-',) ^il^lt. ■■■■
Word Search: Puzzle Program hside For Connnnodore, Atari, Apple, IBM, &. Tl
$2.95
September 1985 Issue 64 Vol. 7, No. 9
S3.75 Canodo «» 02193 **
ISSN 0194-357X
COMPUTE!
The Leading Magazine Of Home, Educational, And Recreational Connputing
THE AMIGA
FROIVI COMIVIODORE
An In-Depth Review
Programs Inside:
Disk Commander Add 1 8 Powerful Commands To Your Commodore 64
Atari Animation
Ail About
IBiVI Batch Files
Jump Search!
For Commodore, Atari,
Apple, IBIVI, And Tl
Easy Apple Screen Editing Enhanced BASIC Line Editor j
For Apple 11+ , lle/Tlte
' lii
ill.]i'!< M |ll \
7US6 0Z193'
With Commodore 128's instead of Appie lie's, tiiese icids wouid be on computers
instead of in line.
Meet the Commodore 128;" The new personal computer that's al- ready destined to be at the head of its class. It not only outsmarts the Apple "lie in price, if comes out way ahead in performance.
A lower price is welcome news to any tight school budget. But it's not the only way the 128 saves you money You only need to buy one external disk drive to network eight Commodore 128's from a teacher's desk. The Apple lie has a built-in disk drive.
That adds a built-in extra cost for a feature your classroom doesn't really need. There's even more to the Commodore 128 than being able to put more students on com- puters for less money
There's more intelligence.
As your students grow smarter, so does the Commodore 128. It's a computer they'll find more useful because it's capable of expanding from 128K to 512K memory The Apple lie doesn't expand, making
it less versatile. If also doesn't have the Commodore 128's ex- panded keyboard that offers more commands for easier pro- gramming and more varied use of graphics and text. Or a numeric keypad that's a real necessity when using a computer in math or science classes.
More software.
The Commodore 128 is one new personal computer you won't have to wait for software
S> Commoijcijg W85 -
to catch up to. It's compatible with over 3,000 programs and peripherals designed for the Commodore 64'" many of which your school may have. And in the 128 and CP/M® modes, there are programs for students who want to get down to business and learn spreadsheets, file manage- ment or other professional uses.
More convenience.
Here's a feature you'll also find intelligent. Should anything go
wrong with your Commodore 128's, just call toll-free 800-247-9000. We have an exclusive school sen/ice agreement with RCA and over 600 independent service companies to give you fast repair
When it comes to fitting more computers into a tight school budget, come size up the Commodore 128. For more intelligence, and a price that mal<es sense, you'll find it's one sure way to lower the cost of a higher education.
Program shown Is 'Heactii^g Professor' from Commodore. ® Comrnodore I9S4.
COMMODORE 128^ PERSONAL COMPUTER
»Apple IS a legislered trademoik of Apple Computer, nc • CP/M is o registered 1rademori< of Digital Research. Inc
A Higher Intelligence
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COMPUTB
SEPTEMBER 1986 VOLUME 7 NUMBER 9 ISSUE 64
FEATURES
16 The Amiga; An In-Depth Review Tom R. Haifhiil
30 The Electronic University Sharon Dariing
38 Word Search Michaei B. Wlliiams
50
The Last Warrior David Engebretsen
REVIEWS
61 Rescue on FracfalusI and Ballblazer Tom R. Haifhiil
62 Below the Roof Nick Piazza, Jr.
63 Companion Roger B. Crampton
64 Jr-Draw for PCjr Norm Cohen
COLUMNS AND DEPARTMENTS
6 The Editor's Notes Robert Lock and Richard Mansfield
10 Readers' Feedback The Editors and Readers of COMPUTEI
65 HOTWARE; Software Best Sellers
103 The Beginner's Page: Forget Your Algebra Tom R. Haifhiil
104 Computers and Society:
Compilers, Interpreters, and Flow: Conclusion David D. Thomburg
105 Telecomputing Today— SIG Wars Arlan R. Leviton
106 The World Inside the Computer:
A Robot Toddler Fred D'Ignazio
107 IBM Personal Computing: The Mysterious Editors Donald B. Trivette
108 Programming the Tl: The OPEN Statement C. Regena
1 10 INSIGHT: Atari— Using Serial Input/Output Bill Wilkinson
GUIDE TO ARTICLES AND PROGRAMS
AP/AT/V/64/+4/16/
128/P/TI/PC/PCjr
AP/AT/64/PC/PCjr
AP/AT/64
AP/64/PC/PCjr
T!
PCjr
PC/PCjr Tl
AT
THE JOURNAL
66 76 80 84 87 92 95 98 112
113 117
70 73
100 126 128
128
Commodore 64 Memory Manager Robert Lee
Saving Time and Memory: An Atari Variable Utility ......... P. E. Thompson
Commodore 64 Disk Commander Michael Kunkel
Apple Fractals Paul W. Carlson
Chess for IBM PC & PCjr John Krouse
Commodore Bootstrapping Jim Butterfield
Atari Animation with P/M Graphics, Part 1 Robert J. Powell
All About IBM Botch Files, Part 1 G. Russ Dovies
Jump Search Jerry Sturdivant
128 Sound and Music, Port 2 Easy Apple Screen Editing . .
Philip I, Nelson Roland Brown
COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing In Programs
MLX Machine Language Entry Program for
Commodore 64 and Atari
News & Products
Classified
CAPUTEl Modifications or Corrections to
Previous Articles
Advertisers Index
NOTE: See page 70 before typing In programs.
TOLL FREE Subscription Order Line 800-334-0868 (In NC 919-275-9809)
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AT 64
AP
PC/PCjr
V/64/+4/16/128/P
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128
AP
AP Apple, Mac Macintosh. AT Atari, V VIC-20. 64 Com- modore 64. +4 Commodore Plus/4, 16 Commodore 16, 1 2a Commodore 1 28, P PET/CeM. Tl Texas Instru- ments, PC IBM PC, PCjr IBIVl PCjr. CC Radio Sliacic Color Computer. "General interest.
COMPUTEr Publicationsjnc.®
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COMPUTEI The Journal for Progressive Computing (USPS; 537250) is published montlily by COMPUTE! Publications, Inc., P.O. Box 5406, Greensboro, NC 27403 USA. Phone: (919) 275-9809. Editorial Offices are located at 324 West Wendover Avenue. Greensboro, NC 27408. Domestic Subscriptions: 12 issues, $24. Send subscription orders or change of address (P.O. form 3579) to COMPUTE! Magazine, P.O. Box 10954, Des Moines, lA 50340. Second dass postage paid at Greensboro, NC 27403 and additional mailing offices. Entire contents copyright ©1985 by COMPUTE! Publications, Inc. All rights reserved, ISSN 0194-357X.
Editors Notes
Last month we mentioned some apparent communication problems re- garding access to the new Amiga from Commodore. We're happy to report that comments in our editorial became moot before they reached print. Com- modore's new senior management team moved quickly and smoothly to see that we, along with other maga- zines in the industry, received even- handed treatment in access to information.
The Amiga is an important prod- uct. We see a significant, lasting change in the way personal computers will be used and programmed and, thus, in the ways we cover computers. With the introduction of the Amiga (see the story on page 16) and the ST from Atari, consumer computing will never be the same again.
Among other things, BASIC now faces its first serious challenge as the language of popular computing. When you turn on these new computers, you don't see the familiar BASIC greeting "READY." Instead, you see a Macintosh- like "desktop" screen with icons, etc. This manager is called Intuition on the Amiga, GEM on the ST. BASIC is only one of several options, several lan- guages you could load into the com- puter from disk. A simple command, however, exits this environment and lands you in an IBM PC-like Amiga- DOS, said to be quite like Unix, an operating system first developed for large minicomputers. The Atari ST's TOS wiU be siniilar. Both are command- rich systems, nearly languages in themselves.
COMPUTE! expects to continue to publish the majority of its programs in BASIC. The new machines' BASICs are large and fast. They include a generous set of graphics and sound instructions. Above all, everyone who buys an ST or an Amiga will have BASIC. That lan- guage is being shipped with, though not built into, these computers.
Interestingly, most commercial software announced so far for the ST and Amiga is not being written in ma- chine language. Instead, it is being writ- ten in C, a language popular among professional programmers ^vhich has a reputation for portability between com- puters. Some have argued that this spells the end of assemblers, the end of writing machine language programs. We do not find that argument compelling.
The argument goes like this; The new machines are faster (because the microprocessor, the 68000, is more effi- cient) and thus maximizing speed of execution by using machine language is no longer necessary. Compiled lan- guages like C run sufficiently quickly. Lotus 1-2-3 is written in C. Also, some new BASICS and operating systems are largely C.
The other factor in favor of ma- chine language, its conservation of memory, is now less critical, too. Com- pilers can use up computer memory rapidly. Amiga BASIC, written mostly in C, is about 96K large; Commodore 64 BASIC, written entirely in machine lan- guage, uses up only 8K. Instead of hav- ing to fit everything into 64K, the maximum memory which can be easily accessed by the older 8-bit chips, the new computers can access megabytes of memory. Tecmar, an Ohio company, is developing an expansion board for the Amiga which adds up to two mega- bytes of memory. Hence, bulky, com- piled programs don't cause much of a problem. There's memory to spare. However, even though the Amiga and ST each have 192K of ROM space, both machines' operating systems — written largely in C — have to be supplied on disk ivith early models. The compiled C is too big to be built into ROM until programmers can optimize and con- dense the code.
C has its advantages, but one fact is overlooked: Machine language is the computer's language. All other lan- guages are compromises, less direct ways of telling the computer what you want it to do. This indirection slows the computer down for many of the same reasons that you would be slowed down in a foreign country. No matter how similar the two languages, from time to time you would be forced to resort to hand signals, symbols, even to looking things up in a dictionary. Like- wise, a compiled programming lan- guage results in a more or less indirect communication with the computer. Even the best compilers produce bulki- er and less efficient programs than does pure machine language.
Something similar to the current popularity of C happened when home computers were first introduced. BASIC was then the most common language for commercial programs. Spread- sheets, word processors, and games were sold which were entirely BASIC.
They were slow, had few features, and used up much of the available memory space.
Now that there is a transition from 64K to 512K, quadruple the processing speed, and far better graphics and sound — most any good program is go- ing to be impressive. The new machines make their software look good in the same way that calculators made the early 8K Commodore PET look good. It's a whole new level of power and control. But the shock of the new doesn't last. Software companies will compete along the classic lines: They will all try to offer the fastest product with the most features. Once again we are likely to see a migration to machine language as programmers vie with each other to take their machines to the limit.
The 68000 is not a new chip, but it is new to home computers. Introduced by Motorola in 1981, it cost over $200 until recently. It is the chip in the Apple Macintosh, and sales of that computer have helped drive down the price to its current $20, making it affordable as the new consumer CPU. How does the 68000 differ from the 6502, the chip in most current popular computers (Apple, Atari, Commodore, etc.)? Essentially, things like multiplying large numbers are easier to do, fetching and storing is faster and more efficient, what took several steps to accomplish in the 6502 can now be done in a single operation.
Of course, we won't see the ulti- mate software the minute the new hardware is introduced. It will take time for programmers to investigate the new territory. But judging from the prelimi- nary software we've seen, the new computers offer stunning opportunities for creative programming and — what- ever languages are used — the resulting software will take us far beyond what we've experienced on today's home computers. We plan to bring you some of that stunning programming in the pages of COMPUTE! in the coming years.
Editor in Chief
^^
Senior Editor
"kMsp
6 COMPUTEI September 1985
SUMMER GAMES li: EIGHT NEW Vim TO GO FOR THE GOLD.
F
Sure Summer Games was great, but why stop there? Let Summer Games I! take you even farther with eight new events including cycling, fencing, kayaking, triple jump, rowing, high jump, javelin and even equestrian. They can all be played by up to eight players and some, like cycling, rowing and fencing challenge you with realistic head-to-head competition.
First, you decide which of the 18 different countries you're going to represent. Then, in true Olympic fashion, you will need the proper strategy and mental toughness, not just speed and agility to excel in each
event. It's so realistic, there's even an opening and closing ceremony along with medal presentations after each event.
It's not too eariy to get ready for 1988. With the right diet, proper training and hours of practice you just might make it. In the meantime, put on your sweatsuit, grab that joystick and let Summer Games U gi ve you eight new ways to Go For The Gold!
tn-{ // MaMPinBisorrwASE
Strategy Games for tiie Action-Game Player
Publlshet
Editor In Chlel
Director ol Admlnlslrotlon
Gary R Ingersoii Rotjert C. Lock Alice S. NAtoile
SenEoi Editor
Managing Editor
Editor
AsslslOPil Editor
Praducfion Director
Production Editor
Editor. COMPUIEI'S GAZEnE
Technlcol Editor
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Program Editor
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GAZEHE FeoTLrre Writer Progromming Supervisor Editorial Progtammers
Subtniss^ona Reviewer Programming Assistant Copv Editors Executive AMistant Administrative Assist onis
Associate Edilon
C on fri touting Editof
Rictiord Marisfield
Katnteen Wortinek
Tom r? Halftiifl
Philip Nelson
Tony f?ot>er1s
Gcll Cowper
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Otlis P, Cowper
Jofn Krause, George Miller
Chores Bronnon
SeEOv Baten^on
Todd Heimorck
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Kevin Moriin
Mane Tuitle
i>3vid Flora nee
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Coming In Future Issues
Save With Replace: Debugged At Lost
In-Depth Review: Atari 520ST
Amiga's Amazing Graphics
The Witching Hour:
Strategy Game For
Commodore, Atari, Apple,
IBi\A, and Tl
Apple ii Pull-Down Menus
Lightning Renumber For
Atari
64 Multicolor Graphics
Made Easy
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M>A
Authors cf manuscripTs worrant tnot all materials submitted to COMPUTEI ore original materials with full owriership rights resident in said authors. By submitting articles to COMPUTE!, outhors acknowledge that such moteriols upon acceptance for puWfcatlon. become the exclusive property of COMPUTEi Publications, Inc. No portion of this maoo- zine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the pubJisher. Entire contents copyright © 1 965, COMPUTEI Pubiications, Inc- Rights to programs developed orxj submitted by authors are explained in our outhof contract. Unsolicited materials not accepted for publication in COMPUTEI will be refumad If author provides o self- Qddressed. stamped envelope. Progroms (on tope or disk) must occompony eoch submission. Printed listings ore op- tional, but helpful. Articles 5^ouid be furnished as typed copy (upper- and lowercase, piease) with double spacing Eoch page of your article should boar the title of the article, date and nome of the author, COMPUTEI assumes no JIability for errors In articles or advertisements. OpInfons expressed by authors are not necessarily those of COMPUTEI
Hj^Im PubUsben Auocuilon
Audit BnruB of Clzcalitlou
P6T. CBM. VC-20 and Commodore 64 ate 1rodemart(S ot Commodore
Business Wacriifies, Inc. and/or Commodore EJectronics Limited Apple is o trademark of Apple Computer Company IBM PC ond PCjf are trodemorks of Inlemationol Business Wacriirves. Inc,
ATAf?f is a frodomark of Aton. Jnc
T|.P9/4A Is □ trademark o( Texas instmmenls. Inc.
Radio Shock Coior Computer is a trodemofk ol
Tondy. Inc
TIRED OF VyniTING FOREVER I
STOIOAD?
l£7.,S ■:- -v~ ■■
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INTRODUCING THE FAST UMU) CARTRIDGE FROM EPYX.
You're tired of waiting forever for your Commodore 64 programs to load. But it's no use glaring at your disk drive. Calling it names won't help, either. It was born slow — a lumbering hippo. You need the FAST LOAD CARTRIDGE from EPYX. FAST LOAD transforms your Commodore 64 disk drive from a lumbering hippo into a leaping gazelle. With FAST LOAD, programs that once took minutes to load are booted up in a matter of seconds.
FAST LOAD can load, save and copy your disks five times faster than normal It plugs into the cartridge port
of your Commodore 64 and goes to work automatically, loading your disks with ease. And that's only the beginning. You can copy a single file, copy the whole disk, send disk commands, and even list directories without erasing programs stored in memory.
And unlike other products, the FAST LOAD CARTRIDGE works with most programs, even copy protected ones, including the most popular computer games.
The FAST LOAD CARTRIDGE from Epyx. Easy to insert, easy to use and five times faster. So why waste time waiting for your disks to load?
Speed them up with FAST LOAD!
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Readers Feedback
The Editors and Readers of COMPUTE!
// you have any questions, comments, or suggestions you would like to see ad- dressed in this column, write to "Readers' Feedback," comfutei P.O. Box 5^06, Greensboro, NC 27403. Due to the volume of mail we receive, we regret that we cannot provide personal answers to tech- nical questiotis.
Relational Operators
I recently typed in the TI-99/4A game "Circus" (COMPUTE!, February 1984) and noticed the following statement in line 50:
SC=SC+(H=120)*-50+(H=112)*-7 5+(H=104)*-100+((H=128)*(Ml= 1)*250)
How does this statement work?
Dan Schwarz
Although your question concerns a TI program, the answer applies to BASIC programming on a wide variety of com- puters. The complex statement that has you puzzled calculates the game score (variable SC) by using the equal sign (=) as a relational operator. Though its syn- tax looks odd, it efficiently takes the place of several IF-THEN statements.
In "Circus" the balloon (variable H) popped by the clown can be in the bottom row (character number 120), in the middle row (character 112), or the top row (104). Character 128 signifies the bonus balloon. A bottom row balloon scores 50 points, the middle row scores 75, the top roiv is worth 100, and a bonus balloon scores 250 points provided its color is yellow (Ml = l; see line 80 of the program).
The expression (H=120) doesn't change the value ofH. Instead, it performs a logical test similar to IF. When H equals 120—ivhen you pop a bottom-row bal- loon— this expression returns a value of — I. Any expression that evaluates to —1 is considered to be true. When H equals any other number, the computer returns 0 to show the expression is false. (TI, Com- modore, and IBM PC/PCjr computers evaluate true expressions to —I; Apple, Atari, and Timex/Sinclair computers use 1 rather than —1.)
Say that the clown pops a balloon in the bottom row. Since H equals 120, the expression (H=120) is true and evaluates to —1. This value is multiplied by —50 to
add 50 to the score (multiplying two nega- tive numbers produces a positive num- ber). Since H=I20 is true, the other expressions (H=112, H=104, and H=128) are false, so the multiplications yield 0 and the score doesn't change. The remaining expressions in the example in- crement the score when you pop balloons in the middle and upper rows or pop the bonus balloon (character 128) when it's yellow. Other relational operators include <, >, AND, OR, and NOT (if available in your dialect of BASIC). String expressions work as well as numeric expressions, and relational operations are particularly effi- cient when combined with ON-GOTO or ON-GOSUB statements.
Atari Tape-To-Dlsk Transfer
When 1 bought a disk drive for my Atari system, I was faced with retyping all the machine language programs (like SpeedScript, COMPUTE!, May 1985) 1 had previously saved on tape. Instead, I found a way to use "Atari MLX" to load a machine language program from tape, and then either save it as a binary disk file or make a boot disk. To make a binary file, change line 390 of MLX as follows:
390 IF N=-19 THEN MEDIA= ASC ( " D") :DTYPE=70!GOTO 720
Change line 390 as follows to make a boot disk;
390 IF N=-19 THEN MEDIA= ASC(" D")tGOTO 720
After that's done, run MLX and follow the instructions, loading from tape and saving to disk when appropriate.
David L. Pettite
Thank you for the information. Readers should note that this temporary change to line 390 is only for converting tape files to disk files. It is not a correction to MLX, and should not be permanently incorpo- rated into your copy of Atari MLX.
64 Key Beeper
Is there a program for the Commodore 64 that will cause a beep when a key is pressed?
Jeffrey Gurr
The following program adds audible feed-
back to the keyboard of your 64, as found on Atari computers. (Ironically, owners of Atari 400s and 800s frequently write us for a way to turn off the built-in keyboard beep.) The program puts a short, inter- rupt-driven machine language routine in an unused memory area (679-760), acti- vates the beep routine, then erases itself. Be sure to save a copy of the program before running it, and turn up the volume on your TV or monitor. This routine is designed to be used in direct mode (while you're typing a program, etc.) rather than in program mode (lohile a program is running). It doesn't interfere with most BASIC operations, but any program that creates other sounds, changes the hard- ware interrupt vector, or alters locations 3-4 and 679-760 may disrupt the beep or cause other problems. You should always disable the beep (press RUN/STOP- RESTORE) before running other pro- grams. Enter SYS 679 to turn it back on.
1 S=679!N=S
2 READQ;IFQ=256THES4
3 P0KEN,Q:N=N+liCK=CK+QiG0T02
4 IFCK<>9233THEt5PRINT"ERROR IN
DATA": END
5 SYS{S) iNEW
6 DATA 120,169,206,141,20,3,16 9,2,141,21,3
7 DATA 162,0,138,157,0,212,232 ,224,25,203,248
8 DATA 169,15,141,24,212,169,6 7,141,5,212,169
9 DATA 17,141,1,212,88,96,165, 197,201,64,240
10 DATA 30,197,3,208,6,165,4,2 40,2,208,24
11 DATA 169,32,141,4,212,169,3 3,141,4,212,165
12 DATA 197,133,3,169,1,133,4, 208,4,169,0
13 DATA 133,4,76,49,234,256
Simpler IBM Unprotectlon
On CompuServe's PC-SIG disk #184 you can find a simpler procedure for unlocking protected IBM BASIC pro- grams (see "Unlocking IBM BASIC Pro- grams" by Peter Nicholson, compute!, June 1985). Written by Todd Pollock, this method uses BSAVE and BLOAD commands to restore the portion of RAM that is disabled by a protected program. First, type in any two- or three-line BASIC program such as this:
10 PRINT "HELLO"
10 COMPUTEI September 1985
Simulator n
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20 GOTO 10 30 END
Save the program by entering this
line: BSAVE "UNPRO.CIM",&H400 ,&H7F. To unprotect a protected pro- gram, load the protected program into memory, then enter this line; BLOAD "UNPRO.CIM", I suspect that Nichol- son's procedure may be required on Some compatibles, since Pollock's does not simply query a standard location for standard information. A quick test on my friend's Sperry PC-compatible showed that it disables the BLOAD command while a protected program is in memory. However, Pollock's proce- dure does have the advantage of requir- ing much less typing.
Guy R. Winters
We tested this method on the PC and PCjr and found that you need to BSAVE only one byte of memory. Type i» any one-line program such as 10 END. Then enter this command: BSAVE"UN.PRO",U24,l. The BSAVE command saves one byte of memo- ry at location 1124 (&H464 hexadecimal). Now load a protected program (one that was saved with SAVE"filename",P), and load the one-byte file with BLOAD'VN- .PRO". On the PC/PCjr, the protection evaporates and you can list, edit, or save the program as usual. Also, PEEK and POKE are reenabled in direct mode.
The PC and PCjr use location 1124 as a flag: It contains 0 when an unprotectea program is in memory and 254 after you load a protected program. The BSAVE shown above saves location 1124 at a time when we know the flag is set to 0. The BLOAD simply loads the 0 back into loca- tion 1124, resetting the flag to signify no protection. As you found by testing your friend's Sperry, "compatibility" is a rela- tive concept. Evidently one of the Sperry designers knew or anticipated this trick, and prevented it by disabling BLOAD.
Although program protection dis- ables POKE and PEEK in immediate mode, both commands are still legal in program mode (at least on the PC/PCjr). Thus, a protected program can unprotect itself while running (for instance, if you enter a password) and an unprotected pro- gram can protect itself as well. The PCs we tested put a 254 in location 1124 to indicate protection, but in fact any non- zero value seems to set the protection flag: Editing, listing. PEEKing, and POKEin^ are ruled out, and you can resave the program only in protected format.
Disabling Apple's Break Key
According to your answer to Alex Tarlecky's letter in December 1984, the RESET key can be disabled on the Apple lie with the command POKE 1012,PEEK(1012) AND 10. But is there a way to also disable the CONTROL-C
function to keep people from breaking out of my programs?
Mike Sanders
Yes, there is. After Applesoft BASIC exe- cutes a program statement, it checks for any errors that might have occurred. At the same time, it checks to see if CTRL-C was pressed. If so, Applesoft responds as it does when it encounters a syntax error or illegal quantify error. Normally, it stops the program and displays an appropriate error message (BREAK IN line#}.
The secret to trapping CTRL-C is an instruction that changes the way Apple- soft handles such errors— the ONERR statement. For instance, once the com- puter executes a statement such as ONERR GOTO 1000, it responds to any error— including the CTRL-C function — by transferring control to line 1000 (or any other line you specify with ONERR). Make sure, however, that the line speci- fied in the ONERR statement actually exists in your program. Otherwise, Apple- soft searches for an undefined line when an error happens, causing another error. The result is an endless loop and a locked- up computer.
You should put an error-handling routine starting at the line number re- ferred to by ONERR. This routine should PEEK location 222, which contains an error code. If this location contains 255, then CTRL-C was pressed. The best way to deal with CTRL-C is to have your error routine GOTO the program's main menu or some other predictable location, so that CTRL-C stilt causes a break but doesn't stop the program.
IfPEEK(222) isn't 255, then CTRL-C wasn't pressed — an actual error occurred. This could be a disk error (wrong disk in the drive, no disk, disk full, etc.) or an error in your program. It is usually easier to let Applesoft handle the errors that you aren't expecting. You can do this by POKEing memory location 216 with 0 to cancel the ONERR trap. Then use the Applesoft RESUME instruction, which re- executes the statement that caused the error in the first place. Since the instruc- tion didn't finish the first time, you should get the same error, but this time the pro- gram halts with an appropriate error message.
Tl Supplies
Just after 1 purchased a TI-99/4A com- puter, the company went out of busi- ness. Does this mean 1 won't be able to purchase anything for my computer? I would like to purchase Extended BASIC, a printer, and other peripherals. Kathy Armstrong
Texas Instruments is still very much in business; it has simply stopped manufac- turing home computers such as the TI- 99/4A. Fortunately, TI-99/4A products
are still available. The following firms carry software, hardware, and peripherals (this is the most complete and accurate list we were able to compile at time of publication):
Triton Products
P.O. Box 8123
San Francisco, CA 94128
1-800-227-6900
Ufusource Electronics, Inc.
P.O. Box 64240
Lubbock, TX 79464
1-800-858-4380
MSW Computers & Electronics
22 East Tioga Street
Tunkahannock, PA 18657
1-800-233-3266
Tenex Computer Express
P.O. Box 6578
South Bend, IN 46660
219-259-7051
Reader Cynthia Becker informs us that hardware and software are also avail- able through the TI-99/4A Natiortal Assistance Group. After paying a $10 membership fee, you are entitled to pur- chase TI products from this organization and receive its newsletter as well:
TI-99/4A National Assistance Group P.O. Box 290812 Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 33329 (305) 583-0467
Commodore 16 Conversions
I have found that programs written for the VlC-20 Super Expander will run on the Commodore 16 as well if you add the BASIC 3.5 statement SCALE 1 = 1023*1023 to the beginning of the program. The 16 uses different tokens for graphics keywords like DRAW, POINT, and so on. But the programs will load without any problem from disk or tape. After you load the pro- gram, edit the lines that contain those keywords and save it again. It should run just fine.
John Elliot
Thanks for the information. Trapping IBM's Break Key
I own an IBM PC and have been trying to trap the Ctrl-Brk keys. I have looked in a tremendous number of books, but still couldn't find anything about it. I haven't been able to scan the keyboard for the information I need. How can I trap those keys?
Patrick McGarry
Since many readers have asked this ques- tion, we'll shcnv you two techniques that work luith BAS/C4 or Cartridge BASIC on either the PC or PCjr. The following pro- gram traps both Ctrl-Break (break) and Ctrl-Alt-Del (reboot).
12 COMPUTEI September 1985
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APPLE, ATARI and COMMOEX>RE 64 ate tradcmaihs of Apple Computer. Inc.. Alari, Inc. and Commodore t^lcclronics, Ltd_ rcspcdivEly.
10 CLB; PRINT "Try to use Brea
k car Ctrl-Alt-Del" 20 B«=CHR«(4)+CHR*(70>:C»''CHR
•(12)+CHR«<83) 30 KEY 15,B*:KEY (15) ON! ON K
EY (15) SDSUB B0 40 KEY 16,C»sKEY (16) ON! ON K
EY (16) BOSUB 90 50 FOR J=l TO 9999: NEXT: PRINT '■Br««k «t Ctrl-Alt-Del Hor
k now" 60 KEY (15) OFF: KEY (16) OFF 70 GOTO 70 80 PRINT "Break has no effect
right now.": RETURN 90 PRINT "Rebooting is a very bad idea. "i RETURN
Once the key trap is set (lines 20-40 above), the system checks for a trap be- tween every statement of the main pro- gram. When the right keys are pressed, execution diverts immediately to the trap- ping subroutine, no matter what the main program is doing at the time. Since the trap can be sprung between any two state- ments in the program, strange results may occur if you don't anticipate the possible diversion. Of course, the trapping subrou- tine doesn't have to print a message (or do anything else except end with RETURN). You can also disable Break by changing the computer's break interrupt vector at locations 108-112 (&H6C-£fH6F), as shown here:
10 DEF SES=0sFOR J-0 TO 3: ) -PEEK (109+ J) iNEXT
A(J
20 POKE 10B,64lPOKE 109,liPaK
E 110, 112iPaKE 111,0 30 PRINT "Try to use Ctrl-Brk
(PC) or Fn-Brk (PCjr) 40 FDR J=l TO 9999lNEXTs PRINT
"Brk key Marks again" 50 FOR iJ=0 TO 3: POKE 10a+J,A(
J) I NEXT 60 BOTO 60
This program diverts the system's normal break routine to a do-nothing IRET (return) instruction in ROM (Read Only Memory). Don't forget to restore the normal vector when the program ends (line 50). These examples are drawn from Russ Davies' Mapping the IBM PC and PCjr (published by^ COMPUTE! Books), which contains additional information on keyboard programming from DOS and machine language.
Commodore ML Addresses
I own a Commodore 64. How can I find the beginning and ending addresses of a machine language program stored on disk?
Eric Adams
The followitig program does the job on any Commodore computer ivith a disk drive (except the 128 in CP/M mode). The first two bytes of a disk program file contain the load address in low byte/high byte format. This program finds the beginning, then reads to the end of the file. The end
address equals the start address plus the number of bytes read. (Of course, a disk data, file — which holds data rather than a program — has no load address.)
1 INPUT"FILENAME"jF$!A?""0!"+F 5+",P,R"tOPEN 2, 8, 2, AS
2 GET#2,A5«GOSUB 5 iL=AtGET#2 ,A ?iGOSUB 5!SA=L+256*AjPRINT"S TART";SA
3 GET#2,A9:IF ST-0 THEN SA=SA+ 1 I GOTO 3
4 PRINT"END"fSAiCLOSE 2iEND
5 IF A$""" THEN A5=CHR?(0)
6 A-ASC { A5 ) J RETURN
Tape users can find beginning and ending addresses with only two program lines. The following routine runs as listed on the Commodore 64, VIC-20, and PET. Plus/4 and 16 users should subtract 10 from the four addresses in line 2 (replace 829 with 819, 830 with 820, and so on). Commodore 128 users (in 128 mode) should replace the same four addresses with 2817, 2818, 2819, and 2820. The header data stored at the beginning of a tape file contains the program's starting and ending addresses. The method shown here simply OPENs the file to read the header into the tape buffer, then PEEKs the addresses from the buffer.
1 INPUT"FILEKAME",-F?:OPEN 2,1, 0, AS: CLOSE 2
2 PRINT"START" jPEEK(829)+256*P EEK(830),-CHRS(13) ; "END";PEEK (831)+256*PEEK(832) @
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1
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16 COMPUTEI September 1985
The
AMIGA:
An In-Depth Review^
Tom R, Halfhill, Editor
Three years in the making, Commodore's new Amiga personal computer was finally introduced at a lavish media event in New York this summer. Commodore says the new machine should be available by the end of August. This report was compiled from sessions with the Amiga prior to its release.
Commodore's Amiga is much more than just an- other new computer. It's a pivotal machine that may well shat- ter the traditional boundaries and prejudices which for years have di- vided the microcomputer market- place. It defies classification as simply a home computer, game computer, business computer, or hacker's computer. In fact, the Ami- ga's power, versatility, and ease of use may qualify it as the first true personal computer.
The Amiga is not a me-too clone, or a cautious step sideways, or an incremental step forward. It's
a genuine leap to a new generation of advanced personal computers. The Amiga will be the yardstick by which all other new computers over the next few years will be measured.
What sets the Amiga apart is that no other computer on the mar- ket can do so many things so well. To match its power as a business computer, you'd have to go all the way to a $4,000 IBM AT or even a minicomputer; to surpass its graph- ics and animation capabilities, you'd have to invest in a $10,000 dedicated graphics terminal; to sur- pass its sound and music features, you'd have to buy a music synthe-
sizer. The Amiga is that rare ex- ample of a general-purpose machine that excels at specialized applications.
This versatility transcends the traditional computer categories tak- en for granted over the years. For example, although it's certainly possible to use a machine such as a Commodore 64 as a business com- puter, or a machine such as an IBM PC as a home computer, some com- promises are usually inevitable. But the Amiga should prove to be equally suitable for the most de- manding business people, home users, programmers, educators, children, video artists, and elec- tronic musicians. In addition, it's easy enough for a beginner to learn quickly, yet deep enough to fasci- nate the most impassioned late- night hacker.
Commodore, too, senses that it has a new kind of computer on its hands. The company is going out of its way to avoid calling the Amiga a business computer or a home com- puter. Furthermore, Commodore is
September 1985 COMPUTEI 17
A message from a leading software publisher.
Why Electronic Arts
"The Amiga will revolurioniie the home computer industry. It's the first home machine that has everythtng you want and need for all the tmajor uses of a home computer, including entertainment, education and ptoductivity. The software we're developing for the Amiga will blow your socks off We think the Amiga, with its incom- parable power, sound and graphics, will give Electronic Arts and the entire industry a very bright future"
Tftp Hawkins
President. Elccnonic Arts
IS Committed to the Amiga.
In our first two years, Bectronic Arts has emerged as a leader of the home software business. We have won the most product quality . awards— over 60. We have placed the most Billboard Top 20 tides— 12. We have also been consistently profitable in an industry beset by losses and disappointments.
Why, then, is Electronic Arts banking its hard won gains on an unproven new computer like the Amiga?
The Vision of Electronic Arts.
We believe that one day soon the home computer wiU be as important
as radio, stereo and television are today.
These electronic marvels are significant because they bring faraway places and experiences right into your home. Today, from your living room you can watch a championship basketball game, see Christopher Columbus sail to the New World, or watch a futuristic spaceship battle.
The computer promises to let you do much more. Because it is interactive you get to participate. For example, you can play in that basketball game instead of just watching. You can actually be Christopher Columbus and feel firsthand what he felt when he sighted the New World. And you can step inside the cockpit of your own spaceship.
Bur so far, the computer's promise has been hard to see. Software
has been severely limited by the abstract, blocky shapes and rinky- dink sound reproduction of most home computers. Only a handful of pioneers have been able to appreciate the possibilities. But then, popular opitiion once held that television was only useful for civil defense communications,
A Promise of Artistry.
The Amiga is advancing our medium on all fronts. For the first rime, a personal computer is providing the visual and aural quality our sophisticated eyes and ears demand. Compared to the Amiga, using some other home computers is like watching black and white television with the sound turned off.
The first Amiga software products from Electronic Arts are near completion. We suspect you'll be hearing a lot about them. Some of them are games like you've never seen before, that get more out of a computer than other games ever have. Others are harder to categorize, and we like that.
For the first time, software developers have the tools they need to fulfil] the promise of home computing,
Two years ago, we said, "We See Farther" Now fiarther is here.
ELECTRONIC ARTS'
Dr J and L.arry Bird Go One-On-One The number ijne software sports game of ail time- Shtjo: as accurately as Liny
Bird, sUm Jynt lilic tKc Dtictor. while
you're cheered on by the vicloiy chants
of llie Ritstnn Gnrden crdikii
Skyfcix"*
Get in the spaceship and fly Out >'Our
window ot OTi your radat scteen >cu
have but jplit-seconds to appreciate the
fierce beauty of enemy jets ai^ (ank$.
Seven Cities of Gold"* Be ChristQi^cr Columbus and discover
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High-resolution graphics on the Amiga are startlingly close to broadcast- quality TV pictures. This image of a mandrill was digitized directly from a photograph and reproduced on the Amiga's 640 X 400-pixel screen.
trying to disassociate the Amiga from its earlier line. The label on the computer, peripherals, and company-branded software says "Amiga," not "Commodore"; and one Commodore executive has asked writers to refer to the com- puter as the "Amiga from Commo- dore" rather than the "Commodore Amiga." Apparently, Commodore doesn't want potential buyers to prejudge the Amiga by Commo- dore's previous products. Although the best-selling VIC-20 and Com- modore 64 have earned well- deserved reputations as powerful computers for the price, they are dismissed by some as "game com- puters" or "toy computers." But now there's an under-$l,500 per- sonal computer which can comfort- ably outperform much more expensive business computers as well as the best arcade machines. More than old technology may be rendered obsolete by computers like the Amiga. The new generation
20 COMPUTEI September 1985
may also change a lot of old- fashioned thinking.
Here's a quick review of the Amiga's major features:
• Motorola 68000 chip for the central processing unit. This 16/32- bit microprocessor is also found in the Apple Macintosh and Atari ST series.
• Three special integrated chips nicknamed Portia, Daphne, and Agnes. Portia handles sound and input/output; Daphne handles the video; Agnes controls memory ac- cess and also contains two special devices, blitter and copper (short for coprocessor), which work to- gether to produce stunning anima- tion and graphics.
• 256K of Random Access Memory (RAM) standard. A clip-on memory board that hides behind a plastic cover on the front of the system unit adds another 256K; fur- ther expansion up to six megabytes (6,1 44K) is possible by adding
boards onto the side expansion bus (see below).
• 192K of Read Only Memory (ROM) containing operating system routines. Most of the operating sys- tem, however, is loaded from disk into RAM on early model Amigas. This leaves about 130K RAM free on a 256K system. The operating system won't be burned into ROM chips until later. Commodore hasn't decided if upgrade ROMs will be available for early purchasers.
■ Built-in microfloppy disk drive. This double-sided drive squeezes 880K of data on a single hardshell SVi-inch disk. Four exter- nal drives can be daisy-chained to a port on the back panel.
• Two-button mouse controller. This plugs into one of the two joy- stick ports on the side of the machine.
■ Detached typewriter-style keyboard v>'ith separate cursor keys, numeric keypad, and ten spe- cial function keys. Interestingly, the keyboard not only returns a value when a key is pressed, but also when the key is released — a highly unusual feature. Also, Commodore says the Amiga can be operated completely from the keyboard, even if you unplug the mouse and hurl it across the room by its wire tail,
• Two-level operating sys- tem— AmigaDOS and Intuition, a Macintosh-style user interface that uses a mouse, icons, pull-down menus, screen windows, and multi- ple screens.
• Multitasking. The Amiga can run several application programs simultaneously, and AmigaDOS can even perform several DOS func- tions at once in different screen windows.
• Four sound channels with stereo output. The sound capabili- ties are the best of any personal computer available — a wide variety of musical instruments can be sim- ulated with fidelity approaching that of professional -quality synthe- sizers, A pair of phono jacks on the rear panel sends two sound chan- nels to each auxiliary input jack on your stereo, or they can be plugged into a mono sound system. There are also provisions for digital sound sampling with optional equipment.
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This picture was created on the 320 X 200 graphics screen by an artist at Island Graphics, an Amiga software developer.
• Outputs for analog RGB (red- green-blue) monitors, composite color and monochrome monitors, and TV sets. Commodore is selling its own fine-pitch RGB monitor un- der the Amiga brand name. An RGB monitor is highly recommend- ed for the Amiga, because the higher-resolution graphics modes exceed the capabilities of composite monitors and TVs.
• Centronics-standard parallel port for printers and other peripherals.
• RS-232 serial port for print- ers, modems, and other peripher- als. Tecmar, Inc., of Cleveland, Ohio, is introducing a 2400 bits- per-second modem for this port.
• Expansion port that carries every line on the system bus. This port, on the right side of the system unit, is extremely versatile and will be used for memory expansion be- yond 512K RAM, among other things. Tecmar is introducing a 20- megabyte hard disk drive and an expansion board that adds a battery-backed-up clock/calendar, a second RS-232 port, and up to two megabytes of RAM. Coproces- sors are another possibility.
• A total of 4,096 colors, far surpassing any other personal com- puter on the market. Up to 16 or 32 colors can be displayed simulta- neously in the standard graphics modes, and all 4,096 can be shown onscreen in a special mode called
22 COMPUTEI September 1985
hold and modify.
• Graphics modes of 640X400 with 16 colors; 640X200 with 32 colors; 320X400 with 16 colors; and 320X200 with 32 colors. The screen display system bears a closer resemblance to 8-bit Atari comput- ers than to existing Commodores — not surprising, since some of the Amiga designers were among those who built the original Atari 800 in the late 1970s. For example, a series of memory registers — not color memory — determines which colors will be selected onscreen. Among other things, that means that the 16 or 32 colors displayable in the graphics modes can be any of the 4,096 possible hues, and that changing a color register instantly changes the color of everything previously dravwi in that color.
• Eight multicolor sprites. The sprites can be reused on various parts of the screen to create even more moving objects. In some ways, they resemble Atari player/ missile graphics instead of Commo- dore 64-style sprites — they aren't square blocks, but rather tall strips which extend the full height of the screen. Unlike Atari players or Commodore sprites, however, the Amiga's sprites are 16 pixels wide and can display four colors simulta- neously with resolution equivalent to the 320 X 200 mode. By over- laying sprites, up to 1 6 colors can be displayed per object.
• Text modes of 40, 60, or 80 columns. Actually, the Amiga has no true text modes in the conven- tional sense; all characters are dis- played in high-resolution graphics. This makes possible a wide variety of onscreen type styles.
• Speech synthesis as a stan- dard feature. This is simulated in software, not built into the hard- ware. The male voice seems to have a foreign accent and definitely sounds like a computer, but is more understandable than most speech synthesizers. English text-to- speech conversion is included.
• BASIC on disk. Two BASIC interpreters are in the final stages of development — ABasiC (Amiga BASIC) and a Microsoft BASIC which Commodore says resembles Microsoft BASIC for the Macintosh. According to Commodore, the Amiga will be shipped with the Microsoft BASIC, and ABasiC will be optional. Both are very powerful languages with support for graph- ics, animation, sound, operating system calls, and the Intuition user interface. Other interpreters, com- pilers, and assemblers (including Pascal, Forth, and C) will be avail- able soon after the Amiga is introduced.
Although prices still haven't been firmed up at this writing, it appears the basic system unit with 256K RAM, built-in disk drive, de- tached keyboard, mouse controller, operating system software, and BASIC will cost $1,000 to $1,500. The same system with 512K RAM and a high-resolution RGB color monitor will cost about $2,000.
As personal computers have grown more powerful over the years, designers have wrestled with a dilemma: ease of use versus full flexibility. Beginners and casual users need a computer that's simple to learn and operate, while advanced users don't want to be bogged down with distractions. The Amiga designers have worked out a compromise by offer- ing an operating system that can be used both ways. With Intuition, the Macintosh -like interface, you can manipulate the system simply by pointing to menu items or icons representing the functions you want. For example, to call a disk directory on a Commodore 64^ you
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have to type LOAD"$",8 and then LIST — hardly mnemonic or intu- itive. But on the Amiga, you can call a directory simply by rolling the mouse to point at a disk icon; the files on the disk will appear on- screen as file folder icons. To delete a disk file, you no longer have to type OPEN15,8,15,"S0:filename- ":CLOSE15. Instead, you just point to a file icon and drag it into an icon of a trash can.
With Intuition, you can shrink any screen into a window and layer several such windows on the screen at once. In effect, the computer screen resembles a desktop on which papers can be shuffled around or pushed aside. Windows can be opened, closed, resized, and moved about. You can even display multiple screens on top of each oth- er, all with their own windows.
More advanced users haven't been forgotten, however. Below this shell of windows and menus lies the core operating system, AmigaDOS — perhaps the most powerful disk operating system of- fered on any personal computer. It's a command-line interpreter pat- terned after Unix, and it also resem- bles PC-DOS and CP/M. A large number of advanced functions — in- cluding batch files and multitasking DOS commands — are available by typing keyboard commands at the AmigaDOS screen prompt. In fact, AmigaDOS even qualifies as a small programming language. It has commands for IF-THEN com- parisons, branching to labels, and looping, so you can construct batch files to run the computer automatically.
Furthermore, AmigaDOS was designed from the ground up as a multitasking operating system. Al- though it is difficult to pick the Amiga's most impressive feature, multitasking is a top candidate. In effect, it's like having a mainframe computer with several terminals all to yourself. You can run several programs at once, in multiple win- dows and screens, without notice- ably affecting performance.
For instance, you can run a word processor, spreadsheet, and database manager simultaneously, flipping between the three win- dows as needed. Or you can print out a document with a word pro- cessor in one window while writing
An example of blitter animation. In this demo, the ball spins and bounces around the screen, with sound effects in stereo (see text).
another document in a different window. Or you can work on sever- al files at once — and even several versions of the same file — by run- ning a single application program in several windows. Programmers can test-run a program in one win- dow while editing the code in an- other. Even AmigaDOS itself can be running in multiple windows, processing a number of DOS com- mands simultaneously.
The limit on this kind of multi- tasking depends on the complexity of the application programs and the amount of available memory. In a test using small BASIC programs. Commodore claims that Amiga- DOS has handled 50 windows run- ning 50 programs at once. After that point, they lost track of what was happening.
Part of the secret behind the Amiga's multitasking is its trio of custom chips. Like a team of busy assistants, they free the 68000 microprocessor for more im- portant jobs, sometimes to a star- tling degree. For instance, a graphics demo on the Amiga fea- tures a bouncing ball (see photo). The large checkered ball rotates on its axis in simulated 3-D while bouncing off the bottom and sides of the screen; the shadow it casts is transparent, partially obscuring the background text over which it passes; and bouncing sounds echo realistically from the left and right stereo speakers each time the ball hits a surface. Yet, while all this is happening, the 68000 is doing nothing but calculating the bounce angles, working at only 8 percent capacity.
The blitter and copper are ca- pable of cartoon-quality animation.
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Another low-resolution screen created by Island Graphics. The artist used GraphiCraft, a drawing program de- signed by the company that will be sold under the Amiga brand name.
In fact, blitter animation is so good that Commodore hardly talks about the Amiga's sprite graphics. The blitter can move a screen object of any size, shape, and color at least as fast as a sprite. It even has such sprite-like features as proximity de- tection and display priorities. One Amiga demo shows a futuristic street scene with moving objects passing behind and in front of each other on five levels — all without sprites. If you do choose to write a program with sprites and use up all eight, the blitter can simulate extra sprites to give you as many inde- pendent objects as you want.
Another fascinating feature of the Amiga is its ability to superim- pose multiple screens, referred to as playfields. You can think of a play- field as a giant sprite that covers the entire screen, By cutting holes in the playfield, you can see the other playfield which lies below it. Each playfield can be independently scrolled vertically and horizontally. In combination with sprites and blitter objects, this feature could lead to incredible 3-D games and other graphics effects. Intuition uses playfields to let you slide one screen away to reveal another be- neath it, like a sliding chalkboard.
Even more interesting things become possible when you add an optional video board (about $200). This lets you feed standard video signals into the Amiga and mix them with graphics. The video sig- nals can originate from a video camera, videocassette recorder, laserdisc player, TV receiver with video output, or another computer. Island Graphics of Sausalito, Cali- fornia, which is developing graph- ics software for the Amiga, used video mixing to reproduce the
[SEE PREVIOUS PAGE]
HERE'S HOW YOUR
FAMILY CAN
PARTICIPATE IN
REMEMBER, TO RECEIVE A FREE PRODUCT YOU MUST PURCHASE ANY THREE TITLES FROM THE PAR- TICIPATING BRANDS (IN ANY COMBI- NATION) AND MAIL YOUR ENTRY NO LATER THAN JANUARY 31, 1987.
1. Slart by saving the rccdpt(s) from your soft- ware program purchases. (It is not necessary for software purchases to appear on one receipt . Photocopies of the receipt(s) are ac- cepted. Receipts must be dated BETWEEN JULY 1, 1985, AND JANUARY 31, 1987.)
2. Cut the proof-of-purchase tab from each of the three user manuals that come with the programs . (Photocopies not accepted . )
3. Attach the purchase rcceipt(s) and the three original proof-of-purchase tabs to one sepa- rate sheet of paper.
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b. A check or money order for $3.50 to cover postage and handling. (Canada residents please send 55-00 for postage and handling.)
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Septemtier 1985 COMPUTE! 27
This Edgar Degas painting was carefully copied onto the Amiga's low-resolu- tioti screen by Island Graphics (see text). Although the 520 X 200 resolution in this mode is no greater than that found on today's home computers, the Amiga's extensive color palette allows it to do more justice to the original.
Degas painting seen in the accom- panying screen photo. First, the painting was displayed onscreen as a video image; next, a drawing pro- gram was superimposed; then, pixel by pixel, an artist traced the image in computer graphics by ma- nipulating the mouse.
When the optional video board is finished, this process will be automated by a feature called the frame grabber. As the term implies, the frame grabber can digitize an incoming video image automatical- ly. You could capture any scene with a video camera, digitize it, modify it with a graphics program if desired, and then dump the image to a graphics printer. The Diablo color Inkjet printer, with an Amiga printer driver, can closely repro- duce any Amiga screen. We've also heard that work is underway on a laser printer capable of reproducing any screen image in color.
Equally remarkable are the Ami- ga's sound capabilities. On most computers, four sound channels mean you're limited to four-part harmony or four-note
2S COMPUTEI September 1985
chords. But because the Amiga cre- ates sounds by simulating complex waveforms, it can play chords using only one sound channel. As a re- sult, the Amiga can simulate a wide variety of musical instruments, often with uncanny realism. We've experimented with pipe organ sounds that would grace a cathe- dral, drum sounds that could ham- mer out a hot rap rhythm, and heavy-metal electric guitar chords that could blow you out of the room.
The sound demo program we used lets you tinker with the syn- thesized instruments merely by pulling down menus and selecting options with the mouse. No PEEKs, POKES, programming skills, or computer knowledge is required. For instance, one menu contained parameters for the sound enve- lopes, such as attack, decay, sus- tain, and release. Submenus for each parameter presented such choices as "very slow" to "very fast." By readjusting the electric guitar envelope for a very slow at- tack and very fast release, we creat- ed a backwards guitar sound
reminiscent of 1960s records by Jimi Hendrix or the Beatles.
On other computers, custom sounds can only be created by labo- rious programming. But with an op- tional accessory (price unannounced), the Amiga provides a shortcut — digital sound sam- pling. Just as the frame grabber lets you digitize a picture, sampling lets you capture and digitize any sound fed into the Amiga from an outside source. Want to simulate a saxo- phone? Just play a sax into a sound system that's plugged into the Amiga, or even hook up your stereo to the computer and pipe in some music from a favorite record, tape, or compact disc. We've also heard demos of digitally sampled speech — not to be confused with synthesized speech — that sound as good as tape recordings.
Commodore says several com- panies are working on music key- boards that will turn the Amiga into a full-blown synthesizer. By using the computer's memory as a se- quencer, the Amiga could become a multitrack recording studio for the additional cost of only a few hun- dred dollars.
This report only scratches the surface. A complete set of tech- nical manuals for the Amiga resembles a stack of Manhattan phone books — it will be months, perhaps years, before they're fully explored by programmers and soft- ware manufacturers. People are still developing new techniques on computers which have been avail- able for years, and the Amiga is a whole order of magnitude more advanced.
A significant number of com- panies are now programming for the Amiga, and it appears that about two dozen packages will be available around the time the com- puter hits the stores. These include everything from word processors to business-graphics programs to games.
Looking toward the future. Commodore says this computer is just the first in a series of Amigas, and that this one represents the low end. What's to follow? Commodore isn't saying. Perhaps the best thing about the Amiga is that it stretches our imaginations a little bit further.
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713 Edgebrook Drive Champaign iL 61820 (217) 359-8482 Telex: 206995
The Electronic
Want to earn a college degree with-out leaving home! Or take self-improvement courses and sit in on lectures conducted by noted authorities — all through your com- puter! By enrolling in The Electronic Uni- versity— a computerized correspondence school — you can do all that, and much more.
University
aron Darling
Leeann Pearce calls The Electronic University a "miracle." As she sits at the Commodore SX-64 in her home in West Des Moines, Iowa, Pearce is working toward a degree in computer technology to be granted by Thomas A. Edison ji College in New Jersey. Although she lives a thousand miles away and suffers from multiple sclerosis, Pearce is gaining the benefits of a college education by using an online educational system designed to work with home computers. Her husband, Frank, is using the same system after he comes home from work at night to earn a master's degree in business. And their eight-year-old daughter, Katie, who used to have trouble with math in school, has boosted her grades by taking an online math tutoring class. Katie is also halfway through a com- puter programming course and is registering for a class in lit- erary arts this fall. One of the family's biggest problems now is arranging schedules so that each has enough time with the computer.
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ble to attending local colleges. But what really made the difference was the ability to take courses with- out leaving home. Because classes proceed at the student's own pace, Pearce was able to undergo surgery six months ago without interrupt- ing her coursework. And academi- cally, they find the classes as worthwhile as those taken the tra- ditional way.
"I would say the courses are challenging enough," says Pearce. "They're like peanuts — you keep wanting to come back for more. And to bat around ideas with a Ph.D. is really wonderful to me."
What began as a project to teach people how to use modems has grown into a telecommunications network which allows students to use com- puters to earn high school and col- lege degrees, take noncredit self-improvement courses, and "at- tend" seminars conducted by noted authorities. Graduate degrees in business administration have even been added to The Electronic Uni- versity, which was developed by TeleLearning Systems, Inc. of San Francisco, a company founded in 1983 by entrepreneur Ron Gordon. Close to 15,000 students are now taking classes and seminars in subjects ranging from economics to the subtleties of California wines. And the number of colleges and universities participating in The Electronic University has topped 1,700 — all of which offer credit for courses taken through EU. Among the major institutions participating in EU are Cornell University, American University in Washing- ton, D.C., Boston University, Vir- ginia Tech, the New York Institute of Technology, Brigham Young University, the California State University system, the State Uni- versity of New York, and many other state university systems. If enough coursework is completed to obtain a degree, the diploma is is- sued by the participating institu- tion, not EU. It's up to students to make sure they meet the require- ments of the college from which they want to receive the credit. EU has counseling services, however, to guide students through a degree program.
32 COMPUTEI September 1985
Close to 15,000
students are now taking
classes and seminars in
subjects ranging from
economics to the
subtleties of California
wines. And die number
of colleges and
universities participating
in The Electronic
University has topped
1,700.
All it takes to enroll in EU is a computer (the system is compatible with the Commodore 64, IBM PC/PCjr, and Apple II series), a modem, and an enrollment pack- age from EU. The package, a one- time investment, costs $79.95 for the Commodore 64 and $149.95 for Apple and IBM computers. If you don't own a modem, TeleLearning will sell you one for about $100.
Tuition ranges from $12 for a seminar up to $295 for some courses leading to a degree. In addi- tion, students pay connect-time fees to participate in seminars and to access the more than 60 online databases. These fees range from about 17 to 80 cents per minute, depending on which database is ac- cessed and when the call is placed. (A $15 monthly minimum is re- quired.) To avoid long-distance charges, the phone calls are made to a local network number.
EU offers seven degree pro- grams, including associate degrees in science, management, and the arts; bachelor's degrees in business administration and the arts; and three master of business adminis- tration (MBA) degrees — a general MBA and two specialized MBAs in technology/engineering manage- ment and individual financial planning.
Courses for college credit and self-improvement aren't the only
services available. The enrollment package also offers tutoring pro- grams for children, an electronic li- brary with more than eight million books, counseling services, and courses in business and profession- al skills. Once students receive the enrollment package, they can sign up for whatever services they want. Credit courses begin every 60 days.
After students register, they're mailed an information packet on the courses they selected. The packet includes as- signment outlines, a list of text- books and other required materials, and the procedures of the institu- tion delivering the course.
Students also receive a floppy disk containing a general introduc- tion and a series of lessons. A typi- cal lesson might include onscreen instruction, a textbook reading as- signment, or other outside activities assigned by the instructor. Periodi- cally, students must use their com- puter to transmit a progress report to their instructor via electronic mail (E-mail). They can also send questions about the course material and receive answers from the in- structor by E-mail. Instructors re- spond to E-mail messages within 24 hours. In addition, students can schedule an online conference with the professor during designated of- fice hours.
Some courses feature online exchanges with the instructor and even electronic forums with other students — a kind of class discus- sion via computer. Seminars also employ realtime conferences. Stu- dents sign on with their computers at the appropriate time, and the entire discussion session is carried out online.
Roughly 50 percent of a course's contents call for responses from the instructor. A typical class has 10 or 12 lessons; of those, half usually require students to write a response and send it to the instruc- tor via modem, while the other half are "read-write" lessons. In that mode, students read material and type responses on the screen, but the results are not sent to the in- structor. However, the instructor has the option of testing students on read-write material to check their progress.
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Powerful spread- sheet plus builtin graphics - display your important data visually as well as numerically. You'll learn fast with the 90+ HELP screens. Advanced users can use the short- cut commands. For complex spreadsheets, you can use POWER PLAN'S impressive features: cell formatting, text formatting, cell protection, windowing, math functions, row and column sort, more. Then quickly display your results in graphics format in a variety of 2D and 3D charts. Includes system diskette and user's handbook. $49.95
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CADPAK is a
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McPen lightpen, optional $49.95
XPER - expert system
, II 1, XPER is the first
Jj^^lKJEiJ expert system - a new breed of intelligent software for the C-64 & 0- 128. While ordinary data base systems are good at repro- ducing facts, XPER can help you make
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DATAMAT - data management
"Best data base manager under $50" RUN Magazine
Easy-to-use, yet versatile and power- ful features. Clear menus guide you from function to function. Free-form design of data base with up to 50 fields and 2000 records per diskette (space dependent}. Simple data base design. Convenient and quick data entry. Full data editing capabilities. Complete reporting: sort on multiple fields and select records for printing in your specific fomiat. $39.95
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DOMESTIC nUTO Sffi.ES
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t^ake professional quality charts from your data in minutes. Quickly enter, edit, save and recall your data. Then interactively build pie, bar, line or scatter graph. You can specify scaling, labeling and positioning and watch CHARTPAK instantly draw the chart in any of 8 different formats. Change the format immediately and draw another chart. Incudes statistical routines for average, deviation, least squares and forecasting. Hardcopy to most printers, $39.95
CHARTPLOT-64 for 1520 plotter $39.95
TAS - technical analysis
Technical analysis
I charting package to
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high, low, close, volume, bid and ask. Place up to 300 periods of information for 10 different stocks on each data diskette. Build a variety of charts on the split screen combining information from 7 types of moving averages, 3 types of oscillators, trading bands, least squares, 5 different volume indicators, relative charts, much more. Hardcopy to most printers. $84.95
mm
The most advanced C development package available for the C-64 or C- 128 with very com- plete source editor; full K&R compiler (w/o bit fields); linker (binds up to 7 separate mod- ules); and set of disk utilities. Very complete editor handles search/replace, 80 column display with horizontal scrolling and 41 K source files. The I/O library supports standard functions like printf and fprintf. Free runtime package included. For C-64/C-128 with 1541/1571 drive. Includes system diskette and user's handbook. $79.95
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Complete Pascal;-;; : .Compiler and-Tools':i
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BASIC-64 full compiler The most advanced ■^ BASIC compiler
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The most advanced graphics develop- ment package avail- able for the C-64. Adds dozens of powerful commands to standard BASIC so that you can use the hidden
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FORTH Language
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Our FORTH lang- uage is based on the Forth 79 standard, but also includes much of the 83 level to give you 3 times vocabu- lary of lig-Forth. Includes full-screen editor, complete Forth-style assembler, set of programming tools and numerous sample programs to get you deeply involved in the FORTH language. Our enhanced vocabulary supports both hires and lores graphics and the sound synthesizer. Includes system diskette with sample programs and user's handbook. $39.95
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EU does not administer any final exams. There is a practice exam available to students, but it doesn't replace taking a proctored exam at a nearby library or college, which is given by the school accept- ing the credits. Students also have the option of taking a CLEP (Col- lege Level Examination Program) test for credit, or an ACT PEP exam, which is given by the American College Testing Proficiency Exami- nation Program.
Developing a college course to be taught by computer and keeping the material inter- esting is quite a challenge, says Tom Copley, an EU professor who formerly taught business courses at Antioch College in Ohio. Copley says he was "immediately in- trigued" by the idea of an electronic college when he first read about TeleLeaming last spring. Not only has he been a computer buff for the last 10 or 15 years, but he also has taken traditional evening school courses in the past. In addition to teaching classes, he's now deeply involved in developing courses for the online school.
"In the first place, you're working with a totally different me- dia, and in order to be effective, you have to take advantage of its ad- vantages. Unfortunately, the cath- ode ray tube is not nearly as expressive a medium [as books or lectures]." Therefore, he says, "you have to get high learning impact in a small amount of space."
Copley tries to focus on high- er-level questions, the kind in which "the student has to synthe- size a lot more information and draw more conclusions. 1 don't find myself using typical textbook jar- gon— words like describe, list, dif- ferentiate, etc. 1 ask for things that require a little more creative thought."
One less obvious advantage to long-distance learning that Copley has discovered is the opportunity to respond to students on a one-to- one basis by E-mail, even though he never sees the student in person, "So often [while teaching in a tradi- tional college], I've had to respond to so many students at once. This is the opposite extreme. Every stu-
36 COMPUTEI September 19B5
dent gets an individual response, and it's not something off the top of my head, but a thought-out response."
But there are disadvantages, too, "You lose the group dynamics of working in a class environment; some people find that very stimu- lating. Of course, a lot of educators
Tom Copley predicts that alter- natives like EU are "the wave of the future." He says the opportunity to take courses on your own time, at your own pace, and at the setting of your choice appeals to certain kinds of students, especially those in re- mote locations with no colleges nearby.
Ron Gordon, founder of The Electronic University.
are critical of the class environment. They say the students are being spoon-fed, entertained. There is none of that in this system. Alterna- tively, though, there are a lot of things you can do, like screen lay- out, to make it interesting."
Today's EU differs from the origi- nal focus of the university, which was to offer noncredit courses for personal improvement. After working with the U.S. De- partment of Education, TeleLeam- ing realized there was an untapped market of people who could benefit from an alternative to traditional colleges.
When TeleLearning first ap- proached universities with the idea of offering courses by computer, many professors were skeptical. Now, however, the school is gain- ing acceptance nationwide. By next year, founder Ron Gordon hopes to have 50,000 students enrolled. His ultimate goal is for the system to become the largest of its kind in the world, with millions of students.
EU also tends to attract older students than traditional universi- ties. The usual emphasis on under- graduate students who are 18 to 22 years old doesn't always mesh with "people in their 30s who work maybe ten hours a day and may have a family," explains Copley. "Maybe it's been a lifelong dream of theirs to finish college, or maybe their job depends on them finishing a degree. For them, the traditional college life doesn't fit what they need. They're tired after work, or they want the flexibility they can't get from a regular university."
In the future, Copley is con- vinced The Electronic University will continue growing as more adults find computerized learning accessible, challenging, and re- warding. "So many marketing peo- ple focus on baby boomers, and that's where the market is — adults. And that's what undergraduate schools are finding out."
For more information about The Elec- tronic Universit]/, contact TeleLearn- ing Systems, Inc., 505 Beach Street, San Francisco, CA 94133. ©
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Word Search
Original Program By Michael B. Williams
This computerized puzzle-maker can provide hours of challenging fun. We've included versions for Commo- dore, IBM PC/PCjr, Apple U-series, T1-99/4A, and Atari computers. A printer is required.
You're probably familiar with word search puzzles: Certain words are hidden in a rectangle of nonsense letters, and it's your job to hunt them down. "Word Search" lets you create such puzzles on your computer's printer with words of your own choice. Since you design the puzzle, you can make it as easy or as difficult as you want, using up to 100 different words on some computers. Topical puzzles make the game even more interesting. For example, you might include only computer words, the names of foreign cities, or stumpers like "ux- orious" and "bougainvillaea." Par- ents and teachers can make puzzles for children using weekly vocabu- lary lists.
If you're using an Atari, type in 38 COMPUTEI September 1985
and save Program 8, then skip to the program instructions below. For other computers, we've saved space by listing Word Search in the form of one main program with separate line changes and additions for each specific machine. If you're using a Commodore, Apple, IBM PC/PCjr, or TI-99/4A, the first step is to find the specific listing for your com- puter. Before typing anything, cross out every line in the main program (Program 1) that has the same line number as a line in the listing for your computer. Then type in all the lines listed for your computer, as well as all the lines in Program 1 that haven't been crossed out.
No matter which computer you're using, save a copy of Word Search and refer to the notes below before running the program. The following instructions apply to every version:
Word Search begins by asking you for the number of words to be hidden. When you've answered that question, the computer asks you to choose the number of rows and columns for the puzzle grid. Since the grid must be big enough to hide all the words, the computer tells you when you've made the
grid too small and lets you try again.
Next, Word Search lets you en- ter the words one by one. There's no particular limit on word length, but keep in mind that the words must fit inside the grid. (For e ample, you can't fit a 12-letter wort, in a 6 X 6 grid.) Since longer words are harder to fit into the grid, the computer sorts the words by length (from longest to shortest) so it can place the longest words first. When many words are involved, this can take a few minutes, so be patient.
Once the words are sorted, you're allowed to name the puzzle. You also have the option of printing the solution to the puzzle (parents and teachers might want to sepa- rate the solution from the puzzle until the puzzle has been tried). After printing one puzzle, you can create another, using the same word list (the words will be rear- ranged) or entirely new words. Word Search is designed to permit a maximum of 100 words in a 99 X 99 grid (exceptions for certain comput- ers are noted below). However, puzzles of that size can take a long time to create — over an hour in some cases. In addition, many
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Volksmodem,.. $59.99
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(DHayes
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Smart Cat Plus $319,00
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Apple Cat II. ,.,,$229,00
212 Apple Cat tl.-..- $379,00
Apple Cat 212 Upgrade ..,$22900
Macmodem,, $319,00
Quadmodem II
300(1200 $339.00
300/1200/2400 $499.00
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15 meg 5 RemovableMO FixedS2149 00 25 meg 5 Remavahle/20 Fixed$2499 00
10 Meg Bernoulli Box, $2099 00
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5 meg "MacNoulli" , $1599,00
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Irom $1499 00
FLOPPY
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Apple GT $209,00
Atan GT $239 00
C-64 GT $259,00
A1,5 Apple $199,00
A2 Apple $199,00
501 C-64 Single .,,$219.00
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cmoH
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SEC
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(3JADfWl^
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500 Letter Quality $279,00
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^ HuTMU-d Soflwiui: Inc.
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Total Proiect Manager $269.00
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Word M"*^^***??^: $239,00
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Muiti Mate Word Proc 5249.00
NOUMENON
Intuit $69.99
NORTON
Norton Utilitios 3,0.- $59.99
PaachlBxt 5000 $169,00
PeachPack (GL/AP/AR) ,,.$219,00
j^:
IBM<APPLE
Access 554,99
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Proof 559,99
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ROSESOFT
Prokey ,,. $89.99
THE SOFTWARE GROUP
Enable $339,00
SATELLITE SYSTEMS Word Perlect 40---- $219.00
SOflCIM/IUS
Accounting
AP/AR/GUINV/OE (ea) $295.00
SuperCalc III $195.00
EasyWriter II System $195.00
Super Project $195.00
sn
Open Access ....$379.00
THOUOHTWARE
Trigger.- $289.00
Sell, Sell, Sell
Training .,$299,00
Application $1 79.00
Satan (7300) CALL
6300 CALL
corona
PPC4a0 Dual Ponable $1799 00
PPCXT 10 meg Ponable 52399,00
PC40022 10 meg Desktop 51999,00
ITl
ITT X-TRA ^^-^
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^ SANYO
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Mac 555-2 Dual Drive $963 OO
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MBC 511 10 meg CALL
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|
r~4j|>i-:4^fu.- |
PC-151-21 Single Desktop CALL
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/isr
Six Pack Plus., 5239.C
Mega Plus II $269,1
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Acfvaniage-AT 5399,1
Graph Pak $599-t
Monograph Plus $399. (
Preview Mono.... ..,..,.,. ,S299.C
PC Net Cards 5379.(
5251/11 On-line $799.t
5251/12 Remote S579.(
3780 Emulation Card $639. C
BSC Bisync $489,C
IRMA 3270.,.,~.TT.~. 5a79.C
IRMA Print-,-- S999,C
=^VEREX-
Coior Card (Graphics Edge) S299.I:
Magic Card Siag.c
HERH'Lt'^
Graphics 5299. C
Color 51591
isoaatts IDEAmax - ZPR. 64K. C. S, P.$229.00
IDEAmini . YPR. C. S. P $189.00
IDEAminimax - MPR 128K $229.00
IDEAshare Soltvirare S219.00
IDEA 5251 5699,00
MYLEX
The Chairman $489.00
PARADISE
Modular Graphics Card $274. (
Mulli Display Card $269. C
Five Pack C. S S159.C
PERSYST
Bob Board S3B9.
PLANTRONtCS
Color Plus $359.
Captain ■ 64 5239
Captain Jr. 128K 5339
Graphics Master S469
Ouadporl-AT $119
Quadmeg - AT (128K) $349.
The Gold Ouadboard S449.
The Silver Ouadboard.,,- $239,
Expanded Quadboard 521 9,
Quad 512-I- 5229.
Liberty S309
QyadSprint S499
OuadLink 3399
QuatJcolor 1 $199
QuadJr, Expansion Chassis $469
Expansion Chassis Memory 5199
QuatJmem. Jr 5199.
Chronagraph ,...$79.
Parallel Interface Board $64.
?n
^^
1234567B9012345&7S90
1 YARRAHPDRZERRNVPSSJQ
2 GYSJLEJDRLIIWBRBDXVC
3 NCOUAXUXNYRANIBQSNKR
4 ITRHMADBZMEMORYAPPLE
5 ROTLODSASETYBAGIGIPC h TAIPCEVARIABLESQYVCA 7 SZNHLCMHPRINTERSOTCZ B XMGDAINDISKDRIVECIMP ■9 GSOSCMLACLOGOFYHSHQY
10 PGTWSAEONBRBDCFAWCII
11 EESZALMVCOAOQPBGZLBX
12 ZRBSPMAATOSNPMLLKKWW
13 QCUCODOITIMEFBLDPMRP
14 XFYDGFNGNAHPCIPBASTF
15 KBOLXDVTDURVUGNDUZJC
16 VRTAMZUYCEEIBTNCXFMX
17 EJENITUGRBUSBWEDXZPZ
18 PKHAVBAVFLDKXGBRETDW
19 VECAFRETNIAYKJKDAPMF
20 MYEAIOZFJTSIZSDKQXZY
"V^ord Search" prints out challenging hidden-word puzzles of various sizes on your printer.
printers can't print more than 80 columns unless you first send the printer a special escape code for condensed type (see your printer manual).
Commodore Versions
The line changes listed as Program 2 are for the Commodore 64, 128, Plus/4, 16, PET, and VIC-20 (with at least 8K expansion). If you're using a VIC with only 8K expan- sion, type in the line changes shown in Program 2 and also sub- stitute lines 95 and 100 in Program 4. If you're using a Commodore 16, type the line changes from Program 2 and also substitute lines 95 and 100 in Program 3. The VIC with only 8K expansion can hide a maxi- mum of 50 words in a 50 X 50 grid; the 16 is limited to a maximum of 60 words in a 60 X 60 grid. If you're using a PET, you'll have to make similar adjustments, depend- ing on the amount of memory available.
Apple And IBM
The Apple version of Word Search runs on any Apple Il-series com- puter with either DOS 3.3 or ProDOS. Follow the general in- structions above, typing in the line changes listed as Program 5. IBM users should enter the line changes in Program 6; this version runs on a PC or PCjr with any memory configuration. 42 COMPUTEI September 1985
Tl Word Search
Program 7 lists the line changes required for TL The unexpanded TI-99/4A is limited to 50 words in a 50 X 50 grid. However, with mem- ory expansion this number can be increased by changing the value of MC in line 95 from 50 to the desired value. You will also need to in- crease every occurrence of 50 in line 100 to the same value. Adjust line 2000 for whatever configuration your particular printer requires.
Atari Version
The Atari version of Word Search is complete in itself. Simply type in Program 8, save a copy, and run it. Ataris with 32K or 48K memory can create puzzles with up to 100 words in a 99 X 99 grid. If your Atari has 16K, you're limited to 25 words in a 25 X 25 grid. To run Word Search on a 16K Atari you must make two additional changes in line 100 of Program 8: Change the 99 and the 100 to 25.
Program 1 : Word Search (Main Program)
Version By Patrick Parrish,
Programming Supervisor
Please refer to the article instaictions before entering this listing.
95 MC=99
100 DIM FF$(100),S$(99) ,W$(100
),CC(100),RR{100) ,L(100),E
5(2,2) 110 FOR I=-l TO 1 120 FOR J=-l TO 1 130 READ E$(I+1,J+1) 140 NEXT J 150 NEXT I 160 DATA "NW"," N","NE"," W,"
{2 SPACES)"," E","SW"," S"
,"SE" 170 FOR 1=1 TO MC 180 G$=G?+" " 190 NEXT I 200 FOR 1=1 TO 8 210 READ D(1,I),D(2,I) 220 NEXT I
230 DATA -1,-1,-1,0,-1,1,0,-1 240 DATA 0,1,1,-1,1,0,1,1 250 GOTO 12 20 260 REM SHELL SORT 270 PRINT "SORTING ..." 280 X=l 290 X=2*X
300 IF X<=W0 THEN 290 310 X-INT(X/2) 320 IF X<>0 THEN 340 330 RETURN 340 FOR Y=l TO W0-X 3 50 Z=Y 360 A=Z+X
370 IF L(Z)>=L(A) THEN 460 380 X5=W5(Z) 390 W5(Z)=W?(A) 400 W5(A)=X? 410 B=L(Z) 420 L(Z)=L(A) 430 L(A)=B 440 Z=Z-X 450 IF Z>0 THEN 360
460 NEXT Y
470 GOTO 310
480 REM HIDE WORDS
490 FOR X=l TO W0
500 FOR Y=l TO 50
510 R1=INT(RND(1)*R0)
520 C1=-INT(RND{1)*C0)
530 D1=INT(RND(1)*8)+1
540 01=D1
550 DX=D(1,D1)
560 DY=D(2,D1)
570 IF R1+DX*L(X)<1 OR R1+DX*L
(X)>R0 OR C1+DY*L(X)<1 THE
N 590 580 IF C1+DY*L(X)<=C0 THEN 630 590 D1=D1*(D1<8)*(1=1)+1 600 IF DIOOI THEN 550 610 NEXT Y 620 GOTO 800 630 FOR Z=l TO L(X) 640 IF MID5(W5(X),Z,1)<"A" OR
( SPACE )MID?(W$(X) ,Z,1)>"Z" THEN 680 650 R1=R1+DX 660 C1=C1+DY 670 IF MID$(S5(R1),C1,1)<>" "
[SPACEJAND HIDS(S$(R1),C1,
1)<>MID5(W?(X),Z,1) THEN 5
90 680 NEXT Z
690 FOR Z=L(X) TO 1 STEP -1 700 IF MID?(W5(X) ,Z,1)<"A" OR
fSPACE3HID$(W5(X) ,Z,1)>"Z" THEN 7 70 710 SS(R1)=HID$(S?(R1),1,C1-1)
+HID$(W?(X) ,Z,1)+MID$(S$(R
1),C1+1) 720 RR(X)=R1 730 CC(X)=C1
740 FF${X)=E?(DX+1,DY+1) 750 R1=R1-DX 760 C1=C1-DY 770 NEXT Z 780 NEXT X 790 GOTO 890 800 GOSUB 1720 810 PRINT "SORRY, BUT I CAN'T
{SPACE} FIT WORD NUMBER ";S
TR5(X)r" , ";W5(X):" , "; 820 PRINT "INTO THE GRID. SHOU
LD I SKIP IT, START OVER,
( SPACE }0R TRY AGAIN" 830 INPUT X? 840 IF MID$(X$,1,2)="ST" THEN
(SPACE) 1660 850 IF MID$(X$,1,2)="TR" THEf^
(SPACE) 500 860 IF MID5(X?,1,2)<>"SK" THEN
830 870 W5(x)="/" 380 GOTO 780 890 FOR X=l TO R0 900 FOR y=l TO C0 910 IF HID$(S?(X},Y,1) <>" " TH
EN 9 30 920 S5(X)=HID?(S?(X),1,Y-1)+CH
R$(INT{26*RHD(l)+65) )+MID5
{S$(X),Y+1) 930 NEXT Y 940 NEXT X 950 REM DONE 960 PRINT
970 PRINT "I AM FINISHED. WHAT DO YOU WANT TO CALL THE W
ORD SEARCH" 980 INPUT T? 990 SL=0 1000 PRINT 1010 PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO PRI
NT THE SOLUTION (Y/N)" 1020 GOSUB 1180 1030 IF A5="N" THEN 1050 1040 SL=1
The complete 1541 enhancement system
Mik^OS
MAKES GREAT COFFEE!!
The 1541 is the slowest disk drive on planet earth. Even simple operations seem to take forever. Quickloaders and Fastload^rs that software-patch the operating system are vulnerable to being knocked out of memory, rendering them totally useless. Even Flashier products that require permanent modifications to the 64 and 1541 can't compete with the blinding speed of STARDOS.
STARDOS accelerates every (yes, we said every) function of the 1541 disk drive. Other fast loaders only load PRG files faster. STARDOS also speeds up SEQ, REL, USR and DIRECT ACCESS files. Everything including FORMAT, VERIFY, SCRATCH, VALIDATE,
INITIALIZE and COPY are much faster. In addition STARDOS adds a vast array
of easy to use commands and utilities all at the touch of a key.
A sampling of STARDOS features:
• Accesses ALL types of files up to 1,000% faster!
Saves up to 300% faster than normal (with extended verify)
• DOES NOT CHANGE THE SPEED AT WHICH THE DRIVE MOTOR SPINS
Makes your 1541 MORE RELIABLE and LESS PRONE TO BREAK DOWN or OVERHEAT!
- STARDOS is fully expandable for multiple fast disk drives
• Easy (5 minute) plug in installation. User friendly manual
- 100% compatible with software and serial bus peripherals
Adds years of life to your disks and drive in
reduced wear
Cures a number of bugs in the Commodore 64 and 1541
disk drive including : The damaging 'Head Knock' that can mis-align your 1541 ,;; „ ,
• The@: Save with replace bug!! '
• The Editor lock-up bug
Harness the full power of your disk drive with the
built in DOS wedge
Lock/unlock files and protect/unprotect disks from
the keyboard
Powerful sector editor allows direct viewing of diskette
Upgrades computer and drive to the latest Commodore
specifications
Instant access to the built in miniwordprocessor
for short notes and memos
Built in copier copies all file types (even relative)
easily and effectively
Built in disk duplicator copies an entire diskettte
in less than 3 minutes
Fully expanded machine language monitor, always
on line
Quality hardware. Full 120 day repair or replace
warranty \
Satisfaction guaranteed or money back— no questions
asked
(Oh, by the way, we lied, STARDOS makes LOUSY
COFFEE)
Simply the best. $74.95 [Take advantage of our introduction special at $64.95]
Personalize your 064! for a S10 (non-refunclable) charge we will include a 21 character power-on message with your favorite screen, border and text colors. Example:
MJI K B ' S] C 0 M M 0 D OJR. E|- 6- V
R^rkgroiinfl Rl^cK Border ffgc/
Text C^g'i
Write of phone for additional information.
'Trademark of Commodore Business Machines
/
WRITE OR PHONE
STffrRPOIMT SOFTWARE
Star Route 10
Gazelle, CA 96034
[91 6] 435-2371
When ordering by mail:
• $64,95 + 3.00 stnipping
• S64.95 + 4.00 COD orders
• Shipping out of USA S6.00
• Calif, residents add 6% sales tax
• VISA or Mastercard accepted Please allow 4-6 weeAs tor delivery.
1050 1060
1070 1080
1090 1100 1110 1120 1130
1140 1150 1160 1170 1180 1190
1200 1210 1220
1230 1240 1250
1260 1270 1280 1290 1300 1310 1320
1330 1340 1350
1360 1370 1380 1390 1400
1410 1420 1430 1440
1450 1460
1470 1480 1490 1500
1510 1520 1530
1540
1550
1560
1570 1580 1590
1600 1610
1620 1630 1640 1650 1660 1670
1680
1690
GOSUB 2000
GOSUB 1720
F=0
PRINT "DO YOU WANT ABOTHE
R GRID (Y/N)"
GOSUB 1130
IF A$="Y" THEN 1120
END
PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO USE
THE SAME WORDS (Y/N)" GOSUB 1180 IF A$="N" THEN 1280 F=l
GOTO 1340 INPUT A$
IF A$<>"Y" AND A$<>"N" TH EN 1180 RETURN
REM INITIALIZATION GOSUB 1720 LL=6
GOSUB 1740
PRINT "(8 SPACES IWORD SEA RCH" LL=4
GOSUB 1740 FOR 1=1 TO W0 W5(I)="" L(I)=0 NEXT I
PRINT "HOW MANY WORDS UOU LD YOU LIKE IN YOUR WORD (space) SEARCH" INPUT H0 PRINT
PRINT "HOW MANY ROWS AND (SPACE) COLUMNS IN THE GRI D"
INPUT R0,C0 PRINT PRINT
IF R0*C0>=10*W0 THEN 1440 PRINT "I DON'T THINK I CO ULD DO THIS." FOR 1=1 TO 1000 NEXT I GOTO 1340
PRINT "I THINK I CAN DO T HIS."
IF C0<=HC THEN 1470 PRINT "(BUT IT WON'T FIT (SPACEJON THE PAPER.)" IF F=l THEN 1660 LL=3
GOSUB 1740
PRINT "ENTER THE "fSTR$(W 0);" WORDS. TO CORRECT A ( SPACE JhISTAKE, enter X" PRINT
FOR 1=1 TO W0 PRINT "WORD NUMBER " ; I ; " !
N
INPUT X$
IF LEN(X$)<=R0 AND LEK(X5
)<=C0 AND X5<>"X" THEN 16
10
IF X5<>"X" THEN 1590
I=I-(1>1)*(1=1)
GOTO 1530
PRINT "OOPS. ,
TOO LONG . " GOTO 1530 W5(i)=x?
L(I)=LEN(X$) NEXT I GOSUB 1720 GOSUB 270 PRINT PRINT "OKAY,
.THE WORD IS
I WILL GO TO
WORK (WISH HE LUCK...)." FOR I-l TO R0 S5(I)=LEFT$(G?,C0)
1700 MEXT I
1710 GOTO 490
1730 RETURN
1740 FOR 1=1 TO LL
17 50 PRINT
1760 NEXT I
1770 RETURN
1999 REM PRINTER ROUTINE
Program 2: Line Changes For Commodore 64, 1 28, Plus/4, 16, PET, and VIC-20
For instructions on entering this listing, please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing in Programs" published bimonttiiy in compute!.
17 20 PRINT CHR$(147) : rem 69
2000 OPEN3,4:PRINTt3,T9!PRINT# 3 rrem 101
2010 PRINT#3,"{4 SPACES)"; :FOR
I=lTOC0sIFl/l0<>INT(l/10)
THENPRINT#3 , " " ; :GOTO2030
:rem 101
2020 PRINT#3,HID5(STR5(I) ,2,1) ; :rem 207
2030 NEXTl!PRINT#3 jrera 10C
2040 PRINT#3,"(4 SPACES) "; sFOR I=1TOC0 : PRINT#3 , RIGHT$ ( ST R? ( I ) , 1 ) • iNEXTI : PRINT#3
: rem 172
2050 FORX=1TOR0:IFX<10THENPRIN T#3, " "; :rem 20
2060 PRINT#3,STR$(X)" "f
:rein 28
2070 FORY=1TOC0!PRINT#3,MID?(S 5(X) ,Y,1) ; :reni 98
2080 NEXTYsPRINT#3!NEXTX:PRINT #3 :PRINT#3 ;PRINT#3, "WORD (SPACE)LIST:" : rem 201
2090 FORX=1TOW0:IFW9(X)="/"THE N2110 trem 50
2100 PRINT#3,WS(X) rrem 246
2110 NEXTX!F0RI=1T05:PRINT#3:N EXTI : I FSL=0THEN2180
:rem 185
2120 PRINT#3, "SOLUTION LIST:"! PRINT#3, "W0RD(21 SPACESJR 0W(3 SPACES) COLUMN";
srem 213
2130 PRINT#3,"{3 SPACES) DIR"
!" :rem 248
2140 FORX=1TOW0:IFW$(X)="/"THE N2170 :rem 52
2150 PRINT#3,W?(X);LEFT$(G$,25 -LEN(W?(X))) ;RR(X);LEFT5( G? , 8-LEN( STR$ ( RR( X) ) ) ) ;
:rem 218
2160 PRINT#3,CC(X) ,•LEFT?(G5,6- LEN(STR9(CC(X) ) ));FF5(X) :rem 61
2170 NEXTX :rem 97
2180 CLOSES: RETURN :reni 142
Program 3: Additional Line Changes For Commodore 16
95 MC=60
100 DIM FFS(60) ,S$(60),VJ5(60) , CC(60),RR(60),L(60),E?(2,2
)
Program 4: Additional Line Changes For 8K VIC-20
95 MC=50 irem 160
100 DIM FF${50),S$(50},W5(50),
CC ( 50 ), RR( 50 ), L ( 50 ) ,E5( 2, 2
) : rem 25
Program 5: Line Changes For Apple
For instructions on entering this listing, please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing In Programs" published bimonthly in computei.
18 90 D* - CHR« (4): I* = CHR« (9
) K 1720 HOME El 2000 PRINT D*5"PR#1": PRINT I
»;"80N" 9E 2010 PRINT T«: PRINT 3F 2020 PRINT " ";: FOR I = 1
TO C0I IF I / 10 < > INT (I / 10) THEN PRINT " "
; 2 GOTO 2040 lA 2030 PRINT MID* ( STR* CI),1,
1);
77 2040 NEXT 1: PRINT
98 2050 PRINT " ";: FOR I = 1
TO C01 PRINT RIGHT* ( ST
R« <I),l)) ! NEXT I: PRIN
T C( 2060 FOR X = 1 TO R0: IF X <
10 THEN PRINT " "; 4! 2070 PRINT STR* (X)" "; Sfl 2080 FOR Y = 1 TO C0: PRINT M
ID* (S«(X),Y,1); 21 2090 NEXT Y! PRINT : NEXT X:
PRINT : PRINT ! PRINT "W
DRD LIST! " 31 2100 FDR X = i TO W0: IF W»(X
) = "/" THEN 2120 « 2110 PRINT W*(X) 27 2120 NEXT X: FOR I = 1 TO 5:
PRINT s NEXT l! IF SL ■=
0 THEN 2160 13 2130 PRINT "SOLUTION LIST:":
PRINT "WORD
ROW COLUMN D
IR": FOR X - 1 TO W0; IF W«(X) - "/" THEN 2150 « 2140 PRINT W«(X) LEFT* (G«,26
- LEN (W«<X)))RR<X) LEF T* (6*, 9 - LEN ( STR* <R R(X>)))CC(X> LEFT* (Q«,6
- LEN ( STR* (CC(X))>)F F*(X>
91 2150 NEXT X
BF 2160 PRINT : PRINT D«j"PR#0": RETURN
Program 6: IBM PC/PCjr Line Changes
For instructions on entering this listing, please refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing in Programs" published bimonthly in compute!.
!C 10 DEF SEG=0:POKE 1047, (PEEKC
1047) OR 64) JD 20 WIDTH 40: KEY OFF: DEF SEG=8<
H40: RANDOMIZE PEEK(I<H6D) ND 1720 CLS
HF 2000 ON ERROR GOTO 2170 EK 2010 OPEN "LPTl:" FOR OUTPUT
flS #1: PRINT *1,T«: PRINT
*1, KH 2020 PRINT #1," ";:FOR 1 = 1
TO C03IF I/10<>INT(I/10
) THEN PRINT #1," "jsGOT
O 2040 NH 2030 PRINT #1 , MID* (STR* < I ) , 2,
1>5 KE 2040 NEXT I: PRINT #1, SF 2050 PRINT #1," ";:FOR I"l TO C0:PRINT #1, RIGHT* (S
TR*(I) , 1); :NEXT Is PRINT
#1, EH 2060 FDR X=l TO R0:IF X<10 TH
EN PRINT #1," "; PH 2070 PRINT #1,STR*{X)" ";
44 COMPUTEI September 1985
THE
AmTOMV
Of THE
!54l
300 pages, $19.95 350 pages, $19.95 320 pages, $19.95 200 pages, $19.95
275 pages, $19.95 250 pages, $19.95 200 pages, $14.95 340 pages, $19.95
215 pages, $14.95 210 pages, $14.95 210 pages, $14.95 330 pages, $19.95
225 pages, $14.95 220 pages, $12.95 250 pages, $19.95 250 pages, $19.95
For fast service call 616/241-5510, For postage
and haridling, include $4.00 per order. Foreign
orders include $8.00 per item. Money orders and
checks irv U.S. dollars only. Mastercard, Visa and
Amex accepted.
Dealer Inquiries Welcome More than 1200 dealers nationwide
Abacus ^M Software
P.O. Box 7211 Grand Rapids, Ml 49510 616/241-5510
Other software also available!
Call now for free catalog and the name of your nearest dealer, Phone:6l6/241-5510.
LearnAirAbout
COMPUTE! 's
TELECOMPUTING
ON THE
COMMODORE
64
EvetytlWio vou need to know t& stort
telecomputing on \wjr M— mdudng ipsOol
taimlnol softwate,
A COMTUTII iMla PubKotlon
With
COMPUTEI's Telecomputing on the Commodore 64
This comprehensive guide explains everything you need to l<now to start telecomputing on your Commodore 64.
Many home computer analysts beiieve that teiecompuling wiii soon be the most popular use (or home computers. COMPUTEt's Telecomputing on the Commodore 64 Introduces readers to telecommunications, with sections on buying and using modems, accessing information services and bulletin boards, and uploading and downloading files. Best of all, there are terminal programs which allow you to communicate with the information services and bulletin boards.
Edited $12.95
0-87455-009-2
For your convenience, there's olso a disk available which Includes all the programs In the book. This 5V4-lnch floppy disk saves you hours of typing and prevents many typing errors. It's fast. Inexpensive, and ready to load on your Commodore 64. You can order the Disk directly from COMPUTE! Books for only $12.95.
To order COMPUTEt's Telecomputing on ihe Commodore 64 or the Disk, mall the order form with your payment to COMPUTE! Books, P.O. Box 5058, Greensboro, HC 27403. For fastest service, call toll free 800-334-0868 (in NC 919-275-9809.)
YCSI I WANT TO UAHN TO TBllCOMPUTE WITH MY COMMODORE 64.
Please send me:
COMPUTEt's Telecomputing on the Commodore 64, (009-2) $n.<>S oo.
(Add S2.00 per book U.S. cand surface mall, S5.00 airmail, for shipping charges.) COMPUTEt's Telecomputing on ttte Commodore 64 Disk, Si 2.95 each
(Add S2.00 per disk for shipping charges.)
ALL ORDERS
MUST BE PREPAID IM U.S. RJNDS
D Payment enclosed (ch&ck or money order)
n Charge D iviasterCard D visa DAmerlcon Express
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NC residents add 4.5% tax
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Total paid
Exp. Date
(Required)
Signature .
Nome
Address — City
State .
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Please allow 4-6 weeks lor dellverv
759CWI
COMPUTE! Publicationsjnc.®
COIvfPUTEi Books ore ovailable in the U.K., Europe, the N^iddte East, and Africa from Holt Saunders. Ltd., 1 St. Anne's Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN21 3UN, England.
|
!'■■ ;• ■ |
i |
|
■fcj^ |
-i |
|
i |
|
|
^ |
If 20B0
K 2890
Dn 2100 CI 2110 U 2120
ei 2130
AE 2150 H 2160 lA 2170
JL 2180 U 2190 M 2200
FDfl Y=l TO C0:PF!INT «1 , MID* <S« (X ) , Y , I ) ;
NEXT YsPRINT «1,!NEXT XiPRINT «l,iPRINT HE
.tPRINT •I, "WORD LlSTt"
FOR X-1 TD M0JIF W»CX)-"/" THEN 2120
PRINT tlljWSU)
NEXT XlFQR I«l TD SsPRINT #1,:NEXT IiIF SL
-0 THEN 21iB
PRINT «l, "SOLUTION LISTi":PRINT •1,"W0RD
ROW COLUMN DIR-iFOR X«l TO W0!IF M»tX)-"/" THEN 2150 PRINT «1,U«(X) ;LEFT*(G«,2S-LEN(U«(X) )) t RR ( X) )LEFT»(B«,B-LEN(BTfi»(RR<X)l )) |CC[X)(LEFT *(G«,6-LEN(5TR*(CC[X] ) ) ) |FF«<X) NEXT X
CLOSE «l!ON ERROR BOTO 0: RETURN CLOSE HIliPRINT "PRINTER ERROR #"! ERR; "OCCU RRED."iPRINT "TRY AGAIN." PRINTi PRINT "HIT ft KEY TO CONTINUE" A«-INKEY»:IF fl»-"" THEN 2190
resuhe 2010
Program 7: TI-99/4A Line Changes
B0 RANDOMIZE
95 MC-5B
100 DIM FF» (50) , S«<50) , W» (50) ,CC(30) ,RR(30> , L(5
0) ,E» (3,2) 1B0 Q«-Gtti" " SIB R1=INT (RND»R0) 520 Cl-INT (RND*C0> 530 Dl-INT (RND»B) +1 570 IF (R1+DX»L <X X 1 ) * (R1*DX«L (X) >R0) + (CH-DYtt. (
XXDTHEN 590 640 IF (SES» (W»<X> , Z, I )<"A") + (SEE* (W«( X) , Z, I ) >"
Z")THEN 660 670 IF <SEG« (S* (Rl ) , CI , 1 l< >'■ " 1 « (SEG» ( S* ( R 1 ) , C 1
, 1 ) < >SEG« (Wt (X ] , Z, 1 ) ) THEN 590 700 IF (SEE* (W» (X) , Z, 1 )<"A") + (SEB* (W»(X t , Z, 1 ) >"
Z")THEN 770 710 S«(R1>-5EG«<S«(R1),1,C1-1 )t<SEei ( U« ( X ) , Z , 1 ) i>
BEBt (St (fll I .Cl+l ,LEN(5« (Rl ) ) -CI > B40 IF SEG» (X», 1, 2)-»BT" THEN 1670 850 IF SEB» (X», 1 , 2) -"TR" THEN 500 B60 IF ses« (X», I, 2) <>"3K" THEN B30 910 IF SEG« (S» (X ) , Y, 1 ) < >" " THEN 930 920 S«(X)-SEB«(S«{XI,1,Y-1)«<CHR»(INT(26»RHD+6S)
) t.SE6» (S»( X) , ¥+1, LEN (S*<X) )-Y> 1190 IF (fit<>"Y" ) « (ft*<;>"N" )THEN 11S0 1550 IF (LEN (X«)<-Ra) « (LEN (X»)<-C0) « (X»<>"X") TH
EN 1610 1690 SH ( I ) -SEGt (Q«, 1 , C0) 1720 CALL CLEAR 2000 OPEN «li"RS232" 2010 PRINT «1;T« 2020 PRINT Ml
2030 PRINT »!:"t3 SPflCES)"j 2040 FOR I-l TO C0
2050 IF I/10>INT ( I / 10) THEN 2080 2060 PRINT •! I " " ; 2070 GOTO 2090
20B0 PRINT #1 isee« (STR» ( I ) , 1 , 1 I I 2090 NEXT I 2100 PRINT «1
2110 PRINT #11 "{3 SPACES}"! 2120 FOR I-l TO C0
2130 PRINT ttl: SEG» (STR» (1 ) , LEN(STR» ( I) ) , 1) J 2140 NEXT I 2130 PRINT #1 2160 FOR X-1 TD R0 2170 IF X>-ie THEN 2190 2180 PRINT #Ii» "I 2190 PRINT •IiSTRtlX))" "| 2200 FOR Y-1 TO C0 2210 PRINT WI : SEG* <E* (X > , ¥, 1 ) t 2220 NEXT Y 2230 PRINT «1 2240 NEXT X 2250 PRINT «1 2260 PRINT •!
2270 PRINT »j!"MORD LISTi" 22e0 FOR X-1 TO U0 2290 IF W«(X)-"/" THEN 23 10 2300 PRINT ttt:U«(X) 2310 NEXT X 2320 FDR I-l TO 5 2330 PRINT #1 2340 NEXT I
2350 IF 5L-0 THEN 2430 2360 PRINT tlt-SOLUTION LIST:" 2370 PRINT •ll"MDRD<2l SPACES>R0W{3 SPACES>COLUn
N" J 2380 PRINT •l!"{3 SPAceS>DIR" 2390 FOR X-I TD W0 2400 IF W»(X)-"/" THEN 2440 2410 PRINT #1 iW« (X) iSEQ* tQ«j l,2S-LEN(Wt (X) ) ) JRR
<X) ; 2420 PRINT •IsSEG* (B», 1 ,7-LEN(STR«(RR(X) > ) ) iCC(
X) J SEG* (6», 1 ,4-LEN<STR» (CC(X ) ) > ) t 2430 PRINT »1jFF»(X) 2440 NEXT X 2450 CLOSE »1 2460 RETURN
[say Icepick], a revolutionary new concept in software de-protection for the Connmodore 64. ISEPIC is not a disk duplication system, but an extraordinary hardware/software combination that actually bypasses any disk protection scheme. ISEPIC captures and saves the protected program as it runs in the B4's memory, this "snapshot" becomes ac- cessible to the user for complete inspection and alteration. From this image, ISEPIC can automatically create a compact, auto-booting, fast-loading file which is completely un- protected and self contained.
■sV Copies ALL memory-resident software
-ft- ISEPIC'd programs load many times faster than originals
-* ISEPIC is invisible to software — cannot
be defeated
a Eliminates drive "knock" due to antique protection schemes— adds years of life to your drive
-sV Automatically "cracks" protected pro- grams into single, auto-booting, super- fast loading files
-ft- Place multiple programs on a single diskette
T^ Create auto-booting, fast-loading versions of your own programs
ir Cracked programs are completely self- contained and run independently of the ISEPIC adapter
-ft- Copies software with a flick of a switch
-ft- ISEPIC comes complete and ready-to- run, just plug into expansion port
in Programs cracked by ISEPIC may be used on MSD or 404D drives as well as hard disks regardless of original pro- tection schemes
When ordering by mail:
* S64.95 + 3.00 shipping
* S64.95 + 4,00 COD orders
* Calif, residents add 6% sales tax
* VISA or Mastercard accepted
* Shipping out of USA S6.DD Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery.
WRITE OH PHONE
ST*RPOI^T SOFTWARE
Star Route 1 0
Gazelle, C A 96034
[91 6] 435-2371
A SPECIAL APPLE-SPECIFIC PUBLICATION FROM THE PUBLISHERS
OF COMPUTE!, COMPUTE! 's Gazette. ANC BEST-SELLING COMPUTE! BOOKJ
The second semiannua
edition of COMPUTEI'i
Apple Applications Specia
goes on sale October IJ 98^
Price: $3.95 (in Canada $4,75)
Editorial
COMPUTEI's Apple Applications Special second issue features applications, purcliasing de- cisions, tutorials, and in-deptti feature articles for owners and users of Apple personal computers, TInere are exciting applications for business, school, and home. From software to hardware to the state of the industry, this special issue serves as a useful tool and a handy reference. The special issue includes:
Features
Apple at Ten, and What's Coming in the Next Decade: This in-depth look de- scribes Apple's place in the industry and predicts what it will do In the future. Can the Macintosh Office concept succeed against IBM? How will Apple retain its position in the morket when the newest round of computers — such as the Com- modore Amiga and Atari ST — reaches homes and schools? This intriguing sur- vey includes comments by computer in- dustry analysts and software manufacturers.
Cruising MAUG: The Micronet Apple Users Group is probably the best connection any Apple owner can make. Available through CompuServe, MAUG lets Apple users communicate ond exchange information and pro- grams. This guide to MAUG describes just some of its features, and highlights
programs from Macintosh desktop util- ities to complete terminal software, all of which can be retrieved with a modem.
The Big Picture: Innovative hardware and software can transform the Apple I computer into a powerful graphics ma- chine and enhance the Macintosh's al- ready considerable abilities. Drawing programs, digitizers, and graphics tab- lets are featured and evaluated in this buyer's guide and tutorial.
Applications
Dr. Disk: Allows you to read from, edit, and write to any block on any disk. An excellent utility which lets you examine disk contents, manipulate catalogs, and even change machine language programs.
Enhanced Applesoft iNPUT: A short ma- chine language utility which turns Applesoft INPUT into a more flexible and powerful statement. Allows entry of any valid numeric expression, as well as commas, quotes, or colons as responses to the INPUT prompt.
The Office for Everyone: A major applications feature on using Word, Chart, FilQ. Muttipian. and MacTerminal on the Mocintosh. This tutorial shows how to turn the Macintosh into a power- ful business computer.
Apple Electrotype: This simple BASIC pro- gram turns any Apple ll-series computer into an electronic-style typewriter. Set margins and tabs, underline, and print out letters, memos, and notes.
Quality editorial in the style and tradition of COMPUTE!, the leading magazine of home, educational, and recreational computing.
There's also a disk available which includes all the programs from the magazine. The 5^^-inch floppy disk for the Apple II + , lie, or lie costs $16.95 and is available only from COMPUTE! Publications. Send in the attached card with your payment today to order the Disk.
Look for the October issue of COMPUTEI's Apple Applications Special on sale where you buy other COMPUTE! publications, or at Apple computer retailers. You can also order directly from COMPUTE! Publications,
To order, send in the attached card with your payment or call toll-free 800-334-0868 (in NC 919-275-9809,)
|
DL |
160 |
|
a |
170 |
|
HL |
180 |
|
KB |
190 |
|
BJ |
200 |
|
nn 210 |
Program 8: Atari Version
Version By Patrick Parrish,
Programming Supervisor
For instructions on entering this listing, pleas© refer to "COMPUTEI's Guide to Typing in Programs" published bimonthly in compute!.
KG 100 NR = 99: NW=100: REM NR I
S MAX # DF ROWS.COLUM
NS; NU IS MAX tt OF UIO
RDS NJ110 DIM G« (NR) , FF« (2«NW> ,
SS(NRtNR) ,U«(NU(20> ,C
C (NU) , RR (NU) , L (NM> ,E«
(IB) , D (2f S) , A« (5) , X» (
20) ,T« (30) CD 120 READ E«:DATA IMW NNE M
C3 SPACESJESW SSE KD 130 G«=" " : G* (NR) =G«: B« (2
)-G«:W«=" ":W$(20«NW)
-U*:U« (2) =W« LP 140 FDR 1 = 1 TD BiREAD A.B
: D ( 1 , n =A! D (2, I )=B: NE
XT I: DATA -1,-1,-1,0,
-1, 1,0,-1,0, 1, 1,-1, 1,
0, 1, 1 LK 150 )(»*■ X« (20>=)(«! X« (2
)-X«:GOTO 580
REM SHELL SORT
PRINT ""SORTING. .."! X =
1
X=2*X!lF X<=W0 THEN 1
80
X=INT (X/2> : IF X=0 THE
N RETURN
FOR Y=l TO W0-X:Z=Y
A-Z+Xs IF L (Z) >=L (A) T
HEN 240 IP 220 X«>M« ( <Z-1 ) 120-i-l , Zt20
) ! W* ( (Z-1 > 120+1 , Z«20)
-W«((A-l)»20+l,A*20)s
Wt((ft-l)*2a+l,A«20)=X
C PS 230 B"L (Z) ! L (Z) =L (fl) : L(fl)
-BsZ-Z-X: IF Z>0 THEN
210 DL240 NEXT Y:GOT0 190 CE 250 REM HIDE WORDS BP260 FOR X = l TO W0 W 270 FOR Y~i TO 50:R1=INT(
RND( 1 J »R0> ! Cl-INT (RND
C 1 ) »C0) : D1 = 1NT (RND ( 1 )
»a) +1 ! D1=D1 CC280 DX-D ( 1 , Dl ) s DY=-D (2, Dl )
! IF Rl+DXtL <X) >=1 AND R1+DX*L(X)<-R0 AND C
1+DY»L(X)>-1 AND Cl+D
Y»L(X)<-C0 THEN 310 ID 290 Dl-Dl* (DKG) +1 ! IF Dl<
>01 THEN 200 WZS0 NEXT Y:GDTO 390 PI310 FDR Z = l TO L(X)jIF W«
((X-l)*20+2, <X-1)«2 0+
Z) < "fl" OR M« { (X-1 ) «20
+2, (X-1 ) «20+Z) >"Z" TH
EN 340 RE 320 Rl-Rl+DX: C1 = C1+DY RC 330 IF S« ( (Rl-1 ) «C0 + C1 , (R
1-1 ) *C0+C1 )< >" " AND
S«((R1-1)»C0+C1, (Rl-1
)«C0+C1><>W«( (X-l)t20
+ Z, (X-1 ) *20 + Z) THEN 2
90 6L 340 NEXT Z : FOR Z = L(X) TD
1 STEP -l! IF W« ( (X-1 )
»20+Z, (X-1 ) «20+Z)< "A" OR U« ( (X-1 ) «20+Z, (X-
1 ) *20+Z) >"Z" THEN 370 RN 350 S«( (Rl-1 ) IC0 + C1 , (Rl-1
>tC0+Cl)~W«( (X-l)t20+
Z, (X-1 ) »20+Z) W 360 RR(X) =Rl:CC(X)e.ci:FF«
t (X-1 ) «2+l,X«2)=E» ( (D
|
X+1) »6+ (DY+1 ) $2+1, !DX |
GE 660 F |
|
|
+I}t6+(DY+1)«2+2)!R1= |
BH 670 P |
|
|
Rl-DXiCl-Cl-DY |
I |
|
|
DD 370 |
NEXT Z |
< |
|
DO 3S0 |
NEXT XiGDTO 450 |
m |
|
EK 390 |
PRINT ■' CCLEAR>Sorry, |
7 |
|
but I can't fit ward |
M&B0 I |
|
|
number ";STR« (X) j " , |
||
|
") W«( (X-l> t20+l , X»20) |
t |
|
|
;" , into the grid." |
LE 690 I |
|
|
13 400 |
PRINT "Should I SKip |
IL 700 L |
|
it, STart aver, or TR |
t |
|
|
y again" : INPUT X« |
X |
|
|
GP 410 |
IF X«(1,2)="ST" THEN |
1 |
|
710 |
KF 7 1 0 P |
|
|
HA 420 |
IF X* ( 1 , 2)>="TR" THEN 270 |
w |
|
KB 430 |
IF X«(1,2)<>"BK" THEN |
|
|
4 00 |
0 |
|
|
(31440 |
Mi ( (X-l)«20+l, (X-1) «2 |
6f 720 F |
|
0+1 )="/": GOTO 380 |
N |
|
|
PO 4 50 |
FOR X=l TO R0:FDR Y= 1 |
flK 1999 |
|
TO C0: IF S* ( (X-1 ) *C0 + Y, (X-1) *C0 + Y) < >" " T |
C! 2000 |
|
|
HEN 470 |
||
|
DH 460 |
S«< (X-1 ) »C0+Y, (X-1 ) *C 0 + y)-CHR* ( II^T (26«RND( l)+65) ) |
HP 20 10 |
|
flE 470 |
NEXT Y:NEXT X |
|
|
KG 4B0 |
REM DONE |
|
|
HG 490 |
PRINT :PRINT "I am: fi nished. What do you m |
CA 2020 |
|
U 500 |
ant to call the word search": INPUT T* SL=0sPRlNT :PRINT "Do you want to print th e solution (Y/N) ": GDS UB 550! IF fi«="N" THEN 520 |
GI 2030 LI 2040 |
|
KD510 CN 520 |
SL=1 GQSUB 2000: F»0:PRINT |
CB 2050 |
|
"CCLEARJDo you want a nother grid (Y/N) " : GO |
GE 2060 |
|
|
SUB 550! IF At="N" THE N END |
GC 2070 |
|
|
!FS30 |
PRINT !PRINT "Do you |
|
|
want to use the same |
NA 20B0 |
|
|
words (Y/N)"seOSUB 55 |
||
|
0:IF A*="N" THEN 590 |
||
|
FH 540 |
F=1:G0T0 610 |
|
|
OB 550 |
INPUT A*: IF flSO" Y" A |
HE 2090 |
|
ND A*<>"N" THEN 550 |
||
|
HL 560 |
RETURN |
|
|
tl 570 |
REM INITIALIZATION |
|
|
LD 5H0 |
PRINT CHR«(125) :LL=6: GDSUB 7201 PRINT " |
(K 2100 |
|
{12 RIGHT>WaRD SEARCH |
LH 2 1 1 0 |
|
|
"!LL-4:G0SUB 720 |
||
|
FE 590 |
FDR 1=1 TD W0: W« ( ( I-l |
|
|
) t20+l, I*20)=G« ( 1 , 20) |
ID 2120 |
|
|
!L(I)=0!NEXT I |
||
|
HP 600 |
PRINT "How many words would you like in yo |
|
|
ur word search": INPUT W0 |
OF 2130 |
|
|
IB 610 |
PRINT !PRINT "Hpw man |
|
|
y rows and columns in the 9rid":INPUT R0,C |
PL 2 140 |
|
|
0:PRINT |
||
|
HK 620 |
IF R0IC0<10tW0 THEN P PINT "I don't think I could do this.":FaR I"l TO 300INEXT IsGOT 0 610 |
HH 2150 |
|
AO6 30 |
PRINT "I think I can |
IF 2160 |
|
do this. "! IF C0>NR TH EN PRINT " (But it won 't -fit on the paper.) |
GB 2 1 7 0 t BE 2 1 B 0 [ |
KE 640 IF F-1 THEN 710 LJ 650 LL = 3iGDSUB 720:PRINT "Enter the ";STR*(W0) 5" words. To correct a mistake, enter X"sP RINT
^DR 1=1 TD U0 'RINT "Word number "; INPUT X» 1 IF LEN :X*)<=R0 AND LEN(X«>< •C0 AND X*<>"X" THEN
700
[F X$<>"X" THEN PRINT
"Qops...the ward is loo long."!G0T0 670 a-( I>1 ) ! GOTO 670
(I) "LEN (X«) : W«( ( I-l ) 120+1 , (I-l ) «20+L (I ) )= («:NEXT IsPRlNT CHR»( 125>!G0SUB 170 >RINT "{DOWN>Okay, I 4ill go to work. Mish 1 uck ! " : FOR 1 = 1 TO
R0:S* ( ( I-l ) *C0+1 , I*C l>=G*:NEXT I : GOTO 260 ■OR 1=1 TO LL:PRINT ! JEXT I:RETURN
REM PRINTER ROUTINE
TRAP 2190:OPEN *1,8,
0, "P: " :PRINT #1 ; T*JP
RINT ttl
PRINT #1 ; "
{3 SPACE5> ■■ ; : FDR 1 = 1 TO C0: IF I /10OINT (
1/10) THEN PRINT *t 1 ; ' ; : GOTO 2030
XS=STR*( I ) SPRINT #1 ;
XS ( 1, 1) ;
NEXT IsPRINT #1
PRINT #1 } "
f 3 SPACES> " ; sFOR 1=1 TO C0S X*=BTR« ( I ) : PR
INT *l;Xt (LEN (X«) , LE
N(X*) ) ; : NEXT IiPRINT 4)1
FDR X=l TO R0!lF X<1
0 THEN PRINT #1 i " " ;
PRINT #1 ; STR« (X) ; " "
FDR Y=l TO C0:PRINT #1 ; S«( (X-1 ) «C0+Y, ( X- 1 ) »C0+Y) ;
NEXT Y:PR1NT #1:NEXT
XsPRINT #1!PRINT #1
:PRINT «1; "WORD LIST
FOR X= 1 TO W0: IF Wt ( (X-1 ) *20+l , (X-1 ) t20 + 1)="/" THEN 2110
PRINT #1 ; W« ( (X-1 > »20
+1 , X*20)
NEXT X:FDR I-l TD 5;
PRINT ttl :NEXT I : IF S
L=0 THEN 21B0
PRINT #1 j "SOLUTION L
IST:":PRINT «ls"WORD
<21 SPACES>RDW
{3 SPACESJCOLUMN
<3 SPACES>DIR"
FOR X= 1 TO W0: IF Wt ( ( X-1 ) *20+l , (X-1) »20+
1)="/" THEN 2170
PRINT »1 5 Wt { ( X-1 ) t20
+1 , X«20) ; Gt { 1,6) ;RR (
X) ;
PRINT #1 ;Gt ( 1 , 9-LEN (
STRt (RR (X) ) ) ) ;CC ( X ) ;
G» ( 1 ,6 -LEN (STRt (CC ( X
) ) ) ) ;
«1 ; FF» ( ( X-1 ) t;
TRAP 40000:
PRINT +1 , X*2) NEXT X
CLOSF #1: RETURN
Efl2190 CLOSE ttl!TRAP 40000: PRINT "Turn on your
printer press RETUR
N": INPUT Xt!HOTO 200 0
September 1985 COMPUTEI 49
THE
LAST
WARRIOR
David Engebretsen
This arcade-style action game was originally written for the IBM PC (with BASICA and color /graphics adapter) and PCjr (with Cartridge BASIC). We've added adaptations for the Com- modore 64; Atari 400/800/ Xl/XE series (with at least 16K RAM for tape or 24K RAM for disk); and Apple II series. A joystick is required for all versions except the Apple. The Commodore 64 and Atari programs are written completely in machine language.
''Attacked by countless alien ships
99
You're the last member of the scouting party sent from Earth. While flying a routine mission, you and your fellow scouts were sud- denly attacked by countless alien ships. Your comrades put up a good fight but couldn't survive in the face of the aliens' nonstop shooting. Now the only things between you and utter destruction are your high- ly advanced force shields and la- sers. The aliens may not be as well armed, but they make up for it in sheer numbers. As you blast yet another hostile ship, it is immedi- ately replaced, and your energy supply dwindles,,..
"The Last Warrior," as you've guessed, is a space shoot-em-up game. The classic object is to de- stroy as many aliens as possible before they destroy you. Your per- formance is graded at the end of the game by the number of points you score and by rank: captain, major, colonel, general, or warrior. Scoring and a few other details vary from version to version, but all the pro- grams have one thing in common — the highest ranks are attainable only by the very best players.
rSM Version
After typing the program and sav- ing at least one copy on disk, plug in a joystick and type RUN, Your starfighter appears on the screen, and the program asks you to move the stick to the upper-left corner and press the fire button. Next you're asked to move the stick to the lower-right comer and press the button again. This calibrates the program with your joystick, since different sticks tend to yield differ- ent values. (You may also prefer to flip the switches on the bottom of the controller to free the stick from its self-centering mode.)
When the game begins, you find yourself looking out of the front cockpit window at a star field. Below the window is an instrument panel, and an aiming sight floats somewhere on the screen. By ma- neuvering the sight with the joy- stick, you can aim your lasers at the alien ships which suddenly appear in view. Press the joystick button to
fire shots as the aliens make their passes. With any luck, you'll wit- ness a brilliant explosion as the alien attacker is reduced to Stardust. But more aliens soon appear to take his place {up to three at a time), and the battle continues.
Don't fire your lasers indis- criminately, because each shot burns up energy, as indicated by the lower horizontal bar on the in- strument panel. This bar shortens toward the left side of the screen as your energy decreases. Alien hits on your force shields also sap ener- gy. The upper horizontal bar on the instrument panel shows the relative number of points you've scored. When this bar goes off the scale toward the right, you advance one rank and the bar starts again at the left. Your rank is constantly dis- played on the panel and starts at captain.
The game ends when your ship runs out of energy. Your final rank and score appear on the screen — a higher rank with few points is con- sidered better than a lower rank with many points. Press the joy- stick button to start another game.
The IBM version of The Last Warrior is written entirely in BASIC and animates the aiming sight and alien ships with the PUT statement. To reduce flickering, one set of vari- ables stores the existing positions of the images while another set holds the new positions. That way, when the program erases an existing im- age, it can draw the new one imme- diately without pausing to update the variables. As a result, flickering is hardly noticeable, especially when the program runs on the PC (which is faster than the PCjr).
64 Version
Written entirely in machine lan- guage, the 64 version of The Last Warrior must be typed with the "MLX" machine language entry utility found elsewhere in this is- sue. MLX makes it much easier to enter machine language programs without typos. Be sure you read and understand the instructions for us- ing MLX before entering the data from Program 2.
When you run MLX, you'll be asked for the starting and ending addresses of the program to be en- tered. For The Last Warrior, the values are:
STARTING ADDRESS? 49152 ENDING ADDRESS? 518M
If you enter the data from Program 2 in more than one sitting, be sure to use these same values whenever you reload your partially completed work.
After you've finished entering the data and saved at least one copy of the game on disk or tape, load it by typing LOAD"/i7eMflme",8,l for disk or 'LOkY)"fiUname" ,\,\ for tape (replace filename with what- ever name you used for your final version). Next type SYS 49152 and press RETURN. Then plug a joy- stick into port 2 and push the joy- stick up to start.
The screen shows the front view from the cockpit with alien ships appearing in the distance against the star field. As the aliens get closer, their ships seem to grow larger. Up to five of them can attack you at once. Move the joystick to aim the floating crosshair and press the button to fire your lasers. Each hit scores 100 points.
The instrument panel at the bottom of the screen shows the lev- el of your ship's shield energy, the number of points you've scored, and a special targeting scope. When the game begins, the energy indica- tor is set at 5,000 units. Each laser shot you fire depletes the shield energy by 20 units. Alien hits cost 100 units of shield energy. When the energy indicator drops to zero, your shields collapse, leaving you completely vulnerable. The next alien hit will destroy your ship and end the game. At this point, you might as well shoot like crazy, since you're out of shield energy anyway.
To help you hit distant ships, the targeting scope on the instru- ment panel alerts you when your aiming sight has locked onto an alien. If you press the fire button at this instant, you're guaranteed a di- rect hit.
When the game ends, the pro- gram displays your final score and
September 1985 COMPUTEI 51
rank, then waits for you to push the joystick up to start another game. During a game, you can freeze the action by pressing any key, and continue playing by pressing an- other key.
The 64 version of The Last Warrior uses the multicolor high- resolution graphics screen and all eight sprites for the aiming cross- hair, explosion effects, targeting scope image, and maximum of five alien vessels.
Atari Version
Like the 64 version, the Atari adap- tation of The Last Warrior is written entirely in machine language and must be typed with the MLX entry utility found elsewhere in this is- sue. MLX greatly reduces the chances of typos when entering long machine language programs. Be sure you read the instructions and understand how to use Atari MLX before entering data from Pro- gram 3.
When you run the MLX pro- gram, you'll be asked for starting, ending, and run/init addresses. For The Last Warrior, the proper values are:
STARTING ADDRESS? 8192 ENDING ADDRESS? 10249
RUN/INIT ADDRESS? 8192
If you enter the data from Program 3 in more than one sitting, be sure to use these same values whenever you reload your partially completed work. You'll then be asked whether you wish to create a boot tape, a boot disk, or a disk binary file. For The Last Warrior, you can choose any of these three. However, you should avoid the binary file option if you are not familiar with the pro- cedure for loading "and executing such files.
After you finish entering the data from Program 3, and you've saved at least one copy of The Last Warrior on disk or tape, start the program by loading the boot disk or boot tape or running the binary file created with MLX. For a boot disk, simply insert the disk in the drive and switch on the computer after removing the BASIC cartridge (on a 600XL, 800XL, or XE-series com- puter, hold down the OPTION but- ton while turning on the machine). To run a boot tape, switch on the computer while holding down the START button (again, remove the
52 COMPUTEI September 1985
BASIC cartridge with a 400, 800, or 1200XL, or simultaneously hold down START and OPTION with a 600XL, 800XL, or XE). Then press the PLAY button on the cassette recorder and hit RETURN. If you used MLX to save the program as a binary disk file, load it with the binary load option in DOS and run at hex address 2000 (decimal 8192).
Plug a joystick into port 1 and press the fire button to start. The screen shows the front view from your ship's cockpit window. Alien vessels first appear as distant dots against the star field, then grow larger as they approach. Their weapons are limited, so they can start shooting at you only at point- blank range. But you can shoot them at any point during their at- tack. For every alien ship you de- stroy, you score 1 00 points; for each hit they make on your energy shield, you lose 100 points of shield energy. You begin the game with 5,000 units of energy, and every shot you fire uses 20 units. (All of this information is indicated on the screen's instrument panel.) You can pause and then continue a game in progress by pressing any key.
All the animation in the Atari version of The Last Warrior is driv- en by a vertical blank interrupt rou- tine— objects are moved during the split-second interval when the TV's electron beam returns from the lower-right corner of the screen to the upper-left corner to scan anoth- er frame. Player/missile graphics are used for the crosshair and alien ships, so no more than three aliens can appear at once. Alien ships ac- tually consist of six separate images which are flipped in succession to create the illusion of an approach- ing object. The program employs a custom display list to put GRAPH- ICS 7 at the top of the screen and GRAPHICS 1 at the bottom. The ship's cockpit window is not plot- ted with the Atari's built-in line- drawing routines, but rather with custom-designed routines which are faster and do not destroy the screen background. Otherwise, la- ser shots would gradually erase the lines representing the cockpit window.
Apple Version
Like the IBM program, the Apple adaptation of The Last Warrior is written in BASIC. However, it does
use the HROUT machine language character-plotting routine from "Apple SuperFont" (COMPUTE!, April 1985). All of the alien ships are custom characters created with SuperFont and plotted onto the hi- res graphics screen. The aiming crosshair is drawn with shape tables.
The keyboard controls are pro- grammed in the efficient upside- down T arrangement: 1 for up, K for down, J for left, and L for right. This is more convenient than the usual I- J-K-M diamond, because you can rest your first three fingers on J-K-L and quickly move your middle tin- ger up and down between I and K.
To fire a laser shot, press the space bar. Press P to pause a game, and press it again to continue.
An instrument panel at the bottom of the cockpit window dis- plays all the important information: points scored (100 for each alien ship you destroy), units of shield energy remaining (the game begins with 5,000), and your current rank. Enemy hits reduce shield energy by 100 units, and your own laser shots cost 20 units each.
An alien ship explodes near the cockpit window while another zooms in for attack in the IBM version of "The Last Warrior."
Program 1 : The Last Warrior, IBM Version
For Instructions on entering ttiis listing, please refer to "COMPUTEi's Guide to Typing In Programs" publistied bimonthly in COMPUTE!.
Ht 20 SCREEN ll COLOR 0,0:CLS:KEY OFF I RANDOMIZE TIMERlPLflY" mb"iSTRIB an
CL 3B DIM SIGHTX(20) ,SHIPX(50),1 NFIX(404},HAX(50),HBXC&0), HCX ( 105} , tNVERX t 100)
FE 40 REM *t get tha imag»s
)J 30 CIRCLE (5, 5), 3.,,, l! LINE (3, 3) -(4, 4)1 LINE (7, 3) -(6, 4> I L INE(7,7)-(6,6}lLINE(3,7)-( 4,6)iBET(2,2)-(a,B),SISHT7. iCLS
NJ 6,0 CIRCLE (10, 10), 10, 2: PAINT (1 0, 10), 2, 2i GET (0,0) -(20, 20)
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u
, INFIX iCUS JA 70 LINE<0,0)-(&0,8),3,BF:GET(
0,0}-(60,B) ,INVERr.iCLS HL B0 FOR LDDP^a TO 50 S READ SHIP
X(LaOP)tNEXT ID 90 FOR LQDP=0 TD 50! READ MAX (
LOOP) I NEXT II 100 FOR LOOP-^B TO &0: READ HBX
(LOOP)! NEXT UK 110 FOR LOOP-0 TO 1 05 S READ HC
X (LOOP) I NEXT LI 120 REM ** 5Bt up the screen 01 130 SOSUB 680 Bl 140 SN"l!SX(l)=160!SY(l)=50:S
XA ( 1 ) -8X CD: SVA < 1 ) =-SY ( 1 ) i
DLA- 1 1 RANK -0i ENE- 1 39 1 SCO
-0 Fl 1S0 60SUB 1370 JF> i&0 SN>liSX(n-l&0:SYCl)»50:S
XA < 1 ) -SX ( 1 ) : SVA ( 1 )=SY ( 1 ) :
DLA-1 IH 170 PLrr(127,167) , INVERX.PRESE
TiLDCATE 22, 17iPRINT"Capt
■1 n" t PUT < 127, lt7 ) , INVERX IC 1B0 XA=0!YA=0: PUT (XA.YA) , SIGH
TXiPUT(SX(l),SY(l)) ,SHIPX n 190 REM tt main program loop KA 200 BOSUB 290 IP 210 GOSUB 560 W 220 IF STR1G(0)=-1 THEN BOSUB
zaetVBjRiBie)
HE 230 IF RND(1)<.2 THEN PSET<32 0tRND ( 1) , 1 10*RND CD), 3*RN D (1 ) +1
KA 240 IF EO0 THEN BOSUB 1110
CN 250 DLA=DLA+.01:DL=INT(DLA)
It 260 BOTD 200
lU 270 END
CJ 2B0 REM tl JOYSTICK
JF 290 X-STICK(0)sY=STICK<n!X=X -JSXl I Y-Y-JSYl I X-X»TFXi Y» Y»TFY
FC 300 IF X<0 THEN X=0
HF 310 IF X>3t3 THEN X=313
HP 320 IF Y<0 THEN Y=0
DF 330 IF Y>103 THEN Y=ia3
DC 340 IF X=0 AND Y=0 THEN X=XAi Y-YA
KE 350 PUT(XA,YA),SIBHTXiPUT(X,Y ),SIBHTXlXA-XiYA-Y
HJ 360 RETURN
FJ 370 REM «« -fire ! !
fl 380 PUT(X,Y),S1BHTX
IN 390 FDR P=l TD SN: PUT (SX (P) , S V(P)),SHIPXlNEXT
FH 400 LINE(0,110)-(X+3,Y+3),2:L 1NE(319, 110)-(X+3,Y+3) ,2
HJ 410 LINE(0, 110}-(X+3,Y+3),0:L INE (319, 1 10) -( X+3, Y+3) , 0
FJ 420 LINE (0,130) -(80, 110); LINE - (240, 110) I LINE- (319, 130)
S« 430 LINE (0,60) -(41, 50): LINE- ( 2S0, 50) I LINE- (319, 60)
H 440 LINE(80,110)-<10,0);LINE( 240, 110)-(310,0>
FO 450 IF SX(LOOP)>290 THEN SX(L tXJP) -290
IC 460 FOR P=l TO SN:PUT(SX(P),S Y(P)),8HIPXiNEXT
EH 470 PUT(X,Y>,SIGHTX
SC 480 PLAY-I64 t255 bagfedc <ba gfBdc>"
KP 490 SNA=SN
SO 500 FOR L00P=1 TO SNA
PI! 510 IF ABS((X+3)-(SX(LOOP)+10 ))<5 AND ABS((Y+3)-(SY(LO 0P)+9))<5 THEN EC-EC+lsEX (EC)-SX(LOOP)iEY(EC)-SY(L OOP) I DC (EC) «0i SN-SN-1 1 PUT (BX(LOOP) ,SY(LOOP) ) ,SHIPX I FOR L»LOOP TO 3iSX(L)-SX (L+1 ) I SY (L) "SY (L+1 ) I BYA (L ) -SY (L) I aXA (L) -SX (L) i NEXT L I GOSUB 1220
HF 520 NEXT
54 COMPUTEI September 1985
KK 530
HH 540 IP 550 lit 560
BP 570
KK 580 BN 590
LK 600 te 610 JP 620
K 630 IK 640
OL 650
DB 660
CC 670 F6 680 Fl 690 P! 700
HF 710 M 720
HH 730
JD 740 SE 750 K 760
IH 770 HF 780
6£ 790
00 800
EA ei0 KA B20 DK 830 KP 840
HB 850
NO 860 HP 870 FL 880
ENE=ENE-llIF ENE<»>0 THEN
GOSUB 1500 ELSE LINE(91+E
NE, 180) - (91+ENE, 184) , 0
RETURN
REM tt enemy ships
IF RND(1)<.9 THEN GOTO 60
0
IF SN<3 THEN SN-SN+liSX(S
N]-INT(290«RND(1) ) tSY(eN>
•INT < 100tRND ( 1 } ) I PUT (SX (S
N) , SY (SN) ) , SHIPXi SXA (SN) -
SX <SN) I SYA (SN) -SY (SN) i SOT
0 600
IF SN-0 THEN RETURN
IF RND(1)>.5 THEN PUT(SX(
BN) , SY (SN) > , SHIPXl BN-BN-1
1 IF SN<0 THEN SN=0 FDR L0DP=1 TD SN GOSUB 290
IF RND(1)>.95 THEN MX (LOO
P)-INT(10«RND(l)-5)lMY(LO
OP) -INT ( 10«RND ( 1 ) -S)
SX (LDDP) =SX (LOOP) +MX (LOOP
) I BY (LOOP) -BY (LOOP) +MY (LQ
npi
IF ABS( (X+3)-(SX(LaOP)+10
))<3 AND ABS((Y+3)-(SY(L0
0P)+9))<3 THEN MX (LOOP) —
MX (LOOP): IF RND{1)<.5 THE
N MY (LOOP)— MY (LOOP)
IF SX(LaOP)<2 OR SX(LQaP)
>250 THEN MX(LOOP)=-MX(LO
OP) 1 SX (LOOP) =SX (LOOP) +MX (
LOOP)
IF SY(LD0P)<2 OR SY(LODP)
>85 THEN MY (LOOP)— MY (LOO
P) iSY (LOOP) -SY (LOOP) +MY (L
OOP)
IF SX(LOOP)<0 THEN SX(LOO
P)-0
IF SX(LOOP)>290 THEN SX (L
OOP) =290
IF SY(LOOP)<0 THEN SY (LOO
P)=0
PUT (SXA (LOOP) , SYA (LOOP) ) ,
BHIPXi PUT (SX (LDDP) , SY (LOO
P) ) , SHIPX! SXA (LOOP) =SX (LO
DP ) s S YA ( LOOP ) =S Y ( LOOP )
NEXT
IF RND(l)<(DL/20)+SN/10-.
1 AND SN>0 THEN GOSUB 750
RETURN
REM tt enemy -fire
BNB=INT (SN«RND< 1 ) +1 )
HX=INT (300*RND ( 1 ) ) : HY=INT
«B5«RND ( 1 ) ) ! PUT ( X , Y) , SIGH
TX
FOR P=l TD SN:PUT(SX(P),S
Y{P) ), SHIPX: NEXT
PUT(HX,HY) , INFIX: LINE (HX+
10,HY+2)-(SX(SNB)+10,SY(S
NB)+12) ,2:LINE-(HX+10,HY+
IB) ,2
COLOR 4sPUT(HX,HY) , INFIX:
LINE (HX+10, HY+2) - (SX (SNB)
+10,aY(SNB)+12) ,0iLINE-(H
X+10,HY+18) ,0
LINE (0,130) -(80, 110)! LINE
-(240, 110)1 LINE-(319, 130)
i COLOR 0
LINE (0,60) -(41, 50): LINE- (
2B0, 50)! LINE- (319, 60)
LINE(80, 110) -(10,0): LINE (
240, H0)-(310,0)
FDR TIM=180 TD 20 STEP-4:
SOUND 255-TIM, .llNEXT
PUT<X,Y) ,SIGHTX:FOR P=l T
D SNlPUT(SX(P) ,SY<P)) ,SHI
PXtNEXT
ENE=ENE-4: IF ENE<=0 THEN
GOSUB 1500 ELSE LINE (91 +E
NE, 180) -(229, 1B4),0,BF
RETURN
REM «« THE SHIP
FOR LODP=l TD 150:PSET(32
0tRND ( 1 ) , 130«RND ( 1) > , 3tRN
D(l)+llNEXT
6L 890 LINE(0, 130)-(80, 110):LINE
-(240,110) lLINE-(319, 130)
6P 900 LINE (0,60)-(41,50)! LINE- (
280,50) sLINE- (319, 60) KP 910 LINe(80,I10)-(10,0) :LINE<
240, 110>-<310,0) HA 920 LINE(40, 199)-(a0,190) !LIN E-<240, 190) t LINE- (280, 199 ) HC 930 LINE(150, 116)-(230, 153),0 ,BF> LINE (149, 115) -(231, 15 4),,B OE 940 PAINT (160, 180), 3, 3 NL 950 LINE(0, 131)-C80,111),0:LI Ne-(240,111),0!LINE-(319, 131), 01 LINE (80, 111) -(80, 1 99) ,0:LINE(240, lll)-(240, 199), 0 EH 960 LINE(90,179)-(230, 185) ,0, BF:LINE(91, 180)-(229, 184) .l.BF DC 970 LINE (90, 158) -(230, 164), 0,
BF 01 980 LINE<151, 145)-C156, 140) , 1 :LINE-(170, 140) , ltLINE-<l 80, 135) , 1 1 LINE- < 185, 131 ) , 1: LINE- (225, 131 ) , liLINE- ( 220, 135), it LINE- (225, 140) ,ll LINE- (180, 140), 1 HH 990 LINE-(165,150) , 1:LINE-(15 5,150), liLINE-(lSl, 145), 1 ! LINE- (163, 145), 1:LINE-(1 68, 140), 1 BE 1000 LINE (190, 131)-(200, 117) , liLINE-(210, 117), 1: LINE -(210,131) , li LINE (190, 13 5)-(210, 135) , lsLlNE-<220 ,1S2), l3LlNE-(200, 152) ,1 « LINE- (190, 135), 1 1 LINE (1 94,140)-(212, 140),0 FE 1010 PAINT(155,143),3, liPAINT (170,145) ,CHR»<I<H77)+CHR «(&HDD), 1:PAINT(210,145) , CHR« (I<H1 1 ) +CHR* (8<H44) , 1 1 PA I NT (205, 120),CHR«(8<H6 6)+CHR«(8<H99), 1 KH 1020 FOR LQDP=90 TO 140 STEP 15i CIRCLE (LOOP, 150) ,3, Is PAINT (LOOP, 150), l,l! NEXT n 1030 LINE(105, 143)-(140, 117) , 0,BF:FDR LODP=105 TD 140 STEP 3!LINE(L00P,143)-( LOOP, 117) ,3: NEXT K 1040 LO=i60!FDR LOaP=70 TD 30 STEP -4:LD=LQ+.B:LINE(L OOP ,LD)-(70,120+(70-LOOP ) ) ,0iNEXTiLINEt30,LO)-(3 0, 130), 0: LINE- (70, 120),0 ! PAI NT ( 50 , 1 40 ) , CHRS ( S(H66 ) +CHR« ( S.H99 ) , 0 J6 1050 CIRCLE(30, 180) ,5, 1:PAINT (50.180) , 1, l!LINE(50, 180 )-(43,175) ,0: CIRCLE (50, 1 80), 10,0 EH 1060 La=130!FOR L00PA=1 TO 2: FOR LDDP=260 TO 310 STEP 15: L0=L0+4: CIRCLE (LOOP, LO) ,4,1s PAINT (LOOP , LO) , 1 (IsNEXT LOOP: LD=1 45: NEXT LOOPA KP 1070 LINE(240, 153)-(319, 175) ,
0 HH 1080 LO=160:FOR L00PA=1 TO 2: FOR LDOP=260 TO 310 STEP 1 5 J L0=LO+4 1 L I NE ( LOOP , LO ) - (LODP+6, LO+1 ) , 1 : LINE- ( LO0P+6,L0+a) ,1:LINE-(LD0 P,La+7), 1:LINE-(LD0P,L0) , 1 : PAINT (LODP+2, La+2) , 1 , liNEXT LDDP:L0=175!NEXT LOOPA J6 1090 RETURN KP 1100 REM t* explosion
|
•^Il' |
|
JUSI |
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