was appointed one of the original fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, by the charter of foun- dation in 1546. On 11 June 1568 he was instituted to the rectory of Sudborough, Northamptonshire. In October 1571 he was residing at Oundle, and was in receipt of a liberal annuity from Francis Russell, second earl of Bedford, which he had enjoyed for many years previously. He died about 1595. He is author of ' The Foure bookes of Flavius Vegetius Renatus, briefelye con- tayninge a plaine forme, and perfect know- ledge of Martiall policye, feates of Chivalrie, and whatsoever pertayneth to warre. Trans- lated out of lattine into Englishe/ London, 1572, 4to, dedicated to Francis, earl of Bed- ford, K.G. The translation was undertaken at the request of Sir Edmund Brudenell, knt. It has commendatory lines by Christopher Carlisle, Thomas Drant, William Jacobs, William Charke, William Bulleyne, and John Higgins, all Cambridge men. [Addit. MS. 5880, f. 346; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert, p. 862 ; Briclges's North- amptonshire, ii. 255 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714 ir. 1299; Kymer's Fcedera, xv. 108; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. 649.] T. C. SADLER, JOHN (1615-1674), master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, descended from an ancient Shropshire family, was born on 18 Aug. 1615, being son of the incumbent of Patcham, Sussex, by Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Shelley of that parish. He received his academical education at Emmanuel Col- lege, Cambridge, of which he was for some years a fellow. He became very eminent for his great knowledge in Hebrew and other oriental languages. In 1633 he graduated B.A., and in 1638 he commenced M.A (Addit. MS. 5851, f. 12). After studying law at Lincoln's Inn, he was admitted one of the masters-in-ordinary in the court of chancery on 1 June 1644, and he was also one of the two masters of requests. In 1649 he was chosen town-clerk of London. He was highly esteemed by Oliver Cromwell, who, by a letter from Cork, 1 Dec. 1649, offered him the office of chief jusrice of Munster in Ireland with a salary of 1 ,000/. per annum, but he declined the offer. On 31 Aug. 1650 he was constituted master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, upon the removal of Dr. Edward Rainbow, who was reinstated after the Restoration (COOPER, Annals of Cambridge, iii, 435, 484). In January 1651-2 he was appointed one of the committee for the better regulation of the law ; in 1653 he was chosen M.P. for Cambridge ; and in 1655, by warrant of the Protector Cromwell, pursuant to an ordi- nance for regulating and limiting the juris- diction of the court of chancery, he was con- tinued one of the masters in chancery when their number was reduced to six. It was by his interest that the Jews obtained the privi- lege of building a synagogue in London. In 1658 he was chosen M.P. for Great Yarmouth, and in December 1659 he was appointed first commissioner under the great seal, with Taylor, Whitelocke, and others, for the pro- bate of wills. Soon after the Restoration j he lost all his employments. As he was lying sick at his manor of Warmwell, Dorset, which he acquired by marriage in 1662, he made the prophecy that there would be a plague in London, and that l the greatest part of the city would be burnt, and St. Paul's Cathedral' (MATHER, Magnalia Christi Americana, bk. vii. p. 102). In the fire of London his house in Salis- bury Court, which cost him 5,000/. in build- | ing, and several other houses belonging to him, were burnt down ; and shortly after- wards his mansion in Shropshire had the same fate. He was now also deprived of Vaux Hall, on the river Thames, and other estates, which being crown lands, he had purchased, and of a considerable estate in the Bedford Level, without any recompense. Having a family of fourteen children to provide for, he was obliged to retire to his Sadler Sadler seat at Warmwell, where he died in April 1674. On 9 Sept. 1645 he married Jane, youngest daughter and coheiress of John Trenchard, esq., of Warmwell, Dorset, receiving with her a fortune of 10,000/. (HuTCHiNS, Hist, of Dorset, 3rd. edit., 1861, i. 430). Walker describes John Sadler as ' a very insignificant man' (Sufferings of the Clergy, ii. 151), and a clergyman who knew him well in the university told Calamy, ' We accounted him not only a general scholar and an accom- plished gentleman, but also a person of great piety . . . though it must be owned he was not always right in his head, especially to- wards the latter end of his being master of the college ' (Life and Times of Baxter, con- tinuation, i. 116). His works are : 1. ' Masquarade du Ciel : presented to the Great Queene of the Little World. A Celestiall Map, representing the late commotions between Saturn and Mer- cury about the Northern Thule. By J. S.,' London 1640, 4to ; dedicated to the queen ; ascribed to Sadler on the authority of Arch- bishop Sancroft, who wrote the name of the author on a copy of this masque or play in the library of Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge (BAKER, Biogr. Dramatics, ed. Eeed and Jones, 1812, i. 623, iii. 28). 2. < Rights of the Kingdom ; or Customs of our ancestors touching the duty, power, election, or suc- cession of our Kings and Parliaments, our true liberty, due allegiance, three estates, their legislative power, originall, judicial!, and executive, with the Militia,' London, 1649, 4to ; reprinted London, 1682, 4to. 3. l Olbia. The new Hand lately discovered. With its Eeligion and Rites of Worship ; Laws, Customs, and Government; Cha- racters and Language; with Education of their Children in their Sciences, Arts, and Manufactures ; with other things remarkable. By a Christian Pilgrim,' pt. i. London, 1660, 4to. No second part was published. 4. ' A Prophecy concerning Plague and Fire in the City of London, certified by Cuthbert Bound, minister of Warmwell, Dorset,' Lansdowne MS. 98, art. 24 ; printed in Hutchins's < His- tory of Dorset,' 3rd ed., i. 435. THOMAS SADLEK (ft. 1670-1700), his second son, was intended for the law, and entered at Lincoln's Inn. He was, however, devoted to art, and received some instruc- tions from Sir Peter Lely in portrait-painting. He painted in oils and also in miniature, and his portraits were commended by his con- temporaries. In 1685 he drew the portrait of John Bunyan [q-. v.], which was engraved more than once. His son Thomas Sadler the younger became deputy-clerk of the Pells ( HUTCHINS, Hist, of Dorset, i. 431, ed. 1861 ; WALPOLE, Anecdotes of Painting, REDGEAVE, Diet, of Artists}. [Memoir by his grandson, Thomas Sadler, of the exchequer, in Birch MS. 4223, f. 166; Addit. MS. 5880, f. 35 ; Ayscough's Cat. of MSS. p. 737; General Dictionary, Historical and Critical, 1739, ix. 19 ; Halkett and Laing's Diet, of Anonymous Lit. ii. 1555, iii. 1808; Hutchins's Dorset, 1815, i. 259, iv. 355; Kennett's Register and Chronicle, pp. 906,913; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), p. 2168; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. in. 175.] T. C. SADLER, MICHAEL FERREBEE (1819-1895), theologian, eldest son of Michael Thomas Sadler [q. v.], was born at Leeds in 1819. Educated at Sherborne school, he entered St. John's College, Cam- bridge, after a short interval of business life. He was elected Tyrwhitt's Hebrew scholar in 1846, and graduated B.A. 1847. He was vicar of Bridgwater from 1857 to 1864 (during which time he was appointed to the prebend of Combe, 13th in Wells Cathedral), and of St. Paul's, Bedford, from 1864 to 1869 ; he was rector of Honiton from 1869 till his death. In 1869 he received an offer of the bishopric of Montreal, carrying with it the dignity of metropolitan of Canada, but re- fused it on medical advice. He was a volu- minous writer on theological subjects, and a strong high churchman. His works, which had a large circulation, did much to popu- larise the tractarian doctrines. The chief of them were : 1 . ' The Sacrament of Re- sponsibility,' 1851, published in the height of the Gorham controversy. 2. ' The Second Adam and the New Birth,' 1857. 3. ' Church Doctrine, Bible Truth,' 1862. 4. 'The Church Teacher's Manual.' 5. * The Com- municant's Manual.' 6. ' A Commentary on the New Testament.' He died at Honiton on 15 Aug. 1895. He married, in 1855, Maria, daughter of John Tidd Pratt [q. v.], formerly registrar of friendly societies in England. [Obituary notices in the Guardian, by Canon Temple and Rev. H. H. Jebb ; Church Times; Churchwoman (27 Sept.) ; Liverpool Post, and Western Mercury.] M. E. S. SADLER, MICHAEL THOMAS (1780-1835), social reformer and political economist, born at Snelston, Derbyshire, on 3 Jan. 1780, was the youngest son of James Sadler of the Old Hall, Do veridge. A ccording to tradition his family came from Warwick- shire, and was descended from Sir Ralph Sadler [q. v.] His mother was the daughter of Michael Ferrebee (student of Christ Church, Oxford, 1722, and afterwards rector of Rol- Sadler 106 Sadler leston, Staffordshire), whose father was a Huguenot. Sadler received his early train- ing from Mr. Harrison of Doveridge, and while at school showed a special aptitude for mathematics, but from his fifteenth year he was practically self-taught, acquiring in his father's library a wide but desultory know- ledge of classical and modern literature. His family, though members of the church of England, were in sympathy with the methodist movement, and suffered obloquy in consequence. Mary Howitt, who lived at Uttoxeter, wrote in her autobiography (vol. i.) that the SacHers, who were the first to bring the methodists into that district, 1 were most earnest in the new faith, and a ! sonnamed Michael Thomas, not then twenty, a youth of great eloquence and talent, preached sermons and was stoned for it.' ' The boy preacher ' (Mrs. Howitt continues) ' wrote a stinging pamphlet (' An Apology for the Methodists,' 1797) that was widely circulated. It shamed his persecutors and almost wrung an apology from them .... His gentlemanly bearing, handsome dress, intelligent face, and pleasant voice, we thought most unlike the usual Uttoxeter type.' In 1800 Sadler was established by his father in the firm of his elder brother, Benjamin, at Leeds, and in 1810 the two brothers entered into partnership with the widow of Samuel Fenton, an importer of Irish linens in that town. In 1816 he married Ann Fenton, the daughter of his Eartner and the representative of an old eeds family. Sadler, who had no liking for business, soon took an active part in public life, espe- cially in the administration of the poor law, serving as honorary treasurer of the poor rates. An enthusiastic tory, he expressed his political convictions in a speech, widely circulated at the time, which he delivered against catholic emancipation at a town's meeting in Leeds in 1813. In 1817 he pub- lished his ' First Letter to a Reformer,' in reply to a pamphlet in which Walter Fawkes of Farnley had advocated a scheme of politi- cal reform. But Sadler concentrated his chief attention on economic questions, and read papers on such subjects to the Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society, of which he was one of the founders. The general dis- tress and his personal experience of poor- law administration led him to examine the principles which should govern the relief of destitution from public funds. Growing anxiety about Irish affairs and the proceed- ings of the emigration committee in 1827 next drew his attention to the condition of the poor in Ireland, with which country his business brought him into close connec- tion ; but as early as 1823 his friend, the Rev. G. S. Bull (afterwards a leader of the agitation for the Ten-hour Bill), found him deeply moved by the condition of the chil- dren employed in factories (ALFRED, Hist. of the Factory Movement, i. 220). His repu- tation in the West Riding rapidly spread. Charlotte Bronte, writing at Haworth in 1829, says that in December 1827, when she and her sisters played their game of the 'Islanders/ each choosing who should be the great men of their islands, one of the three selected by Ann Bronte was Michael Sadler (MRS. G.A.SKELL, Charlotte Bronte, p. 60). In 1828 he published the best-written of his books, * Ireland : its Evils and their Re- medies,' which is in effect a protest against the application of individualistic political economy to the problems of Irish distress. His chief proposal was the establishment of a poor law for Ireland on the principle that in proportion to its means ' wealth should be compelled to assist destitute poverty, but that, dissimilar to English practice, assist- ance should in all cases, except in those of actual incapacity from age or disease, be connected with labour' (p. 193). He closely followed the argument of Dr. Woodward, bishop of Cloyiie ('An Argument in support of the Right of the Poor in the Kingdom of Ireland to a National Provision,' 1768). Sadler's book was well received. Bishop Copleston of Llandaff wrote of ifc to him in terms of warm approval. Sadler now found himself a leader in the reaction against the individualistic prin- ciples which underlay the Ricardian doc- trines, and he essayed the discussion of the more abstract points of political economy, a task for which he was indifferently equipped. He protested that in a society in which persons enjoyed unequal measures of economic free- dom, it was not true that the individual pursuit of self-interest would necessarily lead to collective well-being. His point of view was that of the Christian socialist (cf. Ire- land, pp. 207-17). He held that individual effort needed to be restrained and guided by the conscience of the community acting through the organisation of the state ; and that economic well-being could be secured by moralising the existing order of society without greatly altering the basis of politi- cal power. He first addressed himself to an attempted refutation of Malthus, issuing his ' Law of Population : a Treatise in Dis- proof of the Super-fecundity of Human Beings and developing the Real Principle of their Increase' (published 1830). Here Sadler advanced the theory that ' the pro- Sadler 107 Sadler lificness of human beings, otherwise similarly circumstanced, varies inversely as their num- bers.' In the ' Edinburgh Review ' for July 1830 Macaulay triumphantly reduced the new law to an absurdity. In replying to his critic (Refutation of an Article in the ( Edinburgh Review} No. cii.), Sadler denied that he had used the fatal word ' inversely ' in a strictly mathematical sense, and ad- mitted that the problem of population was too complex to admit at present of the establishment of an undeviating law. Party feeling ran too high for dispassionate criti- cism, and Macaulay's rejoinder (< Sadler's Refutation Refuted/ in Edinburgh Review January 1831) vituperatively renewed the controversy on the old ground. In March 1829 Sadler offered himself as tory candidate for Newark at the suggestion of the Duke of Newcastle. He was elected by a majority of 214 votes over Serjeant Wilde (afterwards Lord-chancellor Truro). Soon after taking his seat he delivered a speech against the Roman catholic relief bill, which gave him high rank among the parliamentary speakers of the day. Of this and a second speech on the same subject half a million copies were circulated. Sir James Mackintosh told Zachary Macaulay at the time ' that Sadler was a great man, but he appears to me to have been used to a favourable auditory.' At the general elec- tion in 1830 Sadler w r as again returned for Newark. On 18 April 1831 he seconded General Gascoyne's motion for retaining the existing number of members for England and Wales, and the carrying of this amend- ment against Lord Grey's ministry] led to the dissolution of parliament. Newark hav- ing become an uncertain seat, Sadler, at the suggestion of the Duke of Newcastle, stood and was returned for Aldborough in York- shire. He now devoted himself in the house to questions of social reform. In June 1830 he had moved a resolution in favour of the establishment of a poor law for Ireland on the principle of the 43rd of Queen Elizabeth, with such alterations and improvements as the needs of Ireland required. A second resolution of his to a similar effect, moved on 29 Aug. 1831, was lost by only twelve votes, a division which ministers acknowledged to be equivalent to defeat. The Irish Poor Law Act, however, was not passed till 1838. In October 1831 Sadler moved a resolution for bettering the condition of the agricultural poor in England. He ascribed the degrada- tion of the labourers to the growth of large farms which had caused the eviction of small holders, and to flagrant injustice committed in the enclosure of commons. He proposed (1) the erection of suitable cottages by the parish authorities, the latter to be allowed to borrow from government to meet the capital outlay ; (2) the provision of allot- ments large enough to feed a cow, to be let, at the rents currently charged for such land in the locality, to deserving labourers who had endeavoured to bring up their families without parochial relief; (3) the offer of sufficient garden ground at fair rents to en- courage horticulture among, the labourers; and (4) the provision of parish allotments for spade cultivation by unemployed labourers. In September 1830 Sadler's friend Richard Oastler [q. v.] had called public attention to the overwork of children in the worsted mills of the West Riding. The agitation for legislative interference quickly spread, and in 1831 Sir J. 0. Hobhouse (afterwards Baron Broughton) and Lord Morpeth intro- duced a bill for restricting the working hours of persons under eighteen years of age, em- ployed in factories, to a maximum (exclud- ing allowance for meals) of ten hours a day, with the added condition that no child under nine years should be employed. Sadler sup- ported the bill, though he was prepared to go far beyond it (ALFRED, History of the Factory Movement, i. 127). In the meantime alarm spread among many of the manufacturers, and, yielding to their pressure, Hobhouse consented to seriously modify his bill. But Oastler pursued his agitation for ' ten hours a day and a time-book/ and agreed with the radical working-men's committees to allow no political or sectarian differences to inter- fere with efforts for factory reform. Sadler was chosen as the parliamentary leader of the cause. He especially resented Hob- house's attitude, and wrote on 20 Nov. 1831 that the latter had f not only conceded his bill but his very views and judgment' to the economists, ' the pests of society and the persecutors of the poor.' The economists were not all opposed to legislative control of child labour in factories. Both Malthus and, later, McCulloch approved it in prin- ciple (cf. Essay on Population, 6th ed. 1826, bk. iii. ch. 3 ; HODDER, Life of Lord Shaftes- bury, i. 157). Hobhouse, however, regarded it as hopeless to make an effort at that time for a Ten-hour Bill, and deprecated imme- diate action. Nevertheless Sadler, on 15 Dec. 1831 , obtained leave to bring in a bill { for regulating the labour of children and young persons in the mills and factories of this country.' He moved the second reading on 16 March 1832, and his speech was published. He argued that ' the employer and employed do not meet on equal terms in the market of Sadler 108 Sadler labour/ and described in detail the sufferings endured by children in the factories. His speech deeply moved the House of Commons and the nation. The main features of Sadler's bill were ( to prohibit the labour of infants under nine years ; to limit the actual work, from nine to eighteen years of age, to ten hours daily, exclusive of time allowed for meals, with an abatement of two hours on Saturday, and to forbid all night work under the age of twenty-one/ He had intended to insert clauses (1) ' subjecting the millowners or occupiers to a heavy fine when any serious accident occurred in consequence of any negligence in not properly sheathing or de- fending the machinery/ and (2) proposing l a remission of an hour from each day's labour for children under fourteen, or otherwise of six hours on one day in each week, for the purpose of affording them some opportunity of receiving the rudiments of instruction.' He had also contemplated a further clause putting down night work altogether. But, not to endanger the principal object which he had in view, and ' regarding the present attempt as the commencement only of a series of measures in behalf of the indus- trious classes/ he had confined his measure within narrower limits. The reply to Sadler was that his statements were exaggerated, and that a committee should investigate his facts. Sadler consented to an inquiry, and the bill, after being read a second time, was referred to a committee of thirty members, to whom seven more were after wards added. The committee included Sadler as chairman, Lord Morpeth, Sir J. C. Hobhouse, Sir Ro- bert Peel, Sir Robert Inglis, and Messrs. Poulet Thomson and Fowell Buxton. It held its first sitting on 12 April 1832, met forty-three times, and examined eighty-nine witnesses. About half the witnesses were workpeople. The appearance of these working-class wit- nesses was much resented by some of the employers, and on 30 July 1832 Sadler ad- dressed the House of Commons on behalf of two of them who had been dismissed from their employment for giving evidence, and prayed for compensation. Among the phy- sicians summoned before the committee were Sir Anthony Carlisle, Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, Dr. P. M. Roget, Sir W. Blizard, and Sir Charles Bell, who all condemned the exist- ing arrangements. The committee reported the minutes of evidence on 8 Aug. 1832. The report impressed the public with the gravity of the question. Even Lord Ashley had heard nothing of the matter until ex- tracts from the evidence appeared in the news- papers (ib. i. 148). J. R. McCulloch, the eco- nomist, writing to Lord Ashley on 28 March 1833, said : ' I look upon the facts disclosed in the late report (i.e. of Sadler's committee) as most disgraceful to the nation, and I con- fess that until I read it I could not have conceived it possible that such enormities were committed ' (ib. p. 157). The chief burden of the work and of the collection of evidence fell on Sadler, and his health never recovered from the strain. Sadler had been one of the chief speakers at the great county meeting which Oastler organised at York on 24 April 1832 to demonstrate to parliament the strength of public opinion in favour of a ten-hour bill. Later in the year, sixteen thousand persons assembled in Fixby Park, near Huddersfield, to thank him for his efforts in the committee. At Manchester, on 23 Aug., over one hundred thousand persons are said to have been pre- sent at a demonstration held in honour of him and Oastler, and in support of the agita- tion for the bill (ALFRED, History of the Factory Movement, i. 235-57). His parlia- mentary career, however, had drawn to a close. Aldborough, for which he sat, was deprived of its member by the Reform Bill of 1832, and, at the dissolution in December, he declined other offers in order to stand for Leeds. His chief opponent was Macaulay, who defeated him by 388 votes. The fight was a bitter one (cf. TREVELYAN, Life and Letters of Macaulay, p. 209). In 1834 Sad- ler stood unsuccessfully for Huddersfield, but failing health compelled him to decline all later invitations. After his rejection for Leeds, his place as parliamentary leader of the ten-hour movement was taken, in February 1833, by Lord Ashley [see. COOPER, ANTONY ASHLEY, seventh EARL OP SHAFTESBTJRY], who never failed to recall the services previously rendered by Sadler to the cause (HODDER, Life of Lord Shaftesbury, i. 153 ; ALFRED, History of the Factory Movement, ii. 17, 19-20). The manufacturers complained that, when the session of 1832 ended, they had not had time to open their case before Sadler's com- mittee. Accordingly in 1833 the govern- ment appointed a royal commission to collect information in the manufacturing districts with respect to the employment of children in factories. In May Sadler published a ' Protest against the Secret Proceedings of the Factory Commission in Leeds/ urging that the inquiry should be open and public ; and in June renewed his protest in a ' Reply to the Two Letters of J. E. Drinkwater and Alfred Power, Esqs., Factory Commis- sioners.' After this, his health failed, and he took no further part m public affairs. Sadler 109 Sadler Retiring in 1834 to Belfast, where his firm had linen works, he died at New Lodge on 29 July 1835, aged 55. He was buried in the churchyard of Ballylesson. Sadler's eldest son was Michael Ferrebee Sadler [q. v.] His nephew, Michael Thomas Sadler (1801-1872), a surgeon at Barnsley, was the anthor of * The Bible the People's Charter/ 1869. A statue of Sadler, by Park, was erected by public subscription in Leeds parish church. There are two portraits of him one sitting on the benches of the House of Commons ; the other, engraved by T. Lupton from a painting by W. Robinson. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in June 1832. Sadler's brief public life deeply impressed his contemporaries. He was one of those philanthropic statesmen whose inspiration may be traced to the evangelical movement and the necessities of the industrial revolu- tion. He did not believe in any purely political remedy for the discontent caused by the unregulated growth of the factory system, but underrated the need for political reform, and was too sanguine in his belief that the territorial aristocracy would realise the necessity of social readjustments, and force the needed changes on the manufac- turing element of the middle class. He met with as much opposition from his own side as from his opponents. Lloyd Jones, who knew him well, bore testimony to his eloquence, marked ability, and ' modest honesty of pur- pose plain to the eye of the most careless ob- server in every look and action of the man.' And Southey, writing to Lord Ashley on 13 Jan. 1833, said : ' Sadler is a loss ; he might not be popular in the house, or in Lon- don society, but his speeches did much good in the country, and he is a singularly able, right-minded, and religious man. Who is there that will take up the question of our white slave-trade with equal feeling ? ' Besides the works mentioned above, Sadler published in pamphlet form : 1 . ' Speech on the State and Prospects of the Country, de- livered at Whitby 15 Sept. 1829.' 2. < The Factory Girl's Last Day,' 1830. 3. 'On Poor Laws for Ireland, 3 June 1830, and 29 Aug. 1831.' 4. 'On Ministerial Plan of Reform, 1831.' 5. On the Distress of the Agricul- tural Labourers, 11 Oct. 1831.' [The Memoir of Michael Thomas Sadler, by Seeley, 1842, is unsatisfactory. Southey offered to write a biography of Sadler, but the family made other arrangements. There is a short life in Taylor's Leeds Worthies, or Eiographia Leodiensis. Of. .also History of the Factory Movement by 'Alfred' (i.e. Samuel Ivy del ); Cunningham's Growth of English History and Commerce in Modern Times, pp. 584 and 628 ; Toynbee's Lectures on the Industrial Revolution,' p. 207 ; Bonar's Malthus and his Work, pp. 377 and 395 ; Macaulay's Miscellaneous Writings (articles on Sadler's Law of Population, and Sad- ler's Refutation Refuted) ; Hodder's Life of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, pp. 143-58 ; and the Report from the Committee of the House of Commons on the Bill to regulate the Labour of Children in the Mills and Factories of the United Kingdom, with minutes of evidence (8 Aug. 1832). The writer has also had access to family letters and papers.] M. E. S. SADLER, SADLEIR, or SADLEYER, SIE RALPH (1507-1587), diplomatist, born in 1507 at Hackney, Middlesex, was the eldest son of Henry Sadleir, who held a situa- tion of trust in the household of a nobleman at Cillney, Essex. The son, as is shown by his correspondence, received a good education, and knew Greek as well as Latin. At an early age he was received into the family of Thomas Cromwell, afterwards Earl of Essex, whose increasing favour with Henry VIII proved highly beneficial to his ward's for- tunes. It was probably soon after Crom- well's elevation to the peerage, 9 July 1536, that Sadler was named gentleman of the king's privy chamber ; for on his tombstone he is stated to have entered the king's ser- vice ' about the twenty-six year of his reign/ not the tenth, as Sir Walter Scott (Bio- graphical Memoirs, p. iv) erroneously re- lates. So high an opinion did the king form of his ability and character that in 1537 he sent him to Scotland during the absence of James in France to inquire into the com- plaints of the Queen-dowager Margaret against the Scots and her son, and to dis- cover, if possible, the exact character of the relations of the king of Scots with France. Shortly after his return to England he was also sent to the king of Scots, who was then at Rouen, preparing to return to Scot- land with his young French bride. His object was to bring about an understanding between the Scottish king and his mother. He was so far successful that, shortly after- wards, the Queen-dowager Margaret in- formed her brother that her ' son had written affectionately to the lords of his council to do her justice with expedition' (State Papers. Henry VIII, v. 74). In January 1540 Sadler was again des- patched to Scotland on a mission of greater importance. Although his ostensible errand was merely to convey a present of horses to King James, he was specially directed to make use of the opportunity to instil into him distrust of the designs of Cardinal Beaton, and his ambition to arrogate to Sadler no Sadler himself supreme political power ; and to advise the king to follow the example of his uncle, and, instead of ' trafficking in cattle and sheep,' to increase his revenues by tak- ing such * of the possessions ' of the monks who ' occupy a great part of his realm to the maintenance of their voluptie, and the continual decay of his estate and honour ' as ' might best be spared ' (Instructions to Sadler, SADLER, State Papers, pp. 3-13). The young king seems to have been perfectly frank. He was sincerely desirous to be on friendly terms with his uncle of England ; but he had no intention whatever of adopt- ing his ecclesiastical policy. Shortly after his return to England Sadler was appointed one of the king's two prin- ctpal secretaries of state, the other being Thomas Wriothesley. He was knighted probably on the anniversary of the king's coronation, and on 14 May 1542 he was granted armorial bearings. After the rout of Solway Moss, which was followed by the death of James V on 16 Dec. 1542, Sadler was sent by Henry to reside in Edinburgh, with a view to pre- venting the revival of the influence of Beaton by arranging for the marriage of the young Princess Mary of Scotland with Prince Ed- ward of England. When the Scottish parlia- ment agreed that a * noble English knight and lady ' should be established at the Scot- tish court for the training of the young princess for her future position Henry pro- posed that Sir Ralph Sadler and his lady should undertake this duty. To Sadler the proposal was probably the reverse of agree- able, and he represented to the king not only that a journey to Scotland would be dan- gerous to his wife in her then delicate con- dition, but that, not having ' been brought up at court,' she was unfitted for the duties with which it was proposed to honour her. Other arrangements were therefore made ; but it was soon found impossible to carry them out. All along the Scots had been influenced more by considerations of expe- diency than by a sincere desire for an Eng- , lish alliance ; and Sadler discovered that no absolute trust could be placed in any of the rival parties, who were only sincere in their desires for each other's downfall. 'There never was (he lamented) so noble a prince's servant as I am so evil intreated as I am among these unreasonable people ; nor do I think never man had to do with so rude, so inconsistent, and beastly a nation as this is' (State Papers, Henry VIII, v. 355). Beaton's influence, which he endeavoured to overthrow, revived. The seizure of certain Scottish merchantmen and the confiscation of their cargoes by Henry, on the ground that they were carrying provisions to France, roused the slumbering antipathies of the na- tion, and compelled the governor to save himself by an alliance with the cardinal. The house of Sadler was surrounded by the popu- lace of Edinburgh, and he was threatened with death in case the ships were not re- stored. While walking in his garden he narrowly escaped a musket-bullet ; and, hav- ing prayed Henry either to recall him or permit him to retire to a stronghold of the Douglases, leave was granted him in Novem- ber to go to Tantallon Castle, and in Decem- ber he was escorted by Sir George Douglas, with four hundred horsemen, across the border. On the outbreak of hostilities he ac- companied the Earl of Hertford in his de- vastating raid against Scotland, as treasurer of the navy ; and he also accompanied the expedition to the borders in the following spring. In accordance with the directions of Henry VIII, who died on 28 Jan. 1547, Sadler was appointed one of a council of twelve to assist the sixteen executors to whom was entrusted the government of the kingdom and the guardianship of the young king, Edward VI. Having been already intimately associated with Hertford, after- wards duke of Somerset, it was only natural that he should favour his claims to the pro- tectorate of the realm; and he again ac- companied him in his expedition against Scotland as high treasurer of the army. At the battle of Pinkie, 10 Sept. 1547, he displayed great gallantry in rallying the English cavalry after the first repulse by the Scottish spearmen, and he was made, on the field, one of three knight bannerets. On the succession of Queen Mary Sadler retired to his country house at Standon, not intermeddling with state matters until her death ; but though not a member of the privy council, he attended the meeting at Hatfield, 20 Nov. 1558, at which arrange- ments were made for Elizabeth's state entry, and issued the summons to the nobility and gentry to attend it. A keen protestant, like Elizabeth's minister, Cecil, and of similarly puritanic temper, he became one of Cecil's most trusted agents. With the Earl of Northumberland and Sir James Crofts, he was in August 1559 appointed a com- missioner to settle the border disputes with Scotland ; but the appointment of the com- mission was merely intended to veil pur- poses of higher moment, of which Sadler's fellow-commissioners knew nothing. Sadler was entrusted by Cecil with secret instruc- tions to enter into communication with the Sadler Sadler protestant party in Scotland with a view to an alliance between them and Elizabeth, and, in order that the support of the leading pro- testant nobles might be assured, was em- powered to reward ' any persons in Scotland with such sums of money ' as he deemed ad- visable to the amount of 3,OOOJ. (SADLEK, State Papers, i. 392). When the arrival of the French auxiliaries to the aid of the Scot- tish queen regent compelled Elizabeth to take an avowed and active part in support of the protestant party, the Duke of Norfolk was instructed to guide himself by the advice of Sadler in the arrangements he made with the Scots. At a later period Sadler was sent to the camp at Leith, and thus had a principal share in arranging the treaty of peace and of alliance with England signed at Edinburgh on 6 July 1560. On 5 Nov. 1559 he had been appointed warden of the east and middle marches, in succession to the Earl of Northumberland, but with the termina- tion of his secret mission to Scotland, he ceased for some years to be engaged in any formal state duties. On 10 May 1568 he, however, received the office of chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster ; and in the same year the startling flight of the queen of Scots to England gave occasion for the employment of his special services. Much against his inclination (' He had liever, he said, serve her majesty where he might ad- venture his life for her than among sub- jects so difficult '), he was appointed one of the English commissioners the others being the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Sussex to meet with the Scottish commissioners at York to ' treat of the great matter of the Queen of Scots.' There can scarcely be a doubt that of the three commissioners, Sadler was the one specially trusted by Cecil. On 29 Oct. 1568 he sent to Cecil (from whom he doubt- less had private advice) a precis of the con- tents of the casket letters, under three heads : ' (1) the special words in the Queen of Scots' letters, written with her own hand to Both well, declaring the inordinate and filthy love between her and him ; (2) the special words in the said letters declaring her hatred and detestation of her husband ; and (3) the special words of the said letters touching and declaring the conspiracy of her hus- band's death' (ib. ii. 337-40 ; Calendar of Hat- field Manuscripts in the series of the Hist. MSS. Comm. pt. i. p. 370). When the conference was in November transferred to Westminster, Sadler was also appointed a member of the enlarged commission. On the discovery of the Duke of Norfolk's intrigues with the Queen of Scots, Sadler was entrusted with the duty of arresting him and convey- ing him to the Tower. He also, nominally as paymaster-general, but really both as ad- viser and superintendent, accompanied Sussex in his expedition to quell the rebellion on behalf of Norfolk and the Queen of Scots in the north of England ; and after its suppres- sion he was one of the commissioners ap- pointed to examine witnesses in connection with the inquiry into the conspiracy. Shortly after Norfolk's execution he was sent to Mary Queen of Scots ' to expostulate with her by way of accusation ; ' and on subse- quent occasions he was sent on other errands to her. During the temporary ab- sence of the Earl of Shrewsbury in 1580 he was, with Sir Ralph Mildmay, appointed one of her guardians at Sheffield ; and when Shrewsbury, on account of the accusations of the Countess of Shrewsbury of a criminal intrigue between him and the Queen of Scots, was permitted, much to his relief, to resign his charge, Sadler was on 25 Aug. appointed to succeed him, the Queen of Scots being on 3 Sept. removed from Sheffield to Wingfield. He undertook the duty with reluctance, and on 2 Sept. wrote to the secretary, Walsingham, beseeching him to apply his ' good helping hand to help to re- lieve ' him ' of his charge as soon as it may stand with the queen's good pleasure to have consideration of ' his ' years and the cold weather now at hand '(SADLER, State Papers, ii. 384) ; but it was not till 3 Dec. that she promised shortly to relieve him, and effect was not given to the promise till the follow- ing April, when it was expressly intimated to him that one reason for the change of guardianship was that the Queen of Scots whose more lenient treatment Sadler had repeatedly advocated might 'hereafter re- ceive more harder usage than heretofore she hath done ' (ib. ii. 544). Sadler's last employ- ment on matters of state was a mission in 1587 to James VI of Scotland to endeavour to reconcile him not a difficult task to the execution of his mother. He died shortly after his return from Scotland, 30 May 1587, and was buried under a splendid monument, with recumbent effigy, in Stan- don church. Sadler ' was at once a most exquisite writer and a most valiant and experienced soldier, qualincationsthatseldommeet Littlewas his body, but great his soul' (LLOYD, State Worthies}. He excelled rather as subor- dinate than an independent statesman. Although he did not attain to the highest offices of state, he amassed such wealth as caused him to be reputed the richest com- moner of England; and, according to Fuller, the great estate which 'he got honestly ' he Sadler 112 Sadler spent nobly ; knowing that princes honour them most that have most, and the people them only that employ most.' His des- patches are written with such minute at- tention to details that they arc among the most interesting and valuable of contempo- rary historical records. Sadler married Margaret Mitchell or Barre. According to catholic writers she was a laundress, and he married her during the lifetime of her husband, Ralph Barre. The accusation seems to have been substantially correct ; but when the marriage took place the husband, who had gone abroad, was supposed to be dead. In 1546 a private act of parliament was passed on Sir Ralph Sadler's behalf, apparently to legitimise his children. He had three sons : Thomas, who succeeded him ; Edward of Temple Dinsley, Hertfordshire, and Henry of Everley, Wilt- shire ; and four daughters, who all married. There is a portrait of Sadler at Everley. [Sadler's State Papers, with memoir and his- torical notes by [Sir] Walter Scott, 2 vols. 1809 ; Memoir of the Life and Times of Sir Ralph Sadler, by Major F. Sadleir Storey ; State Papers, during the reigns of Henry VIII, Ed- ward VI. and Elizabeth ; Knox's Works ; Calen- dar of Hatfleld Manuscripts in the Hist. MSS. Comm.l T. F. H. SADLER, THOMAS, in religion VIN- CENT FAUSTUS (1604-1681), Benedictine monk, born in Warwickshire in 1604, was converted to the catholic religion by his uncle, Father Robert Sadler (d. 1621), first Benedictine provincial of Canterbury. En- tering the order of St. Benedict, he made his profession at St. Laurence's monastery at Dieulouard in 1622. He was sent to the mission in the southern province of England ; became cathedral prior of Chester, and defi- nitor of the province in 1661. In 1671 he and John Huddleston, another Benedictine, visited Oxford to ses the solemnity of the Act, and on that occasion Anthony a Wood made their acquaintance (WooD, Autobiogr. ed. Bliss, p. Ixix). Sadler died at Dieulouard on 19 Jan. 1680-1. His works are : 1. An English translation of Cardinal Bona's ' Guide to Heaven, con- taining the Marrow of the Holy Fathers and Ancient Philosophers,' 1672, 12mo. 2. < Chil- dren's Catechism,' 1678, 8vo. 3. 'The De- vout Christian,' 4th edit., 1685, 12mo, pp. 502. He was also the joint author with Anselm Crowder [q. v.] of l Jesus, Maria, Joseph, or the Devout Pilgrim of the Ever Blessed Virgin Mary,' Amsterdam, 1657, 12mo. He pro- bably wrote, or at least enlarged, a book of ' Obits ' attributed to his uncle Robert. [Oliver's Cornwall, p. 523 ; Snow's Necrology, p. 69 ; Tablet, 1879, ii. 495, 526, 590, 623 ; Wei- don's Chronological Notes, pp. 122, 156, 193, Suppl. p. 15.] T. C. SADLER, THOMAS (1822-1891), di- vine, was the son of Thomas Sadler, Unitarian minister of Horsham in Sussex, where he was born on 5 July 1822. He was educated at University College, London, studied for some months at Bonn, and proceeded to Erlangen, whence he graduated Ph.D. in 1844. He entered the Unitarian ministry at Hackney, but migrated in 1846 to become minister of Rosslyn Hill chapel at Hamp- stead, which he served for the remaining forty-five years of his life. In 1859 he pub- lished l Gloria Patri : the Scripture Doctrine of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit,' in which he defended the Unitarian position against the views expressed in the 'Rock of Ages' by Ed- ward Henry Bickersteth (afterwards bishop of Exeter) . Through his instrumentality the new chapel on Rosslyn Hill was opened on 5 June 1862. Dr. James Martineau preached the opening discourse, which was printed, together with Sadler's sermon on the closing of the old chapel and an appendix on the former ministers of Hampstead. Sadler was specially interested in the history of the older English presbyterianism. His literary tastes and intimacies, together with his knowledge of German university life, led the trustees to confide to him, in 1867, the editing of Crabb Robinson's * Diaries.' The work appeared in 1869, and a third edition was called for in 1872 ; but only a small portion of the Crabb Robinson papers (now in Dr. Williams's Library) was utilised. In addition to minor devotional works, Sadler was also author of ' Edwin T. Field : a me- morial sketch,' 1872 ; ' The Man of Science and Disciple of Christ ' (a funeral discourse onWilliam Benjamin Carpenter [q. v.]), 1885 ; and ' Prayers for Christian Worship,' 1886. He died at Rosslyn Manse on 11 Sept. 1891, and was buried on the 16th in Highgate cemetery. At the time of his death he was the senior trustee of Dr. Williams's Library and visitor of Manchester New College, where his addresses were highly valued. Sadler married, in 1849, Mary, daughter of Charles Colgate, but left no issue. [Baines's Eecords of Hampstead, 1890, p. 97 ; Inquirer, 19 and 26 Sept. 1891 (memorial sermon byDr.JamesDrummond); Times, 18 Sept. 1891; Sadler's Works ; J. Freeman Clarke's Autobiogr. 1891, p. 369; private information.] T. S. SADLER, WINDHAM WILLIAM (1796-1824), aeronaut, born near Dublin in 1796, was the son by a second wife of James Sadler, one of the earliest British Sadler Saewulf aeronauts. The elder Sadler made his first ascent on 5 May 1785, in company with William "Windham, the politician, who sub- sequently consented to stand godfather to his son. In October 1811 he made a rapid flight from Birmingham to Boston in Lincoln- shire, in less than four hours. Less success- ful was his attempt to cross the Irish Sea on 1 Oct. 1812, when he ascended from the lawn of the Belvedere House, Dublin, receiv- ing his flag from the Duchess of Richmond. In spite of a rent in the balloon (which he partially repaired with his neckcloth), he nearly succeeded in crossing the Channel; but when over Anglesey a strong southerly cur- rent carried him out to sea, and he had a most perilous escape, being rescued by a fishing craft, which ran its bowsprit through the balloon. He was not deterred from making other ascents, and his name was long familar in connection with ballooning ; George III took a special interest in his ascents. The son, Windham, was brought up as an engineer, acquired a good practical know- ledge of chemistry, and entered the service of the first Liverpool gas company. He gave up his employment there for professional aerostation, with which, upon his marriage in 1819, he combined the management of an extensive bathing establishment at Liver- pool. His most notable feat was performed in 1817, when, with a view to carrying his father's adventure of 1812 to a successful issue, he ascended from the Portobello bar- racks at Dublin on 22 June. He rose to a great height, obtained the proper westerly current, and managed to keep the balloon in it across the St. George's Channel. In mid-channel he wrote, ' I enjoyed at a glance the opposite shores of Ireland and Wales, and the entire circumference of Man.' Hav- ing started at 1.20 p.m., he alighted a mile south of Holyhead at 6.45 p.m. On 29 Sept. 1824 Sadler made his thirty-first ascent at Bolton. He prepared to descend at dusk near Blackburn, but the wind dashed his car against a lofty chimney, and he was hurled to the ground, sustaining injuries of which he died at eight on the following morning (Gent. Mag. 1824, ii. 366). He was buried at Christchurch in Liverpool, where he was very popular. He well deserved the title of ' intrepid ' bestowed on his father by Erasmus Darwin, but he did little to advance a scien- tific knowledge of aerostation by making systematic observations. [Tumor's Astra Castra, pp. 126-8 ; Gent, Mag. 1815 ii. passim, 1824 ii. 475; Nicholson's Journal ; Journal kept by H. B. H. B. during an aerial voyage with Mr. Sadler, 29 Aug. 1817; VOL. L. John Evans's Excursion to Windsor in 1810; Tissandier's Hist, des Ballons, pp. 22-9 ; Hamon's La Navigation Aerienne ; Picton's Memorials of Liverpool, i. 388 ; cf. art. LUNARDI, VINCENZO.] T. S. SADLINGTON, MARK (d. 1647), divine, matriculated as a pensioner of Christ's Col- lege. Cambridge, in June 1578, and gra- duated B.A. in 1580-1. Soon afterwards he was elected fellow of Peterhouse, and in 1584 commenced M.A. He was head lec- turer of Peterhouse in 1588. On 2 Oct. in that year he became a candidate for the mastership of Colchester grammar school, but was unsuccessful, though strongly sup- ported by Sir Francis Walsingham and Samuel Harsnett [q.v.] (afterwards arch- bishop of York), the retiring master. He was, however, chosen master of St. Olave's grammar school, Southwark, on 25 June 1591, which office he resigned in 1594. On 11 March 1602-3 he was instituted to the vicarage of Sunbury, Middlesex, on the pre- sentation of the dean and chapter of St. Paul's. Sadlington was buried at Sunbury on 27 April 1647 (parish register), his estate being administered to by his widow, Jane, on 4 May following (Administration Act-book, P.C.C., 1647). To Sadlington has been doubtfully ascribed the authorship of: 1. ' The Arraignment and Execution of a wilfull & obstinate Traitour, named Euaralde Ducket, alias Hauns : con- demned . . . for High Treason . . . and executed at Tiborne . . . 1581. Gathered by M. S./ London (1581). 2. 'The Spanish 'Colonie, or brief Chronicle of the Actes and gestes of the Spaniardes in the West Indies . . . for the space of xl. yeeres, written in the Castilian tongue by the reuerend Bishop Bartholomew de las Casas . . . and now first translated into English by M. M. S.,' 4to, London, 1583. [Cooper's Athense Cantabr. ii. 385, 554 ; In- troduction to Cat. of Harsnett Library, Col- chester, 1888 ; information kindly supplied by the vicar of Sunbury, and J. Challenor C. Smith, esq.] Cr. Gr. SAEWULF (/. 1102), traveller, was apparently a native of Worcester, and an acquaintance of Wulfstan [q.v.], bishop of Worcester. William of Malmesbury, in his ' History of the English Bishops,' tells us of a certain Ssewulf, a merchant, who was often advised by Wulfstan, in confession, to em- brace a monastic life, and in his old age, adds the historian, he became a monk in the abbey of Malmesbury. Probably it was the same penitent who went on pilgrimage to Saffery 114 Saffold Syria in 1102, three years after the recover} of the holy city by the crusaders.' In th< narrative of this journey Saewulf only de scribes his course from Monopoli, near Bar in Italy, whence he sailed to Palestine on 13 July 1102. He went by way of Corft and Cephalonia, ' where Robert Guiscarc died,' to Corinth and Rhodes, ' which is saic to have possessed the idol called Colossus that was destroyed by the Persians [Sara- cens ?] with nearly all Romania, while on their way to Spain. These were the Colos- sians to whom St. Paul wrote.' From Rhodes he sailed to Cyprus and Joppa ; thence he went up to Jerusalem, where he visited the sacred sites, also going to Bethlehem, Beth- any, Jericho, the Jordan, and Hebron, in the neighbourhood. In the north of Palestine he describes Nazareth, Mount Tabor, the Sea of Galilee, and Mount Lebanon, ' at the foot of which the Jordan boils out from two springs called Jor and Dan.' On the feast of Pentecost (17 May) 1103 Ssewulf sailed from Joppa to Constanti- nople on his return. For fear of the Sara- cens he did not venture out into the open sea this time, but coasted along Syria to Tripolis and Latakiyeh (Laodicea), after which he crossed over to Cyprus and pro- ceeded on his way to Byzantium. But after describing the voyage past Smyrna and Tenedos to the Dardanelles, the narrative breaks off abruptly. Ssewulf mentions Bald- win, king of Jerusalem, and Raymond, count of Toulouse, as living in his time ; and adds that Tortosa was then in the latter's posses- sion, and that Acre was still in the hands of the Saracens. Tortosa was captured by Count Raymond on 12 March 1102, Acre on 15 May 1104. [Ssewulfs pilgrimage only exists in one manu- script in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, from -which it was edited by M. Avezac for the French Geographical Society, and translated by T.Wright for his Early Travels in Palestine, 1848. The only other reference is in William of Malmesbury's De GestisPontificum; see Wright's Biographia Britannica Literaria, Anglo-Norman period, p. 38.] C. K. B. SAFFERY, MBS. MARIA GRACE (1772-1858), hymn-writer and poet, was daughter of William Andrews of Stroud Green, Newbury, Berkshire, where she was born early in 1772. Her mother was a cul- tured woman of literary tastes, and while still a child Maria gave evidence of poetic talent. At the age of fifteen she wrote a poem entitled 1 Cheyt Sing ' (the name of an unfortunate Hindoo rajah), which, when published later, in 1790, was by permission inscribed to the statesman, Charles James Fox. Maria An- drews was in early life brought under the personal influence of Thomas Scott, the com- mentator (1747-1821) [q. v.] While still young she removed to Salisbury, and there attended the ministry of John Saffery, pastor of the Brown Street baptist church in that city. She became Saffery's second wife in 1799, and bore him six children, the eldest of whom, Philip John Saffery, succeeded to the pastorate of the church at his father's death in 1825. Subsequently she conducted with great success a girls' school in Salis- bury. In 1834 she published an effective volume of ' Poems on Sacred Subjects.' The following year she retired to Bratton in Wiltshire, where the rest of her life was spent with her daughter, Mrs. W T hitaker. She died on 5 March 1858, and was buried in the graveyard of the baptist chapel there. Besides the works already mentioned, Mrs. Saffery wrote many hymns for special occa- sions, which were published in the ' Baptist Magazine ' and other periodicals. Other hymns by her have found a place in various collections. Among them are: 1. 'Fain, my child, I'd have thee know.' 2. ' Saviour, we seek the watery tomb.' 3. ' The Jordan prophet cries to-day.' 4. ' 'Tis the Great Father we adore.' [Private sources; Julian's Diet. Hymnology.] W. B. L. SAFFOLD, THOMAS (d. 1691), empiric, originally a weaver by trade, received a License to practise as a doctor of physic from ihe bishop of London on 4 Sept. 1674. He iad a shop at the Black Ball and Lilly's [lead ' near the feather shops within Black Fryers Gateway.' Thence he deluged the town with dogererel in advertisement of his nostrums, medical and astrological. He :aught astrology, solved mysteries, kept a Doarding-house for patients, and ( by God's Blessing cureth the sick of any age or sex of any distemper.' He warned the public against mistaking his house, f another being near him )retending to be the same.' Those l conceited bols ' and ' dark animals ' who asked how he came to be able to work such great cures and ;o foretell such great things he admonished n fluent rhyme. He fell ill in the spring of .691, and, refusing medicines other than his wn pills, he died on 12 May, a satirical elegist lamenting the ' sad disaster ' that sawcy pills at last should kill their master.' The advertisements and goodwill passed to Dr. Case,' who gilded the l Black Ball ' and g-ave the customers to understand that At the Golden Ball and Lillie's Head, John Case yet lives, though Saffold's dead. Sage Sage [Harl. MS. 5946 (curious advertisements by Saffold) ; An Elegy on the Death of Dr. Thomas Saffold, 1691 ; Ashton's Social Life under Queen Anne; Everitt's Doctors and Doctors, 1888, p. 237 ; see art. CASE, JOHN (fl. 1680-1700).] T. S. SAGE, JOHN (1652-1711), Scottish nonjuring bishop, was born in 1652 at Creich, Fifeshire, where his ancestors had lived for seven generations. His father was a captain in the royalist forces at the time of the taking of Dundee by Monck in 1651. Sage was educated at Creich parish school and St. Salvator's College, St. Andrews, where he graduated M.A. on 24 July 1669. Having been parish schoolmaster successively at Ballingray, Fifeshire, and Tippermuir, Perthshire, he entered on trials before Perth presbytery on 17 Dec. 1673, and gained tes- timonial for license on 3 June 1674; He became tutor and chaplain in the family of James Drummond of Cultmalundie, Perth- shire. While residing with his pupils at Perth he made the acquaintance of Alex- ander Rose or Ross [q. v.], then minister of Perth. He visited Rose at Glasgow in 1684, and was introduced to Rose's uncle, Arthur Ross [q. v.], then archbishop of Glasgow, who ordained him (lie was then thirty-two), and instituted him in 1685 to the charge of the east quarter in Glasgow. He held the clerkship of presbytery and synod. In 1688 Ross, being then primate, nominated him to a divinity chair at St. Andrews, but the com- pletion of the appointment was prevented by the abdication of James II. Driven from Glasgow by the Cameronian outbreak, Sage made his way to Edinburgh, and took up his pen in the cause of the ex- truded clergy. He carried with him nine volumes of the presbytery records, ' which were only recovered after the lapse of 103 years' (HEW SCOTT). In 1693 he was banished from Edinburgh by the privy council for officiating as a nonjuror. He retired to Kin- ross, and found shelter in the house of Sir William Bruce. But in 1696 Bruce was committed to Edinburgh Castle, and a war- rant was issued for the arrest of Sage. He hid himself among * the hills of Angus/ going by the name of Jackson, and giving out that he was come for a course of goat's milk. After a few months he became domestic chaplain, at Falkirk, to Anne, dowager countess of Callendar, and subsequently for some years to Sir John Stewart of Grand- tully, Perthshire. On 25 Jan. 1705 Sage was privately con- secrated at Edinburgh, along with John Fullarton, as a bishop without diocese or iurisdiction, in pursuance of the policy of continuing the episcopal order, while respect- ing the right of the crown to nominate to sees [see ROSE or Ross, ALEXANDEK]. In November 1706 Sage was seized with para- lysis while on a visit to Kinross. He re- covered sufficiently to take part in a conse- cration at Dundee on 28 April 1709. He then went to Bath. Proceeding to London, he remained there about a year, ' his company and conversation very much courted.' He died at Edinburgh on 7 June 1711 ; his in- timate correspondent, Henry Dodwell the elder, died on the same day. Sage was buried in the churchyard of Old Grey friars, Edin- burgh. Gillan gives a long Latin inscription intended for his tomb. Most of Sage's publications were anony- mous, but their authorship was well known. He wrote with learning and ability, and con- ducted his controversies with dignity and acuteness. He published: 1. ' Letters con- cerning the Persecution of the Episcopal Clergy in Scotland/ 1689, 4to (anon.) ; Sage wrote the second and third letters, the first was by Thomas Morer, the fourth by Alex- ander Monro (d. 1715?) [q. v.] 2. ' The Case of the afflicted Clergy in Scotland/ 1690, 4to ('By a Lover of the Church and his Country '). 3. ' An Account of the late Esta- blishment of the Presbyterian Government/ 1693, 4to (anon.) 4. 'The Fundamental Charter of Presbytery . . . examin'd/ 1695, 8vo ; 2nd edit. 1697, 8vo (anon. ; preface in answer to Gilbert Rule rq. v.] answered in ' Nazianzeni Querela/ 1697, by William Jameson (fl. 1689-1720) [q. v.]) 5. ' The Principles of the Cyprianic Age/ 1695, 4to ; 2nd edit. 1717, 8vo (by ' J. S.') 6. ' A Vin- dication of ... the Principles of the Cypri- anic Age/ 1695, 4to : 2nd edit. 1701, 4to (in reply to Rule ; this and No. 5 are answered in Jameson's ' Cyprianus Isotimus/ 1705). 7. ' Some Remarks on the late Letters . . . and Mr. [David] Williamson's Sermon/ 1703, 4to. 8. ' A*Brief Examination of ... Mr. Meldrum's Sermon against a Toleration/ 1703, 4to. 9. ' The Reasonableness of Tole- ration to those of the Episcopal Perswasion/ 1703, 4to ; 2nd edit, 1705, 8vo (anon. ; con- sists of four letters to George Meldrum [q.v.]) 10. 'An Account of the Author's Life and Writings/ prefixed to Ruddiman's edition of Gawin Douglas's 'Virgil's ^Eneis,' 1710, fol. He assisted Ruddiman in the edition, Edin- burgh, 1711, fol., of the works of William Drummond (1585-1649), and wrote an in- troduction to Drummond's ' History of Scot- land during the Reigns of the five Jameses.' Among his unfinished manuscripts was a criticism of the Westminster Confession of Faith. Gillan gives an account of other i2 Saham 116 Sainbel literary projects. His ' Works,' with me- moir, were issued by the Spottiswoode So- ciety, Edinburgh, 1844-6, 8vo, 3 vols. [Life, 1714, anonymous, but by John Grillan, bishop of Dunblane ; Memoir in Works (Spot- tiswoode Society), 18i4; Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scoticanae ; Grub's Eccles. Hist, of Scotland, 1861, iii. 348 sq. ; Anderson's Scottish Nation, 1872, iii. 399 sq.] A. GK SAHAM, WILLIAM DE (d. 1304?), judge, is said by Foss (Judges, iii. 146) to have been the son of Robert de Saham, but his father's name seems to have been Ralph (Abbrev. Placit. p. 255). William was pro- bably a native of Saham Toney, Norfolk, where he had property; he became a clerk, and was, in the beginning of the reign of Edward I, made a judge of the king's bench. He was constantly employed in judicial itinera, as at Northampton in 1285 (Cont. FLOE. WIG. ii. 336) and in Bedfordshire in 1286-7 (Annals of Dumtable, pp. 326, 334), until 1289, when he shared in the disgrace of many other judges, was removed, and, though innocent of any wrong, had to pay a fine of three thousand marks to the king (Parl. Writs, i. 15). About ten years later he appears as defendant in an action for damages to property at Huningham in Norfolk. He granted lands to the abbey of Wendling, Norfolk, for the erection and maintenance of the chantry chapel of St. Andrew at Saham. He probably died in or about 1304, leaving his brother John le Boteler his heir (Abbrev. Placit. u. s.) Another brother, Richard de Saham, was sworn a baron of the exchequer in Ireland in 1295 (Foss ; SWEETMAN, Cal. Doc. relating to Ireland). [Foss's Judges, iii. 146-7; Abbrev. Placit. pp. 206, 212, 255, Parl. Writs, i. 15 (both Re- cord publ.); Blomfield's Norfolk, ii. 320; Flor. Wig. Cont. ii. 236, Ann. Dunstapl. ap. Ann. Monast. iii. 326, 334 (both Rolls Ser.)] W. H. SAINBEL or SAINT BEL, CHARLES VIAL DE (1753-1793), veterinary surgeon, was born at Lyons on 28 Jan. 1753, during the mayoralty of his grandfather. The family had long possessed an estate at Sain-Bel, near Lyons. His grandfather, the mayor, and both his parents died in 1756, and he was educated by his guardian, M. de Fles- ssille. He early displayed so marked a fondness for studying the organisation of animals that at the age of sixteen he began to attend the veterinary school, where M. Pean was then the professor, and in 1772 he gained the prize offered by the Royal Society of Medicine, with an essay l On the Grease or Watery Sores in the Legs of Horses.' He also studied under the great Claude Bour- gelat, the father of veterinary science. He was appointed in 1772 lecturer and demon- strator to a class of sixteen pupils, and in 1773 he was made upper student, assistant- surgeon, and one of the public demonstrators, a post of great importance on account of the extensive practice which it involved and the opportunity it afforded of obtaining patrons. In 1774 an extensive epizootic raged among the horses in many provinces of France, and Sainbel was ordered to choose five students from the veterinary college at Lyons to accompany him in his provincial visits, and to assist in stopping the outbreak of disease, He accomplished his mission so satisfactorily that the king sent for him to Paris, and appointed him one of the junior professorial assistants at the Royal Veterinary College in the metropolis. Here he soon incurred the envy of his senior colleagues, one of whom threatened to have him confined in the Bastille by a lettre de cachet. He therefore left Paris and returned to Lyons, where he practised for some time as a veterinary phy- sician and surgeon. He then held for five years the post of professor of comparative anatomy in the veterinary college at Mont- pellier. He afterwards returned to Paris under the patronage of the Prince de Lam- besc, and was appointed one of the equerries to Louis XVI, and chief of the manege at the academy of Lyons, posts which he retained for three years. Sainbel came to England in June 1788, provided with letters of introduction to Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Simmons, and Dr. Layard of Greenwich, and in the following Septem- ber he published proposals for founding a veterinary school in England. The project was unsuccessful, and, after marrying an English wife, Sainbel returned to Paris. He found that the revolution was impending in France, and he quickly came back to Eng- land, under the pretext of buying horses for the stud of his sovereign. His patrimonial estate of Sainbel was confiscated during the revolution, and he was proscribed as an emigre. On 27 Feb. 1789 he was requested by Dennis O'Kelly [q. v.] to dissect the body of the great racehorse Eclipse. He did so, and his essay on the proportions of Eclipse brought him the highest reputation as a veterinary anatomist. In 1791 the Odiham Society for the Improvement of Agriculture took up Sainbel's scheme of founding a school of veterinary medicine and surgery in this country. A preliminary meeting was held on 11 'Feb. 1791 at the Blenheim coffee- house in Bond Street, and on 18 Feb. in the same year it was decided to form an institu- Sainbel 117 Sainsbury tion to be called the Veterinary College of London, with Sainbel as professor. The college began its work, but Sainbel died, after a short illness, on 21 Aug. 1793, in the fortieth year of his age. He was buried in the vault under the Savoy Chapel in the Strand. The college granted his widow an annuity of 50/. Sainbel may justly be looked upon as the founder of scientific veterinary practice in England. Hitherto, owing to the ignorance of cattle-disease, the loss of animal life had been very great, and farriers had depended upon antiquated or empirical treatises such as those of Gervase Markham [q. v.] Like all innovators, Sainbel had much to contend against; but the lines which he laid down have been faithfully followed in England and in Scotland, and led from the merest empiricism to the scientific position now held by veterinary science. Sainbel was essen- tially an honourable man, following the best traditions of the old regime in France. That he was a first-rate anatomist and a scientific veterinary surgeon is proved by his writings. An engraving of a half-length portrait is prefixed to Sainbel's collected works. He was author of: 1. ' Essai sur les Pro- portions Geometrales de TEclipse,' French and English, London, 4to, 1791 ; 2nd edit. 1795. This work was originally inscribed to the Prince of Wales, and was illustrated with careful geometrical drawings, repre- senting the exact proportions of the famous racehorse. Sainbel endeavoured in this essay to analyse the component parts of a horse's gallop, but his conclusions have lately been much modified by the instan- taneous photographs obtained by Marey, Stanford, Muybridge, Stillman, and other observers. 2. ' Lectures on the Elements of Farriery/ London, 1793, 4to. 3. A pos- thumous volume, issued in 1795 for the benefit of Sainbel's widow, containing trans- lations into English of four essays origi- nally published in French ; the English titles ran: 'General Observations on the Art of Veterinary Medicine:' 'An Essay on the Grease or Watery Sores in the Legs of Horses ' (this essay was written when Sain- bel was only eighteen, and it gained him the prize given by the Royal Society of Medi- cine of France); 'Experiments and Obser- vations made upon Glandered Horses with intent to elucidate the Rise and Progress of this Disease, in order to discover the proper treatment of it;' 'Short Observations on the Colic or Gripes : more particularly that kind to which racehorses are liable ' 4. (Also posthumously published) 'The Sportsman, Farrier, and Shoeing Smith's New Guide, edited by J. Lawrence,' London, (1800 ?), 12mo. [Memoir prefixed to the Works of Sainbel, London, 1795; Huth's Bibl. Record of Hippo- logy, 1887.] D'A. K SAINSBURY, WILLIAM NOEL (1825-1895), historical writer, third son of John and Mary Ann Sainsbury, was born at 35 Red Lion Square, Hoi born, London, on 7 July 1825. On 1 April 1848 he entered the old state paper office as an extra tem- porary clerk. On 28 Nov. he was confirmed in the appointment,andeventually was trans- ferred to the record office when it absorbed the state paper office in 1854. In August 1862 he became a senior clerk, and in Novem- ber 1887 an assistant-keeper! of the records. Sainsbury chiefly devoted himself to calen- daring the records which bore on the history of America and the West Indies. The first volume of his calendar of the colonial state papers relating to America and the West Indies was published in I860. That on the papers of East India, China, and Japan followed in 1862. At intervals of three or four years other volumes have appeared, making nine in all. The value of his public work was not greater than that of the aid which he gave unofficially to the historians and historical societies of the United States. In his early days he col- lected for Bancroft, the American historian, from the papers of the board of trade, all evi- dence bearing upon the history of the Ame- rican colonies. In recognition of his ser- vices to American historical writers he was made an honorary or corresponding member of the principal historical societies in the States. Sainsbury retired from the public service in December 1891, but continued, with the help of a daughter, to edit the calendar up to the time of his death, which took place on 9 March 1895. Besides various uncollected papers on colonial history, he published : 1. ' Original unpublished Papers illustra- tive of the Life of Sir P. P. Rubens as an artist and diplomatist,' London, 1859, 8vo. 2. ' Hearts of Oak : stories of early English Adventure,' London, 1871, 8vo. He married twice: first, in 1849, Emily Storrs, second daughter of Andrew Moore, by whom he had two sons and eight daughters ; secondly, in 1873, Henrietta Victoria, youngest daughter of John Haw- kins, and widow of Alfred Crusher Auger, whom he also survived. [Proceedings of American Antiquarian Society, 1895, vol. x. pt, i. p. 28 ; Times, H March 1895 ; private information.] C. A. H. St. Albans 118 St. Amand ST. ALBANS, DUKE OF. [See BEATJ- CLEKK, CHAKLES, 1670-1721.] ST. ALBANS, DUCHESS OP. [See MEL- xotf, HARRIOT, 1777 P-1837.] ST. ALBANS, EARL OF. [See JERMYX, HENRY, d. 1684.] ST. ALBANS, VISCOUNT. [See BACON, FRANCIS, 1561-1626.] ST. ALBANS, ALEXANDER OF (1157-1217). [See NECZAM.] ST. ALBANS, ROGER OF (fl. 1450), genealogist. [.See ROGER.] ST. AMAND, ALMARIC DE, third BARON DE ST. AMAND (1314 P-1382), jus- ticiar of Ireland, was son of John de St. Amand. His ancestor, ALMARIC DE ST. AMAND (fl. 1240), had a grant of Liskeard in 1222, and was heir of the lands of Walter de Verdun in Ireland. He was sheriff of Herefordshire and warden of the castles of Hereford and St. Briavel's in 1234. He was godfather to the future Edward I in 1239, and went on the crusade in 1240 (MATT. PARIS, iii. 540, iv. 44). His grandson, Almaric de St. Amand, who died in 1285, left three sons. Guy, the eldest, died soon after his father. Almaric, the second son, Lorn in 1268, served in Gascony in 1294, and in Scotland in 1300 and 1306 ; was sum- moned to parliament in 1300, and signed the barons' letter to the pope, on 12 Feb. 1301, as ' Dominus de Wydehaye ' (Chron. Edw. I and Edw. II, i. 123) ; he died without issue in 1310, and was succeeded by his brother John, who is styled ' magister,' and pre- sumably had received a clerkly training ( Cal. Close Rolls, Edw. II, i. 284, iii. 200, 332). John de St. Amand was summoned to parlia- ment from 1313 to 1326, and was the father of the justiciar of Ireland. Almaric de St. Amand, born probably in 1314, had livery of his lands in 1335. He served in Scotland in 1338 and in the French wars in 1342,1345, and 1346. In 1347 he had 200/. per annum for his services in the wars. He took part in the abortive campaign in Scot- land under Sir Robert Herle in 1355 (GEOF- FREY LE BAKER, p. 126, ed. Thompson). He was lord of Gormanstown in Meath, and, after the death of Sir Thomas Rokeby [q.v.] in 1356, was appointed justiciar of Ireland on 14 July 1357 with 500/. per annum (Fcedera, iii. 361). Maurice Fitzgerald, fourth earl of Kildare [q. v.], was for a time his substitute, but St. Amand came to Ireland before the end of the year. He went back to England in 1358, and, on 16 Feb. 1359, vacated his office (ib. iii. 368, 419). During 1358 St. Amand served in France. On 15 March 1361 he was summoned to attend a council on the affairs of Ireland (ib. iii. 610). In 1368 he once more served in France, and in 1373 was steward of Rockingham Castle. He was. summoned to parliament from 1370, and died in 1382. His male line became extinct with his son, Almaric de St. Amand, fourth baron, who died in 1403. A daughter of Gerard de Braybrooke, grandson of the last baron, married William Beauchamp of Powyk, who was summoned to parliament as Baron de St. Amand in 1449. [Annales Hibernise ap. Chart. St. Mary, Dub- lin, ii. 393, Annales Monastic! (Rolls Ser.); Book of Howth; Roberts' s Calendarium Genea- logicum ; Fcedera, iii. 49, 82, Record edition ; Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edw. I, and of Close Rolls, Edw. II; Dugdale's Baronage, ii. 19-20; Gil- bert's Viceroys of Ireland, pp. 211-14; other authorities quoted.] C. L. K. ST. AMAND, JAMES (1687-1754), antiquary, second son of James St. Amand, apothecary to the family of James II, was born at Covent Garden, London, on 7 April 1687, and baptised at St. Paul's Church by Dr. Patrick on 21 April. He was probably at Westminster School, as his library in- cluded a schoolbook for use there, printed in 1702, containing notes in his handwriting. On 17 March 1702-3, the day on which his elder brother George (for whom Prince George of Denmark had acted as sponsor) matriculated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he went through the same ceremony at Hart Hall. He probably never went into residence, and on 5 Sept. 1704 he was entered as a gentleman-commoner at Lincoln Col- lege. After a year's residence he embarked, on 11 Sept. 1705, at Greenwich for Holland, and travelled through that country, Ger- many, and Austria to Venice. He remained in Italy until 1710, and then returned to England by Geneva and Paris. Warton speaks of St. Amand as ' literarum Groecarum nagrans studio,' and the object of his travel was to collate the manuscripts for a new edition of Theocritus which he meditated. His collections ' magno studio et sumptu facta et comparata a viro Greece doctissimo ' were much used by Warton in his edition of Theocritus (1770). His house was in East Street, near Red Lion Square, in the parish of St. George the Martyr, Bloomsbury, and he collected there a considerable library of books and manu- scripts. He died on 5 Sept. 1754, and his will, which was dated on 9 Aug. 1749, was proved on 17 Sept. 1754. He ordered his body to be buried at Christ's Hospital, Lon- don, with this inscription : ' Here lyes a St. Andr6 119 St. Andre benefactor, let no one move his bones,' and without his name. The tablet is in the cloisters, and is reproduced in R. B. Johnson's 'Christ's Hospital '(p. 142). St. Amand left his books, coins, and prints to the Bodleian Library, but those which it did not want were to go to Lincoln College. The books, a catalogue of which was drawn up by Alexander Cruden in September 1754, consisted 'chiefly of the then modern edi- tions of the classics and of the writings of modern Latin scholars ; ' many of them had belonged to Arthur Charlett [q. v.] The manuscripts were mainly his notes on Theo- critus, Horace, and other poets, and letters and papers relating to the Low Countries. Among them were numerous letters from Italian scholars on his projected Theocritus, and a letter from Jervas on the pictures to be seen at Rome (cf. COXE, Cataloyi Cod. MSS. Bibl Bodl. Pars prima, 1853, coll. 889-908, and MADAN, Western MSS. at the Bodleian Library, pp. 158-9). William Stukeley [q. v.] was one of the executors, and in May 1755 he brought the .books to Oxford in twenty-seven cases ; the coins and medals followed subsequently (STUKELEY, Memoirs, i. 136, ii. 6, iii. 474). The residue of the estate was bequeathed to Christ's Hospital, together with a minia- ture set in gold of his grandfather, John St. Amand. The picture was left inalienable, and, if this condition were not complied with, the whole estate was to revert to the university of Oxford. A court was annually held, called ' The Picture Court,' when the miniature was formally produced. There was a legend that this painting was a por- trait of the Oli Pretender. [Notes and Queries, 6th ser. viii. 425; Gent. Mag. 1754 p. 435, 1801 ii. 599, 1802 i. 493, ii. 599; Trollope's Christ's Hospital, pp. 121-3; Johnson's Christ's Hospital, p. 270 ; Macray's Bodleian Library, 2nd ed. pp. 252-4.] W. P. C. ST. ANDEE, NATHANAEL (1680- 1776), anatomist, was a native of Switzer- land, who is said to have been brought to England in the train of a Jewish family. He earned his living either by fencing or as a dancing-master, and he probably taught French and German, for he was proficient in both languages. He was soon placed with a surgeon of eminence, who made him an anatomist. There is no notice of his appren- ticeship among the records of the Barber- Surgeons' Company, and it does not appear that he was ever made free of the company, so that it is probable that he was throughout life an unqualified practitioner, at first protected by court influence. St. Andrews knowledge of German led George I to appoint him anatomist to the royal household. The patent is dated May 1723, and he was then living in Northumberland Court, near Char- ing Cross, where he practised his profession, and held the post of local surgeon to the Westminster Hospital, then a dispensary. He published in 1723 a translation of Ga- rengeot's treatise of chirurgical operations, and he was also engaged in delivering public lectures upon anatomy. Unfortunately for himself, St. Andre be- came, in 1726, involved in the imposture of Mary Tofts [q. v.] of Godalming, who pro- fessed to be delivered of rabbits. In conse- quence of the determination shown by Queen Caroline to have the matter thoroughly in- vestigated, Howard the apothecary, who at- tended Mary Tofts, summoned St. Andre to see her, and he, taking with him Samuel Molyneux [q. v.], secretary to the Prince of Wales (afterwards George II), reached Godalming on 15 Nov. 1726. St. Andr6 was deceived, and believed the truth of the woman's story in all its impossible details. He published a full account of the case, and appended to it a note that ' the account of the Delivery of the eighteenth Rabbet shall be published by way of Appendix to this Account.' The king then sent his surgeon, Cyriacus Ahlers, to report upon the case, and the woman was brought to London and lodged at the Bagnio in Leicester Square. The fraud was then exposed by Dr. Douglas and Sir Richard Manningham, M.D., who eventually succeeded in obtaining a confes- sion. St. Andre only once presented himself at court after this exposure, and, although he retained his position of anatomist to the king until his death, he never drew the salary. Molyneux was seized with a fit in the House of Commons, and died on 13 April 1728. St. Andre had been on terms of intimacy with him, and had treated him professionally. Molyneux's wife, Lady Elizabeth, second daughter of Algernon Capel, earl of Essex, left the house with St. Andre on the night of her husband's death, and was married to him on 17 May 1730 at Heston, near Houns- low in Middlesex. This proceeding caused a second scandal, for it was vehemently suspected that St. Andr6 had hastened the death of his friend by poison. There is no reason to believe that Molyneux died from other than natural causes. Nevertheless, St. Andre and his wife, who was dismissed from her attendance upon Queen Caroline in consequence of her marriage, found it necessary to retire into the country. They moved to Southampton about 1750, and lived St. Andre 120 St. Aubyn there for the last twenty years of St. Andre's long life. His marriage placed St. Andre in easy circumstances, for the Lady Elizabeth Capel had a portion of 1 0,000 /. when she married Molyneux in 1717, and L,he inherited a further sum of 18,000/., with Kew House, on the death in 1721 of Lady Capel of Tewkesbury, her great-uncle's widow. This money, however, went from St. Andre on his wife's death, and he died a compara- tively poor man, at Southampton, in March 1776. St. Andre's mind appears to have been strongly inclined towards mysticism, and he was beyond measure credulous. He com- plained of having been decoyed and poisoned by an unknown person on 23 Feb. 1724-5. His complaint was investigated by the privy council, who offered a reward for the discovery of the alleged offender ; but the whole busi- ness seems to have arisen in the imagination of St. Andre, unless, indeed, it was done for the purpose of bringing his name before the public. It is difficult to determine whether St. Andre was more knave than fool in the affair of Mary Tofts, but it is tolerably cer- tain that he was both. It is equally certain that he was extremely ignorant ; that he was lecherous and foul-mouthed is allowed by his partisans as well as by his enemies. He had some professional reputation as a surgeon, though it was rather among the public than among his brethren. Lord Peterborough was his patient, and he was once called upon to treat Pope when by accident he had hurt his hand. There is a portrait of St. Andre in the engraving by Hogarth published in 1726. It is entitled ' Cunicularii, or the Wise Men of Godliman in consultation/ and it was paid for by a few of the principal surgeons of the time, who subscribed their guinea apiece to Hogarth for engraving the plate as a me- morial of Mary Tofts. St. Andre is labelled * A ' in the print, and is represented with a fiddle under his arm, in allusion to his original occupation of a dancing-master. He is de- scribed as ' The Dancing-Master, or Prseter- natural Anatomist.' A detailed account of the persons caricatured in this print is con- tained in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' (1842, i. 366). [Memoir by Thomas Tyers in the Public Ad- vertiser, reprinted in Gent. Mag. 1781, pp. 320, 513, and again, with critical remarks, in Nichols and Steeven's Genuine Works of Hogarth, Lon- don, 1808, i, 464-92 ; an account of his own poison- ing will be found in the Gazette, 23 Feb. 1724- 1725. The story of Mary Tofts, the rabbit breeder, is told at greater length in the British Medical Journal, 1896, ii. 209.] D'A. P. ST. AUBYN, CATHERINE (d. 1836), amateur artist, second daughter of Sir John St. Aubyn, fourth baronet, of Clowance in Cornwall, and sister of Sir John St. Aubyn (1758-1839) [q. v.], is known by a few pri- vately printed etchings which she produced in 1788 and 1789. These comprise portraits of Lady St. Aubyn and Dolly Pentreath [see JEFFERY, DOROTHY], from pictures by Rey- nolds and Opie in her father's possession ; a portrait of her sister, Mrs. Robert White ; and a view of St. Michael's Mount. Two drawings by her of St. Michael's Mount were engraved by William Austin (1721-1820) [q. v.] Miss St. Aubyn married, on 26 June 1790, her cousin John Molesworth (d. 1811),, rector of St. Breocke, Cornwall, second son of Sir John Molesworth, bart., of Pencarrow, and died on 21 Oct. 1836. Her eldest son John (d. 1844), who assumed the surname of St. Aubyn, succeeded to the St. Aubyn estates. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists ; Dodd's Memoirs of English Engravers (Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 33394); Burke's Landed Gentry. 1894, ii. 1770 ; Parochial History of Cornwall, i. 272.] F. M. O'D. ST. AUBYN, SIR JOHN (1696-1744), third baronet, politician, born on 27 Sept. 1G96, was son and heir of Sir John St. Au- byn, second baronet (d. 20 June 1714), who married, in 1695, Mary, daughter and co- heiress of Peter de la Hay of Westminster. He was entered as gentleman-commoner at Exeter College, Oxford, on 10 June 1718, and created M.A. on 19 July 1721. In May 1722 he was returned to parliament for the county of Cornwall, and sat fDr it until his death. In the House of Commons St. Aubyn spoke ' but seldom, and never but on points of consequence ' (Quarterly Heview, October 1875, p. 376). Joining the opposition against Walpole, he was hostile to the Septennial Act and the employment of the Hanoverian troops, and on 9 March 1742 he seconded Lord Limerick's motion for a committee to inquire into the transactions of the previous twenty years, which was defeated by 244 votes to 242. A fortnight later he seconded a motion by the same member for a secret committee of twenty-one to examine into Walpole's official acts during the last ten years, and it was carried by 252 votes to 245. In the polling for the committee he obtained the first place with 518 votes, a result pronounced by Speaker Onslow to be without precedent, but he declined to pre- side over the proceedings. He is said to have also declined a seat at the board of admiralty. Walpole is believed in the west country to have remarked, when speaking St. Aubyn 121 St. Aubyn of the House of Commons, 'All these men have their price except the little Cornish baronet.' He was on close terms of intimacy throughout life with Dr. William Borlase [q. v.], and was a friend and correspondent of Pope. St. Aubyn died of fever at Pencarrow, Egloshayle, Cornwall, on 15 Aug. 1744, and was buried in a granite vault in Crowan church on 23 Aug. He married at St. James's, Westminster, on 3 Oct. 1725, Catherine, daughter and coheiress of Sir Nicholas Morice, who brought him 10,000^. in cash and the manor of Stoke-Damerel, within which the town of Devonport is situate. She died at Clowance in Crowan on 16 June 1740, and was buried in the same vault. They had issue five children. [Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. ii. 585, 612, 614 (where his chief speeches are enume- rated) ; Boase's Collect. Cornub. 854, 856 ; Gent. Mag. 1744, p. 452; Walpole's Letters, i. 142, 146, 150; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. ix. 371, 8th ser. viii. 368 ; Courtney's Parl. Eep. of Cornwall, pp. 403-4 ; Boase's Exeter Coll. Com- moners, p. 284 ; Quarterly Review, October 1875.] W.P. C. ST. AUBYJST, SIR JOHN (1758-1839), fifth baronet, lover of science and the arts, born at Golden Square, London, on 17 May 1758, was elder son of Sir John St. Au- byn, fourth baronet (d. 12 Oct. 1772), who married, in May 1756, Elizabeth, daugh- ter of William Wingfield of Durham. He was admitted to Westminster School on 19 Jan. 1773, and in 1775, while there, and only seventeen years old, induced a school- fellow named Baker to join him in a bond for moneys advanced to supply his extravagances. Afterwards he pleaded that he was not of age, and the case came before the lord chancellor on 2 July 1777, when it was ordered that the money actually lent should be repaid, with 4 per cent, interest (ibl. Cornub. ii. 616 ; cf. WALFOLE, Journal of reign of George III, ii. 126). St. Aubyn was sheriff of Cornwall in 1781, and in 1784 he entered upon political life. He sat for Truro from 25 March 1784 to the dissolution, for Penryn from May 1784 to June 1790, and for Helston from June 1807 to 1812. In the interests of the whigs, and with the support of his relative, Sir Francis Basset (afterwards Lord de Dun- stanville), he contested the county of Corn- wall in 1790, but was defeated after a very close and bitter contest. His election song on this occasion is printed in Worth's ' West- country Garland ' (pp. 98-100). St. Aubyn was provincial grand-master of the Free- masons in Cornwall from 1785 to 1839. He was a fellow of the Linnean Society, and was elected F.S.A. in 1783 and F.R.S. 18 May 1797. In 1799 he bought the fossils and minerals of Richard Greene [q. v.] of Lichfield. His collection of minerals, pre- viously the property of Earl Bute, was de- scribed in 1799 in the ' New System of Mineralogy in the form of catalogue,' by William Babington, M.D., which is dedi- cated to him. St. Aubyn joined with others in May 1804 in the proposition to raise 4,OOOJ. for a mineralogical collection at the Royal Institution, and he subscribed to the fund for providing an annuity for Richard Person [q. v.] His gifts to Devonport included a site for the town-hall, a cabinet of minerals, a corporation mace, Opie's picture of Mary, queen of James II, quitting England, and a painting of the Holy Family. He died at Lime Grove, Putney, 10 Aug. 1839. His body was conveyed to Cornwall, passing through Devonport on 23 Aug., when it was attended by the municipal authorities, and lying in state at St. Austell, Truro, and Clowance. On 29 Aug. he was buried, with great masonic ceremonial, in the family vault in Crowan parish church. He married, at St. Andrew's, Holborn, on 1 July 1822, Juliana Vinicombe. a native of Cornwall, who died at Lime Grove, Putney, on 14 June 1856, aged 87, and was also buried in the vault in Crowan church. The entailed es- tates, with the old family seat of Clowance, passed to a nephew, the Rev. John Moles- worth of Crowan (d. 1841). St. Aubyn had in all fifteen natural children, and the pro- perty at Devonport was incumbered by 130,000/. in payment of the marriage por- tions of thirteen of them. He left his pro- perty at Devonport and elsewhere to James St. Aubyn, his eldest natural son, with reversion to Edward St. Aubyn, another natural son, and his descendants. Edward St. Aubyn (