!

c^r

FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FORSCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

CATALOGUE

OF THE

FISHES

IN THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

ALBERT GUNTHER,

.A.. JJ.D.. PH.D.. F.Z.S., ETC., ETC

VOLUME FIFTH.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1864.

Hi

CATALOGUE

OF THE

PHYSOSTOMI,

CONTAINING THE FAMILIES

SILURID.E, CHARACTNIDiE, HAPLOCHITONID^E, STERNO-
PTYCHID^, SCOPELID^E, STOMIATID^E,

IN THE

COLLECTION

OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1864.

PRINTED BY TAYLOK AND FRANCTS,
RED LION COURT, FLEJBT STREET

PREFACE.

Dh. Gunther observes, — " This volume contains the Siluroid fishes,
and those families which, being provided with an adipose fin, were
formerly associated with the Salmonoids. Miiller proved them to
be distinct families, separating the Characinoids and Scopeloids :
however, natural as is the former of these families, very hetero-
geneous forms are included in the latter. The genus Salanx, which we
shall treat of in the sixth volume, is the type of a distinct family.

" The publication of the present volume has been much delayed in
consequence of a thorough re-examination of the large family of
Siluroid fishes ; the manuscript was finished, when the Trustees of
the British Museum acquired the unique collection of Dr. Bleeker's
Siluroids, thus rendering necessary a revision of the descriptions and
of the systematic arrangement.

" If we compare the number of species known at present with that

contained in the corresponding parts of Cuvier and Valenciennes'a

Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,' we find it nearly doubled, viz. : —

Total number of species in Cuv. & Val 492

Total number of species in this volume 1005

Species apparently well characterized in Cuv. & Val 400

Species apparently well characterized in this volume .... 849

" More than 170 have been added from the Collection of the British
Museum, which again has been much enriched by numerous acquisi-
tions, of which the following are the more important : —

" l.r The typical specimens of Siluroids described by Dr. P. Bleeker.

" 2. The remainder of the typical specimens of Pharyngognaths, de-
scribed by the same author, and not contained in the fourth volume
of this work.

" 3. A Collection of the Fishes of the Essequibo River, made by
H. Ehrhardt.

VI PREFACE.

" 4. A second Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Guatemala,
from 0. Salvin, Esq.

" 5. A Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Nicaragua, presented
by Captain Dow, Corr. M. Zool. Soc.

" 6. Several smaller Collections from the Upper Nile, made by
J. Petherick, Esq.

" 7. A Collection of the Freshwater Fishes trom Palestine, made
by the Rev. H. B. Tristram.

"8. A Collection of Indian Fishes, presented by Captain Mitchell
of the Madras Museum.

" 9. Further Collections of Fishes from Australia and New Zea-
land, sent by Mr. G. KrefFt.

"10. Numerous small Collections of West-African Freshwater
Fishes, received from various sources.

"11. A Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Eastern Tropical
Africa, presented by Dr. Kirk and Ch. Livingstone, Esq.

" 12. A large Collection of Freshwater and Marine Fishes from
Constantinople, made by Dr. Millingen."

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British Museum,
Feb. 28, 1864.

ADDITIONS

TO THE

INDEX OF THE WORKS

QUOTED IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES.

1820. Rafinesque, C. S. Ichthyologia Ohiensis. Lexington, 8vo.

1829-32. Ruppell, E. Beschreibung und Abbildung neuer Fische im Nil.
Frankf., 4to.

1835. . Neuer Nachtrag von neuen Nil-Fischen. In Mus. Senckenb. ii.

1830-36. Rifaud, J. J. Voyage en Egypte, en Nubie et lieux circonvoisins.
Paris, fol.

1835. De Joannis. Observations sur les Poissons du Nil. In Guenn,
Mag. Zool.

1838. Heckel, J. Fiscbe aus Caschmir. Wien, bvo.

1841-43. . Ichthyologie, in Russegger, Reisen in Europa, Asien

und Africa. Vols. i. & ii. Stuttg., 8vo.

1840. Ranzani, C. De novis speciebus Piscium. Dissert, i. In Nov.
Comm. Acad. Scient. Instit. Bonon. vol. iv.

1842. . Dissert, ii.-iv. Ibid, vol. v.

1842. Alcssandrini, A. De Branchiis Heterobranchi. In Nov. Comm.
Acad. Scient. Instit. Bonon. vol. v.

1844. Valenciennes, in Jacqucmont, V. Voyage dans lTnde. Poiss. Atl.
Paris, 4to.

1849. Reinhardt, J. Nye sydamerikanske Ferskvandsfiske. In Vidensk.
Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kjobenh.

1854. . Notits om Slaegten Pachyunis og de dertil horende Arter.

Ibid.

1853-54. Kner, R. Panzerwelse des Hofnaturalien-Kabinets zu Wien.
Denkwiird. Acad. Wien. Vol. vi. Loricarinse. Vol. vii. Hyposto-
miden.

1858. . Icbthyologische Beitrage. In Sitzungsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien,

vol. xxvi.

. Kritische Bemerkungen iiber Oastelnau's Siluroiden. In

Wiegm. Arch.

1864. . Specielles Verzeichniss der wahrendder Reiseder 'Novara'

gesammeljten Fische. In Sitigsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, vol. xlix.

1855. Basileivsky, 6t. Iehthyographia Chinae borealis. In Nouv. M(5m.

Soc. Nat. Mosc. x.

Vlll INDEX OF THE WOEKS QUOTED

1858. Bleeker, P. Ichthyologue Arciiipelagi Indici Prodromus. I. Silu-
roidei. Batav., 4to.

1862. . Memoire sur les Poissons de la cote de Guine"e. Harlem, 4to.

. Neuvieme article sur la faune ichthyologique de Tile de

Ternate. Versl. en Mededeel. Akad. Wet. Amsterd. xiv.

. Sixieme memoire sur la faune ichthyologique de l'ile de

Batjan. Ibid.

. Notice sur le genre Trachinus et ses especes. Ibid.

. Notices Ichthyologiques (i.-x.). Ibid.

. Descriptions de quelques especes nouvelles de Silures. Ibid.

1863. . Deuxieme notice sur la faune ichthyologique de File d'Obi.

In Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk.

. Septieme memoire sur la faune ichthyologique de l'ile de

Timor. Ibid.

. Onzieme notice sur la faune ichthyologique de File de

Ternate. Ibid.
. Sur quelques nouveaux genres du groupe des Svnodontis.

Ibid.

. Troisieme memoire sur la faune ichthyologique de 1'ila.de

Halmahera. Ibid.

. Descriptions de quelques especes de Poissons de la Chine.

Ibid.

. Systema Silurorum revisum. Ibid.

. Notices Ichthyologiques (i.-x.). Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc.

Amsterd. xiv.

. Descriptions de quelques especes nouvelles de Silures de

Suriname. Ibid.

. Treizieme memoire sur la faune ichthyologique de l'ile

d'Amboine. Ibid. xv.

1858. Canestrini, G. Ueber die Stellung von Ophiccj)haIus im Systeme.
In Verb, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien.

1860. . Zur Systematik der Percoiden. Ibid.

. Zur Systematik und Characteristik der Anabatinen. Ibid.

1862. . Sopra alcuni Pesci del Mediterraneo. In Memor. Accad. Sc.

Torin. ser. 2. xxi.

1863. . I Gadidi e Macrouridi del Golfo di Genova. Arch. Zool.

Anat. ii.

. I Blennini, Anarrhichadini e Callionimini del Golfo di

Genova. Arch, per la Zool. ii.

1864. . Studi sui Lepadogaster del Mediterraneo. Ibid. iii.

1860. Steindachner, F, U eber Amphisile. InVerhand. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.
Wien.

1863. . Ueber eine neue Gobius-A.rt aus dem Adriatischen Meere.

Arch, per la Zool. ii.

. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Sciaenoiden Brasiliens und der

Cyprinodontcn Mexico's. In Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, \ol.
xlviii.

IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES. IX

1862. Ciinther, A. Descriptions of new species of Reptiles and Fishes.

In Proc. Zool. Soc.

. Some remarks on the genus Trachinus. In Ann. & Mag.

Nat. Hist. October.

1863. . On new species of Fishes from Victoria, South Australia.

Ibid. February.

. On the European species of the genus Labrax, Ann. & Mag.

Nat. Hist. September.

1864. . On some new species of Central-American Fishes. In Proc.

Zool. Soc.

. Report of a Collection of Fishes from Guatemala. Ibid.

. On a Poison-organ in a genus of Batrachoid Fishes. Ibid.

1862. Kroyer, H. Nogle Bidrag til nordisk Ichthyologi. In Kroyer,
Naturhist. Tidssk. Kjobenh.

1862. Ayres, W. O. On the Californian species of Sebastes. In Proc.

Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. p. 207.

1863. . Notes on Sebastoid Fishes occurring on the coast of Cali-
fornia. Proc. Zool. Soc.

1862. Costa, A. Annuario del Museo zoologico della Universita di Napoli.
Napoli, 8vo.

1862. Chill, Th. On a new genus Aidichthys (Fistularidae). In Proc. Ac.

Nat. Sc. Philad.

. Remarks on the relations of genera and other groups of

Cuban Fishes. Ibid.

. Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California, collected by

Mr. Xantus. Parts 2 & 3. Ibid.

. Descriptions of new species of Pimclodince. In Proc. Boston

Soc. Nat. Hist.

. Synopsis of tne genera of Pimelodince. Ibid.

. Note on the family of Scombroids. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil.

. Note on some genera of Fishes of Western North America.

Ibid,
. Synopsis of the Carangoids of the Eastern coast of North

America. Ibid.

. On the synonymy of Etelis. Ibid.

. Notice of a Collection of Fishes from California. Ibid.

. On the limits and affinity of the family of Leptoscopoids.

Ibid.

1863. . Catalogue of the North American Scisenoid Fishes. Ibid.

. Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California. Part 4. Ibid.

. Descriptions of some new species of Pediculati. Ibid.

• . Descriptive enumeration of a Collection of Fishes from the

"Western coast of Central America. Ibid.

. On an unnamed generic type allied to Sebastes. Ibid.

. Description of a new generic type of Ophidioids. Ibid,

. Synopsis of the Pomacentroids of the Western coast of

North and Central America. Ibid.

X WORKS QUOTED IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES.

1863. Gill, Th. Notes on the Labroids of the Western coast of North
America. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.

. Synopsis of the family of Lepturoids. Ibid.

. Synopsis of the North American Gadoid fishes. Ibid.

. Descriptions of the genera of Gadoid fish of Western North

America. Ibid.

. Descriptions of the Gobioid genera of the Western coast of

temperate North America. Ibid.

. On the Gobioids of the Eastern coast of the United States.

Ibid.

1862. Cleland, J. Description of several Fishes from Old Calabar. In

Edinb. New Phil. Journ. April.

1863. Filippi, F. Nuove specie di Animali raccolte in un viaggio in

Persia. Arch, per la Zool. ii.

1863. Kaup. Bemerkungen fiber Caprodon, etc. In Nederl. Tydschr.
Dierk. i.

. Ueber einige Arten der Gattung Chcetodon. Ibid.

. Ueber einige japanische Fische. Ibid.

1863. Johnson, J. Y. Descriptions of five new species of Fishes obtained
at Madeira. Proc. Zool. Soc.

. Descriptions of three new genera of Fishes obtained at

Madeira. Ibid.

1863. Poey, F. Enumeration of the Fish described and figured by Parra,
scientifically named. In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

. Descriptions des Poissons nouvelles ou peu connues. Ibid.

1863. Cooper, J. G. On new genera and species of Californian Fishes.
No. 3. In Proc. Calif! Acad. Nat. bcienc.

1863. Garrett, A. Descriptions of new species of Fishes from the Sand-
wich Islands. Ibid.

1863. Siebold, C. Th. E. v. Die Susswasserfische von Mittel-Europa.

Leipzig, 8vo.

1864. Jacket, A. J. Die Fische Bayerns. In Abhandl. zool. -mineral.

Verein. Regensb.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order IV. PHYSOSTOMI.

Fam. 1. Silurid^;.

First Subfamily.

■SlLURID^; HOMALOPTERJE.

First Group. Clariina.

Page

1. Clarias, Gronov 13

1. anguillaris, L 14

2. gariepinus, Burchell .... 14
(capensis, C.et V. 15)

3. parvimanus, Gthr 15

4. orontis, Gthr 15

5. lazera, C.et V. 16

6. macracanthus, Gthr. . . 16, 429

7. xenodon, Gthr 16

8. macrornystax, Gthr 17

9. syriacus, C. et V. 17

10. magur, Ham. JBuch 17

11. macrocephalus, Gthr. . . 18

12. fuscus, Lacep 18, 429

13. abbreviatus, C. et V. . . . . 19

14. melanoderma, Blkr 19

15. teysmanni, Blkr 19

16. liacanthus, Blkr 20

17. brachysoma, Gthr 20

18. nieuhofii, C.etV. 20

19. jagur, Ham. Bitch 21

hasselquistii, C. et V. . . 13

dussumieri, C.et V. .... 13

fuscus, C.etV. 13

senegalensis, C.etV.. .. . 13

lseviceps, Gill 13

2. Heterobranchus, Geoffr. . . 21

1. bidorsalis, Geoffr 21

2. intermedius, Gthr 22

3. tapeinopterus, Blkr 22

4. longifilis, C.etV. 22

5. isopterus, Blkr 23

6. laticeps, Peters 23

senegalensis, C. et V. . . 21

Second Group. Plotosina.

Page

3. Plotosus, Lacep 23

1. anguillaris, Bl. 24, 429

2. canius, Hani. Buch 25

3. limbatus, C.etV. 25

4. Copidoglanis, Gthr 25

1. tandanus, Mitch 26

2. obscurus, Gthr 26

3. albilabris, C.etV. 26

5. Cnidoglanis, Gthr 27

1. megastoma, Bichards. . . 27

2. lepturus, Gthr 28

3. microcephalus, Bichards.. 28
macrocepbalus, C. et V. . ., 27

Tbird Group. Chacina.

6. Chaca, C.etV. 29

1. lophioides, C.etV. 29

2. bankanensis, Blkr 29

3. bucbanani, Gthr 29

Second Subfamily.

SlLURUXS HETEROPTER^!.

Fourth Group. Silurina.

7. Saccobranchus, C. et V. . . 30

1. singio, Ham. Buch. . . 30, 429

2. fossilis, Bl. 31, 429

3. microps, Gthr. 31

4. microcephalus, Gthr 31

8. Silurus, Artedi 32

1. glanis, L 32, 429

2. dauricus, Pall. 33

2a. triostegus, Heck 429

3. asotus, L 33

4. afghana, Gthr 34

5. cochinchinensis, C. et V. . 34
(berdmorei, Blyth 34)

6. malabaricus, C. et V. . . 34

9. Silurichthys, Blkr 35

1. phaiosoma, Blkr 35, 429

2. hasseltii, Blkr 35

3. lamghur, Heck 36

sinensis, M'Clcll 35

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

10. Wallago, Blkr %

1. attu, Schn 36

2. leerii, Blkr 37, 429

11. Belodontichthys, Blkr. . . 37
1. macrochir, Blkr 37

12. Eutropiichthys, Blkr 38

1. vacha, Ham. Buck 38

13. Cryptopterus, Gthr 38

1. mononema, Blkr 39

2. limpok, Blkr 39

3. amboinensis, Gthr. . . 40, 429

4. palembangensis, Blkr. . . 40

5. sckilbeides, Blkr 41, 429

6. bicirrhis, C.etY. 41

7. macrocephalus, Blkr. . . 41

8. lais, Blkr 42

9. micropus, Blkr 42, 429

10. micronema, Blkr 43

11. hexapterus, Blkr 43

12. micropogon, Blkr 43

13. bleekeri, Bocourt 44

14. lcptonema, Blkr 44

15. gangeticus, Peters 44

14. Callicbrous, Gthr 45

1. bimaculatus, Bl 45

2. ceylonensis, Gthr 46

3. checbra, Ham. Bitch 46

4. pabda, Ham. Buch 47

5. anastomus, C. et V. . . . . 47

6. liaeantbits, Blkr 47

7. canio, Ham. Buch 48

8. pabo, Ham. Buch 48

9. hypophthalmus, Blkr. . . 48
10. macronema, Blkr 49

macropbthalmus, Blyth. . 45

15. Scbilbe, Blkr 49

1. uranoscopus, Rilpp 49

2. mystus, C. et V. 50

3. dispila, Gthr 51

4. basselquistii, C. et V. . . 51

5. senegalensis, C. et V. . . 51

16. Eutropius, Mull, et Trosch, 52

1. niloticu?, Rilpp 52

2. congensis, Leach 52

3. obtu3irostris, Gthr 53

4. f lansonii, C.etV. 54

5. murius, Ham. Buch 54

6. depressirostris, Pet 54

taakree, Sykes 52

17. Hemisilurus, Blkr 54

1. heterorbynehus, Blkr. . 54

2. scleronema, Blkr 55

18. Siluranodon, Blkr 55

1. auritus, Geoffr 55

19. Ailia, C.etV. 55

1. bengalensis, Gray 56

2. affiois, Gthr. ..." 56

Page

20. Sehilbichthys, Blkr 56

1. garua, Ham. Buch 57

21. Lais, Blkr. . 57

1. hexanema, Blkr 57

22. Pseudeutropius, Blkr 58

1. brachypopterus, Blkr. . . 58

2. atherinoides, Bl. 58

3. mitchelli, Gthr 59

4. megalops, Gthr 60

5. longimanus, Gthr 60

6. goongwaree, Sukes 61

(exodon, C. etV. 61)

macropbtbalmus, Blyth. . 5o

bucbanani, Vol. 58

23. Pangasius, C.etV. 61

1. bucbanani, C. et V. .... 62

2. djambal, Blkr 62

3. macronema, Blkr 62

4. rios, Blkr 63

5. micronema, Blkr 63

6. nasutus, Blkr 63

7. juaio, Blkr 64

delicatissimus, Blkr 61

24. Helicophagus, Blkr 64

1. typus, Blkr 64

2. waandersii, Blkr 65

25. Silondia, C.etV. 65

1. gangetica, C.etV. 65

Third Subfamily.

Slluridje anomaeopter^:.

Fifth Gr. Hypophthalmina.

26. Helogenes, Gthr 66

1. marmoratus, Gthr 66

27. Hypophthalmus, C. et V. . 67

1. edentatus, Spix 67

2. longifilis, C.etV. 68

3. marginatus, C.etV. .... 68

4. fimbriatus, Kner 68

Fourth Subfamily.

SlLURID^E PROTEROPTER^.

Sixth Group. B a grin a.

28. Bagrus, Blkr 69

1. bayad, Forsk 69

2. docmac, Forsk 70

29. Chrysichthys, Gthr 71

1. auratus, Geoffr 71

2. macrops, Gthr 71

3. maurus, C.etV. 72

3a. furcatus, Gthr 430

4.» cranchii, Leach 72

5. nigrodigitatus, Lacep. . . 73

6. acutirostris, Gthr 431

30. Clarotes, Kner 73

1. laticeps, Riipp 73

31. Macrones, Dum 74

1. pelusius, C. et V. .... 75, 431

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

_ Page

2. cavasius, Ham. Buck. . . 76

3. micracanthus, Blkr 76

4. elongatus, Gthr 77

5. nigriceps, C. et V 77

6. leucophasis, Blyth 78

7. aor, Ham. Buch 78

8. lamarrii, C.etV. 79

9. gulio, Ham. Buck 79

10. nemurus, C.etV. 80

hoevenii, Blkr 81

11. planiceps, K. et v. H. . . 81

12. tengara, Ham. Buch 81

13. wolffii, Blkr 82

14. wyckii, Blkr 83

15. batasio, Ham. Buch 83

16. affinis, Blyth 83

17. tengana, Ham. Buch 84

18. keletius, C.etV. 84

19. itchkeea, Sykes 84

menoda, Ham. Buch 74

erythropterus, Bl. 75

vittatus, Bl. 75

trachacanthus, C. et V. . . 75

oculatus, C.etV. 75

limbatus, Richards 75

aorinus, Val. 75

chandramara, Ham. Buch. 75

32. Pseudobagrus, Blkr 84

1. aurantiacus, Schley 85

2. vachellii, Richards 85

3. fulvi-draco, Richards. . . 85

4. brachysoma, Gthr 86

33. Liocassis, Blkr 86

1. longirostris, Gthr 87

2. crassilabris, Gthr 88

3. poecilopterus, K. et v. H. . 89

4. micropogon, Blkr 89

5. stenomus, K. et v. H ... . 90

34. Bagroidf>s, Blkr 90

1. melanopterus, Blkr 90

2. macropterus, Blkr 91

3. macracanthus, Blkr. .... 91

35. Bagrichthys, Blkr 92

1. bypselopterus, Blkr 92

36. Rita, Blkr 92

1. crucigera, Owen 92

2. pavimentata, Val. 93

3. hastata, Val. 93

4. kuturnee, Sykes 93

5. manillensis, C. et V. . . . . 94
rarna, Ham. Buch 92

37. Acrochordonickthys, Blkr. 94

1. platycepbalus, Blkr 94

2. melanogaster, Blkr 94

3. rugosus, Blkr 95

4. pleurostigma, Blkr 95

5. zonatus, Blkr 95

Page

6. ischnosoma, Blkr 96

38. Akysis, Blkr 96

1. variegatus, Blkr 96

2. pusillus, Ranzani 97

3. macronema, Blkr 97

39. 0\yr&, M< CM 97

1. longicaudata, M' Clell. .. 98

40. Branchiosteus, Gill 98

1. laticeps, M' Clell. 98

41. Amiurus, Gthr 98

1. catus, L 99

2. cantonensis, C. et V. . . . . 100

3. nigricans, Lesueur 100

4. borealis, Richards 100

5. ailurus, Girard 100

6. punctulatus, C. et V. .... 101

7. natalis, Lesueur 101

8; nebulosus, Lesueur 101

9. lupus; Girard 101

hammondii, Abbott .... 102

10. cauda-furcatus, Lesueur . . 102

11. meridionalis, Gthr 102

12. furcatus, C.etV. 103

13. affinis, Baird et Gir 103

pullus, Dekay 98

felis, Agass 98

vulpes, Girard 98

antoniensis, Girard .... 98

boyi, Girard 08

confinis, Girard 08

cupreoides. Girard 98

lynx, Girard 98

puma, Girard 98

vulpeculus, Girard 98

platycephalus, Girard . . 98

megalops, Girard 98

notatus, Abbott 98

guttatus, Lacep 99

gracilis, Hough 99

beadlei, Gill 99

obesus, Gill 99

maculatus, Rajin 99

cupreus, Rajin 99

42. Hopladelus, Gill 103

43. Noturus, Rajin 104

1. lemniscatus, C.etV. ... . 104

2. flavus, Rajin 104

3. platycephalus, Gthr 104

4. occidentalis, Gill 105

gyrinus, Mitch 104

Seventh Group. Pimelodina.

44. Sorubim, Blkr 105

1. lima, Schn 105

45. Platystonia, Agass 106

1. planiceps, Agass 106

2. spatula, Agass 106

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page i

3. artedii, Gthr 106

4. fasciatum, L 107

5. tigrinum, C.etV. 107

6. orbignianum, Vol 107

7. coruscans, Agass 108

8. pardale, Valenc 108

9. truncatum, Agass 108

10. vaillantii, C.etV. 1C8

11. affine, C.etV. 109

emarginatum, C. et V. . . 106

46. Hemisorubim, Blkr 109

1. platyrhynchus, C.et V. 109, 431

47. Platystomatichthys,.B/&/\. 109
1. sturio, Kner 110

48. Phractocephalus, Agass. . . 110
1. hemiliopterus, Schn 110

49. Piramutana, Gthr 110

1. pirainuta, Kner Ill

2. blochii, C.etV. Ill

50. Platynematichthys, Blkr. . 1 11
1. punctulatus, Kner 112

araguayensis, Casteln. . . Ill

51. Piratfoga, Gthr 112

1. filamentosa, Licht 112

2. reticulata, Kner 113

3. goliath, Kner 113

flavicans, Casteln 112

rousseauxii, Casteln 112

punctulata, Casteln 112

52/ Sciades, Gthr 113

1. pictus, M.etT. 113

2. longibarbis, Casteln 1 14

53. Pimelodus, Gthr 114

1. maculatus, Lacep 115

2. oraatus, Kner 116

3. eques, M.etT. 116

4. cristatus, M.etT. 117

5. modestus, Gthr 117

6. elongatus, Gthr 1 18

7. latenstriga, M.etT. ... . 118

8. sebse, C.etV. 119

9. miilleri, Gthr ; . . . 119

10. holomelas, Gthr 120

11. stegelicbii, M.etT. . ... 121

12. gracilis, Valenc 121

13. guatemalensis, Gthr 122

14. breviceps, Kner 122

15. wilsoni, Gill 122

16. queleni, Q. et G 123

17. wucbereri, Gthr 123

18. godmanni, Gthr 124

19. micropterus, Gthr 124

20. nicaraguensis, Gthr 125

21. petenensis, Gthr 126

22. hypselurus, Gthr 126

23. motaguensis, Gthr 127

24. laticauda, Heck 127

Page

25. pati, Valenc 128

26. jenynsii, Gthr 128

27. pentlandii, C.etV. 129

28. humilis, Gthr 129

29. cinerascens, Gthr 130

30. foina, M.etT. 130

31. salvini, Gthr. , 130

32. notatus, Schomb 131

33. polycaulus, Gthr 131

34. exsudans, Jenyns 132

35. sapo, Vol. 132

36. hilarii, C.etV 132

37. deppii, M.etT. 133

38. iavus, C.etV. 133

39. bufonius, C.etV. 133

40. raninus, C.etV. 133

41. mangurus, Valenc 134

42. platycbir, Gthr 134

cbarus, C.etV. 114

zungaro, Humb 114

argentinus, Humb 114

velifer, Humb 114

maculatus, Schomb 114

laukidi, Blkr 114

insignis, Schomb 114

babianus, Casteln 114

54'. Pirinampus, Blkr 135

1. typus, Blkr 135

55. Conorhynchus, Blkr 135

1. conirostris, C. et V. .... 136

56. Notoglanis, Gthr 136

1. multiradiatus, Kner .... 136

arekaima, Schomb 136

57. CaUophysus, M. et T. 136

1. lateralis, Gill 136

2. macropterus, Licht 137

3. ctenodus, Agass 137

58. Auchenaspia, Blkr 137

1. biscutatus, Geoffr 137

Eighth Group. A run a.

59. Arius, Gthr 138

1. thalassinus, Riipp 139

2. gagorides, C. et V> .... 140

3. sagor, Ham. Buch 141

4. doroides, C.etV. 142

5. leptaspis, Blkr 142

6. arioides, C.etV. 143

sona, Ham. Buch 143

7. commersonii, Lacep 143

8. berzbergii, Bl 144

9. dubius, Blkr. . 144

10. mesops, C.etV. 145

11. guatemalensis, Gthr 145

12. assimilis, Gthr 146

hymenorrbinos, Blkr. . . 146

13. platypogon, Gthr ... 147

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

14.
15.
16.
17.

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

28.
29.
30.
31.

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.

seemanni, Gthr 147

surinamensis, Blkr 148

proops, C. etV. 148

passany, C. etV. 149

cserulescens, Gthr 149

troschelii, Gill 150

empliysetus, M.etT.. . . . 150
valenciennesii, Cast. 150, 154
flavescens, C. et V. .... 151
temminckii, C. et V. . . . . 151

latiscutatus, Gthr 151

luniscutis, C. et V. 152

parkeri, Traill 153

grandicassis, C. et V. . . . . 153
stricticassis, C. et V..... 154
pannoeassis, C. et V. . . . . 154

heudelotii, C.etV. 154

parkii, Gthr 154

milberti, C.etV. 155

rugispinis, C. et V. .... 156

dieperinki, Blkr 156

phrygiatus, C. et V. .... 156

dasycephalus, Gthr 157

truncatus, C. et V. 158

cselatus, C. et V. 158

sinensis, C. et V. 159

venosus, C. et V. 159

utik, Blkr 160

leptonotacanthus, Blkr. 161

melanochir, Blkr 161

stormii, Blkr 162

sumatranus, Benn 162

dussumierii, C. et V. . . . . 163

kirkii, Gthr 163

tonggol, Blkr 164

argyropleuron, K. et v. H. 164
macrocephalus, Blkr. . . 165

liocephalus, Blkr 165

polystaphylodon, Blkr. . . 166

goniaspis, Blkr 166

maculatus, Thimb 166

pidada, Blkr 167

macracanthus, Gthr 167

gagora, Ham. Bueh 168

falcarius, Richards 168

macronotacanthus, Blkr. 169
cochinchinensis, Gthr. . . 170

microcephalus, Blkr 170

ntichalis, Gthr 171

laticeps, Gthr 171

melanopus, Gthr 172

arenatus, C.etV. 172

fissus, C.etV. 172

variolosus, C.etV. .... 173

multiradiatus, Gthr 173

equestris, Baird et Gir. . . 173

venaticus, Richards 174

1 vol. v.

Page

68. vertagite, Richards 174

trachipomus, C. et V. . . 138

chinta, C.etV. 138

pemecus, C.etV. 138

couma, C.etV. 138

subrostratus, C. et V. . ■ ■ ■ 138

rostratus, C.etV. 138

belangerii, C.etV. 138

dowii, GUI 138

nigricans, Valenc 138

quadrimaculatus, Bl..... 138

jatius, Ham. Buch 138

molliceps, C.etV. 138

puncticulatus, C. et V. . . 138

60. Galeicbthys, Blkr 174

1. feliceps, C.etV 175

61. Genidens, Casteln 175

1. cuvieri, Casteln 175

62. Hemipimelodus, Blkr. . . 176

1. borneensis, Blkr 176

2. macrocephalus, Blkr. . . 176

3. peronii, C.etV. 177

neUa, C.etV. 176

manillensis, C. et V. . . . . 176

63. Ketengus, Blkr 177

1. typus. Blkr 177

64. yElurichthys, Baird et Gir. 177

1. longispinis, Gthr 178

2. marinus, Mitch 178

3. gronovii, C. et V. 178

4. nuchalis, Gthr 179

panamensis, Gill 179

65. Paradiplomystax, Blkr. . . 180
1. coruscans, Licht. ..... 180

66. Diplomystax, Dum 180

1. papillosum C.etV. 180

67. Osteogeniosus, Blkr 181

1. militaris, L 181

2. valenciennesii, Blkr 181

3. macrocephalus, Blkr. . . 182

68. Batrachocephalus, Blkr. . . 182
1. mino, Ham. Buch 1^2

Ninth Group. Bagabina.

69. Bagarius, Blkr 183

1. yarrellii, Sykes 183

70. Euglyptosternum, Gthr. . . 183
1. coum, L 184, 431

71. Glyptostemum, Gthr 185

1. trilineatum, Blyth 185

2. gracile, Gthr 186

3. platypogonoides; Blkr. . . 186

4. lonah, Sykes 187

5. dekkanense, Gthr 187

6. platypogon, K. et v. H. . . 187

7. striatum, M'Clell. 188

reticulatum, M' CM 188

b

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

8. pectinopterum, M'C'lell. . 188

telchitta, Ham. Buch. . . 185

Hara, Blyth 189

1. aspera, M'Clell 189

2. buchanani, Blyth 189

3. conta, Ham. Buch 189

Amblyceps, Blyth 190

1. caecutiens, Blyth 190

2. tenuispinis, Blyth 190

3. mangois, Ham. Buch .... 190

anisurus, M' Clell. 190

indicus, M'Clell. 190

Fifth Subfamily.

SlLURID^) STENOBRANCHI^E.

Tenth Group. Doeadina.

72. Ageniosus, Lacep 191

1. militaris, Bl 191

2. sebae, Gthr 192

3. brevifilis, C. etV. . . 192, 431
3a. axillaris, Gthr 431

4. dentatus, Kner .... 192, 432
davalla, Schomb 191

73. Tetraneniatichthys, Blkr. 192
1. quadrifilis, Kner 193

74. Euanemus, M.etT. 193

1. nuchalis, Spix 193

75. Aucheuipterus, C. et V. . . 194

1. nodosus, Bl 194

2. thoracicus, Kner ....... 194

3. trachycorystes, C. et V... 195

4. obscurus, Gthr 195

5. longimanus, Gthr 195

6. ceratophysus, Kner .... 196

7. maculosus, C.etV. .... 196

8. galeatus, L 196

9. robustus, Gthr 197

oncina, Schomb 194

6. Centromochlus, Kner .... 197

1. heckelii, Filippi 197

2. aulopygius, Kner 198

77. Trachelyopterus, C. et V. . . 198

1. coriaceus, C.etV. 198

2. taeniatus, Kier 198

78. Cetopsis, Agass 199

1. caecutiens, Licht 199

2. candira, Agass 199

3. gobioides, Kner 199

79. Asterophysus, Kner 200

] . batrachus, Kner 200

80. Doras, Gthr 200

1. costatus, L 201

2. armatulus, C.etV. 201

3. dentatus, Kner 201

4. hancockii, C.etV. .... 202

5. muricus, Kner 202

6. affinis, Kner 202

Page

truncatus, Blkr 203

7. weddellii, Casteln 203

8. asterifrons, Heck 203

9. heckelii, Kner 204

10. cataphractus, L 204

11. dorsalis, C.etV. 205

12. lithogaster, Heck 205

13. papilionatus, Fil 205

crocodili, Humb 200

castaneo-ventris, Schomb. 200

brunnescens, Schomb 200

81. Oxydoras, Gthr 206

1. carinatus, L 206

2. humeralis, Heck 206

3. punctatus, Kner 207

4. brevis, Heck 207

5. finibriatus, Kner , 207

6. stenopeltis, Heck 208

7. lipophthalmus, Kner. . . . 208

82. Khinodoras, Gthr 209

1. niger, Valenc 209

2. knerii, Blkr.- 209

3. orbignyi, Kroyer 209

83. Synodontis, C.etV. 210

1. sorex, Gthr 211

2. macrodon, Geoffr 211

3. serratus, Riipp 212

4. schal, Schn 212

5. nebulosus, Pet 213

6. omias, Gthr 213

7. nigritus, C. et V. 214

8. hurneratus, C.etV. 214

9. gambiensis, Gthr 214

10. zambesensis, Pet 214

11. xiphias, Gthr 215

12. membranaceus, Geoffr. . . 215

Eleventh Gr. Rhinoglanina.

84. Rhinoglanis, Gthr. 216

1. typus, Gthr 216

85. Mochocus, Joa7inis 217

1. niloticus, Joannis 217

86. Callomystax, Gthr 218

1. gagata, Ham. Buch 218

Twelfth Gr. Malaptebuhina,

87. Malapterurus, Lacep 219

1. electricus, Gm 219

2. beninensis, Murray .... 220

3. affinis, Gthr 220

Sixth Subfamily.

SlLURIDJE PHOTEROPODES.

13th Group. Hypostomatina.

88. Arges, C.etV. 222

1. sabalo, C.etV. 222

2. brachycephalus, Gthr. . . 222

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

89. Stygogenes, Gthr 223

1. humboldtii, Gthr 223

2. cvclopum, Htimb 224

90. Brontes, C.etV. 224

1. prenadilla, C.etV. 224

91. Astroblepus, Humb 224

1. grixalvii, Humb 225

92. Callichthys, L 225

1. asper, Q. et G 226

2. affinis, Gthr 226

3. knerii, Gill 227

4. cadatus, C.etV. 227

5. littoralis, Hancock 227

6. thoracatus, C.etV. 228

7. longifilis, C.etV. 228

8. barbatus, Q. et G 229

9. punctatus, Bl 229

10. paleatus, Jenyns 230

11. ameus, Gill 230

exaratus, M.etT. 225

cbiquitos, Casteln 225

splendens, Casteln 225

taiosh, Casteln 225

93. Plecostomus, Gthr 230

1. bicirrhosus, Gronov 231

2. pantherinus, Kner 231

3. horridus, Kner 232

4. commersonii, Vol. 232

5. punctatus, C. et V. 233

6. emarginatus, C. et V. . . . . 233

7. alatus, Casteln 234

8. auroguttatus, Kner .... 234

9. wucbereri, Gthr 235

10. brevicauda, Gthr 235

11. robinii, C.etV. 236

12. granosus, C.etV. 237

13. barbatus, C.etV. 237

14. guttatus, C.etV. 237

15. cocbliodon, Kner 238

verres, C.etV. 230

watwata, Hancock 230

94. Liposarcus, Gthr 238

1. multiradiatus, Hanc 238

2. altipinnis, Gthr 239

3. pardalis, Casteln 239

95. Chsetostomus, Heck 240

1. serratus, C.etV. 241

2. spinosus, Casteln 241

3. medians, Kner 242

4. pictus, Kner 242

5. bracbyurus, Kner 243

6. itacua, Valenc 243

7. niveatus, Casteln 243

8. scaphirhynchus, Kner . . 244

9. mystacinus, Kner 244

10. oligospilus, Gthr 244

11. schomburgkii, Gthr 245

Page

12. guacharote, C.etV. 245

13. trinitatis, Gthr 246

14. aurantiacus, Casteln 246

15. nigricans, Casteln 246

16. cirrhosus, Vol 247

17. hoplogenys, Gthr 247

18. leucostictus, Gthr 248

19. calamita, C. et V. . . 248, 432

20. gymnorhynchus, Kner . . 249

21. nudiceps, M.etT. 249

22. erinaceus, C. etV... 249, 432

23. dolichopterus, Kner .... 249

24. microps, Gthr 250

25. loborbynchus, Heck 250

bufonius, C.etV. 240

temminckii, C.etV. .... 240

squalinum, Schomb 240

96. Pterygoplichthys, Gill . . 251

1. duodecimalis, C. et V. . . 251

2. punctatus, Natterer .... 251

3. gibbiceps, Kner 252

4. lituratus, Kner 252

97. Khinelepis, Spix 252

1. aspera, Spix 253

strigosa, C.etV. 252

98. Acantbicus, Spix 253

1. genibarbis, C.etV. 253

2. hystrix, Spix 253

bystrix, C.etV. 253

99. Loricaria, L 254

1. catapbracta, L 255

2. macrodon, Kner 255

3. lasviuscula, C.etV. 256

4. vetula, Vol. 256

5. nudiventris, C.etV. ... . 256

6. rostrata, Spix 256

7. barbata, Kner 257

8. maculata, Bl. 257

9. anus, Vol. 258

10. parahemiodon, Blkr 258

11. platycepbala, Kner .... 258

12. acuta, C.etV. 258

13. nudirostris, Kner 259

14. depressa, Kner 259

15. acipenserina, Kner .... 260

16. lima, Kner 260

17. brunnea, Hancock 260

platyura, M.etT. 254

caracasensis, Blkr 254

uracantha, Kner 254

100. Acestra, Kner 260

1. acus, Kner 261

2. oxyrhynchus, Kner .... 261

3. amazonum, Gthr 261

4. gladiolus, Gthr 261

101. Sisor, Ham. Buch 262

1. rhabdopborus. H. B 262

62

xvm

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

102. Erethistes, M.etT. .... 263
1. pusillus, M.etT. 264

103. Pseudecheneis, Blyth . . 264
1. sulcatus, MClell. 264

104. Exostoma, Blyth 264

1. labiatum, MClell 265

2. berdmorei, Blyth 265

Fourteenth Gr. Aspeedinina,

105. Bunocephalus, Kner .... 266

1. verrucosus, Bl. 266

2. gronovii, Blkr 266

106. Bunocephalichthys, Blkr. 267
1. hypsiurus, Kner 267

107. Aspredo, L 267

1. batrachus, L 268

2. sicyephorus, C.etV. 269

3. cotylophorus, Bl. 269

4. nematophorus, Blkr 270

5. filanientosus, QetV..... 270

6. tibicen, C.etV. 270

Seventh Subfamily.

SlLTJRIDJE OPISTHOPTEB^!.

Fifteenth Group.
Nematogenyina.

108. Heptapterus, Blkr 271

1. sunnamensis, Blkr 271

2. mustelinus, Val 271

109. Nematogenys, Girard . . 272
1. inermis, Guich 272

Sixteenth Group.
Tkichomy cteeina.

110. Trichomycterus, Val. ... 272

1. dispar, Tschudi 273

2. nicculatus, C.etV. 273

3. areolatus, C.etV. 274

4. nigricans, C. et V. 2 4

6. rivulatus, C.etV. 274

6. taenia, Kner 274

7. laticeps, Kner 274

incse, C.etV. 272

pentlandii, Casteln 272

punctatissimus, Casteln. . . 272

111. Eremophilus, Humb. . . 275
1. mutisii, Humb 275

112. Pariodon, Kner 275

1. microps. Kner 275

Eighth Subfamily.

SlXURIDiE BRANCHICOL^.

17th Group. Stegophilina.

113. Stegophilus, Reinh 276

1. insidiosus, Reinh 276

114. Vandellia, C.etV. 276

Page

1. cirrhosa, C.etV. 277

2. plazse, Casteln 277

Family 2. Characinid^;.
First Group. Erythbinina.

1. Macrodon, M.etT. 281

1. trahira, Spix . 281

2. intermedius; Gthr 282

3. microlepis, Gthr 282

4. aimara, C.etV. 283

auritus, C.etV. 281

patana, C. et V. 281

guavina, Val 281

microcephalus, Agass .... 281

teres, C.etV. 281

2. Erythrinus, Gronov 283

1. unitaeniatus, Spix 283

2. gronovii, C.etV. 284

3. salmoneus, Gronov 284

4. longipinnis, Gthr 285

5. brevicauda, Gthr 285

palustris, Schn 283

cinereus, Gill 283

3. Lebiasina, C.etV. 285

1. bimaculata, C.etV. 286

4. Pyrrhulina, C.etV. 286

1. filamentosa, C.etV. .... 286

5. Corynopoma, Gthr 287

1. albipinne, Gill 287

2. riisei, Gill 287

3. veedonii, Gill 287

4. searlesii, Gill 288

Second Group. Curimatina.

6. Curimatus, Gthr. . .• 288

1. spilurus, Gthr 288

2. alburnus, M.etT. 289

3. argenteus, Gill 289

4. gilbeiti, Q.etG 289

5. troschelii, Gthr 29Q

6. rutiloides, Kner 290

7. cyprinoides, L 290

8. essequibensis, Gthr 291

9. schomburgkii, Gthr 291

10. ciliatus, M.etT. 292

11. vittatus, Kner 292

12. planirostris, Gronov 293

13. latior, Spix 293

14. laticeps, C.etV. 293

15. elongatus, Spix 293

7. Prochilodus, Agass 294

1. humeralis, Gthr 294

2. vimboides, Kner 294

3. argenteus, Agass 294

4. nigricans, Agass 295

5. oligolepis, Gthr 295

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

6. reticulars, C.etV. 295

7. lineatus, Valeric 295

8. dobulinus, C.etV. 296

9. brama, C.etV. 296

10. insignia, Schomb 296

11. binotatus, Schomb 296

12. tseniurus, Valeric 297

8. Caenotropus, Gthr 297

1. labyrinthicus, Kner .... 297

2. punctatus, M. etT. 297

9. Hemiodus, M.etT. 298

1. notatus, Schomb 298

2. inicrocepbalus, Gthr 298

3. unimaculatus, Bl 299

4. gracilis, Gthr 299

5. semitseniatus, Kner .... 299

6. immaculatus, Kner .... 300

7. longiceps, Kner 300

8. microlepis, Kner 300

amazonum, Humb 298

10. Saccodon, Kner 301

1. wagneri, Kner 301

11. Parodon, C.etV. 301

1. suborbitalis, C. etV. 301

nasus, Kner 301

Tbird Group. Cithaeinina.

12. Citharinus, M. etT. 302

1. geoffrovi, Cuv 302

2. latus, M.etT. 302

Fourth Group. Anostomatina.

13. Anostomus, Gronov 303

1. salmoneus, Gronov 303

2. vittatus, C.etV. 303

3. gracilis, Kner 304

4. trimaculatus, Kner .... 304

5. fasciatus, Spix 304

6. tseniatus, Kner 304

7. isognathus, Kner 305

8. nasutus, Kner 305

14. Rhvtiodus, Kner 305

1. microlSjjis. Kner 305

2. argenteo-fuscus, Kner . . 306

15. Leporinus, Spix 306

1. frederici, Bl 306

2. obtusidens, Valenc 306

3. megalepis, Gthr 307

4. lescbenaultii, C. etV. . . 307

5. bimaculatus, Casteln. . . 308

6. fasciatus, Bl. 308

7. affinis, Gthr 308

8. pachyurws, C. etV... 308, 432

9. margaritaceus,. Gthr 309

10. elongatus, C.etV. 309

11. nigro-tfeniatus, Schomb. . 309

12. melanopleura, Gthr 310

13. striatus, Kner 310

14. vittatus, C.etV. 310

maculatus, M.etT. 306

Fifth Group.
Teteagonopterina.

16. Piabucina, C.etV. 311

1. erythrinoides, C. etV. . . 311

2. unitseniata, Gthr 311

17. Alestes, Gthr 312

1. dentex, Hasselq 312

2. sethente, C.etV. 313

3. kotschyi, Heck 313

4. macrolepidotus, C. et V. . 313

18. Brachyalestes, Gthr 314

1. nurse, Riipp 314

2. riippellii, Gthr 315

3. longipinnis, Gthr 315

4. imberi, Peters 316

5. acutidens, Peters 316

allenii, Benn 314

19. Tetragonopterus, Cuv 317

1. spilurus, C.etV. 318

2. argenteus, Cuv 318

3. rufipes, Valenc 318

4. artedii, C.etV. 319

5. compressus, Gthr 319

6. polylepis, Gthr 320

7. chalceus, Agass 320

8. orbicularis, C. et V. 320

9. brevirostris, Gthr 321

10. abramis, Jenyns 321

11. maculatus, L 321

12. fasciatus, Cuv 322

13. microstoma, Gthr 323

14. microphthalmus, Gthr. . . 324

15. panamensis, Gthr 324

16. dichrourus, Kner 324

17. brevimanus, Gthr 325

18. scabripinnis, Jenyns .... 325

19. petenensis, Gthr 326

20. eeneus, Gthr 326

21. wappi, C.etV. 326

22. peruvianus, M.etT. 327

23. humilis, Gthr 327

24. oligolepis, Gthr 327

25. chrysargyreus, Gthr 328

26. grandisquamis, M. etT... 328

27. lepidurus, Kner 328

28. tseniatus, Jenyns 329

29. melanurus, Bl. 329

30. affinis, Gthr 329

31. caudomaculatus, Gthr. . . 330

32. polyodon, Gthr 330

orbignyanus, C.etV. ... . 317

viejita, C.etV. 317

sawa, Casteln 317

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Paee

mexicanus, Filippi .... 317

brevoortii, Gill 317

tseniurus, Gill 317

pulcher, Gill 317

20. Scissor, Gthr 331

1. niacrocephalus, Gthr. . . 331

21. Pseudochalceus, Kner . . 331
1. lineatus, Kner 332

22. Chirodon, Girard 332

1. interruptus, Jenyns .... 332

2. pisciculus, Girard 332

23. Chalceus, Cuv 333

1. macrolepidotus, Cuv 333

24. Brycon, M.etT. 333

1. opalinus, Cuv 334

2. nattereri, Gthr 334

3. bahiensis, Gthr 334

4. falcatus, M.etT. 334

5. orthotsenia, Gthr 335

6. brevicauda, Gthr 335

7. atricaudatus, Kner 330

8. carpophagus, C. et V. . . 336

9. hilarii, C.etV. 336

10. pesu, M.etT. 336

schomburgkii, M. et T. . . 333

orbignyanus, C. et V. . . . . 333

rhodopterus, ( '. et V. .... 333

devillei, Cakeln 333

25. Chalcinopsis, Kner 336

1. dentex, Gthr 337

2. striatulus, Kner 337

3. cbagrensis, Kner 338

4. alburnus, Gthr 338

26. Bryconops, Kner 338

1. alburnus, Kner 339

2. lucidus, Kner 339

27. Creagrutus, Gthr 339

1. mulleri, Gthr 339

28. Cbalcinus, C. et V. 340

1. nematurus, Kner 340

2. brachypomus, C. et V. . . 341

3. auritus, C. et V. 341

4. elougatus, Gthr 342

29. Gastropelecus, Gronov. . . 342

1. sternicla, L 342

2. stellatus, Kner 343

3. strigatus, Gthr 343

30. Piabuca, M.etT. 343

1. argentina, L 343

2. spikujffl-, Gthr 344

31. Agouiates, M.etT. 344

1. halecinus, M.etT. 344

Sixth Group. Hydroc yonina.

32. Anacyrtus, Gthr 345

1. gibbosus, L 346

2. pauciradiatus, Gthr 346

3. molossus, Kner 347

4. microlepis, Reinh 347

5. guatemalensis, Gthr 347

6. argenteus, Valenc 348

7. humeralib, Valenc 348

xenodon, Reinh 345

33. Hystricodon, Gthr 349

1. paradoxus, M.etT. .... 349

34. Salminus, M.etT. 349

1. hilarii, C.etV. 349

2. brevidens, Cuv 350

3. raaxillosus, C.etV. 350

35. Hydrocyon, M. et T. .... 350

1. forskalii, Cuv 351

2. brevis, Gthr 351

3. lineatus, Schleg 352

36. Sarcodaces, Gthr 352

1. odoe, Bl. 352

37. Oligosarcus, Gthr 353

1. argenteus, Gthr 353

38. Xiphorhamphus, M. ei T. . 353

1. falcirostris, Cuv 354

2. falcatus, Bl. 354

3. microlepis, Schomb 355

4. ferox, Gthr 355

5. pericoptes, M. et T. 355

6. hepsetus, Cuv 356

7. jenynsii, Gthr 356

39. Xiphostoma, Spix 356

1. lucius, Cuv 357

2. cuvieri, Spix 357

3. ocellatuni, Schomb 357

4. maculatum, C. et V. .... 357

5. hujeta, C.etV. 358

40. Cynodon, Spix 358

1. scomberoides, Cuv 358

2. vulpinus, Spix 359

3. gibbus, Spix 359

Seventh Group.

DlSTICHODONTINA.

41. Distichodus, M. et T. 359

1. niloticus, Hasselq 360

2. rostratus, Gthr 360

3. engycephalus, Gthr 361

4. brevipinnis, Gthr 361

5. schenga, Peters 361

6. mossambicus, Pet 362

7. macrolepis, Gthr 362

Eighth Gr. Ichthybohina.

42. Ichthyborus, Gthr 362

1. microlepis, Gthr 363

2. besse, Joannis 364

Ninth Group. Crenuchina.

43. Crenuchus, Gthr 365

1. spilurus, Gthr 365

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

XXI

Tenth Group.
Serrasalmonina.

44. Mylesinus, C. et V. 36G

1. schomburgkii, C. et V. . . 366

45. Serrasalmo, Lacep 366

1. dentieulatus, Cuv 367

2. serrulatus, C. et V. 367

3. piraya, Cuv 368

4. scapularis, Gthr 368

5. niger, Schomb 369

6. nattereri, Kner 369

7. rhombeus, L 369

8. niarginatus, Vol. 370

9. spilopleura, Kner 370

10. humeralis, C.etV. 370

11. gymnogenys, Gthr 371

12. maculatus, Kner 371

13. elongatus, Kner 371

palometa, C.etV. 366

caribe, C.etV. 366

gibbus, Casteln 366

46. Myletes, Gthr 372

1. asterias, M.etT. 373

2. rubripiimis, M. et T. 373

3. rhomboidalis, Cuv 373

4. parma, Gthr 374

5. macropomus, Cuv 374

6. brachypomus, Cuv 374

7. orbignyanus, C. et V. . . . . 375

8. duriventris, Cuv 375

9. bidens, Spix 375

10. elliptieus, Gthr 375

11. divaricatus, C.etV. 376

12. hypsauchen, M.etT. 376

13. maculatus, Kner 377

14.\altipimris, C.etV. ., 377

15. discoideus, Kner 377

16. trilobatus, C.etV. 377

17. setiger, M.etT. 378

18. oligacanthus, M. et T. . . 378
acanthogaster, C. et V. . . 372

lobatus, C.etV. 372

schomburgkii, Jardine . . 372

palometa, C.etV. 372

luna, C.etV. 372

rhomboidalis, Kner .... 372

unilobatus, C. et V. 372

bidens, C.etV. 372

torquatus, Kner 372

47. Catoprion, M.etT. 379

1. mento, Cuv 379

Appendix.

Coregonus niloticus, Joannis . . 379
Astyanax argentatus, B. et G. . 380

Page

Fam. 3. Haplochitonid^e.

1. Haplochiton, Jenyns 381

1. zebra, Jenyns 381

2. tjeniatus, Jenyns 381

2. Prototroctes. Gthr 382

1. maraena, Gthr 882

Fam. 4. Sternoptychid^;.
First Gr. Sternoptychina.

1. Argyropelecus, Cocco .... 384

1. hemigymnus, Cocco .... 385

2. olfersii, Cuv 386

3. durvillii, C.etV. 386

%. aculeatus, C.etV. 386

2. Sternoptyx, Hermann 386

1. diaphana, Herm 387

Second Group. Cocciina.

3. Coccia, Gthr 387

1. ovata, Cocco 388

4. Maurolicus, Gthr 388

1. borealis, Niks 389

2. amethystino-punctatus,

Cocco 390

3. poweriae, Cocco 390

4. attenuatus, Cocco 390

Third Group.
Chauliodontina.

5. Gonostoma, Rqfin 391

1. denudatum, Rqfin 391

6. Chauliodus, Schn 392

1. sloanii, Schn 392

Fam. 5. Scopelid^.

First Group. Saurina.

1. Saurus, C. et V. 394

1. griseus, Lowe 394

2. atlanticus, Johnson .... 395

3. varius, Lacep 395

4. intermedius, Spix 396

5. fcetens, L 396

(spixianus, Pocy 397)

6. lucioceps, Ayres ........ 397

7. brevirostris, Poey 397

8. altipinnis, Gthr 397

9. myops, Forster 398

synodus, L 394

meleagrides, Val. 394

sp. Parrse 394

sp. Lienardi 394

2. Saurida, C.etV. 399

1. tumbil, Bl. 399

2. nebulosa, C.etV. 399

3. argyrophanes, Rich 400

4. undosquamis, Rich 400

xxu

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

6. grandisquamis, Gthr. . . 400
ferox, Eyd. et Soul. 399

3. Harpodon, Lesucur 401

1. nehereus, Ham. Buch. . . 401

4. Aulopus, Cuv. 402

1. filamentosus, Bl. 402

2. purpurissatus, Rich 403

5. Cbloropbthalmus, Bonap. . , 403
1. agassizii, Bonap. 404

6. Scopelus, Gthr 404

1. rissoi, Cocco . 405

2. benoiti, Cocco 406

3. parvirnanus, Gthr 406

4. glacialis, Reinh. 407

5. bumboldti, Risso 407

6. boops, Richards 408

7. macrochir, Gthr 408

8. caninianus, C.etV. .... 409

9. metopoclampus, Cocco . . 409

10. rafinesquii, Cocco 410

11. dumerilii, Blkr 410

12. asper, Richards 411

13. subasper, Gthr 411

(stellatus, Benn 412)

14. maderensis, Lowe 412

15. coccoi, Cocco 413

Tcoruscans, Richards. . . 413)
(notatus, Lesueur 414)

16. bonapartii, Cocco 414

17. macrolepidotus, Johns, . . 414

18. gemellarii, Cocco 415

19. resplendens, Richards. . . 415

20. caudispinosus, Johns 416

coruscans, C.etV. 404

brachygnatbus, Blkr. . . 404

crocodilus, Risso 404

angustidens, Risso 404

7. Scopelosaurus, Blkr 417

1. hoedti, Blkr 417

8. Odontostomus, Cocco .... 417
1. hyalimis, Cocco 417

Second Group. Paralepidina.

9. Paralepis, Risso 418

1. coregonoides, Risso .... 418

2. spbyrsenoides, Risso .... 418

3. borealis, Reinh 419

10. Sudis, Rafin 419

1. byalina, Rafin 420

Tbird Group.

Alepibosaueina.

11. Alepidosaurus, Lowe .... 420

1. ferox, Lowe 421

2. altivelis, Poet/ 423

3. borealis, Gill 423

Fam. 6. Stomiatid^.
First Group. Asteonesthina.

1. Astronesthes, Richards. . . 424

1. niger, Richards 425

2. Ricbardsonii, Poey .... 425

3. barbatus, Kner 425

Second Group. Stomiatina.

2. Stomias, Cuv 426

1. boa, Risso 426

2. barbatus, Cuv 426

3. ferox, Reinh 426

3. Echiostoma, Lowe 427

1. barbatum, Lowe 427

4. Malacosteus, Ayres 427

1. niger, Ayres 428

Addenda to preceding Volumes.
Melamphaes typhlops, Lo we. . 433 | Chiasmodns niger, Johns 435

CATALOGUE

PI'SHE S.

Subclass I. TELEOSTEI.

(CONTINUED.)

Order IV. PHYSOSTOMI.

All the fin-rays are articulated ; only the first of the
dorsal and pectoral fins is sometimes more or less
ossified. The ventral fins, if present, are abdominal,
without spine. Air-bladder, if present, with a pneu-
matic duct.

Cfr. Miiller, in Abhandl. Berl. Acad. 1844, p. 174.

Fam. 1. SILURIDiE.

Siluroidei, Cuv. I&gne Anim.

Skin naked or with osseous scutes, but without
scales. Barbels always present ; maxillary bone rudi-
mentary, almost always forming the base of a maxil-
lary barbel. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the
intermaxillaries only. Suboperculum absent. Air-

SILURID E.

bladder generally present, communicating with the
organ of hearing by means of the auditory ossicles.
Adipose fin present or absent.

Inhabitants of the fresh waters of all the temperate and tropical
regions, some entering the salt water, but keeping near the coast.

We give first a synopsis of the Groups, and then one of the Genera.

Synopsis of the Groups.

First Subfamily. SILURID M HOMALOPTER.E.

The dorsal and anal fins are very long, nearly equal in extent to
the corresponding parts of the vertebral column.

Group A. The gill -membranes are not confluent with the skin of
the isthmus, remaining separate to the chin. The dorsal is uni-
formly composed of feeble rays, or its posterior portion is modified
into an adipose fin Clariina, p. 13.

Group B. The gill-membranes -are not confluent with the skin of
the isthmus, or United with it by a narrow strip only, remaining
more or less separate. The dorsal is divided into two portions :
a short anterior with a strong spine, and a long posterior which,
like the anal, is confluent with the caudal. Ventrals many-
rayed Plotosina, p. 23.

Group C. The gill-membranes are confluent with the skin of the
broad isthmus, the gill-openings being thereby reduced in extent.
The dorsal and anal are divided into two portions : the anterior
of the former fin with a strong spine, whilst the posterior of both
fins are united with the caudal. Ventrals six-rayed.

Chacina, p. 29.

Second Subfamily.

SILURIDiE HETEROPTER.E.

The rayed dorsal fin is very little developed, and if it is present,
it belongs to the abdominal portion of the vertebral column ; the
adipose fin is exceedingly small or absent. The extent of the anal
is not much inferior to that of the caudal vertebral column. The
gill-membranes overlap the isthmus, remaining more or less sepa-
rate.

Group D. Ventral fins below or behind the dorsal. The abdominal
portion of the vertebral column is much shorter than the caudal,
and the anterior vertebrae are confluent into one of large size.

Silurina, p. 30.

SILTJRTD.E. J

Third Subfamily.
SILURID^E ANOMALOPTER.E.

The rayed dorsal fin is present, bnt little developed, and belongs
to the caudal portion of the vertebral column ; adipose fin exceed
ingly small. The extent of the anal is not much inferior to that
of the caudal vertebral column. The gill-membranes overlap the
isthmus, remaining separate to the chin.

Group E. Ventral fins in front of the dorsal. The abdominal por-
tion of the vertebral column is much shorter than the caudal, and
the anterior vertebrae remain separate. Hypophthalmina, p. 66.

Fourth Subfamily.
SILURID.E PROTEROPTERtE.

The rayed dorsal fin is always present, short, with not more
than twelve soft rays, and belongs to the abdominal portion of
the vertebral column, being placed in advance of the ventrals ;
the adipose fin is always present and well developed, although
frequently short. The extent of the anal is much inferior to that
of the caudal vertebral column. The gill-membranes are not con-
fluent with the skin of the isthmus, their posterior margin always
remaining free, even if they are united with each other. When-
ever the nasal barbel is present, it belongs to the posterior nostril.

Group F. The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each
other, and the posterior is provided with a barbel.

Bagrina, p. 69.
Group G. The anterior and posterior nostrils arc remote from each
other, none being provided with a barbel.

Fimelodina, p. 105.

Group H. The anterior and posterior nostrils are placed close to-
gether, without barbel, the posterior with a valve.

Ariina, p. 138.

Group I. The anterior and posterior nostrils are placed close to-
gether ; a barbel between them .... Bagarina, p. 1 83.

Fifth Subfamily.

SILURID.E STENOBRANCHIiE.

The rayed dorsal fin is short, if present, belonging to the abdo-
minal portion of the vertebral column, the ventrals being inserted

4 SILTTRIDjE.

behind it (except in Khinoglanis). The gill-membranes are con-
fluent with the skin of the isthmus.

Group K. Rayed dorsal fin present. The anterior and posterior
nostrils are remote from each other. . Doradina, p. 191.

Group L. The anterior and posterior nostrils are close together.

Khinoglanina, p. 216.

Group M. Rayed dorsal fin none .... Malapterurina, p. 219.

Sixth Subfamily.

SILURID^E PROTEROPODES.

The rayed dorsal fin is always present and rather short ; the
ventrals are inserted below or in front of the dorsal. The gill-
membranes are confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Vent be-
fore or not much behind the middle of the length of the body.

Group N. The anterior and posterior nostrils are close together, and
there is generally a short flap or barbel between them. The lower
lip is reverted, and much dilated, forming a broad flap, more or less
deeply notched in the middle Hypostomatina, p. 221.

Group 0. The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each
other, without barbels. Lower lip not reverted ; humero- cubital
process much developed and prolonged. Aspredinina, p. 265.

Seventh Subfamily.
SILURID^ OPISTHOPTER.E.

The rayed dorsal fin is always present, short, being placed above
or behind the ventrals, which, however, in one genus are absent ;
anal short. Nostrils remote from each other ; if a nasal barbel
is developed, it belongs to the anterior nostril. Lower lip not
reverted. The gill-membranes are not confluent with the skin of
the isthmus.

Group P. Dorsal fin above the ventrals. Nematogenyina, p. 271.
Group Q. Dorsal fin behind the ventrals, if the latter are present.

Trichomycterina, p. 272.

Eighth Subfamily.

SILURLD,E BRANCHICOL.E.

The rayed dorsal fin is always present and short, placed behind
. the ventrals ; anal short. Vent far behind the middle of the

SILURID^E.

length of the hody. Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of
the isthmus.

Group R. A single maxillary barbel on each side.

Stegophilina, p. 276.

Synopsis of the Genera.

First Subfamily. SILURID^E HOMALOPTER.E.

The dorsal and anal fins are very long, nearly equal in extent
to the corresponding parts of the vertebral column.

Group A. Clariina.

Gill-membranes entirely separate and free ; the dorsal is uniformly
composed of feeble rays, or its posterior portion is adipose.

Dorsal fin without adipose portion 1. Clarias, p. 13.

Two dorsal fins, the posterior adipose 2. Heterobranciius, p. 21.

Group B. Flotosina.

Gill-membranes free from the skin of the isthmus, or united with
it by a narrow strip only ; dorsal divided into two portions, the ante-
rior with a spine ; the posterior and the anal united with the caudal.

Gill-membranes entirely separate and free from the isthmus ; head depressed.

3. Plotosus, p. 23.

Gill-membranes united anteriorly, but free from the isthmus ; head rather com-
pressed .: 4. COPIDOGLANIS, p. 25.

Gill-membranes attached to the isthmus ... 5. Cnidoglanis, p. 27.

Group C. Chacina.

Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the broad isthmus. Two
dorsal and two anal fins.

Nostril without barbel G. Chaca, p. 29.

Second Subfamily.

SILURID.E HETEROPTER.E.

Dorsal and adipose fins very short, if present ; anal very long ;
ventrals below or behind the dorsal; gill-membranes entirely
separate, overlapping the isthmus.

Group D. Silurina.

a. Gill-c(ivity with an accessory sac posteriorly.
Adipose fin none 7. Saccobranchis, p. 30.

6 Sn.UMD.3S.

b. Gill-cavity without accessory sac.

a a. The eye is situated above the level of the angle of the mouth,
a. Caudal fin rounded.
Adipose fin none 8. Silurus, p. 32.

j3. Caudal fin obliquely emarginate.
Adipose fin none 9. Silurichtiiys, p. 35.

y. Caudal fin forked.

Adipose fin none ; teeth villiforin 10. Wallago, p. 36.

Adipose fin none ; teeth long, widely set-.. 11. Belodontichthys, p. 37.

Adipose fin present 12. Eutropiichthys, p. 38.

bb. The eye is situated behind, and partly even below the level of the angle
of the mouth.

a. The mandibulary barbels are placed at some distance behind the sym-
physis ; or if they are absent, the posterior nostrils are neither wide,
nor placed more closely together than the anterior.

* Mandibles without enlarged muciferous cavities.

No adipose fin ; dorsal quite rudimentary or entirely absent.

13. Cryptopterus, p. 38.

No adipose fin ; dorsal fin with several rays, but without pungent spine.

14. Callichrous, p. 45.

No adipose fin ; dorsal fin with a pungent spine.

15. Schilbe, p. 49.

Adipose fin present ; dorsal with a pungent spine.

16. Eutropius, p. 52.

** Mandibles with the muciferous cavities enlarged.
No adipose fin 17. Hemisilurus, p. 54.

j8. The mandibulary barbels, if present, are placed immediately behind the
symphysis ; the nostrils are more or less wide, and the anterior are
always open, placed quite in front of the snout, and generally more
remote from each other than the posterior.

* Four mandibulary barbels placed in a straight line immediately
behind the symphysis of the lower jaw ; nostrils rather wide, espe-
cially the hinder ones, which are close together on the top of the
snout.

Adipose fin none ; dorsal fin without pungent spine.

18. SlLURANODON, p. 55.

Adipose fin present ; no other dorsal 19. Ailia, p. 55.

Adipose fin none ; dorsal fin with a pungent spine.

20. SCHILBICHTHYS, p. 56.

Adipose fin, present; dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; nasal barbels none.

21. Lais, p. 57.

Adipose fin present ; dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; a pair of nasal barbels.

22. PsEUDElTROriUS, p. 58.

** Two mandibulary barbels, placed immediately behind the symphysis
of the lower jaw ; nostrils rather wide, the anterior being quite in
front of the snout.

Palatine teeth separate from those of the vomer.

23. Pangasius, p. 61.

SILURIDJi.

Teeth on the palate reduced to two small patches, if present.

24. Helicophagus, p. 64.

*** Mandibulary barbels none ; nostrils open : the posterior are closer
together than the anterior, which are quite in front of the snout.

Adipose fin present ; maxillary barbels minute.

25. Silondia, p. 65.

Third Subfamily.

SILURID.E ANOMALOPTEILE.

Dorsal and adipose fins very short, the former belonging to the
caudal vertebral column; anal very long. Ventrals in front of
the dorsal. Gill-membranes entirely separate, overlapping the
isthmus.

Group E. Hypophthalmina.

The ventral fins are in front of the dorsal.

a. The eye is small, situated above the level of the angle of the mouth.
Teeth in the jaws, 26. Helogenes, p. 66.

b. The eye is situated behind, and partly even below the level of, the angle of the

mouth.

Teeth none 27. Hypophthalmus, p. 67.

Fourth Subfamily.

SILURLD^J PROTEROPTEILE.

Dorsal fin short, placed anteriorly on the trunk, in advance of
the ventrals ; adipose fin well developed, sometimes short ; anal
short, or of moderate length. Gill-membranes not confluent with
the skin of the isthmus, with free posterior margin.

Group F. Bagrina.

The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other, and
the posterior is provided with a barbel.

a. Teeth on the palate present : Old World.

* Four mandibulary barbels.

Dorsal with 9-10 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ■ teeth on the jmlate con-
tinuous 28. Bagrus, p. 69.

Dorsal with 6 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ; the teeth on the palate form two
groups 29. Chrysichthys, p. 70.

Dorsal with 6 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ; the teeth on the palate form four
groups 30. Clarotes, p. 73.

Dorsal with 7 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ■ teeth on the palate continuous ;
no moveable labial teeth ; orbital margin free.

31. Mackones. p. 74.

8 SILUEID^I.

Dorsal with 5-7 soft rays, anal with 20 or more.

32. PSEUDOBAGRUS, p. 84.

Dorsal with 7 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ; the teeth of the dorsal spine are
not directed upwards ; no moveable labial teeth ; orbital margin not free.

33. Liocassis, p. 86.

Dorsal with 7 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ; the teeth of the dorsal spine are
directed upwards ; no moveable labial teeth ; orbital margin not free.

34. Bagroides, p. 90.

The lower jaw with long, moveable teeth in front.

35. Bagrichthys, p. 92.
** Two mandibular?/ barbels.

Teeth on the palate molar-like 36. Eita, p. 92.

b. Palate toothless. Ventral rays six : East Indies.

Caudal not emarginate 37, Acrochordonichthys, p. 94.

Caudal emarginate 38. Akysis, p. 96.

39. Olyra, p. 97.

Doubtful genera . .

1_40. Branchiosteus, p. 98,

o. Palate toothless. Ventral rays eight or nine : North America.

V. 8. Adipose fin of moderate length 41. Amiurus p. 98.

V. 9. Adipose fin short and thick 42. Hopladelus, p. 103.

V. 9. Adipose fin low, long, subcontiguous or contiguous with the caudal.

43. Notdrus, p. 104,

Group G. Pimelodina.

The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other, none
being provided with a barbel. Tropical America (Africa).

a. Teeth on palate present.

* Snout muck prolonged, spatulate.

The upper jaw is the longer ; eyes partly directed downwards.

44. Sorubim, p. 105.

The upper jaw is the longer ; eyes lateral or directed upwards.

45. Platystoma, p. 106.

The lower jaw is the longer 46. Hemisorubim, p. 109.

Upper jaw very long ; ventral below the last dorsal rays.

47. Platystomatichthys, p. 109.
** Snout not prolonged.

Adipose fin rayed 48. Phractocephalus, p. 1 10.

Adipose fin not rayed ; head granulated above. D. 1/6.

49. PlRAMUTANA, p. 110.

Adipose fin not rayed ; head covered with skin above. D. 1/6. Barbels band-
like 50. Platynematichthys, p. 111.

Adipose fin not rayed ; head covered with skin above. D. 1/6. Barbels fili-
form 51. Piratinga, p. 112.

Dorsal witr 10 or 11 soft rays 52. Sciades, p. 1 13.

b. Palate toothless.

* The gill-membranes are separated from each other by a deep notch.

Dorsal with less than 9 soft rays ; broad bands of villiform teeth in both jaws •
barbels filiform or slightly impressed ... 53. Pimelodus, p. 114.

silurid^;. 9

Barbels long, band-like 54. Pirinampus, p. 135.

Snout pointed ; villifonn teeth in the upper jaw only.

55. CONORHYNCHUS, p. 135.

Dorsal with 10 soft rays 56. Notoglanis, p. 136.

Each jaw with one or two series of small flattish teeth.

57. Callophysus, p. 136.

** The gill-membranes are united below the throat, scarcely notched in the
middle: African.

Snout pointed 58. Auchenaspis, p. 137.

Group H. Ariina.

The anterior and posterior nostrils are placed close together, none
being provided with a barbel, but the posterior with a valve. Tropics.

a. Maxillary and mandibulary barbels present.
* Mandibulary barbels four.

Head osseous above ; teeth on the palate present and fixed.

59. Arius, p. 138.

Head and nape covered entirely with soft skin ; dorsal with 7 soft rays.

60. Galeichthys, p. 174.

Teeth on the palate moveable, in two patches. 61. Q-enidens, p. 175.
Palatine teeth none ; teeth in the jaws villifonn.

62. Hemipimelodus, p. 176.
Palatine teeth none ; teeth in the jaws in a single series.

63. Ketengus, p. 177.
** Mandibulary barbels two.

Adipose fin short 64. ./Elurichthys, p. 177.

b. Maxillary barbels only.

Barbels compressed, band-like 65. Paradiplomystax, p. 180.

Barbels fleshy, thick 66. Diplomystax, p. 180.

Barbels osseous 67. Osteogeniosus, p. 181.

c. Mandibulary barbels only.

The cleft of the mouth extends to below the eye.

68. Batrachocephalus, p. 182.

Group I. Bagarina.

The anterior and posterior nostrils are placed close together ; a
barbel between tbem. Indian.

Thorax without longitudinal- plaits 69. Bagarius, p. 183.

Thorax with longitudinal plaits ; teeth on the palate.

70. EUCLYPTOSTERNUM, p. 183.

Thorax with longitudinal plaits ; palate toothless.

71. Gxyptosternum, p. 185.

t» k4.1 fHARA,p. 189.

Doubtful genera \

[Amblvceps, p. 190.

10 SII/URIDiE.

Fifth Subfamily.

SILURID^ STENOBRANCHm

Dorsal fin short, if present, before the ventrals (except in
Khinoglanis) ; gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the
isthmus.

Group K. Doradina.

Rayed dorsal fin present. The anterior and posterior nostrils are
remote from each other.

a. Adipose fin exceedingly small or absent ; lateral line without bony shields :

South American.

* The cleft of the mouth extends to, or to below, the eye.

Adipose fin present ; barbels two 72. Agexiosus, p. 191.

Adipose fin present ; barbels four, very small. 73. Tetranematichthys, p. 192.

Adipose fin present ; barbels six, the four mandibulary barbels being placed in a
transverse series immediately behind the symphysis.

74\ Euanemus, p. 193.

Adipose fin present ; anal longish ; barbels six : a maxillary, an anterior and a
posterior mandibulary pair 75. Auchemptf.rus, p. 194.

Adipose fin present ; anal short ; barbels six. 76. Centrojiochlus, p. 197.

Adipose fin none; head osseous above 77. Traciielyoi'tekus, p. 198.

Adipose fin none ; head covered with thick skin.

78. Cetopsis, p. 199.

** Cleft of the mouth very wide, extending far behind the eye.
Adipose fin present 79. Astrophysus, p. 200.

b. Lateral line armed with bony shields : South American.

Adipose fin short, very distinct ; teeth villiform ; barbels not fringed.

80. Doras, p. 200.

Adipose fin short, very distinct ; teeth rudimentary ; barbels fringed.

81. Oxydoras, p. 206.

Adipose fin low, longish 82. Rhixodoras, p. 209.

c. Adipose fin of moderate length ; lateral line without bony shields : African.
The lower jaw with moveable teeth 83. Synodontis, p. 210.

Group L. Rhinoglanina.
The anterior and posterior nostrils are close together.

Adipose fin replaced by a rayed fin ■ neck with broad shields.

84. RlHNOGLANtS, p. 216.

Adipose fin replaced by a rayed fin ; neck covered with skin.

85. MocHOCua, p. 217.

A nasal barbel 86. Callomystax. p. 218.

Group M. Malapterurina.

No rayed dorsal fin. Africa.
Adipose fin of moderate length 87. Malapterurus, p. 21lJ.

SILURID.E. 11

Sixth Subfamily.

SILUBIDJE PKOTEROPODES.

The rayed dorsal fin is always present, and rather short ; ven-
trals below or in front of the dorsal. Gill-membranes confluent
with the skin of the isthmus. Vent before, or not much behind,
the middle of the length of the body.

Group N. Hypostomatina.

Anterior and posterior nostrils close together, generally with a flap
between them. Lower lip reverted and dilated.

a. Head and body entirely covered with soft skin ; maxillary barbels only :

South A merican .

Adipose fin low, elongate 88. Auges, p. 222.

Adipose fin short, with a moveable spine... 89. Stygogenes, p. 223.

Adipose fin none, ventrals present 90. Bkontes, p. 224.

Adipose and ventral fins absent 91 . Astroblepus, p. 224.

b. Body completely cttirassed: South American.

* Two barbels at each angle of the mouth.
Adipose fin short, with a moveable spine ... 92. Callichthys, p. 225.

** Body with four or five longitudinal series of scutes on each side ; tail
rounded or compressed.
Adipose fin present, with a short spine ; eight dorsal rays ; interoperculum with-
out erectile armature 93. Plecostomus, p. 230.

Adipose fin present, with a short spine ; from 13-14 dorsal rays ; interoperculum
without armature 94. Liposakcus, p. 238.

Adipose fin present, with a short spine ; from 8T10 dorsal rays ; interoperculum
with erectile spines 95. Ch^etostomus, p. 240.

Adipose fin present, with a short spine ; from 12-14 dorsal rays ; interoperculum

with erectile spines 96. Pterygoplichthys, p. 251.

Adipose fin none ; interoperculum without armature.

97. Rhinelepis, p. 252.
Adipose fin none ; interoperculum with erectile spines.

98. Acanthicus, p. 253.

*** Tail long and depressed.

Snout produced and spatulate 99. Loricaria, p. 254.

Snout very long and narrow 100. Acestra, p. 260.

c. Head partly osseous and rough ; body naked or with bony plates on the back :

East Indian.

No adipose fin 101. Sisor, p. 262.

Adipose fin present 102. Erethistes, p. 263.

d. Head and body covered with skin ; a pair of nasal barbels : East Indian.
A plaited adhesive apparatus between the pectorals.

103. Pseudecheneis, p. 264.
Lower lip very broad, reflected 104. Exostoma, p. 264.

12 SILUEID^.

Group 0. Aspredinina.

Anterior and posterior nostrils remote from each other, without
barbels. Lower lip not reverted. South America.

a. Anal fin short.

Head higher than the hind part of the tail. 105. Bunocephalus, p. 266.
Head lower than the hind part of the tail. . . 106. Bitnocephalichthys, p. 267.

b. Anal fin long.

Barbels not less than six 107. Aspredo, p. 267.

Seventh Subfamily.

SILURID^E OPISTHOPTERtE.

The rayed dorsal fin is placed above or behind the ventrals ;
anal short. Gill-membranes not confluent with the skin of the
isthmus. South America.

Group P. Nematogenyina.
Dorsal fin above the ventrals.

Adipose fin present 108. Heptapterus, p. 271.

Anterior nostril with a barbel i09. NemaTogenys, p. 272.

Group Q. Trichomycterina.
Dorsal fin behind the ventrals, if the latter are present.

a. Anterior nostril with a barbel ; two maxillary barbels on each side.

Ventrals present . 110. Trichomycterus, p. 272.

Ventrals none 111. Eremophilus, p. 275.

b. No nasal barbel; two maxillary barbels on each side.

Jaws with a single series of te"eth 112. Pariodon, p. 275.

Eighth Subfamily.
SILURIDjE BRANCHICOLjE.

The rayed dorsal fin is always present, short, and placed behind
the ventrals. Vent far behind the middle of the length of the body.
Gill-membranes confluent with the sMn of the isthmus. South
America.

Group R. Stegophilina,

A single maxillary barbel on each side.
Jaws with a broadish band of minute teeth. 1 13. Stegophilus, p. 276.

Jaws toothless ; a series of long pointed teeth on the vomer.

114. Vandellia, p. 276.

1. CLARIAS. 13

First Subfamily.
SILURID^ HOMALOPTER^E.

The dorsal and anal fins are nearly equal in extent to the cor-
responding portions of the vertebral column.

First Group. CLARIINA.

The gill-membranes are not confluent with the skin of the isth-
mus, remaining separate to the chin. The dorsal is uniformly
composed of feeble rays, or its posterior portion is modified into
an adipose fin.

Africa and East Indies'.

1. CLARIAS*.

Clarias, Gh-onov. Zoophyl. p. 100.
Macropteronotus, Lacep. v. p. 84.

Adipose fin none ; dorsal long, extending from the neck to the
caudal ; anal long. Jaws with a band of villiform teeth ; a band of
villiform or granular teeth across the vomer ; cleft of the mouth
transverse, anterior, of moderate width ; barbels eight : one pair of
nasal, one of maxillary, and two pairs of mandibulary barbels. Eyes
small, with a free orbital margin. The upper and lateral parts of
the head are osseous, or covered with only a very thin skin. A den-
dritic, accessory branchial organ is. attached to the convex side of the
second and fourth branchial arches, and received in a cavity behind
the gill-cavity proper. Ventrals six-rayed ; only the pectoral has
a pungent spine.

Africa and East Indies.

* 1. Clarias hasselquistii, Cuv.SfVal. xv. p. 362. pi. 446 (not synon.). — Nile. —
Among the numerous examples from the Nile which I have examined,
I have not met with one which would agree with Valenciennes's de-
scription of his CI. hasselquistii: it is said to have very short barbels,
the nasal being only one-fourth, and those of the maxillary one-half of
the length of the head. The vomerine teeth are described as villiform,
forming a band " etroite, assez large et retrecie dans le milieu." The
figure represents this band with a ' ery prominent median posterior
process.

2. dussumieri, Cuv. $ Vol. xv. p. 382. — Malabar.

3. fuscus, Cuv. $■ Vol. xv. p. 383 (not synon.). — Sumatra.

4. senegalensis, Cuv. § Val. xv. p. 376. — Senegal.

5. loeviceps, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8c. Philad. 1862, p. 139.— West

Africa. — D. 86. A. 61. Head a sixth of total length, maxillary barbels
a third.

14 SlLtTRTD.E.

The species may be subdivided thus : —

A. Caudal free.

* The occipital process is prominent, and angular behind : African
and Syrian species, p. 14.

** The occipital process is not very prominent, and rounded behind :
East Indian species, p. 17.

B. Vertical fins united, p. 20.

A. Caudal free.
* The occipital process is prominent, and angular behind.

1. Clarias anguiUaris.

Silurus anguillaris, Linn, in Hasselq. Iteise Palcest. p. 415, and Si/st.

Nat. i. p. 502.
Karmouth, Sonnini, Toy. ii. p. 289. pi. 22. fig. 2.
Heterobranchus anguillaris, Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descrijjt. Eg. Poiss. pi. 16.

fig. 1, cop. with some slight alterations in Cuv. Regne Anim. III.

pi. 101. fig. 2.

D. 69-73. A. 53-55. P. 1/9.

Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a band, which in its middle is
narrower than that of the intermaxillaries ; it has not a process be-
hind in the middle of its concavity. Head densely granulated above,
its length being one-fourth, or rather more than one-fourth, of the
total. Barbels slender : those of the nostril two-fifths or one-third
as long as, and those of the maxillaries rather shorter than, the
head. The pectoral fin extends to, or nearly to, the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal ; its spine is short, two-thirds as long as the fin.

Nile ; West Africa.

a-b, c. Fourteen to eighteen inches long. Upper Nile. From Consul

Petherick's Collection.
(I. Adult. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

Hasselquist very distinctly describes the band of vomerine teeth
as narrower than that of the intermaxillaries.

2. Clarias gariepinus.

Silurus (Heterobranchus) gariepinus, Burcheli, Travels in the Interior

of South Africa, i. p. 425, c. fig. p. 445.
? Clarias capensis, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 377.

Clarias capensis, Smith, Ittustr. Zool. S. Afr. Fish. c. tab. (not good).
? Clarias mossambicus, Peters, Monatsber. Berl. Acad. 1852, p. 682.

(D. 60.)

D. 66-69. A. 52-54. P. 1/10.

Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a long, continuous crescentic
band, which in its middle is as wide as that of the intermaxillaries,
and which has not a process behind in the middle of its concavity.
Head densely granulated above, covered with smooth soft Skin in
fresh specimens, its length being rather more than one-fourth of the
total. Barbels of moderate length, those of the nostrils being one-

1. CLAKIAS. 15

third of the length of the head, and those of the maxillaries extending
to or beyond the root of the pectoral. The pectoral fin reaches some-
what beyond the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, and the length
of its spine is three-quarters of that of the fin.
Port Natal. (Cape of Good Hope ?)

a. Twenty-five inches long : stuffed. Port Natal. From Sir A.

Smith's Collection.

b, c. Very fine specimens. Port Natal. Purchased of Mr. Th.

Ayres.

We very much doubt whether our specimens belong to the same
species as C. capensis, C. & V. The latter is said to have seventy-six
dorsal and eleven pectoral rays, and the vomerine teeth disposed in
two small, distinct, curved bands ; moreover the typical specimen is
from the Cape of Good' Hope. We have also a stuffed specimen from
the Cape ; it has seventy-six dorsal rays, but the vomerine teeth
arranged in the same manner as in our specimens from Port Natal.

3. Clarias parvimanus.
D. 76. A. 57. P. 1/8.

Vomerine teeth villiform, those in the middle of the band conical.
The band of vomerine teeth is in its middle rather broader than
that of the intermaxillaries ; it has a very short process in the middle
of its concavity. Head rather finely granulated above, its length
being one-fourth of the total. Barbels slender, those of the nostril
one-third as long as the head, those of the maxillary shorter than
the head. The pectoral fin does not extend to the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal ; its spine is short, not quite two-thirds as long
as the fin. The dorsal does not extend on to the root of the caudal.

Nile.

a. Twelve inches long. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collection as Clarias
Tiasselquistii.

4. Clarias orontis.

Silurus anguillaris, Russell, Nat. Hist. Alepp. ii. p. 217. pi. 8 (notZ.)
Clarias, Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 100.

D. 74. A. 54. P. 1/10.

Vomerine teeth very small, subcorneal, forming a band, which is
equal in width to that of the intermaxillaries ; it has a very short and
obtuse process behind, in the middle of its concavity. Head densely
granulated above, its length being a little less than one-fourth of the
total. Barbels long, those of the maxillaries being twice as long as
the nasal, and as long as the head. The pectoral fin extends to the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin ; the length of its spine is
three-fourths of that of the fin.

River Orontes.

a. Seventeen and a half inches long. From A. Russell's Collection.

16 siluridjE.

5. CI arias lazera.

Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 372 ; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi.
p. 17.

D. 77. A. 58. P. 1/10. Vert. 20/41 (C. $ V.) : 17/45 {Hyrtl).

Vomerine teeth granular, forming a band, which in its middle is
broader than that of the intermaxillaries ; it has not a process behind
in the middle of its concavity. Head coarsely granulated above, its
length being one-fourth of the total. Barbels long: those of the
nostril extend nearly to the root of the pectoral, those of the maxil-
lary beyond the origin of the dorsal. The pectoral fin extends to, or
somewhat beyond, the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; its spine
is short, not quite two-thirds as long as the fin. The dorsal extends
to the root of the caudal.

Nile.

a, b, c-e. Adult, half-grown, and young. Upper Nile. From Consul

Petherick's Collection.
f-h. Young. Gondokoro. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
i. Dried. Nile. Presented by G. MacLeay, Esq.

6. Clarias macracanthus.
D. 70-75. A. 54-55. P. 1/9. Vert. 19/43.

Vomerine teeth granular, forming a band, which in its middle ia
twice as broad as that of the intermaxillaries, and in the middle of
its posterior margin has a very short inconspicuous process. Head
coarsely granulated above, its length being a little more than one-
fourth of the total. Barbels of moderate length, those of the nostril
being two-fifths as long as, and those of the maxillary extending to
the end of, the head. The pectoral fin reaches to tne vertical from
the origin of the dorsal ; the length of its spine is three-quarters, or
rather more than two-thirds, of that of the fin.

Nile.

a, b-c. Sixteen inches long. Upper Nile. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.

d. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

e. Adult: skeleton. From Dr. E. Ruppell s Collection as CI. hassel-

quistii.

7. Clarias xenodon.

D. 68. A. 54. P. 1/9:

Vomerine teeth granular, forming a crescentic band, which in its
middle is twice as broad as that of the intermaxillaries, and in
the middle of its posterior margin has a very short and inconspi-
cuous process. The band of mandibulary teeth is as broad as that
on the vomer, and composed of villiform teeth anteriorly, and of gra-
nular posteriorly. Head coarsely granulated above, its length being
rather more than one-fourth of the total. Barbels of moderate length,
those of the nostrils being half as long as the head, and those of the
maxillary extending to the end of the pectoral spine. The pectoral

1. CLARIAS. 17

fin reaches beyond the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, and the
length of its spine is four-fifths of that of the fin.

Senegal.
a. Ten and a half inches long. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

8. Clarias macromystax.
D. 78. A. 59. P. 1/9.

Vomerine teeth finely granular, forming a band, which is not quite
twice as broad as that of the intermaxillaries, and which is not pro-
duced laterally into posterior processes. The lower jaw with a very
broad band of teeth. Head finely granulated, its length being two-
ninths of the total. Barbels long : those of the nostrils are as long
as the head, and those of the maxillaries extend to the twelfth dorsal
ray. The pectoral fin reaches a little beyond the origin of the dorsal,
and the length of the spine is four-fifths of that of the fin.

Gambia.
a. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

9. Clarias syriacus.
Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 375.

D. 60. A. 52. P. 1/10.

The band of vomerine teeth is produced behind into a median pro-
cess. Head coarsely granulated, its length being two-sevenths of the
total. Barbels rather long. ( Val.)

Syria.

** The occipital process is not very prominent, and rounded behind.

10. Clarias magur.

??Silurus batrachus, L. Sust. Nat. i. p. 502.

FSilurus batrachus, Bl. taf. 370. fig. If; Bl. Schn. p. 386.

?Marpoo, Russell, Fish. Corom. ii. p. 53. pi. 168.

? Macropteronotus batrachus, Lacep. v. pp. 84, 85.

Macropteronotus magur, Ham. Buch. pp. 146, 374. pi. 26. fig. 45.

Clarias marpus, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 378.

magur, Cuv. § Val. xv. p. 381 ; Bleek. Verh.Bat. Gen. xxv., Nalez.

Ichth. Beng. p. 124.
punctatus, Cuv. # Val.juv. p. 384; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi.,

Sil. Batav. p. 53 ; Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 263.
? Clarias batrachus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 385.
Clarias batrachus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 343, and Atl. Ichth. Silur.

p. 103. tab. 98. fig. 2.

D. 64-70. A. 50-53. P. 1/8.
Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a crescentic
band, which is as broad as, or narrower than, that of the intermaxil-
lary. Head finely granulated above, its length (to the end of tho
occipital process) being somewhat more than one-fourth of the total

t Bloch represents a Clarias with very long barbels, those of the maxillary
extending to the ventral fins : if this be really the case, the fish represented by
Bloch would belong to a distiuct species.

VOL. V.

18 SILURID.E.

(without caudal) ; its width between the gill-openings is two-thirds
of its length. Barbels long : the nasal extending to the base of the
occipital process, and that of the maxillary to, or nearly to, the ex-
tremity of the pectoral. The pectoral spine is very finely serrated,
the serrature being hidden below the skin ; its length is three -fourths
of that of the fin.

Bengal, Khasya. East Indian Archipelago.

a, b. Adult and half-grown. Ganges. Presented by G. B,. Water-
house, Esq. — Types of M. magur, Ham. Buch.

c. Half-grown. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schla-

gintweit.

d. Half-grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

e. Young. Khasya. Presented by Sir W. Hooker.

/. Adult. East Indian Archipelago. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.
g-k. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. India.
l-m. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

11. Clarias macrocephalus.
D. 70. A. 50. P. 1/8.

Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth small, obtusely conical, forming
a crescent-shaped band which, in its middle, is rather broader than
that of the intermaxillaries, and which has no process behind in the
middle. Head finely granulated above ; its length to the end of the
occipital process is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal); the height
of the body is one-sixth of the total in adult specimens. Occipital pro-
cess very obtuse and rounded in adult specimens, rather more promi-
nent in younger individuals. The width of the head between the gill-
openings is two-thirds of its length (to the end of the occipital process),
its width between the eyes is two-fifths of its length. Barbels of
moderate length : those of the nostril extend to, or somewhat beyond,
the gill-opening ; those of the maxillary to the middle or to the end
of the pectoral. The pectoral fin reaches a little beyond the vertical,
from the origin of the dorsal fin ; its spine is nearly smooth, the fine
serrature being hidden below the skin ; its length is three-quarters
of that of the fin. Uniform blackish brown, lighter below.

Siam.

a-b, c-d. Adult (12-13 inches long) and half-grown. Siam. Pur-
chased of Mr. Jamrach.

12. Clarias fuscus.

Macropteronotus fuscus, Lacep. v. p. 88. pi. 2. fig. 2.

Clarias pulicaris, Richards. Voy. Staph. Fish. p. 135. pi. 62. figs. 5 & G.

D. 59-65. A. 44-47. P. 1/9.

Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a crescentic
band which is narrower than that of the intermaxillary. Head finely
granulated above, its length (to the end of the occipital process) being
somewhat more than one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; its

1. CXA.RIAS. 19

width between the gill-openings is but little more than two-thirds
of its length. Barbels long : the nasal extending to the base of the
occipital process, and that of the maxillary to the extremity of the
pectoral. The pectoral spine is finely serrated, the serrature being
hidden below the skin; its length is two-thirds, or somewhat less
than two-thirds, of that of the fin.
China.

a. Five and one-third inches long. China. Presented by J. R.

Reeves, Esq. — Type of CI. pulicaris.

b, Cr-d. Young. China.

e-g. Young. Hongkong. Presented by J. C. Bowrina:, Esq.
h-i. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

13. Clarias abbreviatus.

Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 386.

D. 62. A. 32.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length ; maxillary
barbel thick, not extending on to the gill-opening; nasal barbel
longer and more slender. ( Val.)

Macao.

14. Clarias melanoderma.

Clarias melanoderma, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 54 ;

Prodr. Silur. p. 341 ; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 102. tab. 97. fig. 2.
melasoma (nielanosoma),.5/eeA;. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Lid. iii.p.427.

D. 68-73. A. 51-61. P. 1/9.

Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth obtuse, forming a crescent- shaped
band which, in its middle, is rather broader than that of the inter-
maxillaries. Head rather smooth, its length being one-fourth of the
total (without caudal) ; the occipital process is very obtuse. Barbels
long ; those of the nostril reach to the end of the head, those of the
maxillary beyond the extremity of the pectoral. Pectoral spine
strong, much compressed, rather more than two-thirds of the length
of the fin ; its extremity is armed with rather strong, recurved spi-
nous teeth.

Java, Sumatra, Banka, Borneo.

a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Bleeker has observed two specimens in which the band of vomerine
teeth was divided into two by a toothless space in the middle ; another
specimen had the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins united with the
caudal.

15. Clarias teysmanni.

Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. xiii. p. 344; Prodr. Silur. p. 348;
and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 104. tab. 99. fig. 1.

D. 70-77. A. 60-63. P. 1/7-9. Vert. 16/41.
Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth obtuse, forming a crescent-shaped
band which, in its middle, is not broader than that of the inter-
maxillaries. Head rather smooth, its length being two-ninths of the

e2

20 8ILTTRIDjK.

total (without caudal) ; the height of the body is contained from six
times and a half to eight times in the total length (without caudal) .
Barbels long ; those of the nostril reach to the base, and those of the
maxillary to the extremity of the pectoral fin. The pectoral fin does
not extend to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; pectoral spine
moderately strong, rather more than two-thirds of the length of the
fin, finely serrated nearly to its extremity.
Java, Ceylon.

a. Type of the species. Java. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b, c-e. Adult, half-grown, and young. Ceylon (Point de Galle).
/. Adult: skeleton. Ceylon.

16. Clarias liacanthus.

Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 430 ; Prodi-. Silur. p. 347; and
Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 104. tab. 98. fig. 1.

This species is very closely allied to the preceding, but its pectoral
spine has the outer edge not serrated, and its depth is contained only
six times, or six times and four-fifths, in the total length (without
caudal).

Sumatra, Banka, Nias, Borneo.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

17. Clarias brachysoma.
D. 75. A. 60. P. 1/iO.

Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth obtuse, forming a crescent-shaped
band which is considerably narrower than that of the intermaxil-
laries. Head smooth above, with the occipital process somewhat pro-
minent, two-thirds as long as broad ; its length is two-sevenths or
rather more than one-fourth of the total (without caudal), the height
of the body one-sixth. Barbels long ; those of the nostril reach to
the end of the head, those of the maxillary beyond the extremity of
the pectoral. The pectoral extends to the vertical from the origin
of the dorsal fin ; its spine is strong, finely serrated along its outer
margin, and two-thirds of the length of the fin. Uniform brown.

Ceylon.

a-c. From 5 to 6 inches long. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

B. Vertical fins united.

18. Clarias nieuhofii.

Bontael, Nieuh. Lant- en Zee-reize, p. 271.

Lampreta indica, Will. Ichth. App. p. 4. tab. 6. fig. 2.

Clarias nieuhofii, Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 380 ; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss.

Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17 ; Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 351, and Atl. Ichth.

Silur. p. 105. tab. 99. fig. 1.
pentapterus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 206.

D. 90-97. A. 74-75. P. 1/9. Vert. 19/56.

Caudal fin united with dorsal and anal. Vomerine teeth small,
obtusely conical, forming a band which is rather broader than that

2. HETEROBRANCHUS. 21

of the intermaxillary. Head very finely granular above, its length
being one-sixth, or somewhat less than one-sixth, of the total (with
the caudal). Barbels long ; the nasal extending to the end of the
head, and that of the maxillary to, or beyond, the extremity of the
pectoral. Pectoral fin short, not reaching the vertical from the origin
of the dorsal.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fifteen inches long. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Half-grown. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.

According to Bleeker the number of the dorsal rays would vary
between 87 and 106, and that of the anal rays between 69 and 95.

19. Clarias jagur.

Macropteronotus jagur, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. p. 145.
Clarias jagur, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 388.

Cossyphus (Phagorus) ater, M'Clell. Calc. Journ. iv. p. 403. pi. 22.
fig. 3 (mutilated), and v. p. 225 (Errata).

D. 53. A. 50.
Caudal fin united with dorsal and anal.
Ganges.

2. HETEROBRANCHUS*.

Heterobranchus, Geoffr. St.-Hil.

The back is occupied by a long dorsal fin divided into two portions,
an anterior which is rayed, and a posterior which is adipose ; anal
long. A band of villiform teeth across the vomer ; cleft of the mouth,
the eight barbels, the armature of the head, the gill- apparatus with
the accessory organs, the ventral and pectoral fins, as in Clarias.

Africa and East Indies.

The structure of the dorsal fin is almost the only point of import-
ance in which the genus Heterobranchus differs from Clarias ; how-
ever, we must remark, that in well-fed specimens of the latter genus
the whole fin assumes an adipose appearance, in consequence of a
thick layer of fat deposited along the base ; and that, on the other
hand, very distinct traces of rays may be seen in the adipose fin of
Heterobranchus.

The skeleton does not differ from that of Clarias, except that the
neural spines of that portion of the caudal vertebral column which
corresponds to the adipose fin are much longer, the interneural spines,
of course, being absent.

1. Heterobranchus bidorsalis.

Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. All. Poiss. pi. 16. fig. 2.

geoffroyi, Cuv. ty Val. xv. p. 392.

B. 12-13. D. 44. A. 52. P. 1/10. Vert. 21/42.
The length of the adipose fin is rather less than two-thirds of the
rayed dorsal ; pectoral spine slightly serrated. The nasal barbels

* 1. Heterobranchus senegalensis, Cuv. # Val. xv. p. 397. —Senegal.

22 SILT7KIDJ3.

are half as long as those of the maxillary, which reach only to the gill-
opening. Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a crescentic band.

Nile.

2. Heterobranchus intermedins.
B. 9. D. 39-41. A. 49-50. P. 1/10. Vert. 19/43.

The length of the adipose fin is rather less than two-thirds of that
of the rayed dorsal; pectoral spine scarcely serrated. The nasal
barbels extend to, or beyond, the end of the occipital process, those
of the maxillaries beyond the root of the ventral fin. Vomerine teeth
villiform, forming a crescent-shaped band, which, in its middle, is
much broader than that of the intermaxillaries, and has a short
median posterior process. Blackish above, whitish below.

Otherwise very similar to the other species.

Tipper Nile
a, b. Adult (15 inches long) and half- grown. Khartoum. From
Consul Petherick's Collection.

c. Adult: skeleton. Khartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.

d. Preparation of the branchial organs and intestines of specimen c.

3. Heterobranchus tapeinopterus.

Sleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 732 ; Prodr. Silur. p. 837; and
Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 101. tab. 97. fig. 1.

B. 8. D. 24-27. A. 49-51.

The adipose fin is much lower, but rather longer, than the rayed
dorsal ; caudal united with adipose fin and with anal. The length of
the head is rather more than one-sixth of the total (without caudal).
Pectoral spine distinctly serrated. The nasal barbels extend to the
base of the pectoral, those of the maxillaries to, or beyond, the ex-
tremity of that fin. (Bl.)

Banka and Borneo.
a. Young. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

4. Heterobranchus longifilis.
Cuv. $ Vol-, xv. p. 394. pi. 447.

B. 9-10. D. 29-31. A. 44-46. P. 1/10.
The adipose fin commences immediately behind the dorsal and
terminates at the root of the caudal ; its length is equal to, or not
much less than, that of the rayed dorsal ; pectoral spine distinctly
serrated. The length of the anal fin is nearly one-third of the total
(without caudal). The nasal barbels extend to the base of the occi-
pital process, those of the maxillaries to the root of the ventral fin ;
but they appear to be rather shorter in large specimens. Vomerine
teeth villiform, forming an arched band which is as broad as that of
the intermaxillaries. Blackish above, whitish below.
Nile.

a. Young : 7 inches long. Nile.

b. Young : not good state. Khartoum (rain-water pond). Presented

by Consul Petherick. — Vernacular name, Gat-moot.

3. PLOTOSTTS. 23

5. Heterobranchus isopterus.

Heterobranchus isopterus, Meek. Poiss. Cute de GuinSe, p. 108. tab. 22.
macronema, Bleek. I. c. p. 109. tab. 21. fig. 1, tab. 22. fig. 2.

B. 9. D. 31-32. A. 41-45. P. 1/10.

Adipose fin rather shorter and lower than the rayed dorsal, com-
mencing at a short distance behind it, and terminating immediately
before the caudal ; pectoral spine scarcely serrated. The length of
the anal fin is considerably more than one-third of the total (without
caudal). The nasal barbels extend to the end of the head, and those
of the maxillaries to or beyond the extremity of the pectoral fin.
The vomerine teeth form an arched narrow band, narrower than
that of the intermaxillaries. Black above and on the sides ; the
caudal and anal fins with a narrow whitish margin.

West Africa.

a-b. Seven inches long. West Africa. From the Collection of C.
Swanzz, Esq.

6. Heterobranchus laticeps.

Peters, Monatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berl. 1852, p. 682.

B. 9-10. D. 30-33. A. 44-45. P. 1/11-12.
The adipose fin commences at some distance behind the dorsal,
and is continued over and beyond the root of the caudal. The
maxillary barbels reach beyond the ventral fins. Anal and caudal
fins with red margins. {Pet.)
Coast of Mozambique.

Hyrtl (Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. p, 17) mentions a
skeleton in his collection under the name of H. laticeps ; it has 18
abdominal and 39 caudal vertebras.

Second Group. PL0T0SINA.

The gill-membranes are not confluent with the skin of the isth-
mus, or united with it by a narrow strip only, remaining more or
less separate. The dorsal is divided into two portions : a short
anterior with a strong spine, and a long posterior which, like
the anal, is confluent with the caudal. Ventrals many-rayed.

Coasts of the Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Western Polynesia
and Australia.

3. PL0T0SUS.

Plotosus, Lacep. v. p. 129.

Plotosus, sp., Cuv. $■ Val. xv. p. 410 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad.
1855, xvii. p. 151.

A short dorsal in front, with a pungent spine ; a second long dor-
sal is united with the caudal and anal into one fin, which is pointed
behind. Teeth in the upper jaw conical, on the vomer molar-like,

24 SILURID^E.

in the lower jaw mixed. Barbels eight : one immediately before
the posterior nostril, which is distant from the anterior, the latter
being quite in front of the snout. Cleft of the mouth transverse.
Eyes small. The gill-membranes are separate from each other, not
attached to the isthmus. Branchial arches without particular carti-
laginous posterior processes and without posterior membrane. Ven-
tral fins many-rayed. Head depressed.

Coasts of the Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Western Polynesia.

1. Plotosus anguillaris.

Valent. Amb. iii. p. 502. fig. 496 ; Renard, Poiss. Mol. i. tab. 3. fig. 19 ;

Russell, ii. p. 51. pi. 166.
Silurus arab, Forsk. Descript. Anim. p. xvi. no. 36.
Platystacus anguillaris, Block, viii. p. 61. tab. 373. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn.

p. 373. tab. 74; Shav, Zool. v. p. 30. pi. 99.
Plotosus anguillaris, Lacep. v. p. 130. pi. 3. fig. 2 ; Riipp. N. TV. Fische,

p. 76 ; Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 264 ; Peters, in Wiegm. Arch. xxi. p. 267 ;

Bleek. Silur. p. 314.
Plotosius ikapor, Less. Voy. Couu. Zool. ii. p. 132. pi. 31. fig. 3.
Plotosus marginatus, Bennett, in Life of Raffles, p. 691.
lineatus, Cttv. k Vol. xv. p. 412 ; Richards. Fish. Chin. p. 286 ;

Schleg. Faun: Jap. Poiss. p. 228. pi. 104. fig. 3 ; Bleek. in Verh. Bat.

Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. pp. 4, 17, 57.

castaneus, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 421.

castaneoides, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 490.

arab, Bleek. Atl. Lchth. Silur. p. 98. tab. 95. fig. 2.

B. 12. ID. 1/4-5. 2D. + C. + A. 169-189. P. 1/11. V. 12.
Vert. 12/35.

The length of the head is about one-fifth of the total length
(with the caudal), the height of the body one-seventh or one-eighth.
Barbels not very long : those of the nostril extend to the eye, and
those of the maxillary are about half as long as the head. Brown
or black, generally with two white longitudinal bands, the upper oi
which commences at the snout, and runs above the eye along the
base of the dorsal fin ; the lower proceeds from the maxillary barbel
along the middle of the side of the body. Vertical fins with dark
margin.

From the eastern coasts of Africa to Japan and Polynesia.

a. Adult : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

b-c. Adult: not good state. Sumatra. From the Collection of Sir

T. S. Raffles. — Types of PL marginatus.
d-f. Half- grown. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher.
g, h, i. Adult- East Indian Archipelago.
k. Adult. Amoy. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection.
Z-o. Adult : stuffed : bad state. China.

p. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
q-r. Adult. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
s. Adult. Moreton Bay. Presented by Mr. Strange.
t, u, v. Many half-grown and young specimens.
tv. Adult: skeleton. Presented by the Royal College of Surgeons.

4. COPIDOGLANIS. 25

2. Plotosus canius.

Plotosus canius, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. p. 142. pi. 16. fig. 44 ; Cuv.

Sf Vol. xv. p. 425 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv., iVafes. Beng. p. 125,

Prodr. Silur. p. 318, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 99. tab. 96. fig. 2 ;

Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. xvii. p. 157.
unicolor, (Kuhl fy v. If ass.) Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 426; Bleek. Verh.

Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 58.

horridus, Bleek. I. c. p. 59.

viviparus, Bleek. 1. c. p. 59.

multiradiatus, Bleek. I. c. p. 60.

? Plotosus caesius, Hyrtl, Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17.

B. 12. ID. 1/5. 2D. + C. + A. 244-271. P. 1/10-11. V. 12.

Vert. 15/65 (Hyrtl).

The length of the head is contained five times and a half in the
total length (with caudal), the height of the body nine or ten times.
Barbels of moderate length : those of the nostril extend to the nape
of the neck, those of the maxillary to the end of the operculum. Eye
not covered by the skin, rather small, one-third as long as the snout.
The band of intermaxillary teeth is more than twice as broad as long ;
the vomerine teeth form a crescent-shaped band. Uniform brownish
above.

Bengal. East Indian Archipelago.

a. Adult : stuffed. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

b. Half-grown. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

c. Half-grown : bad state. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs.

von Schlagintweit.

d. Young. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
e-f. Three feet long : stuffed.

3. Plotosus limbatus.
Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 422.

2D. + C. + A. 224.

The length of the head is contained five times and a half or six
times in the total length. The nasal barbels extend to the posterior
margin of the eye, and those of the maxillary to the gill-opening.
Uniform dark-coloured ; fins with the margin black. ( V(il.)

Hindostan.

4. COPIDOGLANIS.

A short dorsal in front, with a pungent spine, ; a second long dorsal
is united with the caudal and anal into one fin. Teeth in the upper
jaw conical, on the vomer molar-like, in the lower jaw mixed. Barbels
eight ; nostrils as in Plotosus. Cleft of the mouth transverse. Eyes
of moderate size, with a free orbital margin. The gill-membranes
are separated by a deep notch, united anteriorly only, the united
portion not being attached to the isthmus. The first branchial arch
with a fringed membrane along the hinder edge of its concave side.
Ventral fins many-rayed. Head rather compressed.

Coasts and rivers of Australia and of the East Indian Archipelago.

26 siLtmiD-E.

1. Copidoglanis tandanus.

Plotosus tandanus, Mitchell, Three Expeditions into the Interior of East-
ern Australia, 2nd edit. i. p. 95. pi. 6. tig. 2 (bad).

B. 9. ID. 1/6. 2D. + C. + A. 142. P. 1/10. V. 12.

Head and body compressed ; the height of the body is not much
less than the length of the head, which is a little more than one-
fifth of the total. Head as high as broad, its greatest width being
three-fifths of its length ; the diameter of the eye is contained five
times and a half in the length of the head, twice and a half in that
of the snout, and twice in the width of the interorbital space. The
nasal barbels are a little shorter than those of the maxillary, and
extend to the middle of the eye. The band of teeth of each inter-
maxillary bone is twice as broad as long ; the vomerine teeth are
arranged in a semicircular disk ; those of the mandibularies form a
band which is broadest in the middle ; all the teeth of conical form
have a brown tip. The first dorsal fin is nearly as high as the body,
and its spine more than half as long as the head. Pectoral spine as
strong as, but much shorter than, that of the dorsal fin. Uniform
blackish brown above.

Pavers of Eastern Australia.

a. Fine specimen. New South "Wales. From Mr. Schiitte's Col-

lection.

b. Adult : stuffed. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

2. Copidoglanis obscuras.

ID. 1/6. 2D. + C. + A.226. P. 1/14. V. 15-16.

Head not much compressed, but nearly as high as broad, its width
being two-thirds of its length. The height of the body is contained
eight times and a half in the total length, the length of the head six
times and a third ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the height,
two-fifths of that of the snout, and three-fifths of the width of the
interorbital space. The nasal barbels extend to behind the eye, those
of the maxillary to the gill-opening. Each intermaxillary with a
triangular band of teeth which is rather broader than long ; vomerine
band crescent-shaped. All the teeth are white. The first dorsal is
placed immediately behind the nape of the neck, and as high as the
body ; its spine is more than half as long as the head. Pectoral spine
as strong as, but shorter than, that of the dorsal fin. Brown ; fins
with black margin.

Probably from Australia.

a. Seven inches long. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
? 6. Young : dried. Freycinet's Harbour. Voyage of the ' Herald."

3. Copidoglanis albilabris.

Plotosus albilabris, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 427; BUeh. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl.
Ind. iii. p. 70, Prodr. Silur. p. 319, and Atl. Ichth. Sihir. p. 99. tab. 96.
fisr.l.

5. CNIDOGLANIS. 27

? Plotosus albilabris, Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 265.

Plotosus macrophthalmus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Bat. p. 56.

ID. 1/4-5. 2D. + C. + A. 203-216. P. 1/12-13. V. 12-13.

Head nearly as high as broad, its width being two-thirds of its
length. The height of the body is one-seventh or one-eighth of the
total length, the length of the head one-sixth ; the diameter of the
eye is one-fourth or one-sixth of the length of the head, and equal
to, or two-thirds of, the width of the interorbital space. The nasal
barbels extend to, or beyond, the operculum, those of the maxillary
being rather shorter. Each intermaxillary with a subquadrangular
band of teeth which is about as broad as long ; vomerine band cres-
cent-shaped. The first dorsal fin is nearly as high as the body, and
the length of its spine is two-fifths of that of the head or equal to
that of the spine of the pectoral fin. Lips white.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. ? Young : skin : very bad state. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.

5. CNIDOGLANIS*.

Plotosus, sp., Auct.

A short dorsal in front, with a pungent spine; a second long
dorsal is united with the caudal and anal into one fin, pointed behind.
Teeth in the upper jaw conical, on the vomer molar-like, in the lower
jaw mixed. Barbels eight; nostrils as in Plotosus. Cleft of the
mouth transverse. Eyes small. The gill-membranes are united below
the throat and attached to the isthmus along the entire median line.
The second and third branchial arches with a series of long cartila-
ginous, processes, covering the base of the gill-laminae on the sides
facing each other. Ventral fins many-rayed.

Rivers and coasts of Australia.

1. Cnidoglanis megastoma.

Plotosus megastomus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fish.]). 31. pi. 21,
figs. 1-3 (from a specimen with mutilated tail).

B. 11. ID. 1/4. 2D. + C. + A. 234. P. 1/9. V. 10.

Head very broad and depressed, its length being one-fifth of tne
total (with the caudal). Barbels not very long ; those of the nostril
and maxillary extending somewhat behind the eye. Lower lip broad,
pendent, with lobes, the outer of which is situated below the max-
illary barbel and has the appearance of a short barbel. The inter-
maxillary teeth are small, conical, and form two small patches ; those
of the lower jaw form a broad band, tapering on the side, the outer
series of which is formed by conical teeth, the remainder being molar-

* 1. Plotosus rnaerocephalus, Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 428. pi. 449. — Timor. — This
fish appears to be allied to Cnidoglanis megastoma, but Valenciennes
does not make mention of the peculiar gill-opening which we observe
in the latter species.

28 SILUKIDJS.

like. Vomerine teeth in a large triangular patch. Eye small,
covered by the skin. Uniform blackish brown above.
Australia.

a. Twenty inches long. Sydney Cove. Antarctic Expedition. — Type

of the species.

b. Twenty inches long. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.

c. Adult. Kangaroo Island. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

d. Young. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Cnidoglanis lepturus.
1 D. 1/5. 2 D. + C.+A. 212. P. 1/9. V. 11.

Head depressed, its width being three-fourths of its length, which
is one- seventh of the total ; tail long, much produced and pointed
behind. The nasal and maxillary barbels extend to the end of the
head; lower lip not pendent or fringed. Intermaxillary teeth
conical, in two small patches ; those of the vomer molar-like, in a
crescentic band ; those of the mandible in two triangular bands,
molar-like, with an outer series of conical ones. Eye small. The
first dorsal fin is lower than the body and placed at a very short dis-
tance from the occiput ; its spine is feebly serrated, one-third, or
not quite one-third, as long as the head ; pectoral spine as long and
strong as that of the dorsal fin. Uniform black.

New South Wales.

a. Fourteen inches long. Sydney. From Mr. G. Krefft's Collection.
6. Thirteen inches long : stuffed. Australia. Presented by the Earl
of Derby.

3. Cnidoglanis microcephalus.

Plotosus microceps, Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fish. p. 31. pi. 21.
figs. 4-7.

1 D. 1/5. 2 D. + C.+ A. 210. P. 1/10. V. 12*.

Head rather depressed, small, its length being one-eighth of the
total length. Nasal barbels long, extending to the dorsal fin, which,
however, is placed at a short distance from the occiput. Maxillary
barbels reaching the gill-opening ; lower lip without fringes. The
intermaxillary teeth form two triangular patches, those of the vomer
a crescent-shaped band. Eye rather small. The first dorsal fin
elevated and produced into a long point. Brown, with numerous
small, round, whitish spots.

North-west coast of Australia.

a. Type of the species. From Mr. Bynoe's Collection.

* These numbers are taken from the same (typical) specimen in which they
were counted by Sir J. Richardson.

6. CHACA. 29

Third Group. CHACINA.

The gill-membranes are confluent with the skin of the broad
isthmus, the gill-openings being thereby reduced in extent. The
dorsal and anal are divided into two portions : the anterior of the
former fin with a strong spine, whilst the posterior of both fins are
united with the caudal. Ventrals six-rayed.
East Indies.

6. CHACA.
Chaca, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 444.

Head exceedingly large, broad, and depressed ; cleft of the mouth
very wide, with the lower jaw prominent, and with bands of villiform
teeth in both jaws ; no teeth on the palate. Eyes rudimentary.
Barbels six, small : one to each angle of the mouth, and two pairs
at the lower jaw. Gill-opening rather narrow, not extending to
the lower side of the head.

East Indies.

1. Chaca lophioide

Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 445. pi. 451 ; Valenc. in Bilang. Voy. hid. Orient.
Zool. iPoiss. pi. 4. fig-. 2 ; ? Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii.
p. 101. taf. 1. figs. 2-6.

ID. 1/4. 2 D. + C. + 2 A. 25 + 10 + 12. 1 A. 10. P. 1/5. V. 6.

Head and body with a few series of short fleshy tentacles.
Bengal. (Borneo , New Guinea?)

a. Adult: stuffed. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. — This
specimen is not sufficiently well preserved to enable us to count
the fin -rays, and therefore the determination is doubtful.

2. Chaca bankanensis.

Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 455 & viii. p. 165, Prodr.
Silur. p. 323, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 96. tab. 95. fig. 1.

ID. 1/3-4. 2 D. + C.+2 A. 22-24+11 + 11-12. 1 A. 9.
P. 1/4. V. 6.

Head and body granular, without tentacles.
Sumatra, Borneo, Banka.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b, c, d. Adult and half-grown. Borneo.

3. Chaca buchanani.

Platystacus chaca, Ham. Buck pp. 140, 374. pi. 28. fig. 43.

ID. 1/4. 2D. + C. + 2A. 18 + 11 + 8. 1 A. 8. P. 1/5. V. 6.

Head and body with series of short fleshy tentacles; eye sur-
rounded by a ring of small tentacles.
Ganges.

a. Adult. Ganges. From Mr. M'Clelland's Collection.

30 SILTrRID^.

Second Subfamily.

SILUEID^E HETER,OPTER,E.

The rayed dorsal fin is very little developed, and if it is present,
it belongs to the abdominal portion of the vertebral colnmn ; the
adipose fin is exceedingly small or absent. The extent of the anal
is not mnch inferior to that of the candal vertebral column. The
gill-membranes overlap the isthmus, remaining more or less
separate.

Fourth Group. SILURINA.
The ventral fins are behind or below the dorsal.
Old World.

7. SACCOBRANCHUS.

Saccobranchus, Cuv. $• Val. xv. p. 399.
Heteropneustes, Mutter.

Adipose fin none ; dorsal very short, without pungent spine,
placed above the ventrals; anal very long. Jaws and vomer with
bands of villiform teeth ; cleft of the mouth transverse, anterior,
of moderate width ; barbels eight. Eyes rather small. The upper
and lateral parts of the head osseous, or covered with a very thin
skin. Gill-membranes separated by a deep notch ; gill-cavity with
an accessory posterior sac, extending backwards between the muscles
along each side of the abdominal and caudal portions of the vertebral
column. Ventrals six-rayed.

East Indian continent and Ceylon.

1. Saccobranchus singio.

Silurus singio, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 147, 374. pi. 37. fig. 46.
Saccobranchus singio, Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 400 (pi. 448*).

B. 7. D. 6-7. A. 68-70. P. 1/6. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head (to the end of
the operculum) six times and a third. Eye of moderate size, about
half as long as the snout. The maxillary barbels extend to, or some-
what beyond, the extremity of the pectorals. The distance of the
dorsal fin from the end of the snout is rather less than one-third of
the total length (without caudal). Pectoral spine rather strong, its
length being three-quarters of that of the head • the ventral fin

* This plate may represent a specimen of 8. fossilis.

7. SACCOBRANCHUS. 31

extends to the third or fourth anal ray. A notch between anal and
caudal.

Bengal. Cochinchina.

a-b, c-d, e-g. Adult, half-grown, and young. Ganges. Presented
by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. — Types of the species.

h-i. Adult. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schla-
gintweit.

k. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From Mr. Wyllie's Collection.

I, Adult : stuffed. Cochinchina.

2. Saccobranchus fossilis.
? Silurus fossilis, Bl. taf. 370. fig. 2; BL Schn. p. 386.
D. 7. A. 64. P. 1/6. V. 6.

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head (to the end of the operculum) one-
sixth. Eye rather small, about one-third as long as the snout. The
maxillary barbels extend to the middle or to the extremity of the
pectorals. The distance of the dorsal fin from the end of the snout
is one-third of the total length (without caudal). Pectoral spine of
moderate strength, its length being two-thirds of that of the head.
Ventral fin short, reaching to the origin of the anal. Anal and caudal
fins scarcely separated by a notch.

Hindostan, Nepal, Khasya.

a. Adult. Delhi. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schlagintweit.
b-d. Half-grown. Khasya. Presented by Sir "W. Hooker.
e. Half-grown. Nepal. Presented bv P>. H. Hodgson, Esq.

3. Saccobranchus microps.
D. 8. A. 70. P. 1/6. V. 6.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
eighth of the total (without caudal). Eye small, about one-third as
long as the snout. Barbels very long ; those of the nostril extend to
the extremity of the pectoral, those of the maxillary to, or nearly to,
the root of the ventral. The band of vomerine teeth is interrupted in
the middle. The distance of the dorsal fin from the end of the snout
is two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal). Pectoral spine
feebly serrated, of moderate strength, its length being two-thirds of
that of the head. Ventral fin reaching to the origin of the anal. Anal
and caudal fins united. Brown.

Ceylon.
a-c. From 5-6 inches long. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

4. Saccobranchus microcephalus.

D. 8. A. 74. P. 1/7. V. 6.

The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, the length
of the head one -seventh ; eye of moderate size, half as long as the

32 siluridjE.

snout. The maxillary barbels extend beyond the middle of the pec-
toral fin, those of the nostril to the end of the occipital process. The
band of vomerine teeth is interrupted in the middle. The distance
of the dorsal fin from the end of the snout is contained thrice and a
fifth in the total length (without caudal). The pectoral spine is
finely serrated along both edges, and as long as the head without
snout. Ventral fin reaching to the origin of the anal. A deep notch
between anal and caudal fins. Uniform brownish black.
Ceylon.

a. Ten and a half inches long. Presented by Sir Emerson Tennent,
F.R.S.

8. SILURUS.

Silurus, sp., Artedi, Synon. p. 110.

Silurus et Parasilurus, Sleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 114.

One very short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ;
the anal terminates close to the caudal, or is continuous with it.
Barbels four or six : one to each maxillary, and one or two to each
mandible. Palatine teeth none ; vomerine teeth in one or two trans-
verse bands. Nostrils remote from each other. Head and body
covered with soft skin. The eye is situated above the level of the
angle of the mouth. Neck not elevated ; the upper profile of the
head straight. The dorsal fin is anterior to the ventrals, which are
composed of more than eight rays. Caudal rounded.

The species may be subdivided thus : —

• Barbels six : Silurus, Blkr., p. 32.
## Barbels four: Parasilurus, Blkr., p. 33.

The Siluri, as understood by us, inhabit fresh waters of the tem-
perate parts of the Palaearctic region, some of the species approaching
or entering the northern portion of the Indian continent.

* Barbels six.
1. Silurus glanis.

Der Wels (der ScLaid). Mai (Sweden).

rXdvtt, Arislot. ii. c. 13, 15 ; vi. c. 14 ; viii, c. 20, 30 ; ix. c. 37.

likovpos, JElian. xiv. c. 25 ; Athen. vii, 287.

Glanis, Plin. ix. c. 43; Salv. f. 2106, 211; Aldrov. v. c. 5. p. 569;

Jonston, iii. tit. 2. c. 4. tab. 27. fig. 8 ; Bellon. Obs. i. p. 125.
Silurus, Plin. ix. c. 15, 16, 51 ; v. c. 9 ; Ausoh. 135 ; Rondel, ii. c. 10.

p. 180 ; Gesner, pp. 867, 872, 1047 ; Schonev. p. 69 ; Jonston, tab. 47.

fig. 7; Willughby, p. 128; Ray, p. 70; Artedi, Synon. p. 110, and

Genera, p. 82; Marsigli, Dan. iv.c. 4; Sibbald, Scot. Illy. 25; Klein,

Pise. Miss. iv. p. 10. no. 1; Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 323. tab. 6. fig. 1.
Silurus glanis t> L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 501, and Faun. Suec. p. 121 ; Retz.

Faun. p. 343; Bl. Fische Deutschl. i. p. 242. tab. 34; Bl. Schn.

p. 379 ; Lacep. v. pp. 56, 59 ; Reisinger, Ichth. Hung. p. 28 ; Mei-

t Numerous works showing the occurrence of the Wels at certain localities
in»T be found quoted in the elaborate account of the ' Hist. Nat. Poiss.' by Cut.
&Val.

8. SILURUS. 33

dinger, no. 9; Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. p. 82 ; Cuv. 8f Va». xiv. p. 323.

?1. 409 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 96. fig. 1 ; Nilss. Skand.
?aun. iv. p. 359;* Qronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 134; Rapp, Fische
Bodensee's, p. 12.
Mai, Osbeck, Vet. Akad. Handl 1756, p. 34. tab. 3.
Skeleton : Rosenthal, Ichthyot, Taf. t. 9. figs. 1-7.

D. 4. A. 90. P. 1/16. Y. 12. Vert. 17/51-52.

Maxillary barbels much longer than the head. Pectoral spine in-
distinctly serrated at its extremity. Vomerine teeth in an uninter-
rupted band. Anal and caudal broadly united.

European rivers east of the Rhine.

a. Fine specimen. Feder-see. From the Stuttgart Museum.

b. Young : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

c. Adult: skeleton. Feder-see. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

d. Young : skeleton. Berlin. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.

e. Skull of a very large specimen. Berlin. From Dr. A. Giinther's

Collection.

** Barbels four.
2. Silurus dauricus.

Pallas, in Nov. Act. Petropol. 1787, i. p. 359. pi. 11. fig. 11; Cuv. Sf Vol.
xiv. p. 351.

D. 5. A. 90. P. 1/13. V. 13.

Snout obtuse, depressed, rounded, with the lower jaw prominent.
The maxillary barbels extend to the base of the pectoral, and are
four times as long as the mandibulary pair. Pectoral spine serrated
along its outer edge ; anal and caudal confluent. {Pall.)

Dauria.

3. Silurus asotus.

Silurus asotus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 531 ; Bl. Schn. p. 378 ; Basil, in Nouv.

Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1855, x. p. 240. tab. 3. fig. 4 (not C. 8f V.).

punctatus, Cant. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 485.

xanthosteus, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fish. p. 133. pi. 56. figs. 12-

14; Ichth. Chin, p. 281.

sinensis, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 281 (not M'Clell.).

japonicus, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 226. pi. 104. fig. 1;

Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 281.

D. 5-6. A. 76-82. P. 1/14. V. 13.

Snout obtuse, depressed, rounded, with the lower jaw prominent.
The band of vomerine teeth is scarcely interrupted in the middle, and
sometimes subcontinuous. Maxillary barbels not twice as long as
the head, mandibulary barbels about half' as long. Pectoral spine
strong, with the outer edge strongly serrated ; the length of the pec-
toral is three-fifths of that of the head. Anal and caudal fins confluent.

China and Japan.

a. Adult. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank (S. japonicus).

b. Young. Japan. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

c. Fine specimen. Chikiang. From Mr. Fortune's Collection.
d,e,f-g,h-i. Adult and half- grown. China.

vol. v. D

34 SILURIDjE.

k, I, m. Half-grown. Chusan. From the Collection of the East India

Company. — Types of S. punctatus.
n. Adult. Formosa. From Mr. Swinboe's Collection.
o. Half-grown. Moluccas (?).

Some of the specimens show a distinct interruption in the middle
of the band of vomerine teeth, whilst in others the bands are con-
fluent. In none of the specimens are the spots described by Cantor
visible.

4. Silurus afghana,

D. 2. A. 70. P. 1/13. V. 10.

The upper jaw is longer than the lower ; snout very obtuse, rounded,
with the cleft of the mouth extending to below the eye ; the width of
the head is three-quarters of its length. The maxillary barbels are
twice as long as the head, and thrice as long as those of the mandi-
bles. Eye small. The dorsal fin is quite rudimentary ; its distance
from the occiput is less than the length of the head. Anal and caudal
slightly continuous ; caudal rounded. Pectoral obtusely rounded, as
long as the head without snout ; its spine without distinct denticula-
tions, not quite half as long as the fin. "Vomerine teeth in a very
narrow, uninterrupted, curved band.

Afghanistan.
a. Five inches long. From Mr. Griffith's Collection.

5. Silurus cochinchinensis.
Silurus cochinchinensis, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 352.

D. 4. A. 62. P. 1/11. V. 10.

Maxillary barbels much longer, mandibulary rather shorter than
the head. Pectoral spine scarcely serrated ; pectoral fin shorter than
the head. Vomerine teeth forming a band, which is a little inter-
rupted in the middle. A.nal and caudal close together, but separate.
The upper jaw is longer than the lower.

Cochinchina.
a. Fine specimen, 4 inches long.

Silurichthys berdmorei, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 156,
is probably identical with this species ; the anal is said to be con-
tinuous with the caudal, but distinctly defined.

6. Silurus (?) malabaricus.
Silurus malabaricus, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 353.

D. 4. A. 62. P. 1/13. V. 9.

Lower jaw prominent ; the anal terminates immediately before the
caudal. Pectoral spine strong and serrated ; pectoral fin rounded.
Vomerine teeth in two separate groups. ( Val.)

Coast of Malabar.

It is doubtful whether this species belongs to the genus Silurus,
the short description given by Valenciennes having been taken from
specimens in a bad state of preservation.

9. SILURICHTHYS. 35

9. SILTJRICHTHYS*

Silurichthys, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 268.

One very short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ;
anal and caudal fins confluent. Barhels four : one to each maxillary
and one to each mandible. Palatine teeth none ; vomerine teeth in
a short transverse band ; eyes rather small, above the angle of the
mouth. Nostrils remote from each other, subequal in form and width.
Head and body covered with soft skin. The upper profile of the head
straight. The dorsal fin is inserted above, or immediately before, the
ventrals. Ventrals composed of eight or less rays ; caudal obliquely
emarginate.

East Indian Archipelago Cashmere.

1. Silurichthys phaiosoma.
Bleeker, Prodr. Silur. p. 269, and Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 81. tab. 87. fig. 2.
D. 4. A. 53-56. P. 1/8-10. V. 6-8.

The height of the body is contained six times, or six times and a
half, in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head six
times and a half to seven times and a fourth. The lower jaw is
scarcely shorter than the upper. The mandibulary barbels are shorter
than those of the intermaxillaries, the latter extending to the middle
third of the anal fin. The pectoral is nearly as long as the head, the
length of the spine being equal to the distance between the eye and
the angle of the operculum ; the spine denticulated posteriorly. Dorsal
above, the ventrals. Caudal fin obliquely emarginate, with the lobes
rounded. Uniform brown ; barbels with brown rings.

Banka, Biliton, and Borneo.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Silurichthys hasseltii.

Bleeker, Prodr. Silur. p. 270, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 82. tab. 87. fig. 1.
D. 4. A. 58. P. 1/9. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head seven times and two-
thirds. Jaws equal anteriorly. The mandibulary barbels are shorter
than those of the intermaxillaries, the latter extending to the middle
third of the anal fin. The pectoral fin is nearly as long as the head.
The dorsal is inserted before the vertical from the ventrals. Caudal
obliquely truncated, scarcely emarginate. Brownish, marbled with
black. (Bl.)

Java (Tysekat).

The single specimen known is in the Leyden Museum.

* 1. Silurus sinensis (? LarSp. v. p. 82. pi. 2. fig. 1), M'Clell. Calc. Jonm. iv.
p. 402.— Chusan.

d2

36

SILURfD.E.

3. Silurichthys lamghur.

Siiurus lamghur, Heck. Fische Caschmir, p. 82. tab. 12. figs. 5 & 6.
B. 14. D. 4. A. 53. P. 1/12. V. 1/5.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained four times and two-thirds in the total (without caudal).
Lower jaw prominent. The maxillary barbels do not extend to the
extremity of the pectorals ; those of the mandibles about twice as
long as the eye. The length of the pectoral is three-quarters of that
of the head ; the spine serrated, half as long as the fin. Dorsal above
4th.e ventrals. (Heck.)
Cashmere.

10. WALLAGO.
Wallago, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 114.

One veiy short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ;
the anal is very long, and terminates close to the caudal. Barbels
four : one to each maxillary and one to each mandible. Snout rather
produced ; palatine teeth none ; vomerine teeth in two oblique, longish
patches. Nostrils remote from each other. Head covered with skin ;
the eye is situated above the level of the angle of the mouth. Neck
not elevated, the upper profile of the head being straight. The dorsal
fin is either somewhat before or above the ventrals, which are com-
posed of more than eight rays. Caudal forked.

East Indian rivers.

1* Wallago attu.

Plat-vish, Nieuh. p. 273.

Siiurus athu, Bl. Schn. p. 378. tab. 75.

Wallagoo, Russell, fig. 165.

Siiurus boalis, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. pp. 154, 375. pi. 29. fig. 49.

wallagoo, Ouv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 354.

asotus, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 358 (not L.).

Schilbe boalis, Sykes, Tram. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 368. tab. 64. .fig. 2.
Siiurus mulleri. BU>ek. Verhand. Bat. Genootsch. xxi., Silur. Consp. p. 18.
Wallagoo mulleri, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 585, and

Verhand. Bat. Genootsch. xxv., Nalez. Hind, fy Beng. p. 108.
russellii, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 261, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. tab. 86.

fig. 1.
attu, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 79.

D. 1/4. A. 86-93. P. 1/13. V. 10. Vert. 13/56.

Snout produced, spatuliform ; cleft of the mouth very wide, extend-
ing to behind the eyes ; the lower jaw is rather the longer. Vomer-
ine teeth in two very oblique series,' separated from each other by an
interspace. Maxillary barbels not quite twice as long as the head ;
mandibulary barbels as long as the snout. Pectoral spine feeble, not
serrated exteriorly ; pectoral fin as long as the cleft of the mouth ;
anal and caudal close together, but separate, sometimes covered with
brown dots.

Bengal, Hindostan, Dekkan, Java.

a-b. Half-grown. Ganges. — Types of S. boalis, H. B.

c. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From Mr. Blyth's Collection.

11. BELODONTICHTHYS. 37

d-e. Half-grown : stuffed. Ferozepore. From the Collection of the

East India Company.
/. Adult: stuffed.
g. Adult. Chittingamadum Tarfk, South Arcot District, between

11° 50' and 11° 55/ N. lat., and 79° 18' and 79° 28' E. long.

Presented by Capt. Mitchell.
h, i. Adult and half-grown. Cavery River. Presented by Capt.

Mitchell.
Tc. Adult. Kotamurdoor Tank, South Arcot. Presented by Capt.

Mitchell.
I. Half-grown. Madras Presidency. Presented by Capt. Mitchell.
m. Adult: skeleton. Chittingamadum Tank. Presented by Capt.

MitcheU.

2. Wallago leerii.

Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 427, and All. Ichth. Silur.
p. 80. tab. 85.

T). 1/4. A. 67-73. P. 1/14-15. V. 10-11.

Snout produced ; cleft of the mouth very wide, extending to below
the eye ; the lower jaw is the longer. The maxillary barbels extend
to, or beyond, the origin of the anal fin ; mandibulary barbels minute.
Pectoral fin considerably longer than the cleft of the mouth ; anal
separate from caudal. The dorsal fin *is inserted above the ventrals.

Rivers of Sumatra, Banka, and Borneo.

11. BELODONTICHTHYS.

Belodontichthys, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 266.

One very short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ;
the anal terminates close to the caudal, which is forked. Barbels
four, one to each maxillary and one to each mandible. The teeth
in the jaws are in three series, of unequal size, widely set, slender,
and curved ; vomerine teeth in a single transverse series ; palatine
teeth none. Nostrils remote from each other, subequal in width and
form. Head covered with skin. Neck elevated, the upper profile of
the head being concave ; eye above the angle of the mouth. Ventral
composed of more than eight rays.

East Indian Archipelago.

1. Belodontichthys macrochir.

Wallago dinema, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 202.
Belodontichthys macrochir, Bleek. Prodr. Silur, p. 266, and All.
Ichth. Silur. p. 80. tab. 86. fig. 2.

D. 4. A. 92-96. P. 1/20-22. V. 9-10.

Head compressed, its width being one-half of its length ; lower
jaw prominent ; cleft of the mouth longer than broad • the maxillary
barbels extend to, or nearly to, the origin of the anal • those of the
mandibles shorter than the eye. Pectorals very large, longer than
the head, with a slender smooth spine.

Sumatra and Borneo.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

38 SILURID^E.

12. EUTROPIICHTHYS.

Eutropiichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 107.

A very small adipose fin ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine ;
anal fin elongate, terminating at some distance from the caudal, which
is forked. Barbels eight. No teeth on the palate. Head covered with
skin. The lower jaw is the shorter. Neck not much elevated. The
eye is situated above the angle of the mouth. Ventral with six rays.

East Indies.

1. Eutropiichthys vacha.

Pimelodus vacha, Ham. Buch. pp. 196, 378. pi. 19. fig. 64.
Bagrus vacha, Cuv, §• Veil. xiv. p. 392.

D. 1/7. A. 50.

Cleft of the mouth long, terminating below the eye ; the upper
jaw is rather the longer. Barbels not differing much in length from
one another, nearly equal to the length of the head. Dorsal and
pectoral spines moderately strong, serrated. The ventral is inserted
below the hinder part of the dorsal. (H. B.)

Bengal.

13. CRYPTOPTERUS.

Kryptopterus, Kryptopterichthys, Micronema, Phalacronotus, Hemi-
silurus, sp., Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 116.

Dorsal fin quite rudimentary or entirely absent ; no adipose fin ;
the anal fin is very long, and terminates close to, or is continuous
with, the caudal, which is deeply forked. Two or four barbels : one
to each maxillary, and generally another pair on the chin, on a level
with the angles of the mouth ; the mandibulary barbels are frequently
minute, almost microscopic, and consequently are sometimes entirely
absent. Palatine teeth none ; vomerine teeth in a short transverse
band, which is generally not interrupted in the middle. Head covered
with skin ; mandibles without enlarged muciferous cavities. Ventrals
small and short, composed of from six to ten rays. Posterior nostrils
not dilated, and not closer together than the anterior. Eyes generally
large, always behind, or even partly below, the level of the cleft of the
mouth. Air-bladder transparent through the sides of the body.

East Indies.

Dr. v. Bleeker considers the presence or absence of a rudimentary
dorsal filament to be a character of sufficient importance to base on it
two divisions — Kryptopterini and Phalacronotini — an opinion which
I cannot share. Nor does it appear to me that the disappearance
of two microscopic barbels at the chin is of any systematic value.
These barbels are so rudimentary, that they were overlooked in some
instances by Dr. Bleeker himself. Thus, for instance, some of the
species of Kryptopterichthys and all of Phalacronotus, two genera
said to be distinguished by the absence of mandibulary barbels, are
provided with them.

We divide the species into the following groups, to whiph we do
not attribute generic value : —

13. CRYPTOPTERUS. 39

I. Anal separate from caudal.

A. Maxillary and mandibulary barbels well developed, p. 39.
1. C. mononema. 2. C. limpok.

B. Maxillary barbels well developed, mucb longer than the head ; man-

dibulary barbels minute, if present, p. 40.

3. C. amboinensis. 5. C. schilbeides. 7. C. macrocephalus.

4. C. palembangensis. 6. C. bicirrhis. 8. C. lais.

C. Maxillary barbels short ; mandibulary barbels short, if present (see

C. hexapterus).

a. Head and snout short, p. 42.

9. C. micropus. 10. (J. micronema. 11. C. hexapterus.

b. Head and snout longish, p. 43.

12. C. micropogon. 13. C. bleekeri. 14. C. leptonema.

II. Anal united with caudal : Pterocryptis, Peters, p. 44.

15. C. gangeticus.

I. Anal separate from caudal.
A. Maxillary and mandibulary barbels well developed.

1. Cryptopterus mononema.

Silurus mononema, Bleek, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxi., Nieuive Bydr.

Silur. Java, p. 8.
Kryptopterus mononema, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 287, and Atl. Ichth.

Silur. p. 87. tab. 91. fig. 1.

B. 10-11. D. 2. A. 76-79. P. 1/14. V. 8.

The length of the head is contained seven times and two-fifths in
the total (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of
the length of the head. Nape of the neck slightly concave. Jaws
equal in length ; cleft of the mouth twice as broad as long. The
maxillary barbels extend to the second fourth of the anal those of
the mandibles to the base of the ventrals. Pectoral fin longer than
pectoral spine, nearly as long as the head ; the latter scarcely denti-
culated. Dorsal a little in advance of the ventrals.

Java.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Cryptopterus limpok.

Silurus limpok, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. hid. iii. p. 583.
Kryptopterus limpok, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 286, and Atl. Ichth. Silur.
p. 87. tab. 91. fig. 2.

B. 11-12. D. 2. A. 76-88. P. 1/14. V. 8-9.

The length of the head is contained six times and a half to six times
and four-fifths in the total (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye
is one-third or two-sevenths of the length of the head. Nape of the
neck very concave. Cleft of trie mouth twice as broad as long. The
maxillary barbels extend to the posterior quarter of the anal, those

40 siLURiaa:.

of the mandibles far beyond its origin. Pectoral fin longer, pectoral
spine rather shorter than the head ; the latter strong, denticulated
interiorly. Dorsal above the ventrals.
Sumatra and Borneo.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. v. Bleeker's Collection.

This species appears to have the place behind the head, where the
air-bladder is seen through the transparent skin, of a dark colour
during life.

B. Maxillary barbels well developed ; mandibulary barbels minute,
if present.

3. Cryptopterus amboinensis.
D. 1. A. 63. P. 1/10. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained nearly five times in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head six times and a half.
Nape of the neck not elevated. The single rudiment of a dorsal fin
is situated a little before the vertical from the base of the ventral.
The eye is situated near to the lower profile of the head, and its
diameter is one-third of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth
twice as broad as long. The maxillary barbels extend to the end of
the pectoral; mandibulary barbels minute. The pectoral is much
longer than the head, and extends to the seventh anal ray ; its spine
is rather shorter than the head, and distinctly denticulated along its
inner edge ; ventral very short, as long as the eye. Caudal forked to
its base, each lobe nearly as long as the pectoral. A minute porus
axillaris. Coloration uniform ; sides silvery.

Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen, 4^ inches long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr.
Stevens.

4. Cryptopterus palembangensis.

Silurus palembangensis, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind, iii. p. 684.
Krvptopterichthys palembangensis, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 290, and^4£/.
Ichth. Silur. p. 88. tab. 90. fig. 3.

B. 8-9. D. 1-2. A. 61-70. P. 1/11-12. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained from thrice and a third to thrice
and three-quarters in the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head from five times and two-thirds to six times. The rudiment
of a dorsal fin is situated above the base of the ventral. Nape of the
neck slightly concave. The eye is situated near to the lower profile
of the liead, and its diameter is one-third of the length of the head.
Cleft of the mouth twice as broad as long, with the jaws equal in front.
Vomerine teeth in a short, uninterrupted band. The maxillary barbels
extend nearly to, or somewhat beyond, the end of the pectoral. The
mandibulary barbels are so minute, that they can only be detected with
the utmost caution. The pectoral is much longer than the head, its
length being one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; it extends to
the thirteenth anal ray ; its spine is not shorter than the head, and

13. CRYPTOPTERUS. 41

slightly denticulated along its inner edge ; ventral very short, as long
as the eye. Caudal forked to its base, the lobes shorter than the pec-
toral. A small porus mucosus in the axil of the pectoral. Coloration
uniform ; sides silvery.
Sumatra.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. — This

specimen has very minute barbels.

b. Six inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. — This speci-

men has been received from Dr. P. v. Bleeker as C. bicirrhis,
from which it differs in its higher body, in the length of the
pectoral spine, in the presence of a porus axillaris, &c.

5. Cryptopterus schilbeides.

Hemisilurus schilbeides, Bleek. Proclr. Silur. p. 297, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. 94. tab. 90. fig. 4.

B.9-10. A. 65-67. P. 1/12. V. 6?

The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths to four
times and a fourth in the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head six times and a half or seven times. Nape of the neck deeply
concave. The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the length of the
head. The maxillary barbels extend to the origin of the anal ; ppa-
rently no mandibulary barbels. Pectoral fin longer than the head,
with the spine slightly denticulated. The band of vomerine teeth is
interrupted in the middle.

Sumatra and Borneo.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

6. Cryptopterus bicirrhis.

Silurus bicirrhis, Cut: § Vol. xiv. p. 367. pi. 411; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen.

xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 20, and Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 271.
Kryptopteriehthvs bicirrhis, Bleek. Prod): Silur. p. 292, and Atl. Ichth.

Silur. p. 89. tab. 90. fig. 1.

B. 11. D. 1. A. 53-56. P. 1/12. V. 7.

The height of the body is contained four times and three-fifths to
four times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
six times to six times and a half. Nape of the neck not elevated. Cleft
of the mouth twice as broad as long. The maxillary barbels extend
scarcely to the origin of the anal ; (mandibulary barbels absent ?).
Pectoral spine rather shorter than the head, not denticulated. No
porus mucosus in the axil of the pectoral fin.

Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

7. Cryptopterus macrocephalus.

Kryptopterichthys macrocephalus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 293, and Atl.
Ichth. Silur. p* 89. tab. 89. fig. 2.

B. 9. D. 1. A. 52-53. P. 1/10. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in

42 silurid^:.

the total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly five
times. Nape of the neck not elevated. The maxillary barbels extend
to the second third of the anal ; mandibulary barbels minute. Cleft
of the mouth less than twice as broad as long. Pectoral fin not longer
than the head, with the spine scarcely denticulated. Dorsal fin a
little in advance of the ventrals.
Sumatra ?

a. Type of the species : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's
Collection.

Bleeker has overlooked the mandibulary barbels in this species ;
tUey are minute.

8. Cryptopterus lais.

Silurus lais, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 428.
Krvptopterichthys lais, Meek. Prodr. Silur. p. 291, and Atl. Ichth. Silur.
p. 88. tab. 90. fig. 2.

B. 8-9. D. 1-4. A. 58-66. P. 1/10-11.

The height of the body is contained three times and three-fourths
or four times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head five times and a half to six times and a third. Nape of the neck
slightly concave. The maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the
middle of the anal ; mandible apparently without barbels. Pectoral
fin much longer, pectoral spine shorter than the head; the latter
without denticulations. Dorsal above the ventrals.

Borneo.

a. Three inches long : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

C. Maxillary barbels short ; mandibulary barbels short, if present.
a. Head and snout short.

9. Cryptopterus micropus.

Silurus cryptopterus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 270.
Krvptopterus micropus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 84, and Atl. Ichth. Silur.
p. 86. tab. 89. fig. 3.

B. 10-11. D. 0-2. A. 64-72. P. 1/13-15. V. 6-7.

The length of the head is contained five times and a third to six
times and a fourth in the total (without caudal) ; the diameter of
the eye is one-third of the length of the head ; the lower jaw is the
shorter ; the cleft of the mouth is not quite twice as broad as long.
The maxillary barbels extend scarcely to the base of the pectoral ;
those of the mandibles are minute, scarcely visible. Pectoral fin
much longer than, pectoral spine as long as, or even longer than, the
head ; the latter scarcely denticulated.

Sumatra and Borneo.
a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b-h. Adult, half-grown, and young. Siam. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.
i. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

13. CRYPTOPTERUS. 43

10. Cryptopterus micronema.

Silurus micronemus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Butav. p. 18.

phalacronotus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid. ii. p. 429.

Micronema typus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 300, and All. Ichth. Silur.

p. 91. tab. 92. fig. 2, tab. 93. fig. 1.
Phalacronotus micruropterns, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 307.
Micronema phalacronotus, Bleek. Enumer. p. 139.

B. 14. A. 85-93. P. 1/12-14. V. 9.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and
two-thirds ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the latter. Nape
of the neck concave. Lower jaw slightly prominent ; the vomerine
band occupies the whole width of the palate. The maxillary barbels
extend to the eye, those of the lower jaw are minute. Pectorals not
much shorter than the head, with the spine slightly denticulated.

Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

a, b, c. Types of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

11. Cryptopterus hexapterus.

Silurus hexapterus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 203.
Micronema hexapterus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 301, and Atl. Ichth. Silur.
p. 91. tab. 92. fig. 1.

B. 12-13. A. 74-83. P. 1/16-17. V. 8.

The height of the body is contained five times and three-fourths to
five times and a third in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head six times and a half to seven times and a fifth ; the nape
of the neck concave ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth or one-sixth
of the latter. Lower jaw strongly prominent ; vomerine band short.
The maxillary and mandibulary barbels are sometimes shorter, some-
times rather longer than the head. Pectoral rather longer than the
head, with the spine short and not denticulated.

Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Head and snout longish.

12. Cryptopterus micropogon.

Silurus apogon, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. G7.
Phalacronotus micropogon, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 306, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. 92. tab. 94. fig. 1.

B. 14-17. A. 78-91. P. 1/14-15. V. 9-10.
Only one pair of barbels, extending to the eye. The height of the
body is contained six times and a third or seven times in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and three-
fifths to five times and a third ; the depth of the head is less than one-
half of its length; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth or one-sixth
of the length of the head. Lower jaw prominent. Pectorals shorter

44 SILURIDJE.

than the head, with the spine slender and slightly denticulated. The
length of the lower caudal lobe is three-quarters of that of the head.
Borneo and Sumatra.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

13. Cryptopterus bleekeri.

Micronema bleekeri, Boconrt.

B. 14. A. 77-78. P. 1/14. V. 9.

Maxillary barbels short, extending to the anterior margin or to
the middle of the eye ; mandibulary barbels minute, scarcely visible.
The height of the body is contained six times in the total length, the
length of the head four times and two-thirds ; the depth of the head
is equal to one-half of its length ; the diameter of the eye is one-
fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head. Lower jaw prominent.
Pectorals shorter than the head, with the spine slender and obtusely
denticulated. Caudal fin rather short, its length being equal to the
distance of the pupil from the opercular margin.

Siam.

a. Young. From Dr. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Ten inches long. Siam. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

14. Cryptopterus leptonema.

Silurus leptonema, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid. iii. p. 584.
Phalacronotus leptonema, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 304, and All. Ichth.
Silur. p. 92. tab. 94. fig. 2.

B. 16. A. 75. P. 1/14. V. 9.

One pair of barbels only, extending to the eye. The height of the
body is contained five times and two-thirds in the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of tbe head five times ; the depth of the head
is more than one-half of its length ; the diameter of the eye is one-
fifth of the length of the head. Lower jaw prominent. Pectoral
rather shorter than the head, with the spine slightly denticulated ;
the length of one of the caudal lobes is three-quarters of that of
the head.

Sumatra.

II. Anal united with caudal.

15. Cryptopterus gangeticus.

Pterocryptis gangetica, Peters, Monatsber. Berl. Acad. 1861, p. 712.
B. 12. D. 2. A. 75. P. 1/12. V. 10.

The height of the body is contained nine times and a half in the total
length (with the caudal), the length of the head nearly seven times.
The maxillary barbels do not quite extend to the pectorals, those of
the mandible reach to the margin of the gill-membrane. (Pet.)

Ganges.

14. CALLICIIROTTS. 45

14. CALLICHROUS f.

Silurus, subgenus Callichrous sp., Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. p. 149.

Silurodes et Pseudosilurus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 255.

Silurodes et Callichrous, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 115.

One very short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ;
the anal terminates close by the caudal, or is continuous with it ;
caudal forked. Barbels four: one to each maxillary and one to
each mandible, the latter being placed a£ some distance behind the
symphysis. The lower jaw is the longer. Palatine teeth none.
Nostrils remote from each other, subequal in form and width. Head
covered with skin ; eye behind, and partly below the cleft of the
mouth. Ventral composed of eight or less rays.

East Indies.

The species may be divided into two groups : —

* The vomerine band of teeth interrupted in the middle : Callichrous,
Blkr., p. 45.

* * The vomerine teeth in an uninterrupted band : Silurodes, Blkr., p. 48.

* The vomerine band of teeth interrupted in the middle.
1. Callichrous bimaculatus.

Witvisch, Nieuhof, Zee- en Lant-reize, p. 276.

? Silurus bimaculatus, Bl. viii. p. 24.taf. 364; Bl Schn. p. 37 1 ; M'Clell.

Calc. Joum. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 401.
Ompok siluroides, Lacep. v. p. 50, vi. tab. 1. fig. 2 (very bad).
Silurus bimaculatus, Cuv. fy Vol. xiv. p. 360.
Pseudosilurus bimaculatus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 277.
Phalacronotus siluroides, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 304.
Callichrous bimaculatus, Bleek. Atl. Iehth. Silur. p. 84. tab. 87. fig. 3 \.

D. 4. A. 57-66. P. 1/12-14. V. 7-8.

The anal fin terminates close to the caudal, but is separate from
it ; the pectoral is rather shorter than the head ; its spine is as long-
as the head behind the eye, and denticulated towards its extremity.
The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the head,
which is contained four times and a half to four times and two-thirds
in the total length (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-
fifth or one-seventh of the length of the head. Lower jaw strongly
prominent ; the vomerine teeth are in two very narrow transverse
bands, separated by an interspace ; the maxillary barbels extend to,
or nearly to, the origin of the anal fin. A blackish blotch above the
pectoral, remote from the head.

Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

t 1. Pseudosilurus macrophthalmus, Blyth, Joum. As. Soc. Beng. xxix, p. 156.

— Tenasserim.
\ In this figure the'angle of the mouth is distorted and too much depressed ;
naturally, it is never below the eye.

46 siltjrid^:.

2. Callichrous ceylonensis.
D. 4. A. 66. P. 1/14. V. 8.

Dorsal fin very slender, as long as the head without snout; the
anal fin terminates close to the caudal, but is separate from it ; caudal
fin deeply forked, with the lobes pointed, somewhat shorter than the
head. The pectoral is obtusely rounded, shorter than the head, and
extends to the origin of the anal fin ; its spine is rather slender, ser-
rated interiorly, three-fifths of the length of the head. The height
of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head five times ; the greatest width
of the head equals its length without snout ; snout obtuse, rounded,
with the lower jaw prominent ; vomerine teeth in two distant, short,
and narrow bands. The maxillary barbels extend to the seventh anal
ray ; those of the mandible very slender, half as long as the head. The
diameter of the eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head,
and one -third of the width of the interorbital space. Brownish olive,
minutely dotted with brown ; a blackish blotch immediately behind
the giU-openhig.

Ceylon.

The largest specimen is 7j inches long.
a, b-c. Fine specimens. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

3. Callichrous chechra.

Silurus chechra, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. p. .152.

? Silurus microcephalia, Cuv. 8f Vol. xiv. p. 365.

Silurus indicus, M'Clell. Calc. Journ. ii. p. 583.

Schilbe pabo, Sykes in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 367 (not Ham. Buck.).

Wallago microcephalus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv., Hindost. p. 110.

D. 4. A. 70. P. 1/14. V. 8.

Dorsal fin exceedingly narrow ; the anal terminates close to the
caudal, but is separate from it ; the pectoral extends to the origin of
the anal, and is rather shorter than the head ; its spine is serrated
along its inner edge, of moderate strength, and two-thirds of the
length of the head, which is less than the height of the body, and
contained five times and three-fourths in the total length ( without
caudal). The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the
head. The lower jaw strongly prominent; vomerine teeth in two
separate bands of moderate width ; the maxillary barbel extends to
the end of the pectoral. Sides silvery ; the blackish spot is some-
what remote from the head, if distinct.

River Kusi ; Dukhun ; Sindh ; Afghanistan.
a-b. Eight and a half to nine and a half inches long. Dukhun.
From Col. Sykes's Collection. — Types of Schilbe pabo, Sykes.

c. Adult : not good state. Madras Presidency. Presented by Capt.

MitcheU.

d. Half-grown. Sindh. From the Collection of Messrs. v. Schn

gintweit.

e. Young. Afghanistan. From Mr. Griffith's Collection.

f. Half-grown: bad state. India. Presented by G eneral Hard wicke.

14. CALLIOHROTJS. 47

4. Callichrous pabda.
Silurus pabda, Ham. Buck. pp. 150, 374. tab. 25. fig. 47.
D. 4. A. 54. P. 1/12. V. 8.

The height of the body is a little less than one-fourth of the total
length (without caudal). The lower jaw is the longer ; the maxillary
barbels extend to the second third of the anal fin, those of the mandi-
ble are shorter than the head. Pectoral spine slender, smooth ; anal
not united with caudal. Body with irregular darker spots ; a blackish
blotch behind the gill-opening. (H. B.)

Bengal.

Vomerine teeth in two distinct patches (according to Bleeker,
Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 115).

5. Callichrous anastomus.

? Silurus anastomus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 363. pi. 410.
Wallago anostomus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxv., Hindost. p. 109.
B. 12-13. D.4. A. 50-52. P. 1/11-12. V. 8.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total (with the caudal). The diameter of the
eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head. The vomerine
teeth form two separate, narrow, transverse bands. The maxillary
barbels extend to the anal, those of the mandible to behind the orbit.
Pectorals shorter than the head : their spine is serrated, and equal
in length to the distance of the orbit from the end of the operculum.
Anal not united with the caudal. A blackish spot behind the gill-
opening. (Bl.)
Hooghly.

6. Callichrous liacanthus.

Wallago leiacanthus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. hid. v. p. 189.

Pseudosilurus leiacanthus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 281.

Callichrous leiacanthus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 85. tab. 89. fig. 2 *.

D. 4. A. 54-57. V. 7-8.

The height of the body is contained five times and a third to four
times and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head five times to five times and two-thirds. The dia-
meter of the eye is one-sixth or one-seventh of the length of the
head. Neck elevated, the upper profile obliquely descending, straight.
The lower jaw is the longer ; the vomerine teeth form a narrow band,
interrupted in the*middle. The maxillary barbels extend to the second
fifth of the anal fin ; those of the mandibles are about as long as the
head. Pectorals a little longer than the head, with a slender spine,
which is not denticulated, and equal in length to the distance between

* This figure is not very accurate, the cleft of the mouth being produced back-
wards to below the eye, whilst in truth the eye is always behind the angle of the
mouth, even when the latter is opened. The anal and caudal also are entirely
disconnected in the figure, which does not agree with our specimen or with Dr.
Bleeker's description.

48 SILT7RID.E.

eye and angle of the operculum. The anal is united with the hase of
the caudal. Sometimes a blackish spot behind the gill-opening.
Sumatra and Banka.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

7. Callichrous camo.

Silurus canio, Ham. Buch. pp. 151, 374.

duda, Ham. Buch. pp. 152, 375.

mysoricus, Cuv. §• red. xiv. p. 364 ; M'Clell. Calc. Journ. iv. p. 402.

D. 4. A. 69-73. P. 1/12. V. 8.

The maxillary barbels extend nearly to the middle of the fish ;
pectoral spine not denticulated. Vomerine teeth in an interrupted
band. Sides immaculate. (H. B.)

North-eastern Bengal, Mysore, and Chusan.

8. Callichrous pabo.

Silurus pabo, Ham. Buch. pp. 153, 375. tab. 22. fig. 48.
D. 5. A. ca. 73. P. 1/16. V. 8 *.

The height of the body is contained four times and a third in the
total length (without caudal) ; pectoral spine denticulated interiorly ;
the anal terminates at a short distance from the caudal. Barbels short,
those of the maxillaries scarcely extending beyond the eye ; the lower
jaw is the longer ; vomerine band interrupted in the middle. (H. B.)

Brahmaputra.

** The vomerine teeth in an uninterrupted band.

9. Callichrous hypophthalmus.

Silurodus hypophthalmus, Block. Prodr. Silur. p. 272, and Ail. Ichth.
Sflur. p. 83. tab. 88. fig. 2.

D. 4. A. 76-82. P. 1/12. V. 7.

Dorsal fin exceedingly narrow ; the anal terminates close to the
caudal, but is separate from it ; the pectoral extends to the ninth
anal ray and is not shorter than the head, the length of which is
contained five times and two-fifths to six times in the total. Pectoral
spine of moderate strength, two-thirds of the length of the head,
slightly denticulated at its inner edge. The diameter of the eye is
one-fourth of the length of the head. The lower jaw is the longer ;
vomerine teeth in a very narrow, uninterrupted band ; the maxillary
barbel extends to the anterior portion or to the middle of the anal.
A. blackish spot behind the gill-opening.

Java and Sumatra.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Seven inches long. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

* Hamilton Buchanan states ten ventral rajs in the text, whilst the figure
represents eight only ; the latter appears to me to be the correct number.

15. SCHILBE. 49

10. Callichrous macronema.

Silurus macronema, Bleek. Nat. Tydsehr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 203.
Silurodes macronema, Bleek, Prodr. Silur. p. 273, and All. Ichth. Silur.
p. 83. tab. 88. fig. 1.

D. 4. A. 79. P. 1/15. V. 8.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head five times and a third ; lower
jaw strongly prominent ; vomerine teeth in a narrow, uninterrupted
band. The maxillary barbels extend nearly to the caudal, those of
the mandibles are shorter than the head. Pectorals as long as the
head, with the spine slender and scarcely denticulated. The anal is
not united with the caudal.

Bandjermassing.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

15. SCHILBE.

Schilbe, sp., Cuv. Regne Anim.
Schilbe, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 255.

One short dorsal fin with a pungent spine^; no adipose fin ; the anal
terminates close to the caudal, which is forked. Barbels eight : one
to each maxillary, one to each posterior nostril, and two to each
mandible, the latter being placed one behind the other. The pala-
tine teeth are present, and form together with those of the vomer a
horseshoe-like band. Nostrils remote from each other, the posterior
wider than the anterior. Head covered with skin. Neck elevated,
the upper profile of the head being concave ; eye behind, and partly
below the cleft of the mouth. Ventral composed of six or seven rays.

Tropical Africa.

1. Schilbe uranoscopus.

Schilbe uranoscopus, Riippell, Fortsetz. Beschreib. Nil-Jisehe, p.4.taf. 1.

fig.l.
isidori, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 375. pi. 412.

D. 1/6. A. 67-71. P. 1/11. V. 6. Vert. ^di.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth ; the greatest width of the
head is three-fifths of its length. The lower jaw is the longer ; the
depth of the cleft of the mouth is one-half of its width. Nasal and
maxillary barbels of nearly equal length, shorter than the posterior
of the lower jaw, which are about one-third as long as the head. The
diameter of the eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head.
The end of the dorsal fin is situated vertically above the root of the
ventral, and the width of its base equals that of the latter ; its height
is less than the length of the head, the length of its spine being two-
thirds of the latter ; spine finely serrated posteriorly. The anal fin
terminates at a short distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked,
with pointed lobes. The pectoral spine is stronger than that of the
dorsal fin, and terminates at, or close by, the root of the ventral ; it

vol. v.

50 siluridjE.

is finely serrated along its inner edge. A blackish spot on the origin
of the lateral line.
Nile.

a. Adult. Nile. From Dr. E. RiippelTs Collection. — One of the

typical specimens.
b-d. Adult and half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's

Collection.
e. Adult : skeleton. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
/. Adult: skeleton. Nile. From Dr. E. RuppeH's Collection.

2. Scliilbe mystus.

Chilby, Sonnini, ii. p. 295. tab. 28. fig. 1.

Silurus mystus, part., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 502 ; Bl. Sclin. p. 387 ; Geoffr.

Descript. Eg. Poiss. pi. 11. fig. 3; Joannis, Guer. Mag. Zoul. 1835,

pi. 12 (not good).
Scbilbe intermedius, liiipp. Fortsctz. Beschreib. Nil-Jische, p. 6.

auratus, Joannis, I. c. pi. 5 (not good)*.

mystus, Cuv. <$• Vol. xiv. p. 372.

B. 9-10. D. 1/6. A. 55-64. P. 1/11. V. 6. Vert. 10/36.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth ; the greatest width of the
head equals its length without snout. The lower jaw is the longer ;
the depth of the cleft of the mouth is two-fifths of its width. Nasal
barbels shorter than those of the maxillaries, which are half as long
as the head; the posterior mandibulary barbels are three or four
times as long as the anterior, and somewhat longer than those of the
maxillaries. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of
the head. The dorsal fin is situated entirely before the ventral, and
the width of its base equals that of the latter ; its height is less than
the length of the head, the length of its spine being three-quarters of
the latter ; spine finely serrated posteriorly. The anal fin terminates
at a short distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked, with
pointed lobes. The pectoral spine is stronger than that of the dorsal
fin, and terminates at some distance from the root of the ventral ; it
is finely serrated along its inner edge. A large blackish blotch on the
origin of the lateral line.

Nile.

a, b, c, d, e, f-Jc. Adult, half-grown, and young. Lower Nile.
I. Half-grown. Nile. From Dr. RiippelTs Collection as Schilbe in-
termedins.
m, n. Half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.

* M. de Joannis accuses Riippell of a double error, viz. of having' misstated
the number of anal rays of Sch. uranoscopus and Sch. auritus. If the French
traveller had had a better knowledge of the German language, he would have
seen that Riippell by no means says that Sch. uranoscopus has G4 anal rays, but
that Sch. intermedius is only similar to Sch. uranoscopus in having 64 rays. As
regards the other error, it is quite clear that Riippell intended to compare these
two species with Seh. mystus, specimens of which have ~A anal rays, and that by
a slip of the pen he wrote auritus instead of mystus.

1.5. SCHILBE. 51

o. Seven inches long. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collec-
tion.— This specimen has swallowed an Alestes 5 inches long !
p. Adult : skeleton. Lower Nile. From Mr. S. S. Allen's Collection.

3 Schilbe dispila.
B. 10. D. 1/6. A. 56. P. 1/11. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head four times and two-thirds ;
the greatest width of the head equals its length without snout. The
lower jaw is the longer ; the cleft of the mouth twice as broad as
long. Nasal barbels shorter than those of the maxillaries, which
extend to the end of the head ; the posterior mandibulary barbels
are much longer than the anterior, and are as long as those of the
maxillaries. The diameter of the eye is two-ninths of the length
of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat in advance
of that of the ventral, the width of its base being equal to that
of the latter ; its height is less than the length of the head ; its spine
is slender, shorter than the first ray, and equal in length to the head
without snout ; it is finely serrated posteriorly. The anal fin termi-
nates close to the caudal, but is not united with it. Caudal fin
forked, with the lobes rounded ; the length of the lower lobe is nearly
one-seventh of the total. (Pectoral spines broken off, rather strong
at the base.) Pectoral fin as long as the dorsal is high. The length
of the ventral is one-half of that of the head. Brownish above, silvery
on the sides and on the belly ; • a round black spot on the lateral line
between the dorsal and pectoral fins.

West Africa. Upper Nile.

a. Seven inches long. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
b-c. Young. Upper Nile, 500 miles south of Chartoum. From
Consul Petherick's Collection.

4. Schilbe hasselquistii.

Silurus schilbe niloticus, Hasselq. Reise nach Pulcest. p. 419.
Schilbe hasselquistii, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 377.

B. 9. D. 1/5. A. 63-64. P. ^. V. 6.

The upper jaw is longer, or not shorter, than the lower. The
length of the head is contained six times and a half in the total ; its
width is three-fifths of its length. Maxillary barbels half as long
as the head. (Val.)

Nile.

5. Schilbe senegalensis.
Schilbe senegallus, Cuv. <§• Val xiv. p. 378.

B. 8. D. 1/5. A. 56-57.
Jaws equal in length anteriorly. The dorsal and anal spines are
more slender than- in Sch. mystus. (Val.)
Senegal.

k 2

Ol SII-URIIM*.

16. EUTROPIUS*.

Eutropius, Midi. §• Trosch. Ilor. Ichthyol. hi. p. 6.

A very small adipose fin ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine ;
anal fin long, terminating at some distance from the caudal, which is
forked. Barbels eight : one to each maxillary, one to each posterior
nostril; and two to each mandible ; the manclibnlary barbels are placed
one behind the other. The palatine teeth are present, and form toge-
ther with those of the vomer a horseshoe-like band. Nostrils open,
not prolonged into tubes, situated at some distance from each oilier.
Head covered with skin. The upper jaw is the longer (except in E.
depressirostris). Ventral with six rays.

Tropical Africa. East Indies.

1. Eutropius niloticus.

Ilypophthalmus niloticus, Riipp. Neue Nilfische, p. G. taf. 1. fig. J.
Bagrus schilbeides, Ouv. fy Veil. xiv. p 389.

13. 9. D. 1/G. A. 58-60. P. 1/9. V. 6.

The height of the body is. contained nearly four times in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and
a half. The greatest width of the head equals its length without
snout. The upper jaw is the longer; cleft of the mouth twice as
broad as deep. Nasal and anterior mandibulary barbels short ; max-
illary barbels umch longer than the posterior of the mandibles, not
extending to the base of the pectoral. The diameter of the eye is
one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head. The dorsal fin is
situated entirely before the ventral, the width of its base being
equal to that of the latter. Its height equals the length of the
head ; spine slender, serrated posteriorly. The anal fin terminates
at some distance from the caudal. Caudal deeply forked, with the
lobes pointed. Pectoral spine rather broad, strongly serrated, termi-
nating at a rather considerable distance from the ventral. A blackish
spot at the origin of the lateral line.

Nile.

«, b, c, d, e-f. Adult and young. Lower Nile.

y, h-i. Adult and half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Pethcrick's

Collection.
Tc. Adult. Egypt. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collection. — One of the

typical specimens.
1. Adult: skeleton. Nile. Presented by G. Macleay, Esq.

2. Eutropius congensis.

Silurus congensis, Leach, in Turkey, Xarrat. Ejcped. Zaire, p. 409 ;
Owen, Osteoloff. Cat. Coll. Surg, i. pp. 24, 27.

B. 10. D. 1/6. A. 58. P. 1/11. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained four times and a third in

* 1 Hvpophthalmus taakrec. SyJces, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 369. tab. 64, fig. 4.

"— Dekkan.

16. EUTROPITJS. 53

th« total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times
and a half. The greatest width of the head is three-quarters of its
length. The upper jaw is considerably longer than the lower ; cleft
of the mouth twice as broad as deep. Barbels short and very thin :
those of the maxillary are the longest, extending to the end of the
head, and twice as long as the posterior mandibulary barbels ; the
latter rather longer than nasal barbels ; anterior mandibulary barbels
shorter than the eye. Eye covered with a broad circular fold of skin ;
its diameter is one-sixth or one-seventh of the length of the head.
The ventrals are situated below the hinder half of the dorsal : the
bases of both fins are equal in width. Dorsal fin elevated, with a
slender spine, slightly serrated posteriorly, and considerably longer
than the head ; the first ray is produced into a filament. The anal
terminates at some distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked,
the length of a lobe being nearly one-sixth of the total. Adipose
fin, very small. Pectoral fin elongate, like the dorsal; its spine is
slightly serrated towards its extremity, rather stronger than, but as
long as, the dorsal spine ; its first ray produced into a filament ; this
fin extends beyond the origin of the anal. Teeth in the jaws and
on the palate villiform in broadish bands ; the band on the vomer
transverse, more or less confluent with those on the palatines. Sides
silvery.

River Congo.

a. Thirteen inches long. — Type of the species.

3. Eutropius obtusirostris.
D. 1/5. A. 54. P. 1/8. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained four times and a third in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the headfour times
and two-thirds. The greatest width of the head is three-fifths of
its length. Upper jaw considerably longer than the lower ; cleft of
the mouth short, not extending beyond the front margin of the orbit.
The nasal barbel and the anterior of the mandibulary barbels are
short and thin ; the maxillary barbel as long as the head, the hinder
mandibulary barbel more than half as long. Eye without adipose
eyelid ; its diameter is somewhat less than one-third of the length of
the head. The dorsal fin is situated entirely before the ventral ; its
spine is serrated posteriorly, and three-fourths as long as the head.
The anal fin terminates at some distance from the caudal, which is
deeply forked, the length of a lobe being contained five times and a
half in the total. The pectoral spine is strongly serrated interiorly,
stronger than, and as long as, that of the dorsal fin, terminating au
some distance from the ventral. Ventral fin half as long as the pec-
toral. Vomerine teeth in an uninterrupted transverse band, not con-
tinuous with the palatine teeth. Silvery, back dark olive.

India.

a-b. Three inches long.

54 SILTTRIDJE.

4. Eutropius adansonii.
Bagrus adansonii, Cuv. §• Vol. xiv. p. 391. pi. 414.

A. 53. Dorsal and anal spines rather feeble. {Vol.)
Senegal.

5. Eutropius (?) murius.

The Mini Vaeha.

Pimelodus murius, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. pp. 195, 378.

D. 1/8. A. 42. P. 1/11. V. 6.

Vomerine and palatine teeth ? Barbels not longer than the head ;
upper jaw a little longer than the lower ; eyes large ; dorsal spine
nearly smooth. Silvery, caudal fin blackish. (H. B.)

Four inches long. Mahananda River.

6. Eutropius depressirostris.

Bagrus depressirostris, Peters, 3Ionatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berlin, 1852,
p. 682.

B. 10. D. 1/6. A. 56-60. P. 1/10-11.

The lower jaw is not shorter than the upper when the mouth is
closed ; the hinder mandibulary barbels equal in length to those of
the maxillaries. The dorsal fin is situated entirely before the ven-
tral ; its spine is slender and serrated posteriorly.

Mozambique.

a. Adult. Presented by Prof. Peters.

17. HEMISILURUS.

Ilemisilurus, sp., Bleeker, Pruclr. Silur. p. 295.

Dorsal fin none ; the anal fin terminates close to the caudal, which
is deeply forked. Two small barbels on the upper jaw. Palatine
teeth none ; vomerine teeth in two separate patches. Head covered
witli skin ; neck elevated, the upper profile of the head being concave.
Eye lateral, its lower margin being on the same level with the cleft
of the mouth. The upper jaw is the longer. Head compressed, snout
not broader than deep. The mandible with large mucous cavities (as
in a Sciaenoid). > Ventrals composed of eight or nine rays.

East Indian Archipelago.

1. Hennsnurus heterorhynchus.

Wallago heterorhynchus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ltd. v. p. 514.
Ilemisilurus heterorhynchus, Bleek. Prodr. Silnr. p. 296, and Ail. Ichth.
Silur. p. 94. tab. 93. fig. 2.

B. 12-13. A. 90-93. P. 1/16-17. V. 9.
The height of the body is contained four times and three-fifths
to five times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head nearly six times ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth or one-
fifth of the length of the head. The barbels are fleshy, flexible,

19. AILIA. 55

and extend to the eye ; pectoral about as long as the head, with the
spine slender and slightly denticulated.
Sumatra.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Hemisilurus scleronema.
Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 93. tab. 101.

B. 10. A. 103. P. 1/15-16. V. 8.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head seven times
and a quarter. Barbels cartilaginous, rigid, much shorter than the
eye. Pectoral about as long as the head, Avith the spine slender and
slightly denticulated.

Java.

The single specimen known is in the Leyden Museum.

18. SILURANODON.

Silurus, sp., Cuv. <S* Vol.

Siluranodon, Sleek. Proclr. Silur. p. 255.

One short dorsal fin without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ; the
anal fin terminates close by the caudal, which is forked. Barbels
eight : one at the nostrils, one to each maxillary, and four behind
the chin, the roots of the latter being nearly in the same transverse
series. No teeth in the jaws or on the palate. Eyes behind and
below the angle of the mouth. Neck not elevated. Ventral composed
of six rays.

Nile.

1. Siluranodon auritus.

Oued denne (of the Arabs).

Silurus auritus, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 11. figs. 1 & 2 ; Cuv. $• Veil.
xiv. p. 368.

B. 9. D. 5. A. 80. P. 1/9. V. 6. Vert. j£J.

The nasal and maxillary barbels are shorter than those on the chin,
which are one-third or one-fourth longer than the head. Pectoral
spine rather strong, serrated, and nearly as long as the first ray.
Silvery.

Nile.

19. AILIA.
Ailia, (Gray) Cuv. 6/ Val. xv. p. 538.

Adipose fin exceedingly small ; no other dorsal fin *. The anal
fin terminates at a short distance from the caudal, which is deeply
forked. Barbels eight : one between the nostrils, one to each max-
illary, and four immediately behind the chin, the roots of the latter

* There is a small hole in the skin where the dorsal fin ought to have been
placed ; it is at a short distance from the occiput, and a little before the vertical
from the ventral fins.

56 SILXJRIDiE.

being nearly in the same transverse series. Teeth in the jaws villi-
form ; teeth on the- vomer minute, in two separate small patches.
The nostrils of one side are close together, open, the anterior being
quite in front of the snout. Head covered with thin skin. Upper
jaw rather longer than the lower Orbit with a broad circidar eye-
lid, behind the angle of the mouth. Ventral composed of six rays.
Bengal.

1. Ailia bengalensis.

Malapterurus coila, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 158, 375.

Silurus (Acanthonotus) cuvieri, Gray, Illustr. hid. Zool. (very bad ;

from a deteriorated specimen).
Malapterus (Ailia) bengalensis, Gray, Illustr. Ind. Zool.
Ailia bengalensis, Cuv. $• Vol. xv. p. 538 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch.

xxv., Beng. fy Hind. p.

A. 70-72. P. 14.

All the barbels are subequal in length, extending to about the
middle of the length of the fish. The pectoral spine is slender, nearly
as long as the head, the length of whicb is one-sixth of the total
(without caudal). The height of the body is one-fifth of the total.

Bengal.
a-b. Types of the species. Ganges. Presented by G. E.. Water-
house, Esq.
c-d. Half-grown. Calcutta. Prom the Collection of Messrs. v.
Schlagintweit.

2. Ailia affinis.
A. 60-61. P. 13.

Nasal and maxillary barbels subequal in length, extending to, or
nearly to, the middle of the length of the fish ; mandibulary barbels
rather shorter. The pectoral spine is very slender, as long as the
head, the length of which is one-sixth of the total (without caudal).
The height of the body is more than one-fifth of the total length
(without caudal). Otherwise very similar to A. bengalensis.

Himalayas, Assam.

a-b. Four inches long. Kulu. From the Collection of Messrs. v.

Schlagintweit.
c. Three and a quarter inches long. Assam. From the Collection

of the East India Company.

20. SCHILBICHTHYS.

Schilbe, sp., Cuv. §■ Val.

Schilbeichthys, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 255.

One short dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; no adipose fin ; the
-mal fin terminates at some distance from the caudal, which is forked.
Barbels eight, as in Ailia. Vomerine and palatine teeth vprcscnt.
Nostrils close together, at the end of the snout, very wide, the pos-
terior twice as wide as the anterior. Head covered with skin. The

21. lai's. 57

upper profile is nearly straight ; neck not elevated ; upper jaw longer
than the lower ; orbit with a broad anterior and posterior adipose
eyelid, behind the cleft of the mouth. Ventral composed of six rays.
Bengal.

1. Schilbichthys garua.

Silurus garua, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 156, 375. tab. 21. fig. 50.
Schilbe garua, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 379. pi. 413 (not good) ; Bleek. Vcrh.
Bat. Gen. xxv., Hindost. p. 110.

B. 7. D. 1/6. A. 30. P. 1/11. V. 6.

The maxillary barbels extend to the base of the ventral, those of
the chin to the end of the head. Vomerine teeth in an uninterrupted
cross-band, scarcely separated from the palatine bands. Dorsal spine
slender, strongly serrated. Silvery on the sides, immaculate.

Bengal.

a. One of the typical specimens. Ganges. Presented by G. R.

Waterhouse, Esq.

b. Sixteen iuuhes long : stuffed. India. From Capt. Boys' s Collection.

21. LAIS.

Lais, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 170.

Adipose fin minute ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and
with seven soft rays ; anal fin elongate, with forty or more rays.
Barbels six, four of which are at the mandible, in a transverse series
behind the symphysis. Teeth on the palate villiform, forming two
more or less contiguous transverse bands. The upper jaw is the
longer. Eyes large, free, behind, and partly below the angle of the
mouth. Caudal forked ; ventral rays six. Nostrils close together,
at the end of the snout, wide, the posterior twice as wide as the
anterior.

East Indian Archipelago.

The natural affinity between Lais and Schilbichthys is so great,
that these two genera offer one of the most striking proofs that the
presence or absence of a small adipose fin is a character entirely
useless for the establishment of higher than generic groups of Siluroid
fish, and, if taken by itself, that it leads to a not less artificial system
than the presence or absence of teeth on the palate. Thus, we see
that in Dr. v. Bleeker's system Lais and Schilbichthys arc referred to
two distinct subfamilies — the former to the " Bagnformes."

1. Lais hexanema.

Pangasius hexanema, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid. iii. p. 589.
Lais hexanema, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 171, and Atl. Ichth. Sikir. p. 72.
tab. 75. fig. 2.

B. 8-9. D. 1/7. A. 40-42. P. JL.

Occipital process very narrow ■ the diameter of the eye is one-third

58 SILTJKID.E.

of the length of the head ; the maxillary barbels extend to the
ventral or to the anal, those of the mandible to the base of the pec-
toral. Dorsal fin lower than the body ; its spine is slender, slightly
serrated behind, and two-thirds of the length of the head ; pectorals
as long as the head, with a spine which is longer than that of the
dorsal.

Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

22. PSEUDEUTROPIUS*.

Pseudeutropius, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk, 1863, p. 106.

A very small adipose fin ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine ;
anal fin elongate, terminating at some distance from the caudal, which
is forked. Barbels eight : one to each maxillary, one between the
nostrils of each side, and four along the front margin of the lower
jaw ; the teeth on the palate form a more or less uninterrupted curved
band. Nostrils open, not prolonged into tubes, transverse-ovate;
the posterior nearer to each other than the anterior. Eye large,
situated behind, and partly even below the angle of the mouth. The
lower jaw is the shorter. Ventral with six rays.

East Indies.

1. Pseudeutropius brachypopterus.

Eutropius brachypopterus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 169, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. 71. ta*b. 75. fig. If.

B.40. D. 1/6. A. 27. P. 1/8. V. 6.

The barbels are nearly equally long, extending to, or near to, the
extremity of the pectoral fin. The vomerine teeth form a very nar-
row band, which is angularly bent, and continuous with the palatine
teeth. The dorsal fin is scarcely lower than the body, and the length
of its spine is three-quarters or four-fifths of that of the head ; the
spine is serrated along its whole posterior side, and anteriorly at its
extremity. Pectoral fin nearly as long as the head ; its spine is ser-
rated posteriorly. Ventral fins half as long as the head. Silvery,
with three indistinct brownish longitudinal bands.

Palembang (Sumatra).

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Pseudeutropius atherinoides.

Silurus atherinoides, Bl. viii. p. 48. taf. 371. fig. 1; Bl. Schn. p. 386.
Pimelodus angius, Ham, Buch. F,ish. Gang, pp. 180, 377. pi. 29. fig. 59.

* 1. Eutropius macrophthalmus, BJyth. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 156. —
Tenasserim.
2. Bagrus buchanani, Val. in Jaeq. Voy. Ind. Orient. Atl, Poiss. pi. 16. fig. 3.

— Hindostan.
This figure is slightly inaccurate in representing an anterior and posterior
pair of mandibulary barbels, whilst in reality the roots of the four barbels are
in a perfectly straight line.

22. rSETTDEUTKOFIUS. 59

Pimelodus urua, Ham. Buck. pp. 177, 377.
Bagrus atherinoides, Cuv. &■ Val. xiv. p. 396.

angius, Cuv. 4" Veil. xiv. p. 393.

urua, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 395.

exodon, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv., Hindost. p. Ill (not Val.).

D. ±. A. 36. P. 1/7. V. 6.

The length of the head is contained four times and a third in the
total (without caudal) ; the greatest width of the head is somewhat
more than one-half of its length ; the upper jaw is longer than the
lower. The maxillary barbels extend to the origin of the anal fin,
the nasal barbels to the end of the head ; those of the mandibles are
inserted anteriorly at the chin, and rather longer than the head.
The eye is situated behind the angle of the mouth, and partly at the
lower side of the head ; its diameter is one -third of the length of
the head. The dorsal spine is rather slender, obscurely serrated be-
hind. Caudal fin with the lobes pointed ; the distance between anal
and caudal fins is less than the depth of the hinder portion of the
tail. Pectoral spine much stronger than that of the dorsal fin, two-
thirds as long as the head, extending beyond the dorsal spine, and
armed interiorly with strong spines curved backwards. Ventral in-
serted below the hinder dorsal rays, not half as long as the head.
Silvery, with three or four more or less distinct bands, formed by
black dots ; a black spot at the base of the caudal.

Bengal.

a. Three inches long. Bengal. From the Collection of the East

India Company.

b. Three inches long. Bengal. Presented by G. E. Waterhouse, Esq.

3. Pseudeutropius mitchelli.

D. 1/6. A. 37. P. 1/7.

The length of the head is a little more than the height of the
body, and one-fifth of the total (without caudal) ; the greatest width
of the head is somewhat more than one-half of its length ; the upper
profile of the head is scarcely concave, the nape being but little
elevated. The upper jaw is longer than the lower; the maxillary
barbels extend to the ventrals, those of the nostrils and of the
mandible to the end of the head. The occipital process is not
covered by skin ; it is slender, and joins the basal bone of the
dorsal fin, which is triangular, and half as long as the occipital pro-
cess ; a fonticulus along the middle of the upper side of the head,
extending to the base of the occipital process. Eye large, one-third
of the length of the head. The distance between occiput and dorsal
fin is nearly equal to that between occiput and snout. Dorsal spine
slender, two-thirds of the length of the head, finely serrated
behind. The distance between anal and caudal fins is rather less
than the depth of the hinder portion of the tail. Pectoral spine
much stronger than that of the dorsal fin, as iong as the head with-
out snout, not extending backwards to the vertical from the dorsal

60 SILURID.E.

spine ; it is armed interiorly with strong spines curved backwards.
Ventral inserted below the hinder dorsal rays, half as long as the
head. Sides uniform silvery.
Madras Presidency.

a-b. Three and a half inches long. Presented by Captain Mitchell.

4. Pseudetitropius megalops.
B. 5. D. 1/6. A. 41. P. 1/11. V. 6.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth ; the greatest width of the
head is three-fifths of its length. The upper jaw overlaps the lower ;
the cleft of the mouth is two-thirds as long as broad. The teeth
in the jaws form rather narrow bands, — those of the vomer two qua-
drangular patches, which are separated from each other by a linear
groove; the palatine teeth form a cuneiform band which is sub-
continuous with the vomerine teeth. The nasal barbels extend to
behind the eye ; those of the maxillaries are slightly compressed,
and situated below the orbit and base of the pectoral, when in repose,
and extend beyond the origin of the anal. The mandibulary barbels
are inserted immediately behind the front margin of the lower jaw,
nearly in the same transverse line, and are of equal length, extend-
ing beyond the root of the pectoral. The eye is situated behind the
angle of the mouth, and partly at the lower side of the head ; it is
provided with a broad eyelid, and its diameter is one-fourth of
the length of the head. The dorsal fin is situated entirely before
the ventral ; its height is less than the length of the head, and its
spine is not much shorter than the first soft ray; the spine is of
moderate strength, finely serrated in front and behind. The distance
between anal and caudal fins is more than the depth of the hinder
part of the tail. Caudal fin with the lobes pointed, its length being
one-fifth of the total. Pectoral spine stronger than that of the dorsal
fin, as long as the head, extending to, or nearly to, the ventral, finely
serrated exteriorly and interiorly. Ventral small, not quite half as
long as the head. Silvery, dark on the back ; a blackish spot corre-
sponds to the seat of the air-bladder.

Central India.

a. Six inches long. Godaveri at Mahadespur, Orissa. From the
Collection of Messrs. v. Schlagintweit.

5. Pseudeutropius longimanns.

D. 1/8. A. ca. 54. P. ^8. V. 6.

The bands of teeth in the jaws are rather narrower than those on
the palate ; the vomerine band is interrupted in the middle, each half
being subcontinuous with the palatine band. The nasal barbels are
half as long as the head ; those of the maxillaries extend to, or beyond,
the origin of the anal ; the four mandibulary barbels are inserted in
a straight transverse line, and as long as, or longer than, the head.

23. PANGASius. 01

The eye is rather large, and situated behind the angle of the mouth
and partly at the lower side of the head. The ventral fin is inserted
below the posterior rays of the dorsal fin. The dorsal spine is ser-
rated behind and granulated in front ; its length is four-fifths of
that of the head. The anal fin terminates at some distance from the
caudal, which is deeply forked. Pectoral spine stronger, and a little
longer, than that of the dorsal fin, serrated interiorly and granulated
exteriorly, extending beyond the root of the ventral ; ventral small,
two-fifths of the length of the head. Silvery, dark olive above.

a. Skin : 6 inches long : not good state. India. From the Collec-
tion of the Zoological Society.

6. Pseudeutropius goongwaree.

Ilypophthahnus goongwaree, Sykes, in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 369.
tab. 04. fig. 3.

D. 1/6. A. 52. P. 1/9. V. 6.

All the barbels arc longer than the head ; the maxillary barbels
extend beyond the origin of the anal fin ; mandibular}- barbels in a
transverse line. Eye rather large, situated behind the angle of the
mouth and partly at the lower side of the head. Dorsal and pectoral
spines serrated behind. The anal fin terminates at some distance
from the caudal, which is deeply forked. Ventral small. Silvery,
olive above. (Si/Jces.)

Mota Mola Biver, Dekkan.

Bagrws exodon (Cuv. &Val. xiv. p. 394 ; Belang. Voy. Ind. Orient.
Zool. p. 385. pi. 4. fig. 1) appears to be closely allied to the above
species. Valenciennes says that it is " notablcment caracterisee par
ses dents intermaxillaires, adherentes a. de larges plaques au bout du
museau, de maniere a depasser entierement la machoire inferieure."
A. 43-46.— Bengal.

23. PANGASIUS*.

Pangasius, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 45.

Pangasius et Pseudopangasius, lileeh. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierh. 1863,
p. 107.

Adipose fin very short ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine
and with seven soft rays ; anal fin elongate, with about thirty rays.
Barbels slender, four : one at each maxillary, and two immediately
behind the symphysis of the mandibles. Palatine teeth separate from
those of the vomer. The upper jaw is the longer. Eyes free. An-
terior nostrils open, quite in front of the snout. Caudal forked ; ven-
tral rays six.

East Indies.

* 1. Pangasius delicatissimus, Week. Ail. Ichthyol. i. p. 73. — Known from a
figure only, and apparently distinguished by a pearl-coloured longi-
tudinal dorsal stripe. — Java.

62

SILTJHID^E.

1. Pangasius buchanani.

Pimelodus pangasius, Ham. Buck. pp. 186, 378. pi. 33. fig. 52.
Pangasius buchanani, Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 45. pi. 425 ; Sleek. Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Hindost. p. 118.

B. 9-10. D. 1/7. A. 31. P. 1/11.

Head granulated above ; the occipital process is not quite twice
as long as broad at the base. Snout obtusely rounded. Barbels
shorter than the head ; dorsal and pectoral spines serrated, the latter
as long, or nearly as long, as the head.

Ganges.

a-b. Three feet long : stuffed. Ganges.

2. Pangasius djambal.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 21 ; Prodr.
Silur. p. 181 ; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 73. tab. 76.

B. 9. D. 1/6. A. 30-32. P. 1/12-13.

Scarcely different from P. buchanani. Head granulated above ; the
occipital process is more than twice as long as broad at the base.
Snout obtusely rounded. Barbels shorter than the head. Dorsal and
pectoral spines serrated, shorter than the head.

Java.

a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

This specimen has the vomerine teeth, which are represented by
Dr. P. v. Bleeker as forming two separate patches, confluent into
one, without the slightest trace of a median division. This is
another proof that Bleeker's Pseudojpangasius is not entitled to a
place in the system.

3. Pangasius macronema.

Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 11 j Prodr. Silur. p. 183; and
Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 74. tab. 75. fig. 3.

B. 10-11. D. 1/7. A. 31-33. P. 1/12.

The height of the body is two-ninths or one-fourth of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths or one-
fifth. Head covered with smooth skin above ; snout obtusely rounded.
The diameter of the eye is about one-third of the length of the head.
The maxillary barbels extend to, or beyond, the end of the pectorals,
those of the mandible beyond their base. The teeth on the palate
are small, villiform, and form four small separate patches. The dor-
sal fin is lower than the body; its spine is of moderate strength,
serrated, three-fourths of the length of the head. Pectorals scarcely
shorter than the head, with their spine as long as that of the dor-
sal fin.

Borneo and Java.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

23. PANGASIUS. 03

4. Pangasius rios.

Meeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. lid. ii. p. 205 ; Prodr. Silur. p. 184 : and
Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 74. tab. 79. fig. 1.

B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 33. P. 1/13-14.

The height of the body is contained five times to four times and a
quarter in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
five times. Head covered with smooth skin above ; snout obtusely
rounded; the diameter of the eye is about one-third of the length
of the head. The length of the barbels is less than one-half of that
of the head. The teeth on the palate form four small separate patches.
Dorsal fin lower than the body ; its spine is of moderate strength,
shorter than the head, and serrated. Pectorals scarcely shorter than the
head, their spine being rather longer than that of the dorsal fin. (Bl.)

South Borneo.

a. Type of the species : very bad state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's

Collection.
6. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

5. Pangasius micronema.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxi., Silur. Jar. p. 8 ; Prodr. Silur.
p. 185; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 75. tab. 77. fig. 2.

B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 29. P. 1/11-12.

The height of the body is a little more than the length of the head,
which is rather less than one-fifth of the total (without caudal).
The occipital process is covered with smooth skin, or longitudinally
striated. The maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the opercles,
those of the mandible being as long' as the eye. The teeth on the
palate form four longish patches arranged in a crescent. Dorsal fin
lower than the body ; its spine is of moderate strength, serrated, two-
thirds or five-sixths of the length of the head. Pectorals scarcely
shorter than the head, with their spine rather longer than that of the
dorsal fin.

Java.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

6. Pangasius nasutus.

Pseudopangasius nasutus, Bleeh. Versl. Kon. Akad. Wet. xv. p. 72,
and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 70. tab. 29. fig. 1.

B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 29. P. 1/11. V. 6.
Snout pointed, with the upper jaw projecting. The maxillary
barbels are not much longer than those of the mandible, and extend
to the base of the pectorals. The vomerine teeth form a band., which
is more than twice as broad as long, and separate from the oblong,
palatine patches. The soft dorsal fin is as high as the body ; its spine
is strong, two-thirds of the length of the head, and serrated behind.
Pectorals shorter than the head. The mucous cavity in the axil of

64 SILURIDJE.

the pectoral has a very large opening, divided by reticulated cross-
bars into smaller foramina.

Borneo.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

. Pangasius juaro.

Pangasius polyuranodon, Bleek. Nat. Tyclschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 425.
and Prodr. Silur. p. 186.

juaro, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 589.

Pseudopangasius polyuranodon, Bleek. All. Ichth. Silur. p. 76. tab. 78.

B. 7-9. D. 1/7. A. 35-39. P. 1/12-13.

Snout rounded, obtuse. The maxillary barbels extend somewhat
beyond the head, those of the mandible being as long as the eye.
Vomerine teeth in a quadrangular patch, which is but little broader
than long, and separate from the oblong palatine patches. The soft
dorsal is lower than the body ; its spine is of moderate strength,
serrated behind, and rather shorter than the head ; pectorals nearly
as long as the head.

Sumatra and Borneo.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

24. HELICOPHAGUS.

Helicophagus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. iii., Sumatra, vi. p. 49.

Adipose fin very small ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine
and with seven soft rays ; anal fin elongate, with about thirty rays.
Barbels slender, four : one at each maxillary, and two behind the
symphysis of the mandibles. Teeth on the palate villiform, in two
small separate patches, if present. The upper jaw is the longer.
Eyes with a free orbital margin. Nostrils on the upper side of the
snout, the posterior being more remote from each other than the an-
terior. Caudal forked ; ventral rays six.

East Indian Archipelago.

1. Helicophagus typus.

BleeP.er, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. iii., Sumatra, vi. p. 46 ; Prodr. Silur.
p. 176 : and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 78. tab. 79. fig. 2.

B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 29. P. 1/13.

The humeral process is pointed behind ; the maxillary barbels ex-
tend to the hind part of the pectoral, those of the mandible to the
opercles. Vomerine teeth minute, in two extremely small patches,
if present. Dorsal spine strong, serrated , three-quarters of the length
of the head ■ pectoral spine strong, scarcely longer than that of the
dorsal fin.

Sumatra.

a Type of the species. From. Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

25. SILONDIA. 65

2. Helicophagus waandersii.

Bleekcr, Prodr. Silur. p. 175, and Ail. Ichih. Silur. p. 77. tab. 80.
B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 37. P. 1/11.
The humeral process longish, obtusely rounded behind ; barbels
very short. The vomerine teeth form two small, narrow, divergent
patches. Dorsal and pectoral spines strong, serrated, only a little
shorter than the head.
Sumatra.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

25. SILONDIA.

Silundia, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 48.

Adipose fin very short ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine
and with seven (six) soft rays ; anal fin elongate, with more than
forty rays. Barbels minute, two : one at each maxillary. Teeth on
the palate villiform, in a crescentic band. Jaws subequal in length.
Eyes with a free orbital margin. The posterior nostrils are closer
together than the anterior, which are quite in front of the snout.
Caudal forked ; ventral rays six.

East Indian continent.

1. Silondia gangetica.

Pimelodus silondia, Ham. Buck. pp. 160, 375. tab. 7. fig. 50.
Silundia gangetica, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 49. pi. 426; Bleek. Verh. Batav.

Genootsch. xxv., Hindost. p. 118.
Ageneiosus childreni, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 375. tab. 66. fig. 3.

B. 11-12. D. 1/7. A. 42-46. P. 1/12-13.

Teeth in the jaws cardiform, in two irregular series.
Bengal, Dekkan.

a-e. Young : types of the species. Ganges. Presented by G. R.

Waterhouse, Esq.
/. Four feet long : stuffed. Ganges.

vol. v.

silurid^:.

Third Subfamily.
SILURID.E ANOMALOPTERiE.

The rayed dorsal fin is present, but little developed, and belongs
to the caudal portion of the vertebral column • adipose fin exceed-
ingly small. The extent of the anal is not much inferior to that
of the caudal vertebral column. The gill-membranes overlap the
isthmus, remaining separate to the chin.

South America.

Fifth Group. HYPOPHTHALMINA.

The ventral fins are in front of the dorsal. The anterior ver-
tebrae are not united into one.

26. HELOGENES.

Helogenes, Giinth. Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xii. p. 443.

Adipose fin very small ; dorsal fin very short, without pungent
spine, inserted behind the ventrals ; anal very long. The upper
jaw is a little longer than the lower. Barbels six. A band of small
teeth in the jaws, and two patches on the vomer. No dermal bones.
Eye very small, covered over by the skin. Gill-openings very wide,
the gill- membranes being entirely separate. Pectorals without pun-
gent spine ; ventrals six-rayed.

British Guiana.

1. Helogenes marmoratus.
B. 13. D. 5. A. 42. P. 8. V. 6.

Head small, slightly depressed, short, two-thirds as broad as long,
its length being contained five and a half times in the total, without
caudal ; it is entirely covered with soft skin. Snout broad, obtusely
rounded ; cleft of the mouth of moderate width, the maxillary ex-
tending backwards to below the anterior margin of the eye. The
trunk and tail are compressed, with the upper and lower profiles only
slightly convex ; a longitudinal groove runs along the middle of the
badk from the nape to the origin of the dorsal fin. The greatest
depth of the body is just before the origin of the anal fin, where it
is contained four times and a third in the total length (without
caudal) ; the least depth of the tail is about one-half of the greatest
depth of the body.

The teeth are minute, cardiform, forming bands in both jaws, the
outer series containing somewhat larger and more widely set teeth.

27. HYPOPHTHALMUS. 67

The teeth on the palate form two separate patches, occupying the
front of the vomer. The barbels are thin, and of nearly equal
length, extending to, or nearly to, the middle of the pectoral fin :
one is above and a little in front of the angle of the mouth ; the
mandibulary barbels are placed one close behind the other, nearly in
the vertical from the maxillary barbel. The eye is above the angle
of the mouth ; there is a groove below the eye.

The dorsal fin is a little behind the middle of the distance between
the nape of the neck and the root of the caudal fin • its height is
somewhat less than the length of the head. Adipose fin very small,
lobuliform. Caiidal forked, with the lobes equal in length and
pointed ; their length is about one-fifth of the total. The anal is
very long, with fleshy base, extending to the root of the caudal ; its
distance from the gill-opening is more than the length of the head.
Pectoral as long as the head, extending beyond the base of the ven-
tral fin ; the latter reaches slightly beyond the origin of the anal.

Blackish brown, finely marbled with black.

Essequibo.

o-b. Three and a half inches long. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.

27. HYPOPHTHALMUS.

Hypophthalmus, sp., Spix.
Hypophthalmus, Cue. fy Vol. xv. p. 224.

Hypophthalmus and Pseudohypophthalmus, Bleeh. Nederl. Tydschr.
Dierk. 1863, p. 109.

Adipose fin very small ; dorsal fin short, with seven rays, the first
of which is slightly spinous ; anal very long. The lower jaw is
rather the longer. Barbels six, those of the mandible long. Teeth
neither in the jaws nor on the vomer ; intermaxillaries very feeble.
Head covered with skin. Eye of moderate size, situated behind and
below the angle of the mouth. Gill-openings exceedingly wide, ex-
tending nearly to the symphysis of the mandibles. Air-bladder
none. Ventrals small, six-rayed, inserted before the dorsal.

South America.

The gill-opening is exceedingly wide the gill-membranes being
scarcely united in front. The gill-rakers are fine, very long, closely
set ; the first branchial arch has only one row of gill-rakers along
its outer margin, the inner margin being lined with a broad mem-
brane ; the second, third, and fourth arches have two rows of gill-
rakers, the fourth being destitute of lamella?, and entirely attached to
the thorax, without leaving an open slit behind.

1. Hypophthalmus edentatus.

Hypophthalmus edentatus, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 16. tab. 9.

spixii, Cue. 8f Vol. xv. p. 231 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. xxvi.

1858, p. 446.

D. 1/6. A. 72. P. 1/17. V. 7.

The length of the head is rather less than one-fourth of the total

f2

68 silurid^;.

length (without caudal). Barbels thin, those of the maxillae scarcely
longer than the head. (Agass.)
Northern Brazil.

2. Hypophthalmus longifilis.
Cue. $ Val. xv. p. 230.

B. 14. D. 1/6. A. 64-68. P. 1/15. V. 6.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total length (without ,
caudal). Maxillary barbels longer than the head, extending beyond
the dorsal in the young ; mandibulary barbels with a narrow fringe
along their inner margin. Dorsal spine much more feeble and shorter
than the slender pectoral spine, the length of which is one-half of
that of the head.

Guiana.

a. Adult. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

b-c. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Demerara. Purchased of Mr.

Scrivener.
d. Half-grown. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

3. Hypophthalmus marginatus.

Hypophthalmus marginatus, Cue. ty Val. xv. p. 225. pi. 439.
Notophthalmus marginatus, Hyrtl, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xvi.
1859, p. 17.

B. 14. D. 1/6. A. 63-68. P. 1/14. V. 6.

The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total (without
caudal). Maxillary barbels longer than the head, not extending on
to the end of the pectoral ;. mandibulary barbels compressed, but
not fringed. Dorsal spine feeble, half as high as the body ; pectoral
spine slender. Top of the dorsal and hinder margin of the caudal
black. {Vol.)

Cayenne and Surinam.

4. Hypophthalmus fimbriatus.

Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 444. fig. 30.
B. 13-14. D. 1/6. A. 67-68. P. 17. V. 6.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
The maxillary barbels have a narrow fringe, and extend on to the
end of the pectoral ; mandibulary barbels broadly fringed, the an-
terior being nearly half as long as the entire fish. Dorsal fin low,
the length of its feeble spine being two-fifths of the height of the
body. Pectoral spine flexible. {Kner.)

Bio Negro.

28. BAGRUS. 09

Fourth Subfamily.

SILURIDiE PROTEROPTERvE.

The rayed dorsal fin is always present, short, with not more than
twelve soft rays, and belongs to the abdominal portion of the
vertebral column, being placed in advance of the ventrals. The
adipose fin is always present and well developed, although fre-
quently short. The extent of the anal is much inferior to that
of the caudal vertebral column. The gill-membranes are not con-
fluent with the skin of the isthmus, their posterior margin always
remaining free, even if they are united with each other. Whenever
the nasal barbel is present, it belongs to the posterior nostril.

Sixth Group. BAGRINA.

The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other,
and the posterior is provided with a barbel.

a. Teeth on the palate present (Bagrina). Old World.

28. BAGRUS.

Bagrus, sp., Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 388.

Bagrus, Bleek. Nederl Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 20.

Adipose fin long : a short dorsal with a pungent spine and with
nine or ten soft rays ; anal fin short, with less than twenty rays.
Barbels eight. Teeth on the palate in a continuous band. The
upper jaw is the longer. Eyes with a free orbital margin. Caudal
forked ; ventral with six rays.

Nile.

1. Bagrus bayad.

Silurus bajad, Forsk. p. 60; Bl. Schn. p. 388.

Bayatte, Sonnini, pi. 27 (bad).

Porcus bayad, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 15. fig. 1.

Bagrus bayad, Cuv. ty Val. xiv. p. 397.

? Pimelodus aor, Cuv. Regnc Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 90. fig. 2.

B. 13. D. 1/10. A. 13-14. P. 1/9. V. 6. Vert. 16-17/34*.

The length of the head is contained thrice and three-fourths in
the total. Head broader than high, its greatest width being not
quite one-half of its length. Snout spatulate, its. length being one-
third of that of the head ; the upper jaw is slightly the longer. The
maxillary barbels very long, extending to the middle of the adipose

* The united three or 'four anterior vertebra1 are counted as one.

70 silurid^:.

fin. No rugose shield between occiput and dorsal fin. Dorsal spine
of moderate strength, half as long as the head, not serrated. The
adipose fin commences immediately behind the dorsal, and is twice
as long as the latter, and nearly as high as the hinder part of the
tail. Caudal deeply forked. Pectoral spine as long and strong as
that of the dorsal fin, serrated at the inner side of its extremity ; the
pectoral fin extends to the vertical from the first soft dorsal ray
ventral inserted below the end of the dorsal fin.
Nile ; (Senegal).

a. Fine specimen, 30 inches long. Chartoum. From Consul Pethe-

rick's Collection.
h-<j. Adult, half-grown, and young. Chartoum. From Consul Pc-

therick's Collection.
h, i-k. Adult and half-grown. Lower Nile.
7. Adult: stuffed. Assouan. From Dr. E. RuppeH's Collection.
m-n. Adult : skeletons. Lower Nile.

2. Bagrus docmac.

Silurus docmac, Forsk. p. 65; Bl. Schn. p. 388.
Bagrus docmac, Ouv. fy Vol. xiv. p. 404.

bayad, Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien. 1859, xvi. p. 17 (Hyrtl

has evidently confounded this species with B. bayad, Forsk.).

B. 13. D. 1/9. A. 13. P. 1/10-11. V. 6. Vert. J^.

The length of the head is contained thrice and three-fourths in
the total. Head broader than high, its greatest widtli being two-
thirds or three-quarters of its length. Snout spatulate, one-third of
the length of the head. The upper jaw is slightly the longer. The
maxillary barbel very long, extending to the origin or to the middle
of the adipose fin. Head and nape covered with soft skin. Dorsal
spine not serrated, of moderate strength, its length being two-fifths
of that of the head. The adipose fin commences at a short distance
from the dorsal, and is nearly twice as long as the latter, and lower
than the hinder part of the tail. Caudal deeply forked. Pectoral
spine denticulated along its inner side, as strong as, but rather
shorter than, the dorsal spine. The pectoral fin extends to the ver-
tical from the first or second soft dorsal ray ; ventral inserted imme-
diately behind the dorsal fin.

Nile.

a-b, o-f, g-k. Adult, half-grown, and young. Chartoum. From

Consul Petherick's Collection.
/, >n-o, p-t. Adult, half-grown, and young. Lower Nile.
u-v. Skeletons of large specimens. Lower Nile.

29. CHRY3ICHTHYS.

Chrysichthys et Octonematiehthys, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 00.
Melanodactylus, Birch. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1W>, p. 95.

An adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a pun-
gent spine and with six soft rays ; anal fin short, with less than

29. CHRYSICHTHYS. 71

twenty rays. Barbels eight. Teeth on the palate in two lateral
portions, those on the vomer being confluent with the palatine teeth
of each side. Jaws equal in length, or the upper the longer. Eyes
with a free orbital margin. Caudal forked ; ventral with six rays.
Tropical Africa.

Adult individuals of the species of this genus show the adipose tin
finely striated, the striae being arranged in radiating bundles. This
is the commencement of the rayed adipose fin by which the genus
Clarotes has been characterized.

1. Chrysichthys auratus.

Schal-Abou-Real ; Zamar ; Xaxoug-roumi.

Pimelodus auratus, Geoff r. Deser. Et/. Poiss. pi. 1 4. figs. 3 & 4.

?? Bagrus auratus, Cuv. ty Val. xiv. p. 427.

? Bagrus capito, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 430.

B. 9. D. 1/6. A. 10-11. P. 1/8. V. 6.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths ; head entirely covered
with thick soft skin, broader than high, its greatest width being
three-fourths of its length. Eye of moderate size, its diameter being
one-half of the extent of the snout, and rather less than one-fifth of
the length of the head. Snout depressed, very broad, its extent being
two-fifths.of the length of the head ; lips thick ; the upper jaw is the
longer. Nasal barbels very short, as long as the eye ; maxillary
barbels longer than those of the mandibles, but shorter than the
head. Dorsal spine stout, serrated behind, half as long as the head ;
the first dorsal ray rather higher than the body. The base of the
adipose fin equals in length its distance from the dorsal, and exceeds
that of the latter fin. Caudal fin forked. Pectoral spine very strong,
longer than that of the dorsal fin, strongly denticulated interiorly.
The teeth on the palate are in a horseshoe-like band, interrupted in
the middle anteriorly.

Nile.

a. Fine specimen. Nile. From Dr. E. EiippelTs Collection. — This
specimen is 8 inches long, without caudal ; its head is 26 lines,
and its eye 5 lines long.
This is the species figured by Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, the eye being
represented in the figure of nearly the correct size ; the width of the
mouth is also properly shown. Valenciennes appears to have de-
scribed a second species under the name of B. auratus, and it is
probable that his B. capito was meant for the type figured by Geoffroy.

2. Chrysichthys macrops.

? Bagrus auratus, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 430; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss.
Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17 (not Geoffr.).

D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/8. V. 6. Vert, 11/25.

This species is very closely allied to 0. auratus, but it differs in

72

SILURIDiE.

having the upper side of the head covered with thin skin only, so
that portions of the bone are nearly naked and granulated ; its eye
is considerably larger, the diameter being more than one- fifth of the
orbit. The first dorsal ray and the upper caudal lobe are prolonged
into filaments.
Upper Nile.

a. Adult. Nile. Presented by Dr. Ruppell.

b-f. Adult and half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's

Collection.
y. Adult : skeleton. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.

The largest of our examples is 7 inches long, without caudal ; its
head is 24 lines, and its eye 6 lines long ; so that a comparison with
the measurements given of 0. auratus will show that the latter spe-
cies has an absolutely snialler eye.

Although both species are so similar that Dr. Ruppell appears to
have considered them identical, yet they would enter two different
genera of Dr. v. Bleeker's system.

3. Chrysichthys maurus.
Bagrus maurus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 431.

D. 1/6. A. 10-11.

The head is entirely covered with soft skin. The height of the
body is nearly one-sixth of the total length (with the caudal), the
length of the head one-fifth. The teeth on the palate are in two
short, nearly transverse lines. Dorsal spine as high as the body
and half as high as the soft rays ; pectoral spine strongly serrated.
Adipose fin half as long as the anal. Dark- coloured. (Veil.)

Senegal.

4. Chrysichthys cranchii.

Pimelodus cranchii, Leach, in Tucket/, Narrat. Exped. Zaire, p. 409 ;

Griff. An. Kingd. Fish. Suppl. pi. 40.
Bagrus nigrita, Cuv. 8/ Val. xiv. p. 426. pi. 416.

D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/9. V. 6.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length- of the head one-third ; head much -broader than
high, its greatest width being three-quarters of its length. Crown
of the head striated ; occipital process nearly as long as the basal bone
of the dorsal spine, both meeting in the, middle of the neck. Snout
broad, depressed, spatulate, its length being one-third of that of the
head ; jaws nearly equal in length. Vomerine teeth in two separate
broad patches, each patch being confluent with the band of palatine
teeth of its side. Nasal barbels very short and thin, maxillary barbels
as long as the head ; mandibulary barbels rather short, the outer twice
the length of the inner. Dorsal fin as high as the body ; its spine is
of moderate strength, not 'serrated, and not quite half as long as the
head. Adipose fin considerably shorter than the dorsal ; its distance
from the dorsal equals twice the length of the base of the latter.

30. CLAROTES. 73

Caudal forked, with the lobes obtusely pointed. Pectoral spine ionger
and stronger than that of the dorsal fin, serrated along its inner edge.
Ventral shorter than pectoral, not extending on to the anal.
Rivers Congo and Senegal.

a. Eight inches long. Congo. From the Congo Expedition. — Type
of the species.

5. Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus.

Pimelodus nigrodigitatus, Lacep. v. pp. 103, 108.
Arius acutivelis, Cuv. fy Veil. xv. p. 85.

Melanodactylus nigrodigitatus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 18G3,
p. 95.

D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/9.

Snout pointed, with the upper jaw prominent. Teeth on the
palate villiform, forming a crescent- shaped band interrupted in the
middle. Nasal barbel very short, the maxillary barbel extending to
the middle of the opercle. Eye large, two-ninths of the length of the
head ; its diameter equals the width of the bony parts between the
orbits. Occipital process rather narrow, not much longer than the
basal bone of the dorsal spine, which is elongate and triangular.
Dorsal fin very high : adipose fin short. Caudal very long, deeply
forked, with the upper lobe longest and much longer than the- head.

West coast of Africa.

a. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Damon.

b. Half- grown. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

30. CLAROTES.

Clarotes, Kner, tiitzungsber. Wien. Akad. xxvi. p. 313.

Adipose fin subdivided into rays, and with a strong spine in old
individuals ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and with six
soft rays ; anal fin short. Barbels eight ; branchiost:6al membranes
scarcely united below the throat. Vomerine teeth in two transverse
bands which are not confluent with the palatine teeth. Eyes with
a free orbital margin. Caudal forked ; ventral with six rays.

Upper Nile.

This genus is scarcely different from Chrysichthys, the division of
the adipose fin into rays being dependent on age. In all other respects,
except in the unimportant modification of the arrangement of the
palatine teeth, Clarotes is identical with Chrysichthys.

1. Clarotes laticeps.

Abu Mesaeka.

Pimelodus laticeps, Riipp. Neue Nil-Jische, p. 7. tat'. 1. fig. 2.

B. 9. D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/9. Vert. 14/25.
The height of the body is contained from four times and a half to
five times and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head thrice and a fourth. Head much depressed, broad, trun-

74 SILURIDJS.

cated in front, its greatest width being four-fifths of its length ; upper
jaw overlapping the lower. Nasal barbels slender, not so long as
the snout ; the maxillary barbels extend to the end of the pectoral,
the outer ones of the mandible to the root of the pectoral. The teeth
on the palate form four narrow bands of nearly equal length, the
vomerine band being interrupted in the middle and not continuous
with the palatine band. The upper surface of the head coarsely gra-
nulated, the granules being arranged in striae. Occipital process not
much larger than, and similar in shape to, the triangular basal bone
of the dorsal spine. Dorsal spine strong, slightly serrated along both
edges, more than half as long as the head. Adipose fin short, sub-
divided into rays only along its upper margin in young individuals ;
in old specimens the division into rays extends to the base of the fin,
and the first ray is changed into a hard, pungent spine. Caudal
forked ; both lobes equal in length, or the lower rather longer. Pec-
toral spine as long as, but stronger than, that of the dorsal fin, serrated
along both edges, slightly exteriorly and strongly interiorly. Ventral
rather shorter than pectoral. Dark grey above, white below; a'
blackish blotch behind the gill-opening ; a broad blackish band along
each caudal lobe.

The transformation of an adipose fin into one with rays and spines
in this fish is a very curious fact. I have no doubt that very young
specimens arc provided with a fin without any indication of rays.
Riippell, when he described the species from a young specimen (4^
inches long), did not observe anything peculiar in its fins. Clarotes
la uglinii (Kner, 1. c. taf. 1 &2, and Hyrtl, ibid. p. 371, and the latter
in Denkschr. Wien. Acad. L859, xvi. p. 1) is certainly nothing but a
deformed specimen of the same species ; the arrangement of the gra-
nulated plates on the upper surface of the head, as represented by
Hyrtl on pi. 2, is exactly the same as in our adult specimen.

The species appeals to be peculiar to the Upper Nile, although
single specimens, like that described by RiippeU, may be carried
down towards the mouth of the river.

a. Fine specimen, 16 inches long. Chartoum. From Consul Pethe-
riek's Collection. — The spine of the adipose fin is completely
formed.

/>. Eight inches long. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Col-
lection.— One-half of the adipose fin is transformed into rays.

cd. Six and seven inches long. Chartoum. From Consul Pethe-
rick's Collection. — The division into rays is only visible on the
margin of the adipose fin.

31. MACRONES*.

Macronea, Dumeril, Ichthyol. Anal. p. 484

Hypselobagrus, Macrones, Hemibagrus, et Aspidobagrus, Bleek. Ne-
derl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1803, p. 96.

Adipose fin long, or of moderate length ; a short dorsal with a
* 1. Pimclodus uicnoda, Ham. Bueh. p. 203. — Pimelodus comila, H. B. Fish.

31. MACRONES. 75

pungent spine and with seven soft rays ; anal fin short, with less
than twenty rays. Barbels eight. Teeth on the palate in a con-
tinuous band ; no labial teeth. The upper jaw is the longer. Orbit
with a free circular eyelid. Caudal forked • ventral with six rays.

Asia.

This genus may be divided into the following groups: —
I. Adipose fin much longer than anal : Hypselobagrus, p. 75.
II. Adipose fin not much longer, or shorter than anal.

A. A separate interneural shield on the nape : Macrones, p. 78.

B. No separate interneural shield : Hemibagrus, p. 79.

I. Adipose fin much longer than anal.

1. Macrones aleppensis.

Mystus, Russell, Hist, of Aleppo, (ed. Angl.) p. 76. tab. 13. fig. 1; (ed.

Leyden) p. 89. tab. 5. fig. 6; Gronov. Zoophyl. Pise. p. 120. n. 388.

pi. 8«. fig. 6.
Bagrus halepensis, Cuo. §• Veil. xiv. p. 413.

D. 1/7. A. 12. P. 1/8. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained five times and a third in the
total length (without caudal) the length of the head four times and
a half. Head rather broadci than high, its greatest width being
three-fifths of its length. Snout somewhat depressed, not very broad,
its length being two-fifths of that of the head ; the upper jaw is the
longer. Nasal barbels small ; those of the mamillaries extend to the
origin of the adipose fin. Dorsal spine of moderate strength, scarcely
serrated behind as long as the head, without snout. Dorsal fin
rounded above. The adipose fin commences immediately behind, and
is nearly thrice as long as, the dorsal ; it is lowei than the hinder
part of the tail. Caudal fin forked, with the lobes rounded, the upper
being the longer. Pectoral spine as long as, but stronger than, that
of the dorsal fin, very strongly dentated interiorlj'. The ventral fin

Gang. pi. 1. fig. 72 (without description). — Bagrus eorsula.CW. SfVal.
xiv. p. 408. — Ganges.

2. Silurus erythropterus, Bl. tab. 309. fig. 2; Bl. Schn.?. 385.— Habitat — ?

3. vittatus, Bl. tab. 371. fig. 2; Bl. Schn. p. 387.— Bagrus vittatus,

Cuv.fy Vol. xiv. p. 413. — Tranquebar.

4. Bagrus traehacanthus, Cuv. $ Veil. xiv. p. 419. — Bengal.

5. oculatus, Cuv. $ Vol. xiv. p. 424. — Malabar.

0. limbatus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 283.— Canton.— The typical

specimen is in the Museum of the Philosophical Society of the Uni-
versity of Cambridge.

7. aorinus, Valenc. inJacquem. Voy. bid. Poiss. pi. 17. fig. 1.— East

Indies..

8. Pimelodus cliandramara, Zfam. Buck. pp. 102, 37.r> (description faulty).—

Silundia chandramara, Cuv. # Vol. xv. p. 52. — Batasio chandramara,
Blyfh, Journ. As. Soc. Bvng. 1861, xxix. p. 150.— River Atreyi.

76 SILUUID.E.

is inserted below the end of the dorsal, and does not extend back-
wards to the origin of the anal.

Kiver Coic (Aleppo).
a. Six inches long : bleached. — One of the typical specimens from
A. Eussell's Collection.

2. Macrones cavasius.

Pimelodus cavasius, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 203, 379. pi. 11. fig. 67.
Bagrus cavasius, Cuv. ty Vol. xiv. p. 409 ; Jacquem. Voy. Ind. Poiss.

pi. 16. fig. 2; Bleeic. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv., Hindost. p. 113.
Pimelodus seengtee, Sykcs, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 374. tab. 66. fig. 2.

D. 1/7. A. 11. P. 1/8. V. 6.

The height of the body is a little less than the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total (without caudal); head as broad as high,
its greatest width being two-thirds of its length ; snout scarcely de-
pressed, its extent being rather more than one-third of the length of
the head. The upper jaw is the longer ; vomerine teeth in a narrow,
uninterrupted, crescent-shaped band. The fonticulus on the upper
side of the head extends on to the base of the occipital process, and
the latter to the basal bone of the dorsal spine. Nasal barbels short,
maxillary barbels extending to the anal or caudal fin ; mandibulary
barbels of unequal length, the outer being longer than the head. The
dorsal spine is rather feeble, half as long as the head, smooth, not
serrated. The soft dorsal fin with broad base, pointed, the first ray
being higher than the body. The adipose fin commences immediately
behind the dorsal, and is thrice, or nearly thrice, as long as the latter,
and lower than the hinder portion of the tail. Caudal fin deeply
forked, with the lobes pointed. Pectoral spine as long as the head
without snout, strongly serrated interiorly, extending somewhat be-
yond the origin of the dorsal. Ventral inserted immediately behind
the dorsal, not extending on to the anal. Silvery, the upper part of
the dorsal and the maxillary barbel blackish.

Dukhun, Mysore, Pondicherry, Bengal.

a. Six inches long. Dukhun. From the Collection of Colonel Sykes.
b-cl. Four and five inches long. India.

3. Macrones micracanthus.

Bagrus micracanthus, Bleak. Verh, Bat. Gen. xxi., Hilar. Batav. p. 23,

and Proa1)-. Hilar, p. 161.
Hypselobagrus micracanthus, Blcek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 59. tab. 74.

fig. 3.

D. 1/7. A. 11-12. P. 1/8-9.

The height of the body is one-fourth or one-fifth of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; head a little
broader than high, granulated above. The fonticulus on the upper
side of the head does not extend to the base of the occipital process,
which is narrow, reaching the basal bone of the dorsal spine. The
teeth on the palate form a crescent-shaped band. The nasal barbels

31. MACRONES. 77

extend to the opercles, those of the maxillaries to the tail or to the
caudal fin. The dorsal fin is as high as the body ; its spine is slender,
half as long as the head, and serrated posteriorly ; the adipose fin is
twice as long as, and commences at some distance from, the dorsal.
Pectorals not much shorter than the head, with* a very strong spine,
which is serrated interiorly, and much longer than that of the dorsal
fin ; ventrals shorter than pectorals.
Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

4. Macrones elongatus.
D. 1/7. A. 14. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; the greatest width of the
head is contained once and a third in its length, its depth once and
three-fourths ; snout flat, depressed, its length being rather more
than one- third of that of the head ; head not granulated above ;
occipital process very short ; the teeth on the palate form a subsemi-
circular band. The nasal, barbels extend to the eye, those of the
maxillaries to the ventrals, the outer mandibulary barbels to the
pectoral. The dorsal fin is as high as the body, not pointed above ;
its spine is of moderate strength, more than half as long as the head,
smooth anteriorly and finely serrated posteriorly ; the adipose fin
commences at a short distance from, and is thrice as long as, the
dorsal ; it is lower than the hind part of the tail. Caudal fin forked.
Pectoral spine (broken) stronger than the dorsal spine, strongly ser-
rated interiorly and finely granulated exteriorly ; the soft pectoral
as long as the head without snout. Ventral fin shorter than pec-
toral, not extending on to the vent. Dorsal and caudal fins with a
black margin.

Singapore.

a. Eleven inches long. Prom the Haslar Collection.

5. Macrones nigriceps.

Bagrus nigriceps, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 412.

singaringan, Bleek. Verb. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav, p. 22.

heterarus, Bleek. 1. c. p. 23.

macronema, Bleek. 1. c. p. 22, and Prodr. Silur. p. 157.

Ilypselobagrus macronema, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 58. tab. 73.

D. 1/7. A. 11. P. 1/9-11.

Closely allied to M. cavasius. The height of the body is nearly
equal to the length of the head, and one-fifth, or rather more than
one-fifth, of the total ; head as broad as high, its greatest width being
contained once and two-fifths or once and a third in its length.
The nape and the occipital process are granulated, the latter extend-
ing on to the basal bone of the dorsal spine. Vomerine teeth in an
uninterrupted crescent-shaped band. The maxillary barbels extend
to the tail or to the caudal fin. The upper jaw is the longer. The

78 silukid^;.

soft dorsal fin is pointed, as high as, or higher than, the body ; the
adipose fin commences immediately behind the dorsal, and is thrice
or nearly four times as long. The dorsal spine is slender, more than
half as long as the head, slightly tubercular, and serrated at the apex.
Pectoral fins rather shorter than the head; their spine is strong,
shorter than that of the dorsal fin, and strongly serrated along its
inner edge. Ventrals nearly as long as pectorals.
Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

6. Macrones leucophasis.
Bagrus leucophasis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bene/. 1861, xxix. p. 148.
D. 1/7. A. 10. P. 1/9.

Maxillary barbels reaching to the end of the adipose fin. Eyes
separated by an interspace equal to the orbit. Occipital process
nearly as in M. gulio. Dorsal spine moderately slender, and pecti-
nated behind for its terminal third ; the next two soft rays being
longer than the spine. Adipose fin elongated longitudinally. Pins
chiefly black ; body dark brown, passing to silky white anterior to
the dorsal spine. (Blyth.)

Burmese rivers.

Largest specimen 5£ inches long, 11 inch high at the dorsal spine,
and length of dorsal spine 1-^ inch.

II. Adipose fin not much longer, or shorter than anal.

A. A separate interneural shield on the nape.

7. Macrones aor.

Pimelodus aor, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 205, 379. pi. 20. fig. 68.
Bagrus aor, Cuv. 8f Veil. xiv. p. 405 ; Jacquem. Voy. Ind. Poiss. pi. 16.

fig. 1; Bleek. Verh. Bat. den. xxv., Hindost. p. 116.
Platystoma seenghala, (fykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 371. tab. 65. fig. 2.
Bagrus aorellus, Blyth, Jemrn. As. Soc. Beny. xxvii. p. 283.

B. 12. D. 1/7. A. 13. P. 1/10. V. 6.

Head and body rather elongate ; the greatest width of the head is
contained once and two-thirds in its length. Snout spatulate, its
length being two-fifths of that of the head ; the upper jaw is the
longer ; interneural shield twice or thrice as long as broad in adult
specimens, narrower in young ones. The maxillary barbels are very
long, extending to or beyond the adipose fin. Dorsal spine very
strong, serrated behind, as long as, or even longer than, the head in
full-grown specimens, rather shorter in young ones. The adipose fin
commences at some distance behind the dorsal, and is not twice as
long as the latter, and nearly as high as the hinder part of the tail.
Caudal fin deephy forked, with the upper lobe produced. Pectoral
spine as strong as that of the dorsal fin, with a finely serrated outer
edge, and with a coarse scrrature along its inner margin ; its length

31. MACRONES. 79

is three-fifths of that of the head ; ventral inserted below the end of
the dorsal fin. A round black spot on the end of the adipose fin.
East Indian continent.

a-h. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Ganges.

c. Half-grown. Jamu, Himnlayas. From the Collection of Messrs.

v. Schlagintweit.

d. Adult : stuffed. Seharanpore. From Mr. Griffith's Collection.
e-g. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. India.

In very young specimens (from 3 to G inches long) the dorsal spine
is comparatively feeble, much shorter than the first ray, and not
much more than half as long as the head.

h-l. Young. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

m. Young. Bengal. From the Collection of the East India Company.

8. Macrones lamarrii.
Bagrus lamarrii, Cuv. Of Val. xiv. p. 407. pi. 415.
D. 1/7. A. 12. P. 1/9. V. 6.

Head and body elongate, the length of the former being rather
more than one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; the greatest
width of the head is one-half of its length, and the length of the
snout nearly one-fourth ; snout spatulate, with the upper jaw lunger.
Interneural shield twice as long as broad in adult specimens, and
four times as long as broad in young ones. The maxillary barbels
extend to, or slightly beyond, the dorsal fin. Dorsal spine very
strong, granulated, serrated behind, three-fifths as long as the head
in old specimens. The length of the adipose fin equals that of the
dorsal, and is less than the distance between both fins ; it is lower
than the hinder part of the tail. Caudal fin deeply forked, with the
upper lobe produced. Pectoral spine as strong as, but much shorter
than, that of the dorsal fin ; it is granulated, serrated along its inner
edge. Ventral fin inserted behind the vertical from the dorsal fin.
A round black spot on the end of the adipose fin.

Ganges.

a-h. Three feet long : stuffed. Ganges. From Capt. Boys's Collection.
c-d. Half-grown : stuffed. India. From the Collection of the East
India Company.

e. Half-grown. Afghanistan. From Mr. Griffith's Collection.

B. No separate interneural shield.
9. Macrones gulio.

Penne visch, Nieuh. Zee- en Lantr. ii. p. 271 c. fig.

Pimelodus gulio, Ham. Buck. pp. 201, 379. pi. 23. fig. 66.

Bagrus albilabris, Cuv. fy Veil. xiv. p. 416.

fuscus, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 417 (variety with black mandibulary

barbels)..

birmannus, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 419.

gulio, Cuv. ty Val. xiv. p. 418 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv., Nalez.

Beng. p. 116, and Prodr. Silnr. p. 163.

80 SILXJRID.E.

? Bagrus abbreviatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xiv. p. 420.
Bagrus abbreviatus, Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 254.

gulioides, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 24.

nielas, Bleek. I. c.

schlegelii, Bleek. I. c. p. 25.

rhodopterygius, Bleek. I. c. *

Aspidobagrus gulio, Bleek. Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 60. tab. 74. fig. 2.

D. 1/7. A. 14. P. 1/8-9. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained from four times and a third to
four times and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head thrice and two-thirds ; head broader than high,
its greatest width being three-quarters of its length ; snout depressed,
broad, one-third of the length of the head ; the upper jaw is some-
what the longer. The vomerine teeth form a narrow, continuous,
crescentic band. Nasal barbels much shorter than the head ; the
maxillary barbels extend to the anal fin ; the outer of the mandible
are longer than the- inner and than the head. There is a cutaneous
interspace between the base of the dorsal fin and the occipital process.
Dorsal spine rather strong, strongly serrated behind, more than half
as long as the head, but shorter than the first soft ray. Base of the
adipose fin father shorter than that of the dorsal, its length being
rather less than one-half of the distance between both fins. Caudal
fin deeply forked, the lower lobe being rather the shorter and rounded.
Pectoral spine strongly serrated interiorly, as long as the head without
snout, extending beyond the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.
Ventral inserted behind the dorsal.

East Indies.

a-b. Skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection as P. abbreviatus.

c. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. v. Schlagintweit.

d. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

e. India. Presented by "W. Masters, Esq.

f-m. Ponnay (Madras Presidency). Presented by Capt. Mitchell.

10. Macrones nemurus.

Bagrus nemurus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 423; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi.
Silur. Batav. p. 27, and Prodr. Silur, p. 150.

sieboldii, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 27.

Hemibagrus nemurus, Bleek. Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 55. tab. 69.

B. 10. D. 1/7. A. 12-13. P. 1/8-9. V. 6.
The length of the head is contained thrice and a quarter or thrice
and a half in the total (without caudal) ; head broader than high, its
greatest width being equal to its length without snout ; snout spa-
tulate, its length being one-third, or rather less than one-third, of
that of the head ; the upper jaw is the longer. The band of vomerine
teeth is as broad as, or broader than, that of the intermaxillary.
Maxillary barbels very long. No rugose shield between occiput and
dorsal fin. Dorsal spine of moderate strength, as long as the distance
of the eye from the end of the operculum, finely serrated behind.
The adipose fin is considerably shorter than the dorsal ; the length of

31. MACRONES. 81

the dorsal fin is less than its distance from the adipose. Caudal
deeply forked, with the uppei lobe more or less produced. Pectoral
spine very strong, serrated interiorly, as long as the head without
snout, extending to the vertical from the second and third dorsal
rays. Ventral inserted behind the dorsal.
Java. Sumatra, Banka, -Bornec>.

a, b. Fine specimens. Java.

c. Half- grown.. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

d. Young. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

Bagrus hoeven'd (Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 26 ;
Prodr. Silur. p. 153 ; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 56. tab. 70) differs
scarcely from B. nemurus in having the body a little more slender,
the head a little shorter, and the occipital process rather more dis-
tinct.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

11. Macrones planiceps.

Bagrus planiceps, (K. fy v. H.) Cuv. 8f Vol. xiv. p. 421 ; Bleek. Prodr.
Silur. p. 154.

anisurus, (K. fy v. H.) Cuv. fy Vol. xiv. p. 422.

flavus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 28.

Hemibagrus planiceps, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 56. tab. 71.

D. 1/7. A. 14 (11-12, C. 4- V.). P. 1/9.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times ; the
depth of the head is contained twice in its length, its width once and
a third ; head not granulated above, nape of the neck covered with
skin. Snout much depressed ; vomerine teeth in a continuous cres-
cent-shaped band ; the maxillary barbels extend to, or beyond, the
ventral fins. Dorsal fin scarcely higher than the body ; its spine is
half as long as the head, and not serrated : adipose fin as long as
the dorsal ; its di«tance from the dorsal equals its length. Pectoral
shorter than the head ; its spine is stronger and longer than that of
the dorsal fin, and serrated interiorly; ventral shorter than the pec-
toral. Caudal deeply forked, with the lobes pointed,

Java and Sumatra.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

12. Macrones tengara.

Pimelodus tengara, Ham. Buck Fish. Gang. pp. 183, 377. tab. 3. fig. 61.

carcio, Ham. Buck. pp. 181, 377.

batasius, Ham. Buch. tab. 23. fig. 60 (not descr.).

Bagrus tenggara, Cuv. 8f Vat. xiv. p. 414 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv.,

Htndost. p. 114.
batasio, Cuv. ty Vol. xiv. p. 425.

B. 10. D. 1/7. A. 12. P. 1/8. V. 6. Vert. 9/22.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
vol. v.

82 SILURIDJE.

fourth of the total (without caudal) ; head as hroad as high, its
greatest width being equal to its length without snout ; snout de-
pressed, broad, one-third, or rather less than one-third, of the length
of the head ; the upper jaw is somewhat the longer. The vomerine
teeth form a very narrow crescentic band, subinterrupted in the
middle. Nasal barbels half as long as the head ; the maxillary bar-
bels extend to, or beyond, the origin of the anal fin ; the outer barbels
of the lower jaw are longer than the inner, and extend nearly to the
extremity of the pectoral. A triangular bone in front of the dorsal
fin is joined by a long, bony, occipital process. Dorsal spine rather
feeble, half as long as the head, with both edges serrated at its ex-
tremity. The length of the adipose fin equals that of the dorsal,
and the distance between both fins. Caudal fin deeply forked, with
the upper lobe longest. Pectoral spine strongly serrated interiorly,
longer and stronger than that of the dorsal fin, extending beyond the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal. Ventral inserted behind the
dorsal. Greenish olive, with three brown longitudinal bands, the
middle of which commences from a large blackish ocellus behind the
head ; the bands and ocellus are more distinct in young specimens
than in old ones. Sometimes a dark spot on the middle of the root
of the caudal.
East Indies.

a. Adult. Java. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b, c, d. Many specimens. Madras.

e. Many specimens. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

f-h. Adult and half-grown. Ganges. Presented by G. P. "Water-
house, Esq. — Probably types of the species.

i. Several young specimens. Calcutta. From the Collection of
Messrs. v. Schlagintweit.

k. Adult. Khasya. Presented by Sir "VV. Hooker.

I. Half-grown. Sikkim. From the Collection of Messrs. v* Schla-
gintweit.

mr-p. Adult. India.

q. Adult : skeleton. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

13. Macrones wolffii.

Bagrus wolffii, Bleek. in Nat. Tychchr. Nederl.Ind. ii. p. 205, and Prodr.

Silur. p. 160.
HypseloDagrus wolffi, Bleek. All. Iehth. Silur. p. 58. tab. 74. fig. 1.

D. 1/7. A. 14. P. A.

The height of the body is contained four times or four times and
a quarter in the total length (without caudal),, the length of the head
four times or four times and a half ; head as broad as high, granu-
lated above ; the occipital process is narrow and extends on to the
basal bone of the dorsal spine. Teeth on the palate in a crescent-
shaped band. Barbels long : the nasal barbels extend to the pectoral
fin, the maxillary barbels to the caudal. Dorsal fin pointed, higher
than the body ; its spine is of moderate strength, two-thirds of the

31. MACROS ES. 83

length of the head, granulated in front and serrated behind. The
length of the adipose fin equals its distance from the dorsal, and is
rather more than that of the base of the dorsal. Pectorals scarcely-
shorter than the head, with a strong, serrated spine ; ventrals shorter
than pectorals.

Borneo and Sumatra ; Siam.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection
6. Siam. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

14. Macrones wyckii.

Bagrus wyckii, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 156.

Hemibagrus wyckii, Bleek. Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 57. tab. 72.

D. 1/7. A. 13. P. 1/11.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head three times and two-fifths
or three times and a fourth ; head broader than high, its greatest
width being contained once and a third in its length. Head smooth
above, not granulated or striated ; occipital process short, not extend-
ing on to the basal bone of the dorsal spine. Teeth on the palate
in a horseshoe-like band. The maxillary barbels do not extend on
to the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin not higher, than* the body ; its spine is
half as long as the head, granulated in front and serrated behind.
Adipose fin much longer than, and remote from, the dorsal. Pectoral
spine* strongly s'errated interiorly, rather shorter than that of the
dorsal fin. Ventrals shorter than pectorals.

River Tjitarum (Java).

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

15. Macrones batasio.

Pimelodus batasio, Ham. Buch. pp. 179, 377 (not fig.).

Batasio buchanani, Blyth, Joum. As. Soc. Beng. 1861, xxix. p. 150.

D. 1/7. A. 16.

Barbels shorter than the head ; two longitudinal stripes on each
side, dotted with black ; a blackish spot on the shoulder. (H. B.)
River Tista.

16. Macrones affinis.

Batasio affinis, Blyth, Joum. As. Soc. Beng. 1861, xxix. p. 150.
D. 1/7. A. 12.
Maxillary barbels scarcely passing the eye ; mandibulary barbels
minute. Body with three or four indistinct broad blackish cross-
bands ; a black spot on the shoulder, and another on the dorsal fin.
(Blyth.)
Tenasserim.

inches.

Total length 3 j

Height of the body 4

o 2

84 SILTJRID.E.

17. Macrones tengana.

Pimelodus tengana, Ham. Buck. pp. 176, 377. pi. 39. fig. 58.
Bagrus tengana, Cuv. 8f Vol. xiv. p. 433.

D. 1/7. A. 14.

All the barbels shorter than the head ; adipose fin shorter than
the dorsal. Dorsal spine smooth, pectoral spine strongly serrated.
{H. B.)

A small species, from the Brahmaputra.

18. Macrones keletius.

?? Bagrus keletius, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 411.

Bagrus keletius, Bleek. Verh. Batav. Gen. xxv., Hindost. p. 115.

D. 1/7. A. 9-10. P.^-0.

The height of the body is contained six times and two-fifths in
the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head five times
and a half ; the depth of the head is nearly equal to its width, and
two-thirds of its length. The occipital process is more than twice
as long as broad. Snout longer than the eye ; . the vomerine teeth
form an uninterrupted crescentic band. The maxillary barbels extend
to the tail, the outer ones of the mandible are longer than the head.
Dorsal fin as high as the body, with the spine slender, smooth, and
half as long as the head. The adipose fin commences immediately
behind the dorsal, and is twice as long as the head. Pectoral fins a
little shorter than the head ; their spine is longer and stronger than
that of the dorsal fin, and serrated. (Bl.)

Hooghly.

19. Macrones itchkeea.
Phractocephalus itchkeea, Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 373. tab. 67.

% 1.

D. 1/7. A. 12.

Snout obtuse, with the upper jaw rounded. The maxillary barbels
extend to the end of the pectoral. Dorsal spine not serrated. (Sykes.)
Described from specimens 2 inches long. Dukhun.

32. PSEUDOBAGRUS-

Pseudobagrus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vii., Japan, vi. p. 87.

Adipose fin short or of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with
a pungent spine and with from five to seven soft rays ; anal fin of
moderate length, with twenty or more rays. Barbels eight. No
labial teeth ; teeth on the palate villiform, forming a continuous
transverse band ; eyes of moderate size or rather small. Caudal fin
emarginate or forked ; ventrals with six rays.

Japan, China, and Cochinchina.

32. PSEUDOBAGRT/8. 85

a. The upper surface of the head is covered with skin.

1. Pseudobagrus aurantiacus.

Bagrus aurantiacus, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 227. pi. 104. fig. 2.
Pseudobagrus aurantiacus, Bleek. 1. c. p. 85.

B. 8. D. 1/6. A. 20-22. P. 1/8.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total (with the caudal).
.Nasal barbels One-half or two-thirds as long as the head, shorter than
those of the maxillaries. Dorsal fin nearly as high as the body ; dor-
sal and pectoral spines of moderate length and strength ; dorsal spine
not serrated. Adipose fin as long as the anal.

Japan.

a. Half -grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Pseudobagrus vachellii.

? Bagrus (?) bouderius, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 283 (from a rude

figure).
Bagrus (?) vachellii, Richards. 1. c. p. 284.

D. 1/7. A. 23-24. P. 1/9. Vert. 11/32.

Head smooth above, sometimes covered with loose skin sometimes
with the bones exposed. Occipital process narrow, three
or four times as long as broad ; basal bone of the dorsal
spine elongate triangular, more than half as long as the
occipital process. Cleft of the mouth narrow, inferior ;
teeth on the palate villiform, in a crescent-shaped band.
Barbels slender : nasal barbels extending to behind the
orbit, maxillary barbels to the end of the head. Dorsal fin
as high as the body • dorsal spine serrated behind, three-
fourths or four-fifths of the length of the head. Pectoral
spine stronger than, and as long as, that of the dorsal fin,
very strongly serrated along its inner margin. Adipose fin longer
than the dorsal.

China.

a. Half-grown. Chikiang. From Mr. Fortune's Collection.

b, c-d. Half-grown and young. China.

e. Thirteen inches long. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Half-grown: skeleton.

0. Head osseous above.

3. Pseudobagrus fulvi-draco.

Pimelodus (?) fulvi-draco, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 286.
? Silurus calvarius, Basil, in Nouv. Mem. Natur. Mosc. 1855, x. p. 241.
pi. 9. fig. 1 (bad).

D. 1/7. A. 20. P. 1/7.
Head granulated above ; occipital process subquadrangular, nearly
twice as long as broad ; basal bone of the dorsal spine triangular, as

86 sllurid.*:.

long as the occipital process ; a suture crosses its middle,
and there is another near the extremity of each of its
lateral portions. Dorsal fin as high as the body ; dorsal
spine slightly serrated behind, as long as the head with-
out snout. Pectoral spine stronger, and rather longer,
than that of the dorsal fin, serrated along both edges,
much more strongly along the interior than along the
exterior. Adipose fin as long as the dorsal. Cleft of the
mouth rather wide, transverse, with the upper jaw longest • teeth
on the palate villiform, in a rather narrow subcrescentic ^^«r^-
band. The median groove on the upper surface of the ^3-cirr
head extends nearly to the base of the occipital process.
Barbels slender ; nasal barbels half as long as the head, maxillary
barbels extending beyond the root of the pectoral.
China.

a. Six inches long. China. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

4. Pseudobagrus brachysoma.

D. 1/5. A. 20. P. 1/7.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
which is contained thrice and a quarter in the total (without caudal).
Head granulated above. The occipital process is small, triangular,
similar to, but shorter than, the basal bone of the dorsal spine ; the
median groove on the upper surface of the head does not extend
backwards beyond the level of the orbit. Cleft of the mouth rather
wide, with the jaws subequal anteriorly. The maxillary does not
extend to the orbit. Teeth on the palate villiform, in a very narrow,
transverse, subcrescentic band. Barbels slender, shorter than the
head ; nasal barbels half as long as the head. The diameter of the
eye is less than the extent of the snout, one-fifth of the length of the
head, and two-fifths of the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal
fin as high as the body ; dorsal spine rather slender, slightly serrated
behind, two-thirds of the length of the head ; (pectoral spine'broken ;)
adipose fin shorter than dorsal; anal with the inferior margin rounded;
caudal deeply forked. A large black ocellus, edged with white behind
the shoulder ; a blackish streak along each caudal lobe.

Cochinchina.

a. Skin, 5 inches long.

33. LIOCASSIS.

Leiocassis, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 139.

A rather long adipose fin ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine
and with seven soft rays ; anal fin short with less than twenty rays.
Barbels eight. No moveable labial teeth • teeth on the palate in a
continuous band. The upper jaw is the longer. Eyes below the
skin ; no free circular fold round the orbit. Dorsal spine denticulated,
the teeth not pointing upwards ; caudal forked ; ventral with six rays.

East Indian Archipelago ; Japan.

33. LIOCASSIS.

»v

a. Snout much produced ; occipital process naked.

1. Liocassis longirostris.

B. 8. D. 1/7. A. 17. P. 1/9. V. 6.

The snout is much produced and conical, so that the mouth is about
midway between eye and end of the snout. The length of the head
is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total (without caudal) ;
it is as high as broad, with the crown compressed, the sides obliquely
sloping outwards. The eyes are very small, without free circular
eyelid ; they are much nearer to the extremity of the snout than
to the end of the operculum. The width of the interorbital space is
two-thirds of the extent of the snout, which is rather more than one-
third of the length- of the head. The upper side of the head is only
slightly granulated ; the median fon-
ticulus does not extend to the base
of the occipital process : the latter is
finely granulated, arrow-shaped, twice
as long as broad ; below the skin it
extends on to the basal bone of the
dorsal spine, which is elongate, tri-
angular, and finely granulated. A
skinny space between the basal bone
and the granulated part of the occi-
pital process. Opercles covered with
skin. The cleft of the mouth is trans-
verse, entirely at the lower side of the
snout. The teeth are villiform, in
broad bands : the intermaxillary band
is four times as broad as long ; the
vomerine band is immediately behind,
and nearly as broad and long as the
former. The posterior nostril is nearer
to the eye than to the extremity of
the snout, and its barbel is slender,
not much longer than the eye ; the
anterior nostril is in the upper lip, in
front of the maxillary barbel. Max-
illary and mandibulary barbels small.
The gill -membranes are separate
nearly to the front of the isthmus.

The trunk is slightly compressed,
whilst the tail is elongate, tapering.
The greatest depth of the body is
one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), whilst the least depth of the tail is only a little more than
one-half of the length of the head. The free portion of the tail,
between adipose and caudal fin, equals the base of the adipose fin, and
is a little less than one-fifth of the total (without caudal).

The dorsal spine is strong, not much shorter than the head ; its
serrature behind does not point either downwards or upwards, but

88 siluridjE.

is vertical to the spine • the anal is as long as, and terminates in the
same vertical with, the adipose fin. Caudal deeply forked. The
pectoral spine is somewhat stronger and shorter than that of the dor-
sal fin ; humeral process of moderate size, pointed behind. Mucous
cavity in the axil with two foramina. The ventral fins extend some-
what beyond the origin of the anal.

Japan.
a. Twenty-three inches long. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

/3. The upper jaw somewhat longer than the lower ; occipital process
covered with thin skin.

2. Liocassis crassilabris.
D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/8.

Snout produced, subcorneal, with the upper jaw projecting beyond
the lower, its extremity and the upper lip being soft and fleshy ;
mouth transverse, situated at the lower side of the snout. The length
of the head is a little less than one-fourth of the total (without
caudal) ; it is nearly as high as broad, with the crown compressed,
and with the sides sloping obliquely outwards. Eyes of moderate
size, without free orbital margin ; their diameter is one -half of the
length of the snout, and one-third of that of the postorbital portion
of the head ; the width of the interorbital space is not much less
than the length of the snout. The upper side of the head and the
nape are covered with thick skin : the basal bone of the dorsal spine
touches the occipital process, and both are nearly of the same length.

Teeth villiform : the intermaxillary band is thrice as broad as long ;
vomerine band immediately behind, horseshoe-shaped, as wide as
that of the intermaxillaries. The posterior nostril is nearer to the
eye than to the extremity of the snout, and its barbel is slender,
somewhat longer than the eye. Anterior nostril close to the ex-
tremity of the snout, above and inwards from the maxillary barbel,
which is half as long as the head ; mandibulary barbels still shorter.
The gill-membranes are united for a short distance, only.

Trunk somewhat compressed, its greatest depth being equal to the
length of the head ; the least depth of the tail is only one-third of
the height of the body, and the length of the free portion of the tail,
between adipose and caudal fins, is one-sixth of the total (without
caudal).

Dorsal spine rather strong, slightly serrated behind, the teeth
pointing downwards ; its length is three-fourths of that of the head ;
adipose fin much longer than anal, nearly one-fourth of the total
length (without caudal). Caudal with the lobes rounded, not split to
the base. Pectoral spine somewhat stronger and shorter than that
of the dorsal fin, smooth along its outer edge, but strongly serrated
along the inner one; humeral process pointed behind, half as long
as the pectoral spine. The length of the pectoral fin is four-fifths
of that of the head. Porus axillaris very distinct. The ventral fins
extend to the origin of the anal. Coloration uniform.
a. Seven and a half inches long. China. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

33. liocassis. 89

3. Liocassis pceciloptems.

Bagrus poecilopterus, (K. e\v. H.) Cuv. fy Vol. xiv. p. 4:51.

ramentosus, Mull. § Trosch. Ilor. Ichth. iii. p. 7.

Leiocassis poecilopterus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 140, and Atl. Ichth. Silm
p. 53. tab. 00. fig. 2 (not Borneo, vii.).

B. 10-11. D. 1/7. A. 15-10. P. =L.

I 7-8

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds ; head
as high as broad, its greatest width being two-thirds of its length ;
the occipital process is elongate, extending on to the basal bone of
the dorsal spine ; the upper jaw projects beyond the cleft of the mouth,
which is nearly straight. Barbels very slender and short ; those of
the maxillaries extend to, or somewhat beyond, the eye. The dorsal
spine is of moderate length, serrated behind, its length being con-
tained once and a half or once and three-fourths in that of the head.
The length of the adipose fin nearly equals its distance from the
dorsal, and is less than twice the length of the dorsal. Pectoral spine
strong, as long as that of the dorsal fin, serrated interiorly. Caudal
deeply forked. Brownish, with irregular dark cross-bands ; fins with
two broad brown bands.
Java.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

4. Liocassis micropogon.

Bagrus micropogon, Bleck. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 94.

pcecitopterus, Bleek. I. c. v. p. 445 (not K. # v. II.).

Leiocassis micropogon, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 142, and Atl. Ichth. Silur.
p. 53. tab. 00. tig. 1,

B. 9-10. D. 1/7. A. 15-10. P. 1/8.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half or six
times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
thrice and two-fifths or thrice and three-quarters ; head rather
broader than high, its depth being one-half of its length. Occipital
process very short, terminating at a great distance from the base of
the dorsal. The upper jaw projects beyond the cleft of the mouth,
which is nearly straight. Barbels slender and short ; those of the
maxillaries extend to the eye only, or to the opercles. The dorsal
spine is of moderate strength, serrated behind, its length being one-
half, or rather more than one-half, of that of the head. The adipose
fin is more than twice as long as the dorsal, and commences at a
considerable distance behind it. Pectoral spine strong, serrated in-
teriorly, about as long as that of the dorsal fin. Caudal deeply forked.
Brownish with irregular dark cross-bands ; a brown lateral band
running from the head to the caudal ; fins with one or two brown
bands.

Sumatra, Banka, Biliton, Borneo.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col-
lection.

90 siLURms.

5. Liocassis stenomus.

Bagrus stenomus, (Kuhl §• v. Hass.) Cuv. Sf Vol. xiv. p. 415.
Leiocassis ellenriederi, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ix. p. 11.
stenomus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 54. tab. 67. fig. 3.

B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 15. P. 1/7.

The height of the body is nearly one-sixth of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths; head broader
than high, and nearly as broad as long. The occipital process is tri-
angular, and reaches just to the basal bone of the dorsal fin ; the
upper jaw projects a little beyond the cleft of the mouth, which is
slightly curved. The maxillary barbels and the outer ones of the
mandible are longer than the head. Pectoral spine considerably
longer and stronger than that of the dorsal fin ; the length of the
adipose fin is equal to that of the dorsal, but much less than the space
between the two fins. Caudal deeply forked, with the lobes pro-
duced into filaments.

Java and Sumatra.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeder's Collection.

34. BAGROIDES.

Bagroides, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 204.
Bagroides et Pseudobagrichthvs, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863,
p. 94.

Adipose fin long ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and seven
soft rays ; anal fin short, with less than twenty rays. Barbels eight.
No labial teeth ; teeth on the palate in an uninterrupted band or
patch. Head covered with thick skin ; eyes beloAV the skin. No
free circular fold round the orbit. Dorsal spine serrated, the teeth
pointing upwards ; caudal fin forked ; ventrals with six rays. Gill-
membranes united below the throat, but not grown to the isthmus,
with a very shallow notch behind.

Sumatra and Borneo.

a. Adipose fin about as long as the head ; vomerine teeth in a subtrian-
gular patch which is rounded anteriorly : Bagroides, Blkr.

1. Bagroides melanopterus.

Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 204 ; Prodr. Silur. p. 134 ; and
Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 51. tab. 66. fig. 3.

B. 7-8. D. 1/7. A. 16-17. P. 1/9.
The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head four times and a third or
five times ; head as broad as high, its greatest width being contained
once and a fourth in its length. Upper jaw prominent. The teeth
on the palate are obtuse. Barbels shorter than the head without
tentacles ; lateral line with filaments anteriorly. Dorsal fin lower
than the body • its spine is strong, generally shorter than the head,
striated. Adipose fin twice as long as the dorsal, the length of which

34. BAGROIDES. 91

equals the distance between both fins. Pectorals as long as the head,
with a very strong spine, serrated interiorly ; ventrals much shorter
than pectorals ; caudal deeply forked, with the lobes pointed.
Sumatra and Borneo.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

j3. Adipose fin twice as long as the head; vomerine teeth in a short,
curved, uninterrupted band : Pseudobagrichthys, Blkr.

2. Bagroides macroptems.

Bagroides macropterus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. v. p.515, and

Prodr. Silur. p. 136.
Pseudobagrichthys macropterus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 50. tab. 67.

fig.l.

B. 7. D. 1/7. A. 14. P. 1/9.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-sixth ; head rather higher than
broad, its greatest width being two-thirds of its length ; the upper
jaw prominent ; teeth on the palate minute, forming a short sub-
crescentic band. Barbels slender, shorter than the head. Dorsal
fin as high as the body ; its spine is of moderate strength, striated,
about as long as the head. The adipose fin commences at a short
distance from, and is more than four times as long as, the dorsal.
Pectorals rather longer than the head ; their spine is stronger than,
and about as long as, that of the dorsal fin, and strongly serrated in-
teriorly ; ventrals shorter than pectorals.

Sumatra (Palembang, Moarakompeh).

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

3. Bagroides macracanthus.

Bagroides macracanthus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vii. p. 88,

and Prodr. Silur. p. 137.
Pseudobagrichthys macracanthus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 50. tab. 67.

fig.l.

B. 7. D. 1/7. A. 14. P. 1/9.

Nape of the neck elevated. The height of the body is contained
rather more than four times in Hie total length (without caudal), the
length of the head five times and a half; head rather higher than
broad, its width being two- thirds of its length. The upper jaw
prominent ; the teeth on the palate are very conspicuous. Barbel
slender, shorter than the head. Dorsal fin rather higher than the
body ; its spine is of moderate strength and much longer than the
head. The adipose fin commences at a very short distance from, and
is about four times as long as, the dorsal. Pectorals about as long as
the head, their spine being as strong as, but much shorter than, that
of the dorsal fin, serrated interiorly. Ventrals shorter than pectorals.

Eastern Sumatra.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

92 SILURID^E.

35. BAGRICHTHYS.

Bagrichthys, Blcek. Prodr. Silur. p. 130.

Adipose fin exceedingly long ; a short, high dorsal fin with a pun-
gent spine and seven soft rays ; anal fin short. Trunk much com-
pressed and elevated. Barbels eight. Each jaw with a band of villi -
form teeth, the lower with long moveable labial teeth besides ; teeth
on the vomer in a continuous band. Head covered with skin ; eyes
without free orbital margin, below the skin. Caudal fin forked ;
ventrals with six rays.

East Indian Archipelago.

1. Bagrichthys hypselopterus.

Bagrus hypselopterus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ltd. iii. p. 588 c. tab.
Bagrichthys hypselopterus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 131, and All. Ichth.
Silur. p. 49. tab. 68.

B. 7. D. 1/7. A. 15. P.

i

10-11"

Body compressed, with the nape and the base of the dorsal fin
much elevated. All the barbels shorter than the head ; mandibulary
barbels with short tentacles. Dorsal fin exceedingly high, the spine
and the first ray being twice as long, or more than twice as long, as
the head ; dorsal spine serrated behind. Adipose fin very long, con-
tiguous with the dorsal, higher than the tail. Pectorals as long as
the head, with a strong, serrated spine ; ventrals as long as pectorals.
Caudal deeply forked, with the lobes more or less produced into fila-
ments.

Sumatra and Borneo.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

36. RITA*.

Rita, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 60.

An adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a pun-
gent spine and with six (seven) soft rays ; anal fin short. Nostrils
distant. Barbels six : two at the maxillaries, two minute ones at the
posterior nostrils, and two at the throat. Teeth on the palate gra-
nular or molar-like. The upper jaw the longer. Orbit without free,
circular eyelid. Caudal forked ; ventral rays six.

East Indies.

1. Rita crucigera.

Pimelodus rita, Ham. Buck. p. 165. pi. 24. fig. 53.
Arms rita, Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 88. pi. 429.

> cruciger, Owen, Osteol. Catal. Coll. Surg. i. p. 26.

Rita buchanani, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 65, and Verhand. Bat. Gen. xxv.,
Beng. p. 123. tab. 3. fig. 1.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/10.

The upper surface of the head is granulated ; basal bone of the

* 1. Piiuelodus rama, Ham. Buck. pp. 176, 377. pi. 3. fig. 55. — Brahmaputra.

36. rita. 93

dorsal spine well developed, and as long as the occipital process.
Maxillary barbels shorter than the head. The teeth on the palate
form two subelliptic patches which are confluent anteriorly. Hu-
meral process very large, nearly as long as the head, rounded behind.
Dorsal and pectoral spines exceedingly strong, the former as long as
the head. Adipose fin as long as the dorsal.
Bengal.

a-d. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Ganges.
e. Adult : stuffed. From Mr. Griffith's Collection.
/. Adult: skin. India.

2. Rita pavimentata.

Arius pavimentatus, Valeric, in Jacq. Voy. hides, Ail. Poiss. pi. 17. fig.2 ;

Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 94.
? Arius ritoides, Cuv. §• Val. xv. p. 92.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/10.

The upper surface of the head is covered with skin ; maxillary
barbels shorter than the head. The teeth on the palate granular in
front, enlarged and -molar-like behind, in two subelliptic patches
which are confluent anteriorly. The humeral process is tbree-fifths
as long as the head, sharply pointed behind. Dorsal spine mode-
rately strong, its length being two -thirds or three-quarters of that
of the head. Adipose fin as long as tbe dorsal.

Bengal.

a. Nine inches long. East Indies. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

b. Nine inches long : stuffed. East Indies. From the Collection of

the Zoological Society.
c-d. Adult and young. Toombudra River. Presented by Capt.. J.
Mitchell of Madras.

3. Rita hastata.

Arius hastatus, Valenc. in Jacq. Voy. Indes, Ail. Poiss. pi. 18. fig. 2 ;

Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 97.
pumilus, Valenc. I. c. fig. 1.

D. 1/6. A. 12.

Teeth on the palate in two separate patches. Head smooth above.
Dorsal spine moderately strong, higher than the body underneath.
{Val.)

Hindostan.

4. Rita kuturnee.

Phractocephalus kuturnee, Sykes, in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 372. tab. 65.
fig. 3.

D. 1/6. A. 12.

Maxillary barbels rather longer than the head. Humeral process
two-thirds as long as the head, narrow and rounded behind. Dorsal
and pectoral spines moderately strong, strongly serrated, terminating
in long soft filaments. Adipose fin shorter than the dorsal. (Sykes.)

Beema River (Dukhun). Six inches long.

94 SILURIDJE.

5. Rita manillensis.

Arius manillensis, Cuv. ijr Vol. xv. p. 93.

D. 1/7. A. 17. . P. 1/9.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (with the caudal) ;
head granulated above; occipital process ovate. Maxillary barbel
shorter than the head. Teeth on the palate in two separate ovate
patches. Dorsal spine serrated in front. ( Val.)

Manilla.

b. Palate toothless. Ventral rays six : Aktsina.

37. ACROCHORDONICHTHYS.

Acrochordonichthys, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 221.
. Adipose fin low ; a short dorsal with one spine and five soft rays ;
anal fin rather short. Barbels eight : those of the maxillaries scarcely
dilated at the base. The upper jaw is rather longer than the lower ;
teeth villiform, palate edentulous. Head depressed, covered with
soft skin above ; eyes small, below the skin ; the skin of the body
with tubercles longitudinally arranged. Gill-opening rather narrow,
not extending to above the base of the pectorals. Caudal not emar-
ginate ; pectorals horizontal ; ventrals with six rays.
Java and Sumatra.

1. Acrochordonichthys platycephalus.

Acrochordonichthys platycephalus, Sleeker, Prodr. Silur. p. 224, and
Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 67. tab. 84. fig. 2.

B. 6. D. 1/5. A. 9. P. 1/7.

The median groove on the upper surface of the head extends on
to the base of the occipital process ; a single hollow on each side of
the hinder end of the fonticulus ; occipital process more than twice
as long as broad. The greatest width of the body is nearly one-fourth
of the total length. The maxillary barbels reach to the end of the
operculum. Sides with three round, distant yellow spots posteriorly.

Sumatra.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Acrochordonichthys melanogaster.

Pimelodiis melanogaster, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vii. p. 89.
Acrochordonichthys melanogaster, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 225, and Atl,
Ichth. Silur. p. 67. tab. 84. fig. 3.

D. 1/5. A. 9. P. 1/7.

The median groove on the upper surface of the head extends oh
to the base of the occipital process ; its hinder portion with a pair of
hollows on each side ; occipital process not twice as long as broad. The
greatest width of the body is one-fourth of its length. The maxillary

37. ACK0CH0RU0NIC1ITHYS. 95

barbels do not extend to the end of the head. Belly entirety brownish
black.

Sumatra (Palembang).

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's Collection.

3. Acrochordonichthys rugosus.

Pimelodus rugosus, Sleek. Verh. Sat. Gen. xxi., Silur. p. 11.
Acrochordonichthys rugosus, Sleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 227, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. G8. tab. 83. fig. 4.

D. 1/5. A. 9. P. 1/7.

The median groove on the upper surface of the head extends on
to the base of the occipital process ; there is a triangular impression
on each side of its hinder extremity ; occipital process more than twice
as lung as broad. The greatest width of the body is contained four
times and a third or four times and a sixth in the total length. The
maxillary barbels do not extend to the end of the opercle. Entirely
brownish.

Java and Sumatra.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

4. Acrochordonichthys pleurostigma.

Pimelodus pleurostigma, Sleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vii. p. 442.
Acrochordonichthys pleurostigma, Sleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 229. and Atl.
Ichth. Silur. p. 68. tab. 83. tig. 5.

D. 1/5. A. 8. P. 1/6- 1.

The median groove on the upper surface of the head extends on
to the base of the occipital process ; a single hollow on each side of
the hinder end of the fonticulus ; occipital process triangular, less
than twice as long as broad. The greatest width of the body is
contained four times and three-fourths or five times in the total
length. The maxillary barbel does not extend to the end of the
opercle. A series of several rounded yellow spots along the side.

Java.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

5. Acrochordonichthys zonatus.

Pimelodus zonatus, Sleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. vii. p. 444.
Acrochordonichthys zonatus, Sleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 230, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. 69. tab. 84. fig. 5.

D. 1/5. A. 10. P. 1/7.

The median groove on the upper surface of the head extends on to
the base of the occipital process ; there are a pair of shallow impres-
sions on each side of the hinder part of the fonticulus ; occipital
process twice, or more than twice, as long as broad. The greatest
width of the body is contained four times and three-fourths or five

96 silurid-s:.

times in the total length. The maxillary barbels do not extend to
the end of the opercle. Trunk and hinder half of the tail black.

Java.
a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

6. Acrochordonichthys ischnosoma.
Bleeker, Prodr. Silur. p. 232, and Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 70. tab. 84. fig. 4.
D. 1/5. A. 10. P. 1/7.

The median groove on the upper surface of the head terminates at
a considerable distance from the base of the occipital process ; occi-
pital process elongate-ovate. The greatest width of the body is con-
tained five times and two-thirds in the total length. The maxillary
barbels extend to the operculum. Entirely brownish.

Java.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

38. AKYSIS.

Akysis, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 234.

Parabagrus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 100.

Adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with one spine
and five soft rays ; anal fin short. Barbels eight. The upper jaw
is somewhat longer than the lower; teeth villiform, palate edentu-
lous. Head covered with soft skin above ; skin tubercular ; eyes
very small, below the skin ; a lateral line. Caudal emarginate or
forked ; pectorals horizontal ; ventrals with six rays. Gill-opening
of moderate width, extending upwards to the extremity of the opercle,
the gill-membrane reaching across the isthmus, slightly emarginate
behind.

Java.

1. Akysis ariegatus.

Pimelodus variegatus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 53.
Akysis variegatus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 235, and All. Ichth. Silur.
p. 65. tab. 83. fig. 1.

B. 6. D. 1/5. -A. 9. P. 1/5-6.

The length of the head is one-fourth, or a little less than one-
fourth, of the total (without caudal) ; the eyes are situated before
the middle of the length of the head ; the maxillary barbels extend
to the root of the pectoral ; the free portion of the tail is twice as
long as high. Dorsal spine of moderate strength, a little shorter
than the head ; adipose fin longer than the dorsal, and equal in
length to its distance from the dorsal ; caudal forked. Yellow, with
four broad, irregular brown cross-bands ; fins and barbels variegated
with brown.

Java.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

39. OLYRA. 97

2. Akysis pusillus.

Pimelodus pusillus, Ranzani, in Nov. Comm. Acad. Sc. Inst. Bonon. 1842,
v. p. 332. tab. 27. figs. 1-4.

D. 1/6. A. 10. P. 1/7 (?). V. 6.

Jaws subequal anteriorly ; the maxillary barbels extend to the
anal fin, the outer ones of the mandible to the base of the pectoral.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and
two-sevenths of the total (without caudal). Skin of the body with
series of very small, distant tubercles. Dorsal spine slender, denti-
culated behind. Adipose fin short ; caudal forked. (Ram.)

Hah. ?

Although this species is known only from the description and
figure quoted, it is not difficult to perceive its affinities: Dr. v.
Bleeker saw in it the type of a distinct genus, Parabac/rus, associ-
ating it with South American Pimelodes.

3. Akysis macronema.

Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Ind. Need. ix. Sumatra, ix. p. 11, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. 65. tab. 84. fig. 1.

D. 1/5. A. 8. P. 1/5-6.

Head nearly as broad as long, its length being one -fourth of the

total (without caudal). The nasal barbels extend to the end of the

head, those of the maxillaries nearly to the end of the pectoral fin.

The length of the adipose fin is one-half of its distance from the

dorsal. Caudal forked.
Sumatra (Lahat).

a. Dr. P. v. Bleeker has sent us a specimen said to be one of the
types, but differing so much in some of the generic characters,
that we must consider it as belonging to Clyptosternum, or to a
genus closely allied to it ; its nostrils are not remote from each
other, as they are represented to be in Ahysis. However, it is
not sufficiently well preserved that we can decide from its ex-
amination whether it is really one of the typical specimens and
identical with the one figured, or whether some error has taken
place, by which we have received a different species altogether.

Two genera are here appended, the characters of which are very
insufficiently known ; consequently their validity and their place in
the system are very doubtful.

39. OLYRA.

Olyra, sp., M'Clell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 588.

Head and bodv elongate, low ; a longish adipose fin ; dorsal fin
short, with a spine and with seven soft rays ; anal fin of moderate
length, with more than twenty rays. Barbels eight. Head covered
with soft skin above ; eye small. Jaws subequal in length. Teeth
villiform ; palate edentulous. Gill-opening wide. Caudal lanceo-
late ; ventral with six(?) rays, inserted below the dorsal fin.

Khasya.

98 SILTTHIB^:.

1. Olyra longicaudata.
MClell I.e. tab. 21. fig. 1.

B. 6? D. l/7(?). A. 23. P. l/6(?).
Pectoral spine strong, serrated along both edges; caudal pro-
longed. (M'Clell.)
Khasya Mountains.

40. BRANCHIOSTEUS.

Olyra, sp., M'Clell.

Branchiosteus, Gill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 52.

Head and body elongate, low ; a longish adipose fin ; dorsal fin
short, with a spine and with six soft rays ; anal fin of moderate
length, with less than twenty rays. Barbels eight. Head covered
with soft skin above ; eye small. Lower jaw projecting. Teeth
villiform ; palate edentulous. Gill-opening wide. Caudal rounded ;
ventral with six (?) rays, inserted below the dorsal fin.

Khasya.

Mr. Gill has introduced a new generic name for M'Clelland's
second species of Olyra, although its characters are still more
doubtful than those of the first.

1. Branchiosteus laticeps.
Olyra laticeps, M'Clell. Cole. Jourtu Nat. Hist. ii. p. 588. tab. 21. fig. 2.
B. 13? D. 1/6. A. 15. P. 9.
The anal rays gradually increase in length posteriorly. {M'Clell.)
Khasya Mountains.

c. Palate toothless ; ventral rays eight or nine : Amiurina.

41. AMIURUS*.

Cat-fishes.

Ameiurus, Rqfinesque, Ichth. Ohiens. p. 65.

Ictalurus, Rafinesque, I. c. p. 64.

Adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent

* 1. Pimelodus pullus, Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 184. pi. 37. fig. 117.
— New York.

2. felis, Agass. Lake Superior, p. 281.

3. vulpes, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 90, and Ichth.

U. S. $ Mex. Bound, p. 33. pi. 18.— Texas.

4. antoniensis, Girard, in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Expl. Fish. p. 209.— Texas.

5. hoyi, Girard, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 159. — Wisconsin.

6. confinis, Girard, I. c— Wisconsin.

7. cupreoides(!), Girard, I.e. — Illinois.

8. lynx, Girard, I. c. p. 160. — Potomac.

9. puma, Girard, I. c. — Charleston.

10. vulpeculus, Girard, I. c. — Charleston.

11. platycephalus, Girard, I. c. p. 161. — South Carolina.

12. megalops, Girard, I. c. — Alabama.

13. notatus, Abbott, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 569.— Kansas.

41. AMIURUS. 99

spine and with six soft rays ; anal fin of moderate length. Barbels
eight. Palate edentulous. Generally the upper jaw is the longer •
head covered with skin above. Ventral with eight rays.
North America, China.

This genus has been divided into the following groups : —

a. Caudal fin subtruncated or but slightly emarginate: Amiurus, p. 99.
/3. Caudal fin deeply forked : Ictalurus, p. 101.

a. Caudal fin subtruncated or but slightly emarginate.

1. Amiurus catus.

Silurus catus, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 504 ; JBl, Schn. p. 387 ; Mitch. Journ.

Lit. 8f Phil. Soc. New York, l. p. 433.
Pimelodus albidus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. oVHist. Nat. 1819, v. p. 148 ;

Cuv. cf Val. xv. p. 131.
? Pimelodus xanthocephalus, Rafin. Ichth. Ohiens. p. 66.
Pimelodus catus, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 124. pi. 432 ; Dekay, New York

Fauna, Fishes, p. 182. pi. 37. fig. 119 ; Girard, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.

Philad. 1859, p. 160.
The horned Pout, Storer, Rep. Fish. Massach. p. 102.
Pimelodus atrarius, Dekay, I. c. p. 185. pi. 36. fig. 116.
catulus, Girard, in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Expl. Fish. p. 208. pi. 41.

figs. 4-6 (incorrect).
dekayi, Girard, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859. p. 160.

B. 8-9. D. 1/6. A. (19) 20-22. P; 1/9. Vert. 11/26.

Head not much longer than broad ; the upper jaw is a little longer
than the lower ; the maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the
end of the head in adult specimens, and beyond it in immature ones.
Dorsal and pectoral spines short, one-half or less than one-half of
the length of the head ; pectoral spine stoutish, denticulated inte-
riorly. Adipose fin short ; caudal subtruncated.

North America.

a. Fine specimen. Boston. Presented by W. Winstone, Esq.

b, c. Half-grown. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

d. Half-grown : skin. Ohio Canal, near Piketon. From Dr. Par-

nell's Collection.

e, f, g-h, i. Adult and young. North America.

14. Pimelodus guttatus, Lacep. v. pp. 96 k 1 13. pi. 5. fig. 1 ; Cuv. $ Vol. xv.

p. 143 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 285.— China.

15. gracilis, Hough, in Fifth Ann. Rep. of the Regents of the University

on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Nat. Hist. <fyc, Albany, 1852,
p. 26 ; Pimelodus houghi, Girard, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,
p. 159. — New York, Pennsylvania.

16. Synechoglanis beadlei, Gill, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1 859, p. 40.

— St. Catherine's, Canada West.

17. Amiurus obesus, Gill, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 45. — ?Nebraska.

18. Pimelodus maculatus, Rafin. Ichth. Ohiens. p. 62 ; P. coerulescens, Rqfin.

I. c. p. 63 : P. pallidus, Rafin. 1. c. — Ohio.

19. cupreus, Rafin. Ichth. Ohiens. p. 65.— Ohio.

H 2

100 silurid;e.

2. Amiurus cantonensis.
Pimelodus cantonensis, Cuv. ty Val. xv. p. 142.
D. 1/6. A. 19.

This species appears to be extremely similar to A. catus ; having
only one example, which is rather deformed by stuffing, we are not
able to point out its distinctive characters. It seems to be more
elongate, the height of the body being contained five times and a
third in the total length (without caudal) ; its ventral is inserted at
some distance behind the dorsal. However, these characters may
not be found in well-preserved specimens.

China.

a. Adult. Presented by J. It. Eeeves, Esq.

3. Amiurus nigricans.

Pimelodus nigricans, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 1819, v. p. 153.

pi. 16. fig. 3 ; Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 133 ; Dekay, New York Fauna,Fishes,

p. 180. pi. 52. fig. 170 ; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi.

p. 16.
? Pimelodus ccenosus, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 132; Cur.

8f Val. xv. p. 129.
Pimelodus nigrescens, Richards. 1. c. p. 134.
felinus, Girard, in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Expl. Fish. p. 209.

B. 8. D. 1/6. A. 25. P. 1/9. Vert. 16/30 {Hyrtl).

Head one-fourth longer than broad ; the maxillary barbels extend
to, or somewhat beyond, the end of the head. Dorsal and pectoral
spines short, less than one-half of the length of the head ; pectoral
spine stoutish, denticulated interiorly. Adipose fin short ; caudal
truncated.

Northern lakes of America.

a. Fine specimen.

4. Amiurus borealis.

The Mathemeg or Land-cod.

Pimelodus borealis, Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 135.

D. 1/6. A. 25.

Head as broad as long ; the maxillary barbels extend to the gill-
opening ; pectoral spine not denticulated ; caudal fin slightly emar-
ginate. (Richards.)*

Pine Island Lake.

5. Amiurus ailurus.

Pimelodus ailurus, Girard, in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 210.
pi. 44.

D. 1/6. A. 22. P. 1/8.

The lower jaw is the longer. The maxillary barbels extend some-
what beyond the gill-opening ; dorsal and pectoral spines serrated ;
caudal somewhat emarginate. {Girard.)

Minnesota.

41. AMIURUS. 101

G. Amiurus punctulatus.

? Pinielodus fleneus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. a* Hist. Nat. 1819, v. p. 150 :

Cm: 8f Val. xv. p. 135.
Pinielodus punctulatus, Cuv. $- Val. xv. p. 135.

B. 12. D. 1/6. A. 16. P. T^n. V. 8.

The lower jaw is the longer ; head one-fifth longer than broad,
much depressed, one-fourth of the total length (with the caudal) ;
the maxillary barbel has a broad base, and does not extend to the
end of the head. Dorsal spine feeble, not serrated ; pectoral spine
stronger, half as long as the fin. Caudal truncated. Brown, finely
marbled with black. ( Val.)

New Harmony, New Orleans.

7. Amiurus natalis.
Pinielodus natalis, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. a" Hist. Nat. 1819, v. p. 154.
Caudal fin subtruncated ; the tail between the adipose and anal
fins compressed, as high as the body below the dorsal fin*.
North America.

/3. Caudal fin deeply forked.

8. Amiurus nebulosus.

? Pinielodus nebulosus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. (V Hist. Nat. 1819, v. p. 149.
Pinielodus nebulosus, Ouv. 8f Val. xv. p. 132.

B. 8. D. 1/6. A. 20-21. P. 1/8.

Head not much longer than broad ; the maxillary barbel extends
to the end of the head. Dorsal and pectoral spines short, the latter
considerably stronger than the former, half as long as the head, and
serrated interiorly. Adipose fin short ; caudal distinctly forked.

North America.

a-b. Adult : stuffed. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq.

"We can scarcely doubt that we are correct in identifying our
specimens with the P. nebulosus of Valenciennes ; but it is not pro-
bable that P. nebulosus of Lesueur is the same species, as that author
describes the caudal fin as truncated or nearly truncated, whilst the
specimens examined by Valenciennes and by myself have a distinctly
forked caudal.

9. Amiurus lupus.
Pinielodus lupus, Girard, in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 211.
D. 1/6. A. 24. P. 1/9.

The maxillary barbels extend to about the middle of the pectoral
fin. Dorsal spine very obtusely denticulated towards its extremity,

* Many specimens of Pimelodes with an adipose fin have a layer of fat depo-
sited along the back of the tail, so that this part appears unusually elevated. It
is not impossible that Lesueur founded the P. natalis on such a specimen.

102 SILURID.E.

pectoral spine very conspicuously so ; caudal fin moderately forked.
(Girard.)

Source of the Rio Pecos.

Pimelodus hammondii, Abbott. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860,
p. 568, appears to have a comparatively smaller head than P. lupus,
constituting somewhat less than one-fifth of the total length, whilst
it is said to be" one-fourth in P. lupus. — Kansas.

Ictalurus simpsonii, Gill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 43,
appears to me to be identical with P. hammondii.

10. Amiurus cauda-furcatus.

Pimelodus cauda-furcatus, Lesueur, Mem. Mm. cVRist. Nat. 1819, v.

p. 152 (not P.furcatus, Cuv. & Yal.).
furcifer, Cuv. § Veil. xv. p. 139 ; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien,

1859, xvi. p. 16 ; Kncr, Sitzt/sber. Aeacl. Wiss. Wien, xxvi. p. 421.
olivaceus, Girard, in U. 8. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fish. p. 211. pi. 41.

figs. IS, and pi. 42 (incorrect).
graciosus, Girard, in Proc. Acad. Ned. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 161.

B. 8. D. 1/6. A. 26-27. P. 1/9. Vert. 13/29 (C. Sf V.),

15/30 {Hyrtl).

Head one-fourth longer than broad ; the maxillary barbels extend
beyond the end of the head. Dorsal spine as long as the head with-
out snout; pectoral spine stronger and rather longer than that of
the dorsal fin, denticulated interiorly. Adipose fin short ; caudal
deeply forked.

Ohio, Missouri, and Arkansas Pavers. Surinam (?).

a. Half-grown : skin. Ohio Canal. From Dr. ParnelTs Collection.

b. Half-grown : skin. Portsmouth, Ohio River. From Dr. Parnell's

Collection.
c-d. Adult and young : bad state.

11. Amiurus meridionalis.
D. 1/6. A. 28-29. P. 1/9.

Head one-half or one-third longer than broad ; the maxillary bar-
bels extend to the end of the head. The length of the dorsal spine
is somewhat less than that of the head without snout, and nearly
equal to that of the pectoral spine. Adipose fin short.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth or two-ninths. Snout
obtusely rounded, with the upper jaw longer than the lower. The
diameter of the eye is one-half or two-fifths of the extent of the
snout, and one-third or two-sevenths of the length of the postorbital
portion of the head. The band of maxillary teeth is five or six times
as broad as long. The outer mandibulary barbels extend to the
posterior margin of the gill-membrane. The distance of the dorsal
spine from the snout is a little more than one-half of its distance
from the caudal fin ; it is finely serrated behind. The length of the
base of the adipose fin equals that of the dorsal. Caudal fin deeply

42. HOPLADELUS. 103

forked ; the upper lobe is somewhat the longer, its length being
equal to, or a little less than, that of the head. The anal fin termi-
nates behind the adipose fin, and its last rays do not extend to the
base of the caudal. Axil of the pectoral with a very distinct porus
mucosus. The pectoral spine is serrated interiorly, sometimes a little
longer, sometimes a little shorter, but always rather stronger than
that of the dorsal fin. Pectoral fin longer than ventral, two-thirds
or three-fifths of the length of the head. The ventral extends to t; ?
origin of the anal. Upper parts brownish, with steel-blue reflexions ;
lower parts silvery, with a reddish tinge.
Guatemala.

a-c. Adult (15 inches long) and half-grown. Rio Usumacinta.
From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

12. Amiurus furcatus.

Pimelodus furcatus, Cuv. fy Veil. xv. p. 136 (not P. cauda-furcatus.
Lesueur).

B. 8. D. 1/6. A. 32-34. P. 1/10.
Head one-fourth longer than broad ; the maxillary barbels do not
axtend to the end of the head. Dorsal spine long, rather slender,
three-fourths of the length of the head ; pectoral spine shorter, but
stronger, than that of the dorsal fin, denticulated interiorly. Adi-
pose fin short ; caudal deeply forked.
Mississippi.

«. Half-grown : skin. Mississippi. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

13. Amiurus affinis.

Pimelodus affinis, Bairdfy Girard, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,
p. 26, and Ichih. U. S. Sf Mex. Bound, p. 32. pis. 16 & 17.

D. 1/6. A. 35. P. 1/10.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without caudal),
the length of the anal one-third. Adipose fin short ; caudal deeply
forked. The maxillary barbels extend beyond the base of the pec-
torals.

Texas.
a. Half-grown. Presented by the Smithsonian Institution

42. HOPLADELUS.

Leptops, Opladelus, Ilictis, Pylodictis, etc., Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiens.

pp. 64-67.
Hopladelus, Gill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 51.

Adipose fin short and thick ; dorsal fin short, with a spine con-
cealed in the skin and with six rays ; anal fin of moderate length ;
barbels eight ; the lower jaw is the longer. Palate edentulous.
Head depressed, oblong, covered with thick skin. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate; ventral rays nine. B ran chiostegals twelve.

North America.

1U4 siLxmiDj:.

The above characters given by Mr. Gill comprise almost every-
thing that is known, and that may be relied upon, of the fishes of
this genus. With regard to the species, the North American writers
have left us in the dark up to the present time, Kafinesquian descrip-
tions, headed by such specific names as olivaris, viscosus, nebulosus,
Tnnosus, forming the principal portion of the literature existing on
this subject.

43. NOTURUS*.

Noturus, Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiens. p. 67.

Schilbeoides, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iv. p. 258.

Adipose fin low, long, cariniform, generally confluent with a
series of rudimentary caudal rays running along the free portion of
the tail ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and with seven
soft rays ; anal fin of moderate length. Barbels eight. The upper
jaw is the longer. Palate edentulous. Head covered with thick
skin above, occipital process very short. Caudal fin obliquely trun-
cated ; ventral rays nine.

North America.

1 . Noturus lemuiscatus.

Pimelode livree, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. a" Hist. Nat. 181U, v. p. 155.

Pimelodus lemniscatus, Cuv. $ Vol. xv. p. 144.

Noturus lemniscatus, Girard, in Proc.Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1850, p. 158.

B. 8. D. 1/7. A. 21. P. 1/10. V. 9.
Head nearly as broad as long, one-fifth of the total length ; the
diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the width of the interorbital
space. The maxillary barbel does not extend to the end of the head.
Dorsal and pectoral spines stout, one-half of the length of the soft
portions of the fins, scarcely denticulated. Adipose fin continuous
with the caudal. (Val.)
North America.

2. Noturus flavus.
Rafinesque, Ichth. Ohiens. p. 68.

D. 1/7. A. 14. P. 1/7.
Barbels half the length of >the head ; adipose fin continuous with
the caudal, which is trun'catet Entirelv yellowish. (Raf.)
Ohio.

3. Noturus platycephalus.

D. 1/7. A. 16. P. 1/11. V. 9.

Head only a little longer than broad, much depressed, its length
being contained once and a third in the total (without caudal) ; the
maxillary barbel extends to the root of the pectoral. There is a
shallow notch between the adipose fin and the caudal. The distance
between the joint of the pectoral spine and the root of the outer
ventral ray is more than the distance between the latter and the

* I. Silurus gjrinus, Mitch., in Amrr. Mont hi. Mag. and Crif. Eevieiv, 1818,
March, p. 322. — New York.

44. SORUBIM. 105

caudal fin. The band of intermaxillary teeth ( f-~\ ^ has a

slender process on each side directed backwards.
North America.

a-b. From 3 to 4 inches long. Old Collection.

4. Noturus occidentalis.
Gill, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 45.

B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 17-18. P. 1/10. V. 9.
Head considerably longer than broad, its length being contained
four times and a third in the total (without caudal) ; the maxillary
barbel reaches scarcely to the base of the pectoral. There is a
shallow notch between the adipose fin and the caudal. The distance
between the joint of the pectoral spine and the root of the ventral is
less than the distance between the latter and the caudal fin. The band
of intermaxillary teeth ( <CZD ) has no slender lateral process.
Platte River.

a-b. Young. Presented by the Smithsonian Institution.

Seventh Group. PIMELODINA.

Proteropterous Siluroids with the anterior and posterior nos-
trils remote from each other, and without nasal barbel.

44. SORUBIM.

Sorubim, sp., Spix.

Platvstoma, sp., Agassiz.

Soru'bim, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 98.

Adipose fin short ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and
with six or seven soft rays ; anal fin of moderate length. Snout
very long, spatulate, with the upper jaw projecting, and covered with
villiform teeth below. Eyes partly directed downwards. The upper
surface of the head not covered by the skin. Barbels six. Caudal
forked ; ventrals with six rays, inserted behind the dorsal. Cill-
membranes not united.

Brazil.

1. Sorubim lima.

Silurus lima, Bl. Schti. p. .°»84.
Sorubim infraocularis, Spix, Pise. Bras. pi. 15.

Platvstoma lima, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 24; Cur. 8f Val. xv.
p. 7 ; Ener, Sitzungsbcr. Wien. Acad. xxvi. p. 399.

B. 15-16. D. -£-. A. 20-22. P. _^-.

(6-) 7 7-9

The greatest, width of the head is two-fifths of its length. The
length of the projecting portion of the upper jaw is nearly equal to
the distance of the eye from the angle of the mouth. Teeth on the
palate in four groups : two triangular on the vomer, and one oblong
on each palatini bone. The maxillary barbel extends to the middle

106 siltjrid^:.

of the pectoral, the outer^ of the mandible to the gill -opening.
Brownish above, with small blackish spots ; a dark band along the
middle of the side.
Brazil.

45. PLATYSTOMA*.

Platystoma, Agass., in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 21.

Brachyplatystoma, Pseudoplatystoma, Hemiplatystonia, Sorubimich-
thys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 21.

Adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent
spine and with six or seven soft rays ; anal fin rather short. Snout
very long, spatulate, with the upper jaw more or less projecting.
Eyes lateral or directed upwards. The upper surface of the head is
not covered by the skin. Barbels six. Caudal forked ; ventrals with
six rays, inserted behind the dorsal. Gill-membranes not united.

South America.

1. Platystoma planiceps.

Sorubim pirauaca, Spix, Hsc. Bras. pi. 12.

Platystoma planiceps, Agass., in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 25; Kner, Sitzungs-
ber. Wien. Acad. xxvi. p. 400.

D. 1/6. A. 10. P. 1/10.

The upper jaw projects much beyond the lower. The maxillary
barbels extend to the anal fin, the outer ones of the mandible to the
gill-opening. Eyes nearer to the end of the snout than to the angle
of the operculum. The width of the snout between the maxillary
barbels is one-half of the length of the head. Dorsal spine serrated
behind. Caudal lobes pointed. Dark olive above ; head, back, dorsal
and pectoral fins with black dots ; an interrupted blackish longitu-
dinal band from the axil of the pectoral to the base of the anal. The
lower caudal lobe black, the upper with a whitish margin.

Bivers Amazons, Solimoens, Bio Negro.

2. Platystoma spatula.

Sorubim jandia, Spix, Pise. Bras. pi. 14.
Platystoma spatula, Agass., in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 26.

D. 1/6. A. 10. P. 1/10.

The upper jaw projects much beyond the lower. The maxillary
barbels extend on to the ventrals. Dorsal spine serrated. Uniform
brownish ; head, dorsal, pectoral and ventral fins with' numerous
black dots. {Ag.)

Brazil.

3. Platystoma artedii.

Mystus, no. 6, Artedi, in Seba, iii. p. 84. tab. 29. fig. 6.
Mystus, no. 386, Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 125.

D. 1/6. A. 13-14. P. 1/9.

The upper jaw projects much beyond the lower. The maxillary

* 1. Platystoma emarginatum, C. 4" V. xv. p. 25. — River San Francisco.

45. PLATYSTOMA. 107

barbels are much longer than the bead, and the others also exceed
the head in length. Brownish above, spotted with darker, the lower
parts whitish ; fins with black dots.
South America.

4. Platystoma fasciatum.

Silunis fasciatus, part., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 505.

Silurus fasciatus, Bl. taf. 366 ; Bl. Schn. p. 382.

Platystoma fasciatum, Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 14 ; Kncr, Sitzungsber. Wien.

Acad, xx vi. p. 401.
punctifer, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, p. 40. pi. 19. fig. 2.

B. 15. D. 1/6. A. 14. P. 1/9.

The upper jaw projects but little beyond the lower. The maxillary
barbels extend to, or nearly to, the ventrals, and the outer ones of
the mandible as far, or still further, backwards. Brownish above,
with blackish cross-bands edged with silvery ; sometimes a longitu-
dinal series of blackish ocelli below the lateral line.
Vertical and ventral fins with black dots. Teeth on
the palate in four more or less confluent patches :
those on the vomer irregularly quadrangular ; those
on the palatines band-like, long, tapering behind.

South America.

a. Fine specimen. Essequibo. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.
h. Half-grown. Surinam*

c. Two feet long. River Capin, Para. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
d-e. Young. Biver Capin, Para. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

5. Platystoma tigrinnm.
Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 10. pi. 422.

B. 16. D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/9.
The upper jaw projects but little beyond the lower. The tp^th on
the palate form one-half of an ellipse, the front part of which is very
broad, and produced into an obtuse lobe at its extremity; its branches
are prolonged behind. The maxillary barbels extend to the gill-
opening. Dorsal spine not serrated. Body with irregular, undulated,
transverse blackish-brown bands ; vertical and ventral fins with black
dots. {Vol.)
Brazil.

6. Platystoma orbignianum.

Valenc. in d' Orbig. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 4. fig. 3 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xv.
p. 12.

B. 17. D. 1/6. A. 14. P. 1/9.

The upper jaw projects but little beyond the lower. Teeth on the
palate in four subcontiguous patches : those on the vomer subtrian-
gular ; those on the palatines subcuneiform, tapering behind. The
maxillary barbel does not extend to the end of the head, the outer of
the mandible reaches to the root of the pectoral. The dorsal spine
is scarcely stouter than the rays, and not serrated ; the pectoral spine

103 SILURID.E.

is much stronger, serrated interiorly, two-fifths of the length of the
head. Brownish above, with numerous ovate black spots, as large
as, or larger than, the eyes ; sides with silvery patches ; dorsal and
caudal fins with black dots.
Southern Brazil.

a. Skin, 3 feet long. From a Collection made by Ch. Cumberland,
Esq., on the river Cipo, a tributary of the Rio dos Vilhas which
falls into the San Francisco. Minas Geraes.

7. Platystoma coruscaiis.
Marcgr. Hint. Bras. Pise. p. 174 (lower figure), copied by Wilkighby,

tab. H. 7. fig. 2.
Sorubim caparari, Spix, Pise. Bras. pi. 13.
Platystoma coruscans, Agass., in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 26.

D. 1/6. A. 10. P. 1/10.

The upper jaw projects but little beyond the lower. The maxil-
lary barbels extend on to the ventrals. Yellowish above, with
numerous blackish ocelli, as large as, or smaller than, the eye ; head
immaculate ; dorsal and caudal fins with black dots. {Ag.)

River San Francisco.

8. Platystoma pardale.

Valene. incTOrbiq. Voy. Amer. Merid.Poiss. pi. 4. tig. 2 ; Cuv. ty Vol. xv.
p. 15.

B. 16-17. D. 1/6. A. 13-14. P. 1/9.

The upper jaw projects but little beyond the lower. Teeth as in
PI. tigr'mum. The maxillary barbels extend to the prasoperculum,
the outer of the mandible a little further backwards. Brownish ;
body and fins covered with numerous very small black spots. ( Vol.)

Buenos Ayres.

9. Platystoma truncatum.

Agass., in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 27. tab. 13 a ; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad.
Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17.

D. 1/6. A. 10. P. 1/10. Vert. 13/33 (ffgrtl).

The upper jaw projects but little beyond the lower. The maxil-
lary barbel extends to the middle of the pectoral, the outer ones of
the mandible nearly to the gill-opening. Dorsal spine serrated
behind. Adipose fin very low. Uniform yellowish ; dorsal and cau-
dal fins with black dots. (Ag.)

Rivers Japura and Solimoens.

10. Platystoma vaiUantii.

Cur. S, Vat. xv. p. 21. pi. 423 ; Kner, Sitzungsber. Wicn. Acad. xxvi.
p. 397.

B. 11. D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/10. Vert. 14/28.
The upper jaw pi'ojects but little beyond the lower. The maxil-

47. PLATTSTOMATICHTHYS. 109

lary barbel extends on to the caudal fin, which sometimes is much
prolonged, the outer mandibular}'- barbel to the ventral or anal. Eye
in the middle of the length of the head. Dorsal spine slender, scarcely
serrated behind ; pectoral spine very slender, four-fifths of the length
of the head ; adipose fin longer than the anal. Uniform brownish.
Cayenne and Surinam.

a. Adult : stuffed. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
b-c. Adult. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

11. Platystoma affine.

Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 24.

B. 11. D. 1/6. A. 13.

The upper jaw projects but little beyond the lower. The maxil-
lary barbels extend on to the anal fin. The occipital process does
not meet the basal bone of the dorsal spine. Adipose fin rather
shorter than anal. Coloration uniform. (Fa/.)

Hab. ?

46. HEMISORUBIM.

Platystoma, sp., Cuv. <§• Val.

Hemisorubim, Bleek. Nederl. Ti/dschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 97.

Adipose fin rather long ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine
and with six soft rays ; anal fin rather short. Snout very long, spa-
tulate, with the lower jaw longest. Eyes directed upwards. Teeth
on the palate. The upper surface of the head is not covered by the
skin. Barbels six. Caudal forked ; ventrals with six rays. Gill-
membranes not united.

Brazil.

1. Hemisorubim platyrhynchus.

Platystoma platyrhynchos, Cue. <$• Val. xv. p. 27 ; Kner, Sitzungsber.
Wien. Acad. xxvi. p. 398.

B. 10-11. D. 1/6. A. 11-12. P. 1/9.

Vomerine teeth in a semicircular band, palatine teeth in longitu-
dinal bands. The occipital process is narrow, and meets the basal
bone of the dorsal spine. Dorsal spine slender, finely serrated. The
maxillary barbel extends to, or beyond, the ventral. A series of five
or six rounded blackish spots on each side.

Rio Negro.

47. PLATYSTOMATICHTHYS.

Platystoma, sp., Kner.

Platystomatichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 98.

Adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent
spine and with six soft rays ; anal fin rather short. Snout very
long, spatulate, with the upper jaw much produced. Eyes with a
free orbital edge. Teeth on the palate. The upper surface of the

110 silurid^:.

head is not covered by the skin. Barbels six. Caudal forked ; ven-
trals with six rays, inserted below the last dorsal rays. Gill-mem-
branes not united.
Brazil.

1. Platystomatichthys sturio.
Platystoma sturio, Kner, Sitzungsber. Wien. Acad. xxvi. p. 395. fig. 9.
B. 9. D. 1/6. A. 15. P. 1/9.
The projecting part of the upper jaw is two-fifths of the length of
the head, and densely covered with villiform teeth below. The max-
illary barbels, are one-third longer than the whole fish. Adipose fin
rather longer than anal.
Rio Brando.

48. PHRACTOCEPHALUS.
Phractocephalus, Agass., in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 22.
Adipose fin subdivided into rays, without spine ; a short dorsal
fin with a pungent spine and with seven soft rays ; anal fin short.
Barbels six. Patches of vilhform teeth on the palate ; the upper
jaw is the longer. Caudal forked ; ventral with six rays.
Tropical America.

1. Phractocephalus hemiliopterus.

Silurus hemiliopterus, Bl. Schn. p. 385.
Pirarara bicolor, Spix, Pise. Bras. tab. 6.
Phractocephalus bicolor, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 23.
hemiliopterus, Cuv. Sf Vol. xv. p. 3. pi. 421.

B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 9. P. 1/9.

Occipital process very large, semicircular ; basal bone of the first
dorsal spine large, kidney-shaped. Dorsal spine not serrated.
Brownish black above, greyish below, both colours separated by a
white lateral band ; the upper parts of the head with black spots ;
fins black. Vomerine teeth in a large pentagonal patch, those of the
palatine bones in a tapering band.

Brazils.

a. Thirty-eight inches long : stuffed.

b. Pine specimen. River Cupai (Amazon), 800 miles from the sea.

Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

49. PIRAMUTANA.

Piramutana et Pseudariodes, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 99.

A long adipose fin ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and
with six soft rays ; anal fin short. Barbels six. Teeth on the pa-
late ; jaws equal in length. The upper surface of the head granular.
Caudal forked ; ventrals with six rays, inserted below the end of the
dorsal.

Brazil.

50. PLATTNEMATICHTHYS. Ill

1. Piramutana piramuta.

Bagrus piramuta, Kner, Sitzungsber. Wien. Acad. xxVi. p. 382.
Piramutana piramuta, Bleek. I. c.

B. 12-13. D. 1/6. A. 14. P. 1/10.

Head nearly as high as broad, its greatest width being two-thirds
of its length. Eye small, in the middle of the length of the head,
directed upwards. The occipital process extends one-quarter of the
length of the head further backwards than tbe margins of the occiput,
nearly to the basal bone of the dorsal spine, and is almost as broad
behind as at its base. The teeth on the vomer form a band, which
is separate from those of the palatines. , Dorsal spine striated, not
serrated, shorter than the dorsal rays, which are one-third lower
than the body. Pectoral spine slightly serrated interiorly, as long
as the first soft rays and as the rays of the dorsal fin. Ventrals as
long as pectorals ; adipose fin nearly twice as long as anal. Caudal
deeply forked, with the upper lobe produced into a filament. The
maxillary barbels extend to below the adipose fin, the outer ones of
the mandible beyond the middle of the pectoral. {Kner.)

Barra do Bio Negro and Borba Rio Madeira.

2. Piramutana blochii.

Silurus clarias, Bl. taf. 35. figs. 1, 2 (not L.).

callarias, part., Bl. Schn. p. 379.

Pimelodus blocnii, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 188.

Arius albicans, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 80; Valeric, in a" Orb. Voy. Atne-:

Merid. Atl. Poiss. pi. 3. fig. 2.
Ariodes clarias, Midi, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 10.
Pseudariodes clarias, Bleek. I. c.

D. 1/6. A. 10-11.

The maxillary barbels extend beyond the ventral fins. Adipose
fin twice as- long as the anal. The teeth on the palate form a patch
on each pterygoid bone, and there is sometimes another pair of very
small patches on the vomer. Back light brown, with darker spots ;
a silvery band along the lateral line ; sides below the band spotted
like the back.

Guiana, Brazils.

50. PLATTNEMATICHTHYS*.

Platynematichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 99.

Adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a strong
spine and with six soft rays; anal fin short. Barbels six, broad,
band-like. Yomer with a band of villiform teeth. Jaws equal in
length. Eyes with a free orbital margin ; skin not reticulated,
covering the whole of the upper surface of the head and neck. Cau-
dal forked ; ventral with six rays.

Brazils.

* 1. ? Galeichthys araguayensis, Casteln. Anim. Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 37. pi. 17.
fig. 3. — Araguay.

112 SILURIDJS.

1. Platynematichthys punctulatus.

Bagrus punctulatus, Kner, Sitzungsber. Wien. Acad. xxvi. p. 380.
nigro-punctatus, Kner, in Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 346.

D. 1/6. A. 16. P. 1/9.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total (with the caudal),
and equals the height of the body ; the greatest width of the head
equals the distance of the snout from the praeoperculum. Jaws equal
in length, armed with very broad bands of teeth, the bands extending
to the outer surface of the jaws. Vomerine band of teeth broadest
on the sides; palatines without teeth. Barbels very broad, band-
like ; those of the maxillaries extend beyond the middle of the pec-
toral. Dorsal spine very long, bent, sabre-shaped ; pectoral spine
very strong, extending backwards to below the end of the dorsal.
Brownish above, whitish below, the brownish part with roundish
black spots. (Kner.')

Rio Guapore and Rio Branco.

51. PIRATINGA*.

Piratinga et Malacobagrus, Bleek. Nederl. Tyclschr. Dierht 1863,
pp. 99 & 100.

Adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a more or
less pungent spine and .with six soft rays ; anal fin short. Barbels
six, filiform. Villiform bands of teeth on the palate. Jaws equal in
length, or the upper the longer. Eyes with a free orbital margin.
Skin reticulated, covering the whole of the upper surface of the head
and neck. Caudal forked ; ventral with six rays.

Tropical America.

1. Piratinga filamentosa.

Pimelodes filamentosus, Lichtenst. in Wiedem. Zool. Mag. i. pt. 3. p. 60.
B. 7. D. 7. A. 9. P. 11.
Head depressed, with the upper jaw prominent. The maxillary
barbels are about thrice as loug as the entire fish. The upper caudal
rays produced into a very long filament. Dorsal and pectoral spines
very feeble, scarcely pungent. Cleft of the mouth wide. (Licht.)
Brazil.

Not having seen either this species or the two following, I think
it better to leave them united in one genus, as the distinctive cha-
racters known are of no greater value than those of the different
species of Pimelodus. Also, Dr. v. Bleeker, who names this species
Malacobagrus, and the two others Piratinga, has not pointed out
any other characters besides those contained in the descriptions of
Lichtenstein and Kner.

* 1. Bagrus flavicans, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 32. pi. 13. fig. 2, is
so badly described that it is impossible to fix its position in the system.

2. rousseauxii, Casteln. p. 32. pi. 14. fig. 1 , is another name given to some

fish by the same collector.

3. punctulatus, Casteln. p. 33. pi. 14. fig. 2.

52. SCIADES. 113

2. Piratinga reticulata.

Bagrtts reticulatus, Kner, Sitzungsber. Wien. Acad. xxvi. p. 376.
B. 12. D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/9.

The length of the head is nearly one-fourth of the total (with the
caudal) ; it is much broader than high, its greatest width being
three-fourths of its length ; the upper jaw is the longer. The teeth
on the palate form an arched band. Barbels six : those of the max-
illaries extend beyond the base of the ventrals, the outer ones of the
mandible to the root of the pectorals. Eye nearer to the prseopercular
limb than to the end of the snout. Dorsal fin as high as the body
below ; its spine terminates in a compressed filament, and is smooth
anteriorly, and serrated posteriorly towards its point. Pectoral spine
strong, striated, and serrated. Adipose fin longer than anal. {Kner.)

Salto Theotonio on the river Araguay, Forte do Rio Branco, Bio
Madeira.

3. Piratinga goliath.

Bagrus goliath (Heck.), Kner, I. c. p. 379.

B. 12. D. 1/6. A. 11-12.

The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total (with the
caudal) ; it is broader than high, and two-thirds as broad as long.
Jaws equal in length anteriorly. The transverse band of vomer-
ine teeth is broader than, and continuous with, the palatine band.
Barbels six : those of the maxillaries extend on to the opercle, the
outer ones of the mandible to the root of the pectoral. The eyes
occupy the middle of the length of the head. Dorsal fin lower than
the body below ; its spine terminates in a compressed filament, and
is smooth anteriorly, and serrated posteriorly towards its point.
Pectoral spine strong, serrated interiorly. Adipose fin but little
longer than anal. (Kner.)

Salto Theotonio (Brazil).

52. SCIADES.

Sciades, sp., Mull, 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. p. 6.

Leiarius et Sciadeichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 99.

Adipose fin rather long ; dorsal fin with a pungent spine and with
ten or eleven soft rays ; anal fin short. Barbels six. Teeth on the
palate villiform. The upper jaw is the longer. Eves with a free
orbital margin. Caudal forked ; ventral rays six

Brazil.

1. Sciades pictus.
Mull. Sf Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 8. tab. 1. fig. 1 ; Kner, Sitzungsber.
Wien. Acad. xxvi. p. 386.

B. 9. D. 1/10. A. 10. P. 1/11.
Vomerine teeth in a narrow transverse band ; an ovate patch of
villiform teeth posteriorly on each side of the palate. Barbels very
long. Dorsal fin elevated, with the spine slender and longer than

114 silurid^:.

the head. Adipose fin rather longer than the dorsal. Brownish,
with two curved whitish longitudinal bands ; large dark-brown spots
on the dorsal fins ; barbels annulated with white and brown.
Barra do Bio ITegro.

2. Sciades longibarbis.

Arius (?) longibarbis, Casteln, Anim. nouv. ou rares Atner. Sud, p. 36.
pi. 15. fig. 2.

D. 1/11. A. 9. P. 1/11. Y. 1/5.

Teeth on the palate in two separate, transversely ovate groups.
Barbels very long. Dorsal spine slender, much shorter than the
head. Adipose fin as long as the dorsal. Body variegated with
grey, black, and white. (Casteln.)

Amazons.

53. PIMELODUS*.

Pimelodus, sp., Lacep., Cuv. ty Val.

Rhamdia/' Pseudorhamdia, et Pseudopimelodus, Bleeker, Nederl.

Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 101.
Pimelonotus, Pimelodus, et Batrachoglanis, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.

New York, 1858, p. 387.

Adipose fin well developed ; dorsal fin short, with a more or less
pungent spine and with six, exceptionally with seven or eight, rays ;
anal fin short. Barbels six, subcylindrical or slightly compressed.
Teeth villiform, in both jaws, in bands which are broader than long ;
palate edentulous. Nostrils distant. Gill-membranes separated by
a deep notch at the throat. Ventrals six- rayed, inserted behind the
dorsal.

Tropical America (Asia?, Sandwich Islands?).

We refer the numerous species of this genus to the following
divisions, which, however, pass into one another by intermediate
forms : —

A. Head granulated above; dorsal spine strong: Pseudorhamdia, sp.,

Bleek., p. 115.

B. Head not granulated; the occipital process extends on to the basal

bone of the dorsal spine; dorsal spine feeble: Pseudorhamdia, sp.,
Bleek., p. 117.

* 1. Pimelodus charus, Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 159. — Brazil.

2. zungaro, Humboldt, Observ. Zool. ii. p. 170. pi. 46. fig. 1 ; C. $ V.

xv. p. 160. — Zungaro humboldtii, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863,
p. 101. — River Maragnon. — This fish is stated to have ten ventral rays.

3. argentinus, Humboldt, Observ. Zool. ii. p. 171. — Magdalena River.

4. velifer, Humboldt, I. c. — Magdalena River.

5. maculatus, Schomb. Fish. Guian. i. p. 175. — Rhamdia schomburgkii,

Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 208. — Brazils, Guiana.

6. Laukidi, Schomb. I. c. p. 176. — Rhamdia laukidi, Bleek. 1. e. — Brazil,

Guiana.

7. Pimelodus insignia, Schomb. I. c. p. 180. pi. 6. — Rio Branco. — This fish

is said to have ten ventral rays like P. zungaro.

8. bahianus, Casteln. Anim. Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 35. pi. 16. fig. Ii.—

TCfthia.

53. PIMELODUS. 115

C. The occipital process does not extend on to the basal bone of the

feeble dorsal spine ; adipose fin longer than dorsal ; body elongate :
Rhamdia, Bleek.

1. American species.

a. Dorsal fin with six soft rays.

a. The adipose fin is one-third, or more than one-third, of the
total length (without caudal).
aa. The maxillary barbels extend considerably beyond the origin

of the adipose fin, p. 119.
bb. The maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the origin of
the adipose fin, p. 123.
/9. The adipose fin is less than one-third of the total length (with-
out caudal).
aa. The tail above the anal fin is almost as high as the trunk,

p. 126.
bb. Tail gradually becoming lower from its commencement,
p. 128.

b. Dorsal fin with seven or eight soft rays, p. 131.

2. Non- American species, p. 133.

D. The occipital process does not extend on to the basal bone of the

dorsal spine ; body short, stout : Pseudopimelodus, Bleek., p. 133.

E. The occipital process is short ; body moderately elongate ; adipose fin

not longer than dorsal : Amphilius, m., p. 134.

A. Head granulated above ; dorsal spine strong.

1. Pimelodus maculatus.

? Seba, iii. 29. 4.

? Mystus, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. no. 84, and Zoophyl. no. 385.

Pimelodus maculatus, Lacep. v. pp. 94, 107; d'Orb. Voy. Amer. Mend.

Poiss. Atl. pi. 1. fig. 1 (not good) ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 192 ; Kner,

Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad, xxvii. p. 413.
? Mystus ascita, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 156 (not Silurus ascita, L.).
Pseudorhamdia ascita, Bleek. Versl. 8f Meded. Acad. Wet. Amsterd.

1862, xiv. p. 384.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/0. Vert. ^-4.

Head bony above, granulated ; occipital process convex, obtusely
keeled, subtriangular, with the apex truncated, much longer than
broad, joining the large saddle-shaped bone at the base of the dorsal
spine. The maxillary barbel is as long as the fish. The length of
the adipose fin is one-fifth of the total (without caudal). Dorsal and
pectoral spines very strong, nearly equal in length, as long as, or
longer than, the head ; the pectoral spine is serrated. Caudal deeply
forked.

Brazil, Surinam.
a. Adult. River Capin, Para. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
6, c, d, e-f. Adult and half-grown. Surinam.

g. Adult. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Frank (=Ps. ascita, Blkr.).
h-i. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.
Tc-l. Adult. Baranquilla, New Granada. From Mr. Rippon's Col-
lection.

116 SILtJRIDj;.

m. Adult. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
n, o-p. Half-grown. South America.
q. Adult: stuffed.

2. Pimelodus ornatus.
Pimelodus omatus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. xxvi. p. 411. fig. 18.
D. 1/6. k. 13. P. 1/10.

Head finely granulateu above ; occipital process obtusely keeled,
elongate, triangular, nearly twice as long as broad, extending on to
the triangular basal bone of the dorsal spine, which is as long as
broad at its base. The length of the adipose fin is one-fifthxof the
total (without caudal), and its distance from tne dorsal is nearly
equal to the length of the latter. The maxillary barbels extend to,
or nearly to, the end of the tail, the outer ones of the mandible be-
yond the root of the pectoral.

Snout rather long, broad, depressed, with the upper jaw promi-
nent ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is very broad. The eyes are
situated somewhat behind the middle of the head, and their diameter
is two-thirds of the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal and pec-
toral spines of moderate strength, equal in length, half as long as
the head ; the pectoral spine is serrated along both edges. Caudal
fin deeply forked. A broad brown band descends obliquely back-
wards from the nape of the neck ; a whitish cross-band behind it ; a
brownish longitudinal band along the back, continued on the upper
caudal lobe ; another band along the lateral line ; a large black
ocellus anteriorly on the middle of the dorsal fin ; the lower caudal
lobe with a blackish band similar to that of the upper.

Brazil, Surinam.
a-h. Fine specimens. River Capin, Para. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
c. Adult. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

3. Pimelodus eques.
Pimelodus eques, Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 5.
B. 7. D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/9.

Head strongly granulated above; occipital process broader than
long, extending on to the large triangular dorsal shield. Adipose
fin twice as long as the dorsal. The maxillary barbels extend to the
end of the caudal, the outer ones of the mandible to the end of the
pectoral. The length of the head is less than one-fourth of the total
(with the caudal) ; the upper jaw but little longer than the lower.
The eyes occupy the middle of the head, and their- diameter is two-
thirds of the width of the interorbital space. The dorsal spine is
slender, but little shorter than the rays, serrated. The lower caudal
lobe is the longer. Pectoral spine serrated along both edges. A
saddle-shaped black spot on the shoulder, below the commencement
of the dorsal fin. (M. <$,- T.)

Guiana.

53. PIM^T.ODTTS 117

B. Head not granulated ; the occipital process reaches the basal bone
of the dorsal spine, which is feeble.

4. Pimelodus cristatus.
Pimelodus cristatus, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 4.

D. 1 /«. A. 15. P. 1/9.

Head covered with very thin skin above ; occipital process nar-
row, elongate, nearly thrice as long as broad, extending on to the
snail triangular basal bone of the dorsal spine. Adipose fin very
kng, two-fifths of the total length (without caudal) ; its distance
from the dorsal fin is one-half of the length of the latter. The max-
illary barbels extend beyond the origin of the adipose fin, the outer
ones of the mandible beyond the extremity of the pectorals.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
two-thirds ; snout rather narrow, -with the upper jaw somewhat
longer than the lower ; the band of intermaxillary teeth tapering
on the sides, four times as broad as long. The eye is situated some-
what behind the middle of the head (its diameter is one-fourth of
the length of the head, and equal to the width of the interorbital
space*). Dorsal spine slender, nearly as long as the head, slightly
serrated along both edges ; dorsal fin nearly twice as high as lon°-
and much higher than the body f. Pectoral spine serrated along both
edges, three-fourths of the length of the head. Caudal fin cleft to
the base, with the lower lobe longest. Coloration uniform.

Brazil, Guiana.

a. Eight inches long. Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

b. Young River Capin, Para. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

c-f. Adult, half-grown, and young. Essequibo River. Purchased
of Mr. Ehrhardt.

5. Pimelodus modestus.

Pimelodus modestus, Gunth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 239. pi. 10. fig. C.
B. 6. D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/8.

Head covered with a very thin membrane above ; occipital process
narrow, elongate, extending on to the small triangular basal bone of
the dorsal spine. Adipose fin long, a little less than one-third of
the total length (without caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal fin
is less than the length of the latter. The maxillary barbels extend
to the origin of the anal fin, the outer ones of the mandible to the
middle of the pectoral fin.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
two-thirds. The eye occupies the middle of the length of the head,
of which its diameter is one-fourth, and equal to the width of the

* In a specimen 8 inches long.

t In a specimen 13 inches long the dorsal is much enlarged, the second soft
ray being nearly twice as long as the head.

118 silurid.*:.

interorbital space. Dorsal fin somewhat higher than long ; its spine
is slender, a little more than half as long as the head, and somewhat
shorter than that of the pectoral fin. Caudal fin forked, with the
upper lobe longer. Coloration uniform.

Esmeraldas.
a-b. Types of the species. Purchased of Mr. Fraser.

6. Pimelodus elongatus.
Pimelodus elongatus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 238. pi. 10. fig. B.
B. 6. D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/9.

Head covered with a very thin membrane above ; occipital process
narrow, elongate, extending on to the small triangular basal bone of
the dorsal spine. Adipose fin long, two-sevenths of the total length
(without caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal fin is less than the
length of the latter. The maxillary barbels extend nearly to the
extremity, the outer ones of the mandible to the root of the pec-
toral fin.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head rather more than one-fifth. The
upper jaw is the longer ; the eye is somewhat behind the middle of
the length of the head, of which its diameter is one-fourth; the
width of the interorbital space is rather more than the diameter of
the eye. Dorsal fin higher than long; its spine is slender, two-
thirds of the length of the head, and longer than that of the pectoral
fin. Caudal fin cleft nearly to the base, with the upper lobe longer.
An ill-defined blackish streak along the lateral line.

Esmeraldas.

a-b, c-f, g-Jc. Types of the species. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

7. Pimelodus lateristriga.
Pimelodus lateristrigus, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 3.
D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/9.

Head naked above ; occipital process narrow, elongate, thrice as
long as broad, extending on to the small triangular basal bone of
the dorsal spine. Adipose fin long, two-sevenths of the total length
(without caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal is equal to, or rather
more than, the- length of the latter. The maxillary barbels extend
to the origin of the adipose fin, the outer ones of the mandible to the
middle of the pectoral.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal) ; eyes of moderate size, occupying the middle of the head.
Dopsal fin much higher ^than long, with the spine slender, three-
fourths of the length of the head. Pectoral spine rather shorter than
that of the dorsal fin, strongly serrated along its inner edge, and
with a few obtuse denticulations at the extremity of its outer edge.
Caudal fin deeply cleft, with the lobes pointed, the upper being the

53. PIMELODUS. 119

longer. A blackish streak from the eye along the lateral line ; dorsal
fin with the usual whitish cross-band.
Brazil.

a-b. Five inches long. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.

C. The occipital process does not extend on to the basal bone of the dorsal
spine ; body elongate.
1. American species.
a. Dorsal fin with six soft rays.

a. The adipose fin is one-third, or more than one-third, of the total
length (without caudal).
aa. The maxillary barbels extend considerably beyond the origin
of the adipose fin.

8. Pimelodus sebae.

Seba, hi. pi. 29. fig. 5.

Mystus, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 34. no. 83, and Zoophyl. p. 125.

no. 384.
Pimelodus sebae, Cnv. ty Vat. xv. p. 169 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss.

Wien, xxvi. p. 417; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi.

p. 16.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/8. V. 6. Vert. 13/26.

Head covered with a very thin skin above, or almost naked ; occi-
pital process triangular, much longer than broad, not reaching the
basal bone of the dorsal spine. Adipose fin very long, its length
being contained twice and a third in the total (without caudal) ; it
commences immediately behind the dorsal fin. Maxillary barbels
extending on to the caudal, the outer ones of the mandible nearly to
the ventral.

The height of the body is a little less than the length of the head,
which is one-fifth of the total (without caudal) ; the lower jaw
scarcely shorter than the upper ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is
about eight times as broad as long. The diameter of the eye is one-
half of the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal fin with the spine
very feeble, as long as high, or, in young specimens, rather higher
than long. Pectoral spine serrated along both edges, as long as the
head without snout. Caudal fin cleft to the base. Coloration uni-
form , dorsal fin blackish, with a white band across the basal portion.

South America.
a, b, c. Young. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.

d. Half-grown. British Guiana. From the International Exhi-

bition 1862.

e. Adult : not good state. Brazils. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

f. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

9. Pimelodus mulleri.

? Pimelodus musculus, Mull. $ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 4.
D. 1/6. A. 10-11. P. 1/9. V. 6.
Head covered with a very thin skin above ; occipital process tri-

120 siluridjE.

angular, rather longer than broad, not reaching the basal bone of the
dorsal spine. Adipose fin very long, its length being contained twice
and a third in the total (without caudal) ; it commences at a very-
short distance from the dorsal. Maxillary barbels extending not
quite to the caudal fin, the outer ones of the mandible to, or beyond,
the extremity of the pectoral.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
a quarter. The lower jaw is scarcely shorter than the upper ; the
band of intermaxillary teeth is about eight times as broad as long.
The diameter of the eye is one-half of the width of the interorbital
space. A small porus axillaris. Dorsal fin with the spine very feeble,
higher than long. Pectoral spine serrated along both edges, as long
as the head without snout. Caudal fin cleft to the base. Coloration
uniform ; dorsal fin with the usual whitish cross-band.

Brazil, Surinam.

a. Seven inches long. River Capin, Para. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

b. Young. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq.

c. Half-grown. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

10. Pimelodus holomelas.
D. 1/6. A. 9-10. P. 1/8. V. 6.

Head covered with skin above ; occipital process triangular, con-
siderably longer than broad, not reaching the basal bone of the
dorsal spine. Adipose fin very long, its length being contained twice
and a fourth or twice and a fifth in the total (without caudal) ; it
commences at a short distance from the dorsal. Maxillary barbels
extending beyond the commencement, or to the middle, of the adipose
fin, the outer ones of the mandible to the middle of the pectoral.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half or five
times and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head four times. The lower jaw is distinctly shorter than the
upper ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is seven times as broad as
long. The diameter of the eye is one-half of the width of the inter-
orbital space. No porus axillaris. Dorsal fin with the spine very
feeble, scarcely higher than long. Pectoral spine serrated along both
edges, as long as the head without snout. Caudal fin cleft to the
base. Uniform black, with a brownish shade, somewhat lighter on
the belly.

Essequibo.

a-d. Adult (12 inches long) and young. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Col-
lection.

This species is closely allied to P. mulleri, but may be distinguished
by a longer adipose fin, shorter barbels, longer head, lower dorsal fin,
and by its dark colours.

53. PIMELODUS. 121

11. Pimelodus stegelichii.

? Heterobranchus sex"-tentaculatus, Agass., in <S)«.r, Pise. Bras. p. 28.

tab. 11.
Pimelodus stegelichii, Mull, ty Trosch. Hor. lehth. iii. p. 3.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/9.

Head covered with thin skin above ; occipital process triangular,
much longer than broad, not reaching the basal bone of the dorsal
spine. Adipose fin very long, two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal) ; it commences and terminates at a very short distance from
the dorsal and caudal fins. The maxillary barbels extend to the
middle of the adipose fin, and the outer ones of the mandible to or
beyond the extremity of the pectorals.

The height of the body is one-fifth or two-elevenths of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head rather less than one-
fourth. Jaws subequal in length ; the band of intermaxillary teeth
eight times as broad as long. 'The diameter of the eye is two-fifths
of the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal fin as high as long.
Pectoral spine serrated along both edges, more than half as long as
the head. Porus axillaris minute. The anal fin does not extend
to the vertical from the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards.
Caudal fin cleft nearly to the base. Dark brown ; dorsal fin with
the usual whitish cross-band.

Surinam.

a. Adult : stuffed. Demerara. From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society.
6. Adult. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

12. Pimelodus gracilis.

Pimelodus gracilis, Va/enc. in d'Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 2.
fig. 5 ; Cuv. Sf Vol. xv. p. 181 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien,
xxvi. p. 418.

D. 1/6. A. 12-13. P. 1/8.

Head covered with skin above *. The adipose fin is long, one-
third of the total length (without caudal) ; it is separated from the
dorsal by an interspace which equals the length of the latter. The
maxillary barbels extend to the middle or to the end of the adipose
fin, the outer ones of the mandible beyond the root of the pectoral.

The height of the body is rather less than one-sixth of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. Eye
rather large, more than one-fifth of the length of the head. The
upper jaw is the longer. Dorsal fin much higher than long, its spine
being slender, three-fourths of the length of the head. Pectoral
spine rather long, strongly serrated. Caudal fin deeply forked, with
the upper lobe produced. A blackish band along the lateral line.

Brazils.

* In the figure quoted, the occipital process is represented as joining the basal
bone of the dorsal spine, whilst Valenciennes and Kncr refer this species to that
group of Pimelodus in which those two bones are separate.

122 silurid^:.

13. Fimelodus guatemalensis.
D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/9.

Head covered with thin skin above. The adipose tin is long, two-
fifths of the total length (without caudal) ; it is separated from the
dorsal and caudal by a short interspace. The maxillary barbels ex-
tend to beyond the origin, or to the middle, of the adipose fin ; the
outer ones of the mandible to, or nearly to, the extremity of the
pectoral.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth; the head is depressed,
its greatest width being three-fourths of its length ; the diameter of
the eye is one-third of the extent of the snout, and two-fifths of the
width of the interorbital space. The least depth of the tail is two-
fifths of the length of the head. The lower jaw is a little shorter
than the upper ; the band of intermaxillary teeth six times as broad
as long. Dorsal fin with the spine very feeble, scarcely higher than
long. Pectoral fin short, half as long as the head ; its spine is a
little longer than that of the dorsal fin. No porus mucosus in the
axil. Ventral fin a little shorter than the pectoral. The length of
the anal equals that of the dorsal ; its posterior rays extend to the
end of the adipose fin if laid backwards. The lower caudal lobe is
the longer, its length being rather more than one-sixth of the total.
Brownish black, the lower parts whitish ; dorsal fin with a very in-
distinct lighter longitudinal band.

Guatemala.
a-b. Twelve inches long. Huamuchal. Lakes with brackish water.
From the Collectior of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

14. Pimelodus breviceps.

Pimelodus breviceps, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. xxvi. p. 41$.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/8.

Head covered with thick skin. Adipose fin very long, commencing

and terminating at a short distance from the dorsal and- caudal. The

maxillary barbels extend to the anal, the outer ones of the mandible

to the posterior third of the pectoral.

Snout narrow, somewhat pointed ; the length of the head is con-
tained six times and a half in the total (with the caudal) ; the eyes
are situated nearly in the middle of the head, their diameter being
one-half of the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal fin more
than twice as high as long. Porus axillaris small. Caudal fin deeply
forked, with the upper lobe longest, its length being more than one-
fifth of the total. (Kner.)
Marabitanos.

15. Pimelodus wilsoni.

Pimelenotus vilsoni, Gill, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Netv York, 1858,
p. 391.

D. 1/6. A. 10. P. 1/8.

Head covered witn thin skin above , the occipital process does not

53. PIMELODUS. 123

extend on to the basal bone of the dorsal spine. Adipose fin very
long, commencing at a short distance from the dorsal. The maxillary
barbels reach to, or nearly to, the caudal fin. The length of the head
is contained five times and two-thirds in the total (with the caudal) ;
the diameter of the eye is one-fourth or one-fifth of the length of the
head, and three-fourths of the width of the interorbital space. The
upper jaw is shorter than the lower (?). Dorsal spine very slender;
the ventrals are nearly under the last dorsal ray. Caudal forked,
with the lower lobe longest. Dorsal fin with the usual white cross-
band. (Gill.)
Trinidad.

bb. The maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the origin of the
adipose fin.

16% Pimelodus queleni.

Pimelodus queleni, Quou &■ Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 228. pi. 49.

figs. 3 fr 4.
sellonis, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 2.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/8.

Head covered with thin skin above; occipital process triangular,
much longer than broad, not reaching the basal bone of the dorsal
spine. Adipose fin very long, its length being contained twice and
two-thirds in the total (without caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal
is one-fifth of its own length. The maxillary barbels extend to the
origin of the adipose fin, the outer ones of the mandible to the middle
of the pectoral.

The height of the body is one-sixth or rather more than one-sixth
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth
or somewhat less than one-fourth. The lower jaw is but little shorter
than the upper ; the band of intermaxillary teeth eight times as broad
as long. The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the width of the
interorbital space. Dorsal fin with the spine very feeble, as high as
long. Pectoral spine serrated along both edges, more than half as
long as the head. No porus axillaris. The anal fin extends to the
vertical from the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards. Caudal
fin cleft nearly to the base ; the lower lobe is somewhat the longer,
its length being contained five times and a half in the total. Colora-
tion uniform ; dorsal fin with a whitish band across its base.

Brazil.

a. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.

17. Pimelodus wuchereri.

D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/8.

Head covered with thick skin above. Adipose fin very long, its
length being one-third of the total (without caudal) ; its distance
from the dorsal is two-fifths of its own length. The maxillary bar-
bels extend to the end of the dorsal, the outer ones of the mandible
to the root of the pectoral.

124 SILURIKE.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head rather more than one-fifth; head
much depressed and broad, its greatest width being four-fifths of its
length. Eye small ; its diameter is one -third of the extent of the
snout (which equals the width of the interorbital space), and two-
sevenths of the postorbital part of the head. The lower jaw is a
little shorter than the upper ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is six
times as broad as long. Dorsal fin with the spine feeble, longer than
high ; the base of the anal is a little shorter than that of the dorsal,
and its rays do not extend quite so far backwards as the adipose fin.
Pectoral as long as the head without snout ; its spine is three-fourths
as long as the fin. Ventral shorter than pectoral. No porus axillaris.
Dark brown, with indistinct black spots ; the dorsal and anal fins
and the lower parts appear to have been ruddy during life.

Bahia.
a-d. From 6 to 10 inches long. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.

] 8. Pimelodus godmanni.
D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/8. V. 6.

Head covered with soft skin above ; occipital process triangular,
much longer than broad, not reaching the basal bone of the dorsal
spine. Adipose fin very long, one-third of the total length (without
caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal is one-third of its own length.
The maxillary barbels extend to the origin of the adipose fin, the
outer ones of the mandible to the root of the pectoral.

The height of the body is one-sixth or rather more than one-sixth
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-
fourth or somewhat less than one-fourth. The lower jaw is but little
shorter than the upper ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is about
six times as broad as long. The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of
the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal fin with the spine very
feeble, rather higher than long. Pectoral spine serrated interiorly
and granulated exteriorly, half as long as the head, or even still
shorter. No porus axillaris. The anal fin does not extend quite to
the vertical from the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards.
Caudal fin cleft nearly to the base, its lobes being of the same length,
one-sixth of the total. Coloration uniform ; dorsal fin with the usual
whitish cross-band.

Guatemala, Mexico.
a-e. Adult and half-grown. Lower Vera Paz. From the Collection

of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.
d-e. Adult (12 inches long). Rio Motagua. From the Collection

of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.
/, g-h. Half-grown. Mexico. Purchased of M. Salle.

19. Pimelodus micropterus.
D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/8.
Head covered with soft skin above; occipital process styliform,

53. PIMEL0DT7S. 125

not extending on to the basal bone of the dorsal spine. Adipose fin
very long, its length being contained twice and three-fourths in the
total (without caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal is rather less
than the length of the base of the latter. The maxillary barbels
extend to the end of the dorsal fin, the outer ones of the mandible
to beyond the root of the pectoral.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
a half. The lower jaw is rather shorter than the upper ; the band
of intermaxillary teeth is about six times as broad as long. Inter-
orbital space concave, its width being equal to twice the diameter of
the eye. Dorsal fin with the spine very feeble, scarcely higher than
long. Pectoral fin short, rather more than half as long as the head ;
its spine scarcely exceeds the humeral spine in length. A minute
porus axillaris. Ventral fin very short, shorter than the pectoral.
Anal fin small, the length of its base being equal to that of the dorsal ;
its posterior rays do not extend to the end of the adipose fin if laid
backwards. Caudal fin cleft nearly to the base, short, the upper obe
being less rounded than the lower, the length of which is one-seventh
of the total. Blackish ; dorsal fin with a whitish band across its
middle.

Guatemala.

a. Seven and a half inches long. River of San Geronimo. From the
Collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

20. Pimelodus nicaraguensis.
D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/9.

Head covered with thin skin above. The adipose fin is very long,
two-fifths of the total length (without caudal) ; it commences almost
immediately behind the dorsal, and terminates at a very short distance
from the caudal. The maxillary barbels extend to, or a little beyond,
the origin of the adipose fin, the outer ones of the mandible to the
root of the pectoral.

The height of the body is one- seventh of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths ; the head is depressed,
rather narrow, its greatest width being two-thirds of its length ; the
diameter of the eye is a little less than one-half of the extent of the
snout, and two-thirds of the width of the interorbital space. The
least depth of the tail is contained twice and two-thirds in the length
of the head. The lower jaw is a little shorter than the upper ; the
band of intermaxillary teeth five times as broad as long. Dorsal fin
with the spine very feeble, a little higher than long. The length of
the pectoral is two-thirds of that of the head, the length of the spine
two-thirds of that of the fin. A minute porus mucosus in the axil.
Ventral fin scarcely shorter than the pectoral. The length of the
base of the anal is rather more than that of the dorsal ; its posterior
rays do not extend to the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards.

126 silurid^;.

Blackish : lower parts whitish ; dorsal fin with a very indistinct lighter
longitudinal band.
Lake of Nicaragua.

a. Eight and a half inches long. Presented by Captain J. M. Dow.

21. Pimelodus petenensis.
D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/9.

Head covered with thin skin above. The adipose fin is rather low,
especially anteriorly, but long, its length being somewhat more than
one-third of the total (without caudal) ; it is as distant from the
caudal as from the dorsal, its distance from those fins being less than
the length of the base of the dorsal. The maxillary barbels extend
to the origin of the adipose fin, the outer ones of the mandible nearly
to the middle of the pectoral.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths ; the head is depressed
and rather broad, its greatest width being three-fourths of its length ;
the diameter of the eye is one-half of the extent of the spout (which
is somewhat more than the width of the interorbital space), and two-
fifths of the postorbital part of the head. Tail rather deep, its least
depth being more than one-half of the length of the head. The lower
jaw is scarcely shorter than the upper ; the band of intermaxillary
teeth is six times as broad as long. Dorsal fin with the spine very
feeble, as high as long. The length of the pectoral equals that of
the head without snout ; the length of its spine is a little less than
one-half of that of the head. A minute porus mucosus in the axil.
Ventral fin shorter than pectoral. The length of the base of the anal
is somewhat less than that of the dorsal ; its posterior rays extend
nearly to the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards. Greyish
brown, with a darker band along the lateral line ; dorsal fin with a
light longitudinal band.

Lake Peten.

a. Nine inches long. From the Collection of Messrs. Salvin and
Godman.

$. The adipose fin ia less than one-third of the total length (without

caudal).

aa. The tail above the anal fin is almost as high as the trunk.

22. Pimelodus hypselurus.
D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/9.

Head covered with soft skin above ; occipital process rather short,
triangular. Adipose fin long, one-fourth of the total length (with-
out caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal is two-thirds of its own
length. The maxillary barbels extend to the end of the dorsal, the
o\iter ones of the mandible to the root of the pectoral.

The height of the body below the dorsal equals the height of the
tail above the anal, and is one-sixth of the total length (without

53. PiMELODxrc 127

caudal), the length of the head rather more than one-fifth. The
lower jaw is the shorter ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is about
five times as broad as long. The eyes occupy nearly the middle of
the head, their diameter being two-thirds of the width of the inter-
orbital space. Dorsal fin with the spine very feeble, higher than
long. Pectoral spine half as long as the head ; a minute porus
axillaris. The posterior anal rays extend nearly to the vertical from
the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards. The free portion of the
tail is higher than long. Caudal fin forked, with both lobes rounded,
their length being contained six times and a half in the total. Uni-
form blackish.
Mexico.

a. Five inches long. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

23. Pimelodus motaguensis.
D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/8.

Head covered with soft skin above ; occipital process short. Adi-
pose fin long, its length being contained thrice and a fourth jn the
total (without caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal is a little less
than one-half of its own length. The maxillary barbels extend to
the end of the dorsal, the outer ones of the mandible to the root of
the pectoral.

The height of the body below the dorsal equals the height of the
tail above the anal, and is contained six times and a fourth in the
total length (without caudal) , the length of the head five times and
a half; the greatest width of the head is three- fourths of its length.
The lower jaw is the shorter ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is
about five times as broad as long. Eye a little nearer to the ex-
tremity of the snout than to the gill-opening, its diameter being
two-thirds of the width of the inter orbital space. Dorsal fin with
the spine veiy feeble, higher than long. Pectoral spine striated,
strongly serrated along its inner margin, and entire along the outer
one ; a minute porus axillaris. The posterior anal rays do not ex-
tend to the vertical from the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards.
The free portion of the tail is as high as long. Caudal fin forked,
with the lower lobe rounded and with the upper slightly pointed ;
the upper is the longer, one-sixth of the total length. Upper and
lateral parts brownish, the lower whitish ; dorsal with a white band.

Rio Motagua.

a. Nine inches long. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

24. Pimelodus laticauda.

Pimelodus laticaudus (Heck.), Kner, Sitzungsber. Wien. Acad. xxvi.
p. 420.

D. 1/6. A.. 13. P. 1/8.

Head covered with soft skin above ; occipital process short. Adi-
pose fin long, two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal)

128 stlurid^;.

The maxillary barbels extend to the ventral, the outer ones of the
mandible to the root of the pectoral. The depth of the tail is but
little less than that of the body. The length of the head is contained
five times and a half in the total (with the caudal). The lower jaw
is the shorter. The eyes are situated somewhat before the middle of
the head, and their diameter is two-fifths of the width of the inter-
orbital siace. Pectoral spine only half as long as the ravs. Caudal
fin subtruncated. (Kner.)
Mexico.

bb. Tail gradually becoming lower from its commencement.

25. Pimelodus pati.

Pimelodus pad, Valenc., in a" Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 1. figs.
7-9; Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 176; Kner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, xxvi.
p. 416.

is. 9. D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/12.

Snout produced and depressed. Head covered with thin skin
above ; occipital process five or six times as long as broad, not
reaching the basal bone of the dorsal spine. Adipose fin very low,
its length being more than one-fourth of the total (with the caudal).
The maxillary barbels extend on to the anal fin, the outer ones of
the mandible to the tip of the pectoral. The diameter of the eye is
one-fourth of the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal spine
feeble, about as long as that of the pectoral fin, and as high as the
body. Caudal forked. Yellowish, with numerous small, rounded,
blackish spots. {Val.)

Rio de la Plata. Bio Branco.

26. Pimelodus jenynsii.

Pimelodus gracilis, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fishes, p. 110 (hot Valenc).
' D. 1/6. A. 14-15. P. 1/9.

Helmet smooth and not very conspicuous ; occipital process lan-
ceolate, three times as long as broad, not extending on to the basal
bone of the dorsal spine. The space between the dorsal and the
adipose im a little exceeds the length of the former, the adipose
being twice the length of that fin. The maxillary barbels extend to
the origin of the adipose fin, the outer ones of the mandible beyond
the root of the pectoral.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length (with the caudal), the length of the head six times. The
diameter of the eye is contained four times and a half in the length
of the head, and once and a quarter in tne width of the interorbital
space. The pectorals are rather shorter than the head, and their
spine is strongly serrated and very little shorter than the soft rays.
Dorsal fin oneTthird higher than long, with the spine slender. Caudal
forked, with the upper lobe a little longer than the lower. A dark
band along the lateral line. (Jen.)

Rio de Janeiro.

53. PIMELODUS. 129

27. Pimelodus pentlandii.

Pimelodus pentlandii, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 183. pi. 435 (adipose fin too
long).

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/9. V. 6.

Head covered with thin skin above ; occipital process very short.
Adipose fin long, its length being contained four times and two-thirds
in the total (without caudal) ; it is not much longer than its dis-
tance from the dorsal. Maxillary barbels extending on to the root
of the ventral, the outer ones of the mandible to the middle of the
pectoral.

The height of the body is contained five times and two-thirds in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
The lower jaw is scarcely shorter than the upper ; the band of inter-
maxillary teeth is about seven times as broad as long. The diameter
of the eye is two-fifths of the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal
fin with the spine very feeble, somewhat higher than long. Pectoral
spine slightly serrated along both qdges, two-fifths of the length of
the head. Caudal fin cleft to the base. Coloration uniform ; dorsal
blackish, with a rnore or less distinct whitish band across the basal
portion.

High Peru.

a-b. Two of the typical specimens, 11 inches long. From Mr. Pent-
land's Collection.

A skeleton in Hyrtl's Collection, named P. pentlanati, has 16
abdominal and 24 caudal vertebras (Denkschr. Acad.Wiss.Wien. 1 859,
xvi. p. 16).

28. ?imelodus humilis.
D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/9. V. 6.

Head covered with thin skin above ; occipital process very short.
Adipose fin long, its length being contained four times in the total
(without caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal "'s two-thirds of its
length. Maxillary barbels extending on to the root of the ventral,
the outer ones of the mandible to that of the pectoral.

The height of the body is contained six times and a third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
two-thirds. Upper jaw a little longer than the lower ; the band of
intermaxillary teeth is eight times as broad as long ; the diameter of
the eye is one-half of the width of the interorbital space, and one-
sixth of the length of the head ; the eye occupies the third sixth of
the latter. Dorsal fin with the spine very feeble, rather higher than
long. Pectoral spine slightly serrated along both edges, two-fifths
of the length of the hea.d. Caudal fin cleft to the base, with the
upper lobe more pointed than the lower. Coloration uniform ; dorsal
blackish, with a whitish band across its basal portion.

Venezuela.

«, b-c. Seven inches long.

130 siLxraiD^:.

29. Pimelodus cinerascens.
Pimelodus cinerascens, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1 860, p. 237. pi. 10. fig. A.
B. 7. D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/9.

Head covered with soft skin above ; occipital process triangular,
short. Adipose fin long, two-sevenths of the total length (without
caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal is nearly one-fourth of its
length. The maxillary barbels extend nearly to the origin of the
adipose fin, the outer ones of the mandible beyond the root of the
pectoral.

The height of the body is rather less than one-fifth of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Jaws
subequal in length ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is five or six times
as broad as long. The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the width
of the interorbital space. Dorsal fin with the spine very feeble, as
high as long. Pectoral spine less than half as long as the head. A
minute porus axillaris. The anal fin extends to the vertical from
the adipose fin if laid backwards.

Guayaquil and Esmeraldas.

a, b. Types of the species. Purchased of Mr. Fraser.

c. Adult. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

30. Pimelodus foina.
Pimelodus foina, Mull. fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 5.
B. 6. D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/8.

Head covered with soft skin ; occipital process very short. The
adipose fin commences behind the end of the ventrals, and is twice
as long as the dorsal. The maxillary barbels extend to the end of
the pectorals, the outer ones of the mandible to their root.

The length of the head is less than one-fifth of the total (with the
caudal). The upper jaw is rather the longer. The eyes occupy the
middle of the head ; their diameter equals the space between them,
but is twice the width of the osseous part of the interorbital space.
Porus axillaris minute. Upper lobe of the caudal fin longer than
the lower ; pectoral spine strongly serrated. (M. 6f T.)

Guiana.

31. Pimelodus salvini.
D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/8.

Head covered with soft skin above ; occipital process short, tri-
angular. Adipose fin long, one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal) ; its distance from +he dorsal is three-fourths of its length.
The maxillary barbels extend not quite to the extremity of the
pectoral, the outer ones of the mandible not quite to the root of the
pectoral.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Jaws nearly equal in
length ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is about six times as broad

53. PIMELODUS. 131

as long. The eyes are situated somewhat before the middle of the
head ; their diameter is one-fifth of the length of the head, and not
quite one-half of the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal fin
rounded, as high as long, with the spine very feeble. Pectoral spine
very short, not quite one-third of the length of the head. A small
porus axillaris. The length of the pectoral is one-half of the distance
of its root from that of the ventral. The anal fin does not extend to
the vertical from the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards.
Caudal fin cleft nearly to the base, its lobes being almost of the same
length, contained six times and a half in the total length. Colora-
tion uniform dark brown.
Guatemala.

a. Six inches long. Rio de San Geronimo. From Mr. 0. Salvin's
Collection.

32. Pimelodus notatus.

Schomburgk, Fishes of Guiana, i. p. 181. pi. 7.

B. 9. D. 7. A. 17. P. 1/9. Vert. 44.
Head covered with skin above ; dorsal and pectoral spines feeble,
the former sometimes produced into a long filament ; adipose fin but
little longer than dorsal, widely separate from it. The maxillary
barbels extend to the ventral, those of the mandibles beyond the ex-
tremity of the pectoral. Back and dorsal fin with numerous small
black spots. (Schomb.)
Amazons, Bio Branco.

b. Dorsal fin with seven or eight soft rays.

33. Pimelodus polycaulus.
D 1/7. A. 15. P. 1/8. V. 6.

Head covered with soft skin above ; occipital process short, trian-
gular. Adipose fin long, its length being contained thrice and a
third in the total (without caudal) ; its distance from the dorsal is
somewhat more than one-half of its own length. The maxillary
barbels extend to the extremity of the pectoral, the outer ones of
the mandible to its root.

The height of the body is one -sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. The lower jaw is rather
shorter than the upper ; the band of intermaxillary teeth is about
six times as broad as long. Eyes situated before the middle of the
length of the head, their diameter being one-half of the width of the
interorbital space. Dorsal fin rounded, higher than long ; its spine,
prolonged into a flexible portion, is very short and feeble. Pectoral
fin two-thirds of the length of the head ; its spine is short, somewhat
longer than the humeral spine. A minute porus axillaris. Ventral
fin rather shorter than pectoral ; the posterior anal rays do not ex-
tend to the vertical from the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards.
Caudal fin two-lobed, the lobes being equal in length, the upper

k2

132 SILTJRID.E.

pointed, the lower rounded, contained six times and a half in the
total length. Uniform blackish.
Guatemala.

a. Five inches long. Rio San Geronimo. From the Collection of
Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

34. Pimelodus exsudans.
Pimelodus exsudans, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 111.
D. 1/7. A. 13-14. P. 1/8.

Head covered with thin skin above : the occipital process does not
extend on to the basal bone of the dorsal spine and is rather short.
The length of the dorsal fin equals its distance from the adipose fin,
and is two-thirds of the length of the latter. The maxillary barbels
extend to the end of the ventrals, and the outer ones of the mandible
to the root of the pectoral.

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total (with the caudal). Head with series of
large pores. Jaws equal in length. The eyes are t-omewhat before
the middle of the head ; their diameter is one-fifth of the length of
the head, and one-half of the width of the interorbital space. Pec-
toral spine serrated, long, but little shorter than the rays. Dorsal
nn higher than long ; caudal deeply forked, with the lobes equal in
length. {Jen.)

? Rio de Janeiro.

35. Pimelodus sapo.

Pimelodus sapo, Valenc. in d Orb. Voy. AmSr. Merid. Poiss. pi. 2. figs. 6-
8; Cuv. 8f val. xv. p. 179; Kner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien,xxvi.
p. 417.

D. 1/7. A 11.

Head covered with thin skin , occipital process not reaching the
basal bone of the dorsal spine. Adipose fin and barbels very long.
The lower jaw is rather the longer. The diameter of the eye is two-
sevenths of the width of the interorbital space. Caudal fin deeply
forked.

Rio de la Plata.

36. Pimelodus hilarii.

Pimelodus hilarii, Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 180.
D. 1/8. A. 12.

Head covered with skin ; occipital process not reaching the basal
bone of the dorsal spine. Adipose fin long. The upper jaw is but
little longer than the lower ; the maxillary barbels extend somewhat
beyond the dorsal fin. ( Val.)

Brazil,

53. PIMELODUS. 133

2. Non^-American species.

37. Pimelodus deppii.

Pimelodus deppii, Mull. § Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 3.
B. 7. D. 1/5-6. A. 14. P. 1/9.

Head covered with skin above ; occipital process thrice as long as
broad, not extending on to the base of the basal bone of the dorsal
6pine. The length of the head is one-sixth of the total length (with
the caudal). The distance between the dorsal and adipose fins equals
the length of the former ; the posterior anal rajs extend to the ver-
tical from the end of the adipose fin if laid backwards. No porus
axillaris ; pectoral spine serrated nearly in its whole length. (M. <Sf T.)

Sandwich Islands.

38. Pimelodus javus.

Pimelodus javus, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 187.
D. 7. A. 13.

Head covered with skin above ; occipital process not extending on
to the basal bone of the dorsal spine. Adipose fin very long, com-
mencing immediately behind the dorsal. The length of the maxil-
lary barbel is three-fifths of that of the body ; the outer maxillary
barbel extends to the extremity of the pectoral. None of the rays
spinous ; caudal forked, with the upper lobe longest. ( Val.)

Java.

D. The occipital process does not extend on to the basal bone of the
dorsal spine ; body short, stout.

39. Pimelodus bufonius.

Pimelodus bufonius, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 154.
D. 1/6. A. 9. P. 1/6.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total. The band of
teeth in the upper jaw is broad, terminating laterally in a tapering
portion running backwards. The basal bone of the dorsal spine is
narrow, and longer than the occipital process. The maxillary barbel
extends to the praeopercular margin. Pectoral spine very stout,
serrated along both edges. Caudal rounded, somewhat emarginate
behind. Brown, marbled with darker.

Cayenne ; Brazil.
«. Skin : 12 inches long. Biver Cipo, a tributary of the Bio das
Vilhas. Minas Geraes, Brazil. From the Collection of Mr. Ch.
Cumberland.

40. Pimelodus raninus.
Pimelodus raninus, Cuv. 8f Veil. xv. p. 157. pi. 434.
D. 1/6. A. 10-11. P. 1/6.
Head as broad as long, its length being contained thrice and two-

134 SILUKIDiE.

thirds in the total. The band of teeth in the upper jaw is of mode-
rate breadth, without prolonged lateral portion. The basal bone of
the dorsal spine is narrow, about as long as the occipital process.
The maxillary barbel extends to the end of the head. Pectoral spine
very stout, depressed, serrated along both edges. Caudal rounded.
Brown, marbled with darker ; a series of white spots along the base
of the dorsal and anal fins ; dorsal, adipose, and anal fins blackish
brown, with a white margin ; caudal with brown dots, and with a
blackish band edged with white pos'teriorly, across the margin ; the
pectorals and ventrals blackish brown
Brazil; Guiana.

a. Fine specimen, 4 inches long. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.
b-c. Fine specimens. Fssequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

41. Pimelodus mangurua.

Pimelodus mangurus, Valenc. in d'Orb. Voy.Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 1.
figs. 4-6 ; Cuv. $ Vol. xv. p.' 156.

B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 9 (?). P. ^.

Head broader than long, its length being one-fifth of the total ;
lower jaw rather the longer. The maxillary barbels extend scarcely
to the praeoperculum. Light brown, dorsal and caudal fins darker.
(Vol.)

La Plata River.

E. The occipital process is short ; body moderatelv elongate ; adipose
fin not longer than dorsal.

42. Pimelodus platychir.

D. 7. A. 8. P. 10. V. 6.

Head and anterior part of the body much depressed;, head rather
longer than broad, its length being contained four times and a third
in the total (without caudal), the height of the body one-seventh.
The posterior part of the trunk is subcylindrical, the tail compressed ;
the least depth of the latter is less than that of the body. Head
entirely covered with soft skin ; eyes very small, partly directed
upwards, placed a little nearer to the end of the operculum than to
that of the snout. The width of the interorbital space is less than
the extent of the snout, which is rounded. Nostrils on the upper
side of the snout, the anterior rather remote from the posterior.
Gleft of the mouth of moderate width, each jaw with a band of
villiform teeth ; the upper is somewhat longer than the lower. The
maxillary barbels extend to the end of the head ; the outer mandi-
bulary barbels are at the angle of the mouth, extending to the base
of the pectoral ; the inner mandibulary barbels are shorter, and placed
immediately behind the margin of the lower lip. Gill-openings
wide, the gill-membranes not attached to the isthmus, and only

55. CONORHYNCHUS. 135

slightly united in front. The length of the base of the dorsal fin is
scarcely more than one-half of its distance from the occiput, and
one-third of that from the adipose fin ; it is as high as the body,
and its first ray is scarcely spinous. A.dipose fin low, not longer
than the dorsal, opposite to the anal ; caudal emarginate, with the
lobes pointed. Pectorals and ventrals horizontal, with the outer ray
dilated and transversely striated, not spinous. The ventrals are not
much shorter than the pectorals, and inserted behind the dorsal.
The vent is midway between opercle and root of the caudal. Upper
parts blackish.
West Africa.

a-d. From 2-2 1 inches long. Sierra Leone. Presented by Dr. A.
Giinther.

54. PIRINAMPUS.

Pinirampus, Sleek. Nederl. Tyaschr. Dierk. 1803, p. 100.

Adipose fin long; dorsal short, with a pungent spine and with six
rays ; anal fin short. Barbels six, long and band-like. Teeth villi-
form in the jaws ; palate edentulous. Ventral fin with six rays ;
caudal forked.

Brazil.

1 Pirinampus typus.

Pimelodus pirinampus, At/ass. in Sjiix, Pise. Bras. p. 20. tab. 8 ; Kner,

Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, xxvii. p. 416.
Pinirampus typus, Bleek. I. c.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/15.

Head granulated between the eyes, its hinder part and the neck
being covered with skin ; the occipital process extends on to a rather
large dorsal shield. Spines of the fins rather slender, that of the
dorsal fin prolonged into a filament. The maxillary barbels extend
on to the anal fin, and the outer ones of the mandible are not much
shorter.

Brazil.

A South American species, indicated by Humboldt under the name
of Pimelodus barbancho (Observ. Zool. ii. p. 172), appears to have
some similarity with the above species.

55. CONORHYNCHUS.

Conostome, sp., Dumeril, Ichthyol. Anal. p. 484.
Conorhynchus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 102.

Adipose fin very short ; dorsal short, with a pungent spine and
with six (seven) rays ; anal fin of moderate length. Snout produced,
pointed, with narrow mouth ; barbels six. Teeth in the upper jaw
minute, the lower and the palate edentulous. Eyes of moderate size.
Ventral with six rays.

Brazil.

136 siLtTRiD^;.

1. Conorhynchus conirostris.

Pimelodus conirostris, Cuv. § Vol. xv. p. 204. pi. 436.
D. 1/6. A. 20.
Head granulated above ; occipital process more than twice as long
as broad, joining the triangular basal bone of the dorsal spine ;
barbels thin, much shorter than the head. Dorsal spine strong,
longer than that of the pectoral fin, three-quarters of the length of
the head. Caudal emarginate.
Brazil.

a. Skin, 29 inches long. River Cipo, a tributary of the Rio das
Vilhas, Minas Geraes. From the Collection of Mr. Ch. Cumber-
land.

56. N0T0GLANIS*

Adipose fin long ; dorsal fin with a pungent spine and with ten
soft rays ; anal short. Barbels six. Teeth in the jaws villiform ;
palate edentulous. The upper jaw is the longer. The ventral "fins
six-rayed, inserted below the end of the dorsal fin ; caudal forked.

Brazil.

1. Notoglanis multiradiatus.
Pimelodus multiradiatus, Kncr, in Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad, xxvii. p. 414.
D. 1/10. A. 10.
Head granulated above ; the eyes occupy the middle of the length
of the head, and their diameter is two-fifths of the width of the
interorbital space. The maxillary barbels extend to the anal fin,
the outer ones of the mandible to below the dorsal fin. Spines of
the fins well developed ; adipose fin one-third longer than dorsal.
(Kner.)

Rio Madeira, Rio Facutu.

57. CALLOPHYSUS.

Callophysus, Mull. 8c Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 1.

Callophysus et Pseudocallophysus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863,

p. 101.
Pimeletropis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1869, p. 196.

Adipose fin very long ; dorsal fin short, with a feeble spine and
with six rays ; anal fin rather short. Each jaw with a series of
6mall flattish teeth, behind which sometimes another series of smaller
ones; palate edentulous. Barbels six. Ventral fins with six or
seven rays.

South America.

1. Callophysus lateralis.
Pimeletropis lateralis, Gill, I. c.

B. 8. D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/12.
Occipital process elongate, four times as long as broad, not ex-
* 1. Pimelodus arekaima, Schomburgk, Fish. Guiana, i. p. 178. pi. 5. — Guiana.

58. ATJCHENASPIS. 137

tending on to the basal bone of the dorsal spine. No other teeth
behind the front series in either of the jaws. The maxillary barbels
extend to. or beyond, the base of the caudal. Some roundish dusky
spots along the side. (Gill.)
Amazons River.

2. Callophysus macropterus.

Pimelodus macropterus, Lichtenst., in Wiedem. Zool. Mag. i. part 3.

1819, p. 59.
Callophysus macropterus, Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 1.

B. 7. D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/12. V. 6.

The occipital process does not extend on to the small basal bone
of the dorsal spine. A second series of small teeth behind the front
series in the upper jaw ; no second series in the lower. The maxil-
lary barbels extend to the base of the caudal, the outer ones of the
mandible not quite to the end of the ventrals. (M. Sf T.)

Brazil ; Guiana.

3. Callophysus ctenodus.

Pimelodus ctenodus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 21. pi. 8 a.
D. 1/6. A. 10. P. 1/14. V. 7.
The occipital process does not extend on to the small basal bone
of the dorsal spine. A second series of small teeth behind the front
series in the lower jaw. The maxillary barbels extend beyond the
anal, the outer ones of the mandible beyond the pectoral. (Agass.)
Brazil.

58. AUCHENASPIS.
Auchenaspis, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 101.
Adipose fin rather long ; dorsal short, with a pungent spine and
with seven rays ; anal short. Snout produced, pointed, with narrow
mouth ; barbels six. The teeth of each jaw form a pair of small
elliptic patches which are longer than broad ; palate edentulous.
Nostrils distant from each other; eyes of moderate size. Gill-
membrane scarcely notched at the throat. Ventral with six rays.
Tropical Africa.

1. Auchenaspis biscutatus.
Pimelodus biscutatus, Qeoffr. Descr. Egypt. Zool. Poiss. pi. 14. figs. 1 & 2 ;

Cuv. <§• Vol. xv. p. 197.
occidentalis, Cuv. # Val. xv. p. 203.

B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 11-12. P. 1/9.
Head coarsely granulated above ; occipital process very broad, with
the lateral margins convex, joining the very large saddle-shaped
dorsal plate. Snout produced, pointed, with broad lips and with a
narrow mouth. Barbels cylindrical, shorter than the head, the
outer ones of the mandible being shorter than those of the maxil
laries. Dorsal and pectoral spines strong, nearly equal in lengtn,
rather more than half as Ions,' as the head. The length of the adi-

138 SILURIDJ5.

pose fin is two-sevenths or one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ;
it is very high in adult examples. Anal fin much higher than long.
Caudal subtruncated. Brownish ; fins with rounded dark spots.
Nile ; Senegal.

a, b-e. Fine specimens. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Col-
lection.

/. Adult. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

g. Twenty-six inches long: stuffed. Seneg'tl. Purchased of M.
Parzudaki.

Eighth Group. ARIINA.

Proteropterous Siluroids with the anterior and posterior nostrils
placed close together, and without nasal barbel, the posterior
nostril being provided with a valve.

59. ARIUS*.

Bagrus, sp., et Arius, Cuv. 6} Vul.

Bagrus, sp., Sciades, sp., Ariodes et Arius, Miill. fy Trosch.

Ilexanematichthys, Guiritinga, Sciades, Arius, Hemiarius, Cephalo-

cassis, Netuma, Ariodes, et Pseudarius, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr.

Dierk. 1863, p. 90.

Adipose fin of moderate length or short ; a short dorsal fin with a
pungent spine and with seven (sixf) soft rays ; anal fin rather short.
Head osseous above ; barbels six, four at the mandible. Teeth on
the palate fixed ; the upper jaw is the longer. Eyes with a free
orbital margin. Caudal fin forked ; ventral with six rays, attached
behind the vertical from the dorsal.

Tropical regions.

* a. Teeth on the palate villiform or cardiform.

1. Bagrus trachipomus, C. $ V. xiv. p. 443.— Bengal.

2. Chinta-jellah, Russell, pi. 167. — Bagrus chinta, C. % V. xiv. p. 445. —

Coromandel.

3. Bagrus pemecus, C. # V. xiv. p. 456. — Cayenne.

4. couma, C. $ V. xiv. p. 459. — Cayenne.

5. Arius subrostratus, C. # V. xv. p. 62.— Malabar,
ti. rostratus, C. $ V. xv. p. 63. — Alipey.

7. belangerii, C. $ V. xv. p. 71.— Bombay.

8. Leptarius dowii, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 170.— West

coast of Central America.

9. Arius nigricans, Valenc. in d' Orb. Voy.Amer. Merid. Atl. Poiss. pi. 3. fig. 3 ;

C. $ V. xv. p. 83. — South America.
10. Silurus quadrimaculatus, Bl. tab. 368. fig. 2 ; Bl. Sehn. p. 383. — Pime-
lodus quadrimaculatus, C. 4" V. xv. p. 185. — America.

)3. Teeth on the palate granular.

1. Pimelodus jatius, Ham. Buch. pp. 171, 376. — Arius jatius, Bli/th, Calc.

Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 151. — Ganges.

2. Arius molliceps, C. # V. xv. p. 108.— Hub. ?

3. puncticulatus, C. $ V. xv. p. 108. — Buenos Ayres.

t All the species examined by myself have seven dorsal rays ; Valenciennes
however, mentions six only in several South American species.

59. arius. 139

I have observed in several species that the bauds of teeth on the
palate become relatively larger with age, so that the vomerine teeth,
which in young specimens form a, slightly interrupted band, are
confluent into one band in others which are more advanced in
growth ; in the same way the palatine teeth may be entirely united
with those on the vomer, or separated by a narrow interspace. In
species which have rudimentary vomerine teeth, these are sometimes
entirely lost with age.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. The vomerine teeth are present, and form one continuous or but slightly

interrupted band, which is more or less confluent with the palatine
teeth.

A. Teeth on the palate villiform.

a. East Indian species : Hexanematichthys, Blkr., p. 139.

b. South American species : Gmritinya, Blkr. + Sciades, Blkr.,

p. 143.

c. African species, p. 151.

B. Teeth on the palate granular, p. 152.

II. Teeth on the palate in two generally widely separate patches ; some-

times the vomerine teeth are present, but widely separate into two
small groups which may be continuous with the palatine teeth : Arius,
Valenc.

A. Teeth on the palate villiform.

a. A large interneural shield on the nape : Arius, sp., Blkr., p. 153.
h. No large interneural shield on the nape.

a. African species, p. 154.

/3. South American species, p. 155.

y. Pacific species, p. 157.

8. East Indian species : Hemiarius, Arius, Cephalocassi*. et
Netuma, Blkr., p. 158.

B. Teeth on the palate granular or obtusely conical.

a. Teeth on the palate in four groups, those of the vomer being

present : Ariodes, sp., M. & T., p. 163.

b. Teeth on the palate in two groups : Pseudarius, Blkr.

a. East Indian species, p. 166.
£. American species, p. 171.
Appendix : Bayrus venaticus et B. vertaym, p. 174.

I. The vomerine teeth are present, and form one continuous or but slightly
interrupted band, which is more or less confluent with the palatine
teeth.

A. Teeth on the palate villiform.

a. East Indian species.

1. Anus thalassinus.

Deddi jella, Buss. Fish. Corom. pi. 169.

Bagrus thalassinus, Rupp. N. W. Fische, p. 75. taf. 20. fig. 2.

bilineatus, Cuv. & Vol. xiv. p. 434.

] 40 SILURIDJi.

Bagrus netuma, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 438. pi. 417.

? Bagrus lsevigatus, Cuv. §■ Val. xiv. p. 439.

Ariu3 nasutus, Cuv. §• Val. xv. p. 60 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi.

Sjlur. Batav. p. 31.
Bagrus rhodonotus, Bleek. I. c. p. 29.

carchariorhynchus, Bleek. I. c. p. 30.

Netuma nasuta, Bleek. Prodi: Silur. p. 95, and All. Ichth. Silur. tab. 61.
thalassina, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 28.

D. 1/7. A. 16-17. P. 1/11. Vert. 18/27.

The height of the body is contained from four times and three-
quarters to five times and two-fifths in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head four times and a. quarter or thrice
and a half. Head much broader than high ; snout obtuse in young
specimens ; the adult fish with the upper jaw pointed
and projecting much beyond the lower. The teeth
on the palate are villiform, and form a pair of more
or less separate subtriangular patches, each of which
is composed of three portions. The maxillary barbels
extend to the opcrcles or to the pectoral. Crown
of the head granulated ; occipital process triangular, rather longer
than broad, elevated in its middle into a longitudinal v '■■—''>
ridge ; the basal bone of the dorsal spine is small,
crescent-shaped. Dorsal spine of moderate strength^
granulated in front, slightly serrated behind ; its length
equals that of the head without snout. The soft dorsal
fin is as high as the body. Adipose fin very short. Pec-
toral spine stronger and but little shorter than that of
the dorsal fin.

Red Sea ; East Indies.

a. Thirty-two inches long: stuffed. East Indies. From the Col-

lection of the East India Company.

b. Half-grown. Singapore. Front the Haslar Collection.

c. Young. Red Sea. Presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

d. e. Half-grown. Java.

/. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection
g. Adult (20 inches long) : stuffed

2. Arius gagorides.

Bagrus gagorides, Cuv. fr Val. xiv. p. 441 ; hiyth, Jouia. As. Soc. Beng.

xxvii. p. 285.
trachipomus, Cuv. ty Val. xiv. p. 443.

D. 1/7. A. 17. P. 1/12.
The height of the body is rather less than one-fourtn of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths; head
much broader than high, its greatest width being equal to the dis-
tance of the hinder nostril from the end of the opercle. The teeth
on the palate are in two pairs of confluent patches, those of the
vomer being very small, whilst those on the palatine bones are
large, broad, and emarginate posteriorly. Six barbels, shorter than

59. AR1TTS.

141

the head. Crown of the head granulated, the granules being arranged
in radiating series ; occipital plate tri-
angular, elevated into an obtuse ridge
along its middle < rather broader then
long ; the basal bone of the dorsal spine
is of moderate width, narrowest in the
middle, each half slightly bent into an
S-shaped form. Dorsal spine strong,
as long as the head without snout,
granulated in front and obtusely ser-
rated behind, as high as the soft dor-
sal or as the body underneath. Adi-
pose fin somewhat shorter than the
dorsal. Pectoral spine as long as that
of the dorsal fin, granulated exteriorly
and serrated interiorly. Ventral fins
much shorter than the pectorals, not
extending on to the anal. Caudal
deeply forked.
Calcutta.

a. Twenty-six inches long : stuffed.

of the East India Company.

b. Twenty-four inches long : stuffed,

Calcutta. From the Collection

3. Arius sagor.

Pimelodus sagor, Ham. Buck. p. 169.

Bagrus sondaicus, Cuv. <§- Vol. xiv. p. 444 ; Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 255.

javensis, Cuv. Sf Vol. xiv. p. 445.

sagor, Cuv. fy Vol. xiv. p. 446.

Hexanematichthys sundaicus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 127, and Atl.
Ichth. Silur. p. 26. tab. 62.

D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/11.

The height of the body is contained nearly six times in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head three times and three-
fourths. Head much depressed, much broader than high, its greatest
width being equal to its length without snouj;.
The teeth on the palate are in two pairs of
patches, which are confluent, or separated by
very narrow interspaces ; the vomerine pair
is only half as large as that of the palatine
bones. Six barbels ; those of the maxillaries
extend to the end, the outer ones of the man-
dible to the middle of the pectoral fin. Nearly the whole of the
upper surface of the head and of the neck is granulated, the granules
being arranged in radiating or concentric lines. Occipital plate
large, as broad as long, subsemicircular ; the basal bone of the dor-
sal spine is well developed, butterfly-shaped. Dorsal spine strong,
granulated along its anterior surface, scarcely serrated behind, its
length being contained once and two-thirds in that of the head ;

142 sihtrid^.

base of the adipose fin nearly as long as that of the dorsal. Pec-
toral spine obtusely serrated
along both edges, shorter than
the head. Ventral fins much
shorter than the pectorals, ex-
tending to, or nearly to, the
origin of the anal fin. There
are some granulations along the
foremost part of the lateral line.
Bengal, Pinang, East Indian
Archipelago.

a. Adult (17 inches long): stuffed. Bay of Bengal. From Dr. Can-

tor's Collection.

b. Young : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

c. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

4. Arius doroides.

Bagrus doroides, Cuv. fy Vol. xiv. p. 447. pi. 418.
D. 1/7. A. 17. P. 1/10.

The upper surface of the head granulated ; occipital process twice
as broad as long, broadly united with the basal bone of the dorsal
spine, which is very large, butterfly-shaped. Opercles and front
part of the dorsal and pectoral spines granulated. The lateral por-
tions of the band of teeth on the palate are ovate, and not triangular.
Barbels six ; those of the maxillaries extending to the end of the
opercle. Anterior portion of the lateral line covered with a series of
granulated small plates. Ventrals shorter than pectorals. ( Val.)

Bengal; Pondicherry.

5. Arius leptaspis.
Hexanematichthys leptaspis, Blcek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 27. tab. 65.

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and
two-thirds ; head coarsely granulated above, broader than high, its
greatest width being contained once and a sixth in its length. Occi-
pital process subtriangular, scarcely longer than broad, with the
lateral margins straight, extending on to the basal bone of the dor-
sal fin, which is small, narrow, crescent-shaped. Snout obtusely
rounded, depressed, nearly twice as long as the eye, with the upper
jaw a little longer than the lower. The teeth on the palate form a
slightly curved band, those of the vomer being disposed in two
patches near to each other and to those of the palatines ; the latter
are small, not much larger than those of the vomer. The maxillary
barbels reach to the end of the pectoral fin. Porus axillaris small.
Dorsal fin as high as the body, with a strong, serrated spine. Adi-
pose fin much shorter than dorsal. Pectorals shorter than the head,

59. arius. 143

their spine being two-thirds of the length of the head; ventrals
much shorter than pectorals. (Bl. )
South-western coast of New Guinea.

6. Arius arioides.

Bagrus arioides, Cuv. fy Vol. xiv. p. 440.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 21. P. 1/10.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total (with the caudal) ;
head one-fourth longer than broad. The maxillary barbel extends
to the hinder third of the pectoral, and the outer of the mandible is
nearly as long as the head. The teeth on the palate form two broad
triangles, joining each other anteriorly. Occipital process nearly as
broad as long ; the basal bone of the dorsal spine narrow, crescent-
shaped. Dorsal and pectoral spines entirely granulated ; the former
is slightly serrated behind, and one-fourth higher than the body, and
terminates in a longish soft filament. ( Vol.)

Bengal.

Blyth identifies this species with Pimehdus sona, Ham. Buch.
p. 172 (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 151), to which opinion we do
not accede, as Buchanan, in his descriptions of Siluroidsy always gives
the highest number of the anal rays, and says that P. sona has only
eighteen.

b. South American species.

7. Arius commersonii.

Pimelodus barbus, Lacep. v. pp, 94, 106.

commersonii, Lacep. v. pp. 95, 108. pi. 3. fig. 1.

Bagrus barbatus, Quoy fy Gaim. Voy. JJran. Zool. p. 230. pi. 49. figs. 1 & 2.
commersonii, Valenc. in d1 Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 3.

fig. 1; Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 449 ; Kner, Sitzunqsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien,

xxvi. p. 386.
Pimelodus versicolor, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 35. pi. 16.

fig. 3.

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/11.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; the greatest
width of the head equals its length without snout. The
teeth on the palate are in a broad, long, horseshoe-like
band, scarcely interrupted in the middle. Six barbels ;
the maxillary barbels are as long as the head, the
outer mandibulary barbels extend to the base of the
pectoral. Crown of the head striated ; occipital process
elongate, elevated into a ridge along the middle, much
longer than broad ; the basal bone of the dorsal spine
is narrow, angularly bent. Dorsal spine of moderate
strength, as long as the head without snout, granulated
in front and scarcely serrated behind ; the soft dorsal
fin pointed, as high as the body ; adipose fin as long as
the dorsal. Pectoral spine serrated along both edges,

144 silurid^:.

stronger and longer than that of the dorsal fin. Ventral fins much
shorter than the pectorals, not extending on to the anal.

Brazil.
a, b. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

8. Arius herzbergii.

Silurus herzbergii, Bl. viii. p. 33. tab. 367 ; Bl. Schn. p. 382.
Bagrus herzbergii, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 453.

coelestinus, Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 7.

mesops, Kner, Sitzungsber. Wien. Acad. p. 384. taf. 1. fig. 2 (not

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 18-20. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths.
Vomerine and palatine teeth confluent, the vo-
merine forming a subquadrangular patch, the pa-
latine a rather short, broad band which is notched
posteriorly. Six barbels : those of the maxillaries -\ ( \ /
extend to, or nearly to, or beyond the end of,
the pectoral fin, the outer ones of the mandible to, or nearly to, its
root. Head much depressed, much broader than high, its greatest
width being equal to its length without snout ;
its upper surface is granulated; occipital pro-
cess large, triangular, nearly as long as broad,
joining the basal bone of the dorsal spine, which
is small, crescent-shaped. Dorsal spine mode-
rately strong, half as long as the head, or a little
more than half as long, slightly serrated. Base
of tbe adipose fin as long as that of the dorsal.
Pectoral spine stronger and longer than that of the dorsal fin, ser-
rated on both edges. Ventral fins much shorter than the pectorals,
not extending on to the anal.

Cayenne, Surinam, Para, "West Indies.

a. Fine specimen. South America. From Sir K. Schomburgk's

Collection.

b. Young. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

c. Adult. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

d-e. Adult : stuffed. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

The typical specimens of S. herzbergii, Bl., and of B. coelestinus,
M. & T., are in the Berlin Museum ; Prof. Peters, who has examined
them, does not consider them as distinct species.

9. Arius dubius.

Netuma dubia, Bleek. Versl. en Mededeel. Acad. Wet. Amsterd. 1862,
xiv. p. 382.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/10.

Closely allied to A. herzbergii.

The height of the body is contained five times and three-fifths or

59. aritjs. 145

five times and four-fifths in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head four times and a third or four times and a sixth ;
the greatest width of the head is four-fifths or five-sixths of its
length. Occipital process with a median keel, not much longer than
broad, extending on to the small basal bone of the dorsal spine.
The teeth on the palate form six contiguous patches*. The maxil-
lary barbels reach to the base of the ventrals, the outer ones of the
mandible to that of the pectorals. Dorsal spine strong, four-fifths
of the length of the head, slightly serrated along both edges. Adi-
pose fin rather longer than dorsal ; the length of the latter is less
than one-half of its distance from the adipose fin. Pectoral spine
broader, but not longer, than that of the dorsal fin. Ventral fins
much shoHer than pectorals. (Bl.)
Surinam.

10. Arius mesops.

Bagras mesops, Ciw. ty Vol. xiv. p. 456.
D, 1/7. A. 18.
The eye is in the middle between the end of the snout and the
praeopercular limb. Occipital process twice as broad as long, termi-
nating in a small point which is received in a notch of the nuchal
plate. The maxillary barbel extends to the middle of the pectoral.
Ventrals as long as pectorals. (Vol.)
Porto Rico.

11. Arius guatemalensis.

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/11.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths ; head much broader
than high, its greatest width being two-thirds of its length. Eyes
of moderate size, situated nearer to the end of the snout than to that
of the operculum ; the length of the snout is three-fifths of the width
of the interorbital space. Teeth on the vomer
separated in the middle, forming a pair of small
quadrangular patches which are confluent with
those on the palatine bones; the latter have a // \^\

subelliptic form. All the teeth villiform. The f I \ \

maxillary barbels extend nearly to the end of — ' ^ — '

the head, the outer ones of the mandible being half as long as the
head. Crown of the head granular, the granulations being arranged
in radiating streaks. Occipital process some-
what broader than long, triangular, with its
hinder end truncated ; the basal bone of the
dorsal spine small, crescent-shaped. Dorsal
spine of moderate strength, not quite half
as long as the head, slightly serrated in front
and behind ; the first soft ray is longer than
the spine, as high as the body. Adipose fin
shorter than the dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, with the upper lobe

* They are, apparently, similar to those of A. herzberqii
VOL. V. ' L

146

SILTJRIDiE.

longest, its length being one-fifth of the total. Pectoral spine ser-
rated along both edges, longer and stronger than that of the dorsal.
Ventral fin shorter than pectoral. All the fins black.
Guatemala.

a. Twelve inches long. Guatemala. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Fine specimen, 13 inches long. Chiapan. From the Collection

of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

12. Arius assimilis.
D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
tbe total length (without caudal), the. length of the head thrice and
three-fifths ; head much broader than high, its greatest width being
three-fourths of its length. Eyes rather small, situated nearer to the
end of the snout than to that of the operculum; the length of the snout
is three-fifths of the width of the interorbital space. The median longi-
tudinal fonticulus on the upper side of the head does not extend to the
base of the occipital process. Teeth on the vomer
but slightly separated in the middle, forming a
pair of oblong transverse patches which are
confluent with those on the palatine bones ; the
latter are short, club-shaped. The band of
intermaxillary teeth is five times as broad as
long. All the teeth villiform. The maxillary
barbels extend nearly to the end of the head ; the length of the outer
ones of the mandible is one-half or two-thirds of that of the head.
Crown of the head granular, the granulations being arranged in
radiating streaks. Occipital process broader than long, triangular,
with its hinder end concave. The basal bone of the dorsal spine of
moderate size, crescent-shaped. Dorsal spine of moderate strength,
more than half as long as the head, granulated in front and slightly
serrated behind ; the first soft ray is longer than the spine and as
high as the body. Adipose fin shorter than the dorsal. Caudal
deeply forked, with the upper lobe longest, its length being contained
five times and a half in the total. Pectoral spine serrated along its
inner edge and on the extremity of the outer edge. Ventral fin
shorter than pectoral. Sides of the body silvery ; vertical fins grey-
ish ; basal half of the inner side of the paired fins black.

Guatemala.
a. Fine specimen, 13 inches long. Lake of Yzabal. From the Col-
lection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

. Hexanematichthys hymenorrhinos, Bleek. Versl. & Mededeel. Akad.
Wetensch. Amsterd. 1862, xiv. p. 377, appears to be closely allied
to the above species, and we should not hesitate to refer our speci-
mens to it if the barbels of Bleeker's species were not much longer,
those of the maxillaries extending or to the base of the ventral fin,
and the outer ones of the mandible to the base of the pectoral. The
specimen in the Leyden Museum is 8^ inches long.

59. arius. 147

13. Arius platypogon.
D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/10.

Closely allied to A. assimilis.

The height of the body is contained live times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the
head four times ; head much broader than high,
its greatest width being three-fourths of its
length. Eyes of moderate size, their diameter
being more than one-half of the extent of the
snout, and two-fifths of the postorbital part of
the head, which equals the width of the inter-
orbital space. The median longitudinal fonti-
culus on the upper side of the head extends to
the base of the occipital process. Teeth on the
palate continuous ; however, three portions may
be distinguished : the central one, which is subpentagonal, broader
than long, and notched anteriorly ; and one on
each side, which is subtriangular, and much
larger thau the eye. The band of intermaxil-
lary teeth is five times as broad as long. The
maxillary barbels are compressed in their basal
half and extend nearly to the middle of the
pectoral fin, the outer mandibulary barbels nearly to its root.
Crown of the head and nape finely granular ; occipital process
much longer than broad, with a low, linear median ridge. The
basal bone of the dorsal spine is very small, with only a few
granules. Dorsal spine rather strong, a little shorter than that of
the pectoral fin, three-fourths of the length of the head, and serrated
along both edges ; the first soft dorsal ray is higher than the body.
Adipose fin shorter than dorsal. The upper caudal lobe is the longer,
its length being contained four times and a third in the total. Porus
axillaris present. Ventral much shorter than pectoral, which is
nearly as long as the head. Sides of the body silvery ; the inner
side of the paired fins black.

Guatemala.

a-d. Fine specimens (11| inches long). San Jose. From the Col-
lection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

14. Arius seemanni.
D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/10.

Closely allied to A. assimilis.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a
third; head much broader than high, its greatest width being equal
to its length without snout. Eyes of moderate size, much nearer to
the end of the snout than to that of the operculum ; the length of the
snout is three-fifths of the width of the interorbital space. The
median longitudinal fontindus on the upper side of the head extends

l2

148 SILTJRIDvE.

to the base of the occipital process. Teeth on the vomer separated in
the middle by a short interspace, forming a pair of
small subquadrangular patches which are confluent
with those of the palatines. The latter are much
longer than broad, elliptical. The band of inter-
maxillary teeth is five and a half times as broad as
long. The maxillary barbels extend nearly to the
end of the head, and are about twice as long as the outer ones of the
mandible. Crown of the head and nape finely granular ; occipital
process broader than long, with a prominent ridge along its middle.
The basal bone of the dorsal spine is small, with a few fine granules.
Dorsal spine of moderate strength, more than half as long as the head,
serrated along both edges ; the first soft ray is as high as the body.
Adipose fin rather shorter than dorsal. The upper caudal lobe is
the longer, two-ninths of tbe total length. Porus axillaris present.
Ventral fin shorter than pectoral. Sides of the body silvery ; basal
half of the inner side of the paired fins black.

Central America.
a. Fine specimen, 12 inches long. From the Haslar Collection.
Collected by Dr. Seemann.

15. Alius surinamensis.

Hexanematichthys surinamensis, Bleek. Vers!. & Mededeel. Akad. Wet.
Amsterd. 1862, xiv. p. 380.

B. 5. D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/9.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal) , the length of the head two-sevenths ; the greatest width of
the head is three-fourths of its length. Occipital process without
conspicuous keel along its middle, not longer than broad, extending
on to the small basal bone of the dorsal spine. The teeth on the
palate form four contiguous patches or bands, the lateral bands being
broader and longer than the anterior. The maxillary barbels extend
to the base of the pectoral, the outer ones of the mandible somewhat
beyond the gill-opening. Dorsal spine strong, half as long as the
head, slightly serrated along both edges ; adipose fin as long as the
dorsal, its length being less than one-third of the distance between
the two fins ; pectoral spine longer and stronger than that of the
dorsal fin ; ventral fins much shorter than pectorals. Caudal deeply
forked, with the upper lobe longer. (Bl.)

Surinam.

16. Arius proops.

Bagrus proops, Cuv. 4" Val. xiv. p. 457.

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/11.
The eye is thrice as remote from the praeopercular limb as from
the end of the snout ; jaws equal in length anteriorly. The teeth on
the palate are divided into six portions, the two posterior being large
and triangular. The maxillary barbel extends beyond the root of
the pectoral. The occipital process is short, one-eighth of the length

59. ARITJS. 149

of the head (its own length included), and twice and a half as broad
as long. The basal bone of the dorsal spine is quadrangular, slightly
narrowed in the middle. ( Vol.)
Surinam ; Porto Kico.

17. Alius passany.

Bagrus passany, Cuv. 8f Vol. xiv. p. 458.

D. 1/7. A. 17.

Similar to A. proops.

The eye is close to the end of the snout and remote from the pras-
opercular limb ; the lower jaw is the longer. Teeth on the palate
and barbels similar to those in A. proops ; occipital process shorter
than in that species ; basal bone of the dorsal spine subcrescentic.
Ventrals longer than pectorals. ( Vol.)

Cayenne.

18. Arius caerulescens.
D. 1/7. A. 17. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is contained about five times in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a half or
thrice and two-thirds ; head much broader than high, its greatest
width being three-fourths of its length. Eyes rather small, their
diameter being one-half of the extent of the snout, two-sevenths of
their distance from the gill-opening, and one-third of the width of
the interorbital space. The teeth on the palate
form a slightly curved band, composed of two
vomerine patches which are much broader than
long, and of a pair of palatine patches which
are subcontinuous with, scarcely broader and
longer than, those of the vomer. The bar-
bels of the maxillaries extend to the middle, the outer ones of the
mandible to the base of the pectoral. Crown of the head granular ;
occipital process broader than long, subtri-
angular, subtruncated behind, and slightly
raised along the median line ; the basal bone
of the dorsal spine is subtriangular, small.
Dorsal spine of moderate strength, more than
half as long as the head, granulated in front
and slightly serrated behind ; the first soft ray
is as high as the body. Adipose fin shorter
than the dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, with
the upper lobe longest, its length being nearly

equal to that of the head. Pectoral spine serrated along its inner
edge and on the extremity of its outer edge ; it is as long as the
head without snout. Ventral fin shorter than pectoral. Sides steel-
blue, iridescent, blackish towards the back, and silvery below. Ver-
tical fins black ; inner side of the paired fins blackish.

Guatemala.
a-b. Fine specimens, 12 inches long. Huamuchal. From the Col-
lection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

150 SILURIDiE

19. Arius troschelii.

Sciades troschelii, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1863, p. 171.

D. 1/7. A. 16.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (without
caudal) ; the length of the head enters three times in the length
before tho end of the anal fin ; its width equals the interval between
the snout and upper angle of praeoperculum. The maxillary barbels
extend to about the middle of the pectoral, the outer ones of the
mandible to its base. There are three villiform patches on the palate
which are almost contiguous, forming an arch : the median patch is
small, rather transverse, and widest towards the front ; the outer arc
oblong, sub triangular. The band of the upper jaw is quite wide, the
lower nearly half as wide as the upper. The dorsal spine equals that
of the pectoral, its length being two-thirds of that of the head. The
ventrals extend to the origin of the anal. Fins blackish. (Gill.)

West coast of Central America.

20. Arius emphysetus.

Bagrus (Sciades) emphysetus, Mutt, ty Trosch. Hot: Ichth. iii. p. 8, and
in Schomb. Brit. Guian. iii. p. 627.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 20. P. 1/11.

Head flat, rounded in front ; its length is two-ninths of the total.
Eyes very small ; their distance from the end of the head is more
than twice as great as that from the snout. Head coarsely granu-
lated above ; its occipital process short, four times as broad as long,
joining the nuchal plate, which is very large, as broad as long,
heart-shaped. The teeth on the palate form a broad transverse
band, composed of three divisions : the middle on the vomer is square,
the lateral are tapering behind ; there is another band of teeth be-
sides, posteriorly and interiorly to the palatine teeth, inserted on each
side of the base of the skull. Upper jaW the longer ; barbels six,
flattened : the maxillary barbels extend beyond the dorsal fin, the
outer ones of the mandible to the pectoral. Dorsal spine very strong,
granulated, serrated at the top and posteriori}-. Adipose fin shorter
than dorsal. Poms axillaris very small. Ventrals shorter than
pectorals. (31. § T.)

Surinam ; British Guiana.

21. Arius valenciennesii.

Bagrus albicans, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 461. pi. 420 (not Arius albicans,

Cm. 4- Val).
? Bagrus valenciennei, Casteki. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 31.pl. 13. fig. 1
(see p. 154).

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/11.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal) ; head one-third longer than broad. The eye is thrice as
distant from the praeopercular limb as from the end of the snout.
Jaws equal in length anteriorly. Teeth on the palate in a broad
band, with a triangular patch on each side. The maxillary barbel

59. ARIUS.

151

extends scarcely to the end of the head. Head granidated above.
Occipital process very small and short, but joining the very large
nuchal plate, the hinder margin of' which is deeply concave. Dorsal
and pectoral spines strong, granulated, moderately serrated behind ;
adipose fin rather longer than dorsal. (Val.)

Cayenne.

22. Alius flavescens.
Bagrus flavescens, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 462.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/11.

The eye is much nearer to the end of the snout than to the prae-
opercular limb; upper jaw slightly the longei. The band of teeth
on the palate has its lateral portions ovate. The maxillary barbel
extends to, or beyond, the middle of the pectoral. Head granulated
above ; occipital process very small and short, but joining the large
nuchal plate, which is slightly concave behind. Dorsal and pectoral
spines strong, granulated, moderately serrated behind ; adipose fin
one-third shorter than anal. (Val.)

Cayenne.

23. Arius temminckii.
Bagrus temmiuckianus, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 4G3.

B. 6. D. 1/6. A. 21. P. 1/11.

The upper surface of the head rather reticulated than granulated ;
occipital bone scarcely produced, broadly rounded behind, with a
small notch in the middle, corresponding to the pointed nuchal plate.
Dorsal and pectoral spines granulated in front, and only a little ser-
rated behind. The dorsal fin is as high as the body ; adipose fin one-
third shorter than anal. The maxillary barbels extend on to the
end of the ventrals, the outer mandibulary barbels to the middle of
the pectoral. ( Val.)

Cayenne.

c. African species.

24. Arius latiscutatus.

D. 1/7. A. 15-17. P. 1/12. Vert.^.

Head rather broad and depressed, coarsely granulated above ; the
occipital process is broader than
long, subtriangular, with the
lateral margins undulated and
with a median longitudinal
ridge ; the fonticulus On the
upper side of the head is very
narrow and tapering behind, ex-
tending to the base of the occi-
pital process. Basal bone of the
dorsal spine narrow, crescent-
shaped. The length of the head
is one-fourth of the total (with-
out caudal) ; the eye is twice as
distant from the end of the oper-
culum as from that of the snout :

152

snout very broad, obtusely rounded. The teeth are villiform : the
vomerine band is not quite twice as broad
as that of the intermaxillaries, and divided
into two by a narrow interspace ; each
half is about twice as broad as long, and
separated from the palatine patch by a
linear transverse groove, which disappears
altogether in old age. The palatine teeth
form a large triangular patch which is
longer than broad ; the patches are broader
than the space between them. Dorsal and
pectoral spines strong, serrated along both
edges ; the former is a little the shorter, and as long as the head
without snout. Adipose fin short ; caudal deeply forked.
West Africa.

a. Stuffed, 16 inches long. Fernando Po. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
b-c. Skeletons, 52 and 43 inches long. West Africa. Purchased of
Mr. Dalton.

B. Teeth on the palate granular.

25. Arius luniscutis.

Arius luniscutis, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 109 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wieri. Acad.
1858, xxvi. p. 390.

D. 1/7. A. 20-21. P. 1/11. Vert. 18/31.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; head depressed, much
lower than broad, its greatest width being equal to the distance of
the hinder nostril from the end of the opercle. Eyes small, situated
in the beginning of the middle third of the length of the head ;
interorbital space wider than the snout is long. Teeth on the palate
in very broad confluent bands, those of the palatine bones separated

from each other only by a narrow space ; teeth on the vomer rather
obtuse. The maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the end of
the head ; the outer mandibulary barbels are half as long as the head.

59. ARITTS. 153

Crown of the head granular, the granulations being arranged in
radiating streaks. Occipital process subsemicircular, broader than
long ; the basal bone of the first dorsal spine is very large, larger
than the occipital process, subquadrangular, rather broader than long.
Dorsal spine of moderate strength, as long as the head without snout,
granulated in front, and scarcely serrated behind ; the first soft ray
rather longer than the spine, as high as the body. Adipose fin
longer than the dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, with the upper lobe
longest, its length being a little more than one-sixth of the total. Pec-
toral spine serrated along both edges, longer and stronger than that
of the dorsal. Ventral fin shorter than pectoral. Coloration uniform.

Brazil; Surinam.
a. Fine specimen, 16 inches long. South America.
b~c. Adult. Surinam. From the Stuttgart Museum.

d. Young, 8 inches long. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart. — This

specimen differs a little from the larger one, the differences

being due probably to age. The patch of vomerine teeth is

smaller and narrower ; the bands of

palatine teeth are more separated from

each other by a free space in the'middle.

The basal bone of the dorsal spine is

somewhat shorter, or broader. In other

respects the specimens are perfectly

alike.

e. Young. Old Collection.

26. Arius parkeri.
Siluras parkeri, Traill, Mem. Went. Soc. 1832, vi. p. 377. pi. 6. fig. 1.
Arius quadriscutis, Cuv. §Val. xv, p. Ill; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien.Acad.
1858, xxvi. p. 389.

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/11. Vert. 18/31.

Occipital process twice as broad as long ; a large subquadrangular
nuchal plate, emarginate anteriorly and posteriorly. The maxillary
barbel extends to the middle of the opercle. The teeth on the palate
are granular, and form two large ovate patches, which touch each
other in their whole length. Dorsal spiue slightly serrated ; adipose
fin nearly as long as the anal. ( Vol.)

Cayenne; Surinam.

II. Teeth on the palate in two generally widely separate patches ; some-
times the vomerine teeth are present, but widely separate into two
small groups which may be continuous with the palatine teeth.

A. Teeth on the palate villiform.

a. A large intemeural shield on the nape.

27. Arius grandicassis.

Arius grandicassis, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 54. pi. 427.
D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/12.
A very large bony plate between the occiput and the basal bone

154 SILURIDiE.

of the dorsal spine ; this plate is separated from the occiput by a
transverse groove ; it is subquadrangular and nearly as broad as
long. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. The upper jaw
projects much beyond the lower. Teeth on the palate in two widely
separate triangular patches. The maxillary barbel extends to the
prseopercular margin. Pectoral spine very strong, as long as, but
stronger than, that of the dorsal. Adipose fin longer than the dorsal.
(Val.)

South America.

Valenciennes briefly mentions two other species which appear to
agree with A. grandicassis in having a large dorsal plate behind the
occiput ; but as they are said to have only six dorsal rays, we dare
not refer them to this genus : —

a. Arius strict icassis, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 58. D. 1/6. A. 18. P. 1/12.
Dorsal plate thrice as long as broad ; barbels short. — Cayenne.

b. Arius parmocassis, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 57. D. 1/6. A. 15. P. 12.
Dorsal plate ovate, narrower in front than behind ; the palatine
teeth form two large patches, the anterior and interior angles of
which are produced inwards, without touching each other. Barbels
rather short. — Bahia.

There is evident confusion in Valenciennes's account of these two
fishes ; he commences the description of his second species (A. parmo-
cassis) by comparing it with two preceding species ; and the formula
of the fins also is given in an unusual form.

Bagrus valenciennei, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 31. pi. 13.
fig. 1 , appears to belong to this group of Siluroids, and is possibly
identical with A. parmocassis, or with Bagrus albicans (see p. 150).

b. No large interneural shield on the nape.
a. African species.

28. Arius heudelotii.
Arius heudelotii, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 73. pi. 428.
D. 8. A. 16. P. 10.
The length of the head is one-third of the total (without caudal) .
Crown of the head granulated. The maxillary barbel extends beyond
the operculum. Basal bone of the dorsal spine small ; dorsal and
pectoral spines strong -and very long, serrated along both edges.
Adipose fin very short. The upper caudal lobe is the longer, one-
sixth of the total length. The teeth on the palate are villiform, and
form two small, widely separate patches. ( Val.)
Senegal.

29 Arius parkii.
D. 1/7. A. 20. P. 1/10.
The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the

59. ARIUS.

155

total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times or
four times and a third. Head depressed, broader than high, its
greatest width being three-quarters of its length ; snout of moderate
length, obtuse, its extent being three-fifths of the width of the in-
terorbital space. The eye is situated much nearer to the end of the
snout than to that of the operculum ; its diameter is one-sixth of
tbe length of the head, and two-sevenths of the width of the inter-
orbital space. The teeth on the palate are villi-
form, and form a pair of separate, irregularly
rounded patches. The maxillary barbels extend
to the base or beyond the middle of the pectoral
fin, the outer ones of the mandible to its root or
to its middle. The crown of the head is slightly
granulated ; the occipital process is triangular, as long as broad,
provided with a sharp median ridge ; basal bone
of the dorsal spine small, crescent-shaped. Dor-
sal spine long and rather strong, nearly as long
as, or shorter than, the head, slightly serrated
in front and behind ; the length of the first soft
ray exceeds that of the spine and of the head.
Adipose fin much shorter than dorsal. Caudal
deeply forked, with the upper lobe longest, one-
fifth of the total length. Pectoral spine as strong
and long as that of the dorsal fin, serrated along
both edges. Ventral shorter than pectoral. Fins
and barbels black.
River Niger.

a, b. Eleven and nine inches long. Niger Expedition.

c. Thirteen inches long. Lagos. From the Collection of J. Wood, Esq.

/3. South American species.

30. Arius milberti.

Alius milberti, Cuv. <§- Veil. xv. p. 74 ; Hyrtl, Dotkschr. Acad. Wiss.
Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17.

D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/10. Vert. 19/33.
The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-
thirds ; head depressed, much broader than high, its greatest width
being equal to its length without snout. Eyes situated much nearer
to the end of the snout than to that of the operclc. Teeth on the
vomer in two small, separate groups, which are either
separate from, or continuous with, the much larger
rounded patches of palatine teeth. All the teeth
villiform. The maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly
to, the end of the operculum ; the outer ones of the
mandible are half as long as the head. Crown of
the head granulated ; occipital process rather broader than long, tri-
angular, with a ridge along the middle ; the basal bone of the dorsal

156 SIITTRTDJE.

spine is small. Dorsal spine rather strong, three-fifths as long as
the head, granulated in front and serrated behind. Adipose fin
shorter than the dorsal. Pectoral spine serrated interiorly and to-
wards the point on the outer edge.
Southern States of North America.

a-b. From 11-12 inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

31. Arius rugispinis.

Arius rugispinis, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 77 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad.
xxvi. p. 388.

D. 1/7. A. 21. P. 1/11.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total (with the caudal).
The occipital process is longer than broad, its length being two-fifths
of that of the remaining portion of the head. Eye small, its diameter
being one-fifth of the width of the interorbital space. Head coarsely
granulated above ; basal bone of the dorsal spine small. Teeth on
the palate in two widely separate, rather small, ovate patches. The
maxillary barbel extends to the middle of the opercle. The spines
are very strong, entirely granulated ; that of the dorsal fin is scarcely
denticulated. Adipose fin nearly as long as the anal. (Val.)

Cayenne. (Specimens from 12-15 inches long.)

Arius dieperinki, Bleek.Yersl. & Mededeel. Akad.Wetensch. 1862,
xiv. p. 375, is perhaps identical with the above species ; its head is
longer than it would appear to be in A. rugispinis, according to
Valenciennes's description, being one-fourth of the total length in
the specimen described by Bleeker.

32. Arius phrygiatus.

Arius phrygiatus, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 79.

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/11.

The length of the- head is one-fifth of the total (with the caudal) ;
the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the width of the interorbital
space. Occipital process much longer than broad, its length being
one-third of that of the remaining portion of the head. The maxil-
lary barbel extends to the middle of the opercle. Teeth on the palate
vilhform, forming two widely separate ovate patches. Spines of the
fins rather strong, finely serrated along both edges. Adipose fin as
long as the anal. {Vol.)

Cayenne. The typical specimen, 6^ inches long, is said to be in
the Leyden Museum, but it could not be found by Bleeker when he
examined the Siluroids of that genus.

59. ARITTS.

157

y. Pacific species.

33. Arius dasycephalus.
D. 1/7. A. 23. P. 1/11.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. Head small, broader
than high, its greatest width being four-fifths of its length ; snout of
moderate length, rounded, its extent being three-fifths of the width
of the interorbital space. The eye is situated much nearer to the end
of the snout than to that of the operculum ; its diameter is one-sixth
of the length of the head, and one-third of the width of the inter-
orbital space. Cleft of the mouth narrow. The teeth
on the palate are villiform, and form a pair of separate,
transverse, quadrangular patches, each of which is
broader than long, and again composed of two portions. ^"
The maxillary barbels extend to the middle, the outer of the man-
dible to the root of the pectoral fin. The crown of the head is
coarsely granulated, the gra-
nules forming two bands di-
verging in front and extend-
ing to the snout. There is a
pair of prominent, parallel,
granulated ridges along the
middle of the forehead,
reaching to between the nos-
trils. Occipital process tri-
angular, as broad at the base
as long, elevated into a ridge
along its middle ; basal bone
of the dorsal spine small,
crescent - shaped. Dorsal
spine of moderate strength,
three-fourths of the length of
the head, slightly serrated in
front and behind ; the first
soft ray is much longer than
the spine and higher than
the body. Adipose fin as long
as dorsal. Caudal deeply
forked, with the upper lobe
longest, one-fifth of the total
length. Pectoral spine rather
stronger, but scarcely longer, than that of the dorsal fin, serrated
along both edges. Ventral rather shorter than pectoral. Fins
blackish.

Sandwich Islands.

a. Eleven inches long. Oahu. From the Haslar Collection. — This
specimen is a pregnant female ; on opening the left ovarium
nine eggs may be seen, developed to the size of a small cherry.

158 SILTTRID^E.

8. East Indian species.

34. Alius truncatus.

Arms truncatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 64 ; Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 256 ; Bleek.

Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 426, and Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 33.

tab. 56.
Cephalocassis truncatus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 108.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 23-24. P. 1/9. Vert. 15/33.

The height of the body is one-half of the length of the head, which
is one-third of the total (without caudal) . Head elongate and de-
pressed, its greatest depth being two-thirds of its width ; the latter
is contained once and two-thirds in its length. Snout broad, of
moderate length, spatulate, its length being one-fourth of that of the
head. The diameter of the eye is one-seventh or one-tenth of the
length of the head ; interorbital space convex ; the upper eyelid is
broad, transparent. The teeth on the palate are
villiform and confined to the palatine bones, .where
they form an oblique elliptic short patch on each
side. The maxillary barbels extend to, or scarcely Q <\\

to, the operculum ; the outer and inner mandi-
bulary barbels are nearly of equal length, half as long as the head.
The crown of the head is granular ; the occipital
process is narrow, oblong, about thrice as long as
broad ; basal bone of the dorsal spine small, cres-
cent-shaped. Dorsal spine strong and long, four-
fifths of the length of the head, serrated along both
edges ; the first soft dorsal ray as long as the head.
Adipose fin very short and elevated. Caudal forked,
with the lobes obtusely rounded, short, its length
being one-half of that of the head ; the upper lobe
sometimes produced into a short filament. Pectoral
spine as strong as, but much shorter than, that of
the dorsal fin, serrated along both edges. Ventral
shorter than pectoral. Fins whitish.

East Indies.
a-b. From 9 to 12 inches long. Siam. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.
&-d. Adult and half-grown: skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.
e. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleekcr's Collection.
/. Adult : skeleton. Siam. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

35. Arius caelatus.

Arius coelatus, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 66 ; Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 35.
tab. 53.

sequibarbis, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 68.

granosus, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 69.

ccelatoides, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Batav. p. 32.

microgastropterygius, Bleek. I. c. p. 33.

clypeaster, Bleek. I. c. p. 34.

■ clypeastooides, Bleek. I. c. p. 34.

59. ARITTS. 159

Arius cliondropterygius, Meek. I. c. p. 35.

melanopterygius, Week. I. c. xxii. Menhir, p. 10.

Cephalocassis ctelatus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 110.

D. 1/7. A. 19-20. P. 1/9.
The height of the body is one-fourth or one-fifth of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths or one-fourth.
Head broader than high, its greatest width being equal to its length
without snout ; snout short and obtuse, its extent being one-half of
the width of the interorbital space. Teeth on
the palate in two widely separate subtriangular
patches of moderate size, the vomerine teeth
being more or less confluent with those of the
palatines. The maxillary barbel extends to
the middle of the pectoral fin, the outer of the
mandible being somewhat shorter. The upper surface of the head
slightly granulated. Occipital process of moderate length, not much
broader at the base than at its concave end, elevated along the middle.
The basal bone of the dorsal spine is small, crescent-shaped. Dorsal
spine very strong, particularly in its basal half, which is granulated,
tapering from the middle ; it is as long as the head. Adipose fin
much shorter than dorsal. Pectoral spine shorter and less strong than
that of the dorsal fin. Adipose fin black, with its posterior margin
yellowish.

East Indies.
a. Eleven inches long. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b-c. Seven inches long. Siam. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach. — These

specimens have the soft appendage of the dorsal spine produced

into a long filament.

36. Arius sinensis.

Arius sinensis, Cuv. Sf Veil. xv. p. 72.
D. 7. A. 13.
Occipital process subquadrangular, elongate. Maxillary barbel as
long as the head ; those of the man'dible equal in length, and half as
long as the head. (Val.)
China.

37. Arius venosus.

? Arius venosus, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 69.

Arius venosus, Sleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Batav. p. 39, and Ail.
Ichth. Silur. p. 33. tab. 54. fig. 1.

lfeviceps, Bleek. I. c. p. 38.

rnicruropterygius, Bleek. I. c. p. 38.

macruropterygius, Bleek. I. c. p. 37.

manjong, Bleek. 1. c. p. 36.

micronotacanthus, Bleek. I. c. p. 36.

Cephalocassis venosus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 113.

D. 1/7. A. 18-19. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is one-fifth or a little more than one-fifth

160 simjrid^.

of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-
fourth ; head broader than high, its greatest width being contained
once and a fourth or once and a third in its length. The diameter of
the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head, and more than one-
half of the width of the interorbital space. Occipital process trian-
gular, rather longer than broad, with a keel along its middle ; basal
bone of the dorsal spine small. Snout not much longer
than the eye. Teeth on the palate villiform, forming
two triangular patches, which are somewhat smaller
than the eye, as long as broad, and approximate to each
other anteriorly, their points being directed backwards.
The maxillary barbels extend to, or beyond, the root of the pectoral.
The soft dorsal fin is higher than the body ; its spine is as long, or
nearly as long, as the head, serrated behind, and terminating in a soft
filament. Adipose fin shorter than the dorsal. Pectoral spine nearly
as long as that of the dorsal fin. Fins yellowish.
East Indian Archipelago.

a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

38. Arius utik.

Arius utik, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Balav. p. 40, and Atl.

Ichth. Silur. p. 34. tab. 51. fig. 2.
Cephalocassis utik, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 115.

D. 1/7. A. 18-19. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is contained five times and a quarter or four
times and three-quarters in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head thrice and a half ; head broader than high, its
greatest width being two -thirds of its length. The diameter of the
eye is one-fourth or one-fifth of the length of the head, and rather
more than one -half of the width of the interorbital space. The oc-
cipital process is triangular, but little longer than broad, slightly
granulated, and provided with a median keel. Basal bone of the
dorsal spine small. Snout longer than the eye. The ^ — \
teeth on the palate are villiform, forming two trian- C^-^^O?
guiar patches, the point of which is obliquely directed </"? C\
forwards; these patches are much smaller than the ^^^ ^

eye. The maxillary barbels extend to the root of the pectoral. The
soft dorsal fin is higher than the body ; its spine is slender, two-
thirds of the length of the head, serrated behind, and terminating in
a soft filament. Adipose fin rather shorter than dorsal. Pectoral
spine slender, nearly as, long as that of the dorsal fin. Fins yellowish.

Java.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

59. ARIUS.

161

39. Arius leptonotacanthus.

Anus leptonotacanthus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxii. Madura, p.

and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 32. tab. 54. fig. 2.
Cephalocassis leptonotacanthus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 105.

D. 1/7. A. 20. P.

11,

1/7. A. 20. P. 1/11.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-fifths in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head three times ;
head broader than high, its greatest width being contained once and
two-fifths in its length. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the
length of the head, and two-sevenths of the width of the interorbital
space. The occipital process is triangular, shorter than broad, ele-
vated along the middle ; the basal bone of the dorsal spine small.
Snout twice as long, as the eye. The teeth on the
palate are villiform, and form two separate elongate
patches, slightly bent, narrow, and not much shorter
than the eye, somewhat convergent posteriorly.
The maxillary barbels extend to the base of the
pectoral, the outer ones of the mandible to the gill-
opening. Lateral line bifurcate at the base of the caudal fin. The
soft dorsal fin as high as the body, with its spine rather slender, two-
thirds as long as the head, and serrated posteriorly. Adipose fin much
shorter than the dorsal. Pectoral fins two-thirds as long as the head ;
their spine is stronger, but little shorter than that of the dorsal fin.
Caudal with the lobes pointed, its length being two-elevenths or one-
sixth of the total. Fins yellowish.

Madura.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

40. Arius melanochir.

Arius melanochir, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 590.
Cephalocassis melanochir, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 103, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. 30. tab. 52.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/12.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head four times or four times and a half; the
height and the width of the head are contained
once and a third or once and two-fifths in its length.
The diameter of the eye is one-seventh or one-
eighth of the length of the head, and two-fifths or
one-third of the width of the interorbital space.
The fonticulus on the upper side of the head is
much dilated behind, heart-shaped; there is
another ovate groove on each side of this dila-
tation. The occipital process is narrow ; the basal
bone of the dorsal spine small. Snout twice or
thrice as long as the eye. The maxillary barbels extend somewhat

vol. v. w

162 siltjrid^;.

beyond the head, the outer ones of the mandible to the base of the
pectoral. The teeth on the palate form two widely separate, — ^
elliptic, oblique patches, which are shorter than the eye.
The soft dorsal fin is as high as the body ; its spine is very & ^
strong, but a little shorter than the head, and serrated along both
edges. Adipose fin longer than the anal. Pectorals scarcely shorter
than the head, with a very strong spine, which is as long as that of
the dorsal fin. Fins yellowish, blackish in the middle.
Sumatra and Borneo.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

41. Arius stormii.

Cephalocassis stormii, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 246.
Hemiarius stormii, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 29. tab. 100.

D. 1/7. A. 16. P. 1/11.

The height of the body is contained four times and three-quarters
or four times and a half in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head thrice and a half. Head depressed, broader than
long, its greatest width being contained once and a fourth in its
length. The diameter of the eye is one-ninth of the length of the
head, and one-third of the width of the interorbital space. Crown
of the head granular ; occipital process triangular, rather longer than
broad ; basal bone of the dorsal spine small. Snout depressed, thrice
as long as the eye, with the upper jaw
projecting beyond the lower. The
teeth on the vomer form two small,
round, separate patches, contiguous ,

with the palatine bands, which are /^^x0 ^^^^T^N
twice as long as broad. The max- f / x^j

illary barbel extends to the opercle.

The soft dorsal fin is higher than the body ; its spine is very strong,
scarcely shorter than the head, granulated in front and serrated
behind. The adipose fin is neaiiy as long as the dorsal and anal.
Pectoral spine very strong, shorter than that of the dorsal fin. Fins
yellowish.

River Mussi (Sumatra).

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

42. Arius sumatranus.
Bagrus sumatranus, Bennett, in Life of Raffles, p. 691.
D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/9.
The length of the head is contained thrice and three-quarters in
the total (without caudal) ; its greatest widtb equals its
length without snout. Teeth on the palate in two tri-
angular patches^ entirely separated along the middle.
Six barbels : those of the maxillaries extend to the end V / \ /
of the head, the outer of the mandibles to the base of the

59. aritjs. 163

pectoral. Crown of the head with some scattered granulations ; oc-
cipital plate triangular, elevated along the middle;
as long as broad ; the basal bone of the dorsal spine
scarcely crenulated. Dorsal spine of moderate
strength, as long as the head without snout, ser-
rated behind ; the soft dorsal pointed ; adipose fin
short. Pectoral spine (broken) scarcely stronger
than that of the dorsal fin, serrated interiorly. Ven-
tral fins large, extending beyond the origin of the
anal, as long as the pectoral.
Sumatra.

a. Nine inches long : not good state. From Sir S. Raines's Collection.
— Type of the species.

B. Teeth on the palate granular or obtusely conical.
a. Teeth on the palate in four groups, those of the vomer being present.

43. Arius dussumierii.

Alius dussumieri, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 84.
D. 1/7. A. 14.

The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total (without
caudal) ; it is broader than high, its greatest width being three-
fourths of its length. Head granulated above ; the occipital process
is triangular, sharply keeled along the middle, longer than broad,
with the lateral margins nearly straight. The teeth on the palate
are obtusely conical, arranged in four patches : a smaller one on
each side of the vomer, and a larger one on each palatine bone. The
maxillary barbels extend to the root of the pectoral. Dorsal fin
higher than the body ; its spine is rather strong, slightly serrated
along both edges, and as long as the head without snout ; pectoral
spine as strong as that of the dorsal fin.

Coast of Malabar. Ceylon.

a. Stuffed. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

44. Arius kirkii.
D. 1/7. A. 17. P. 1/12.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the- head two-sevenths; head not much de-
pressed, granulated above. The occipital process is subtriangular,
longer than broad, with straight lateral margins and with a slight
median longitudinal ridge. Teeth on the palate granu-
lar, in four patches : each vomerine patch is somewhat
rounded and not much smaller than the eye ; its distance
from the intermaxillary teeth equals its. own diameter ;
it is separated by a narrow groove only from the pala-
tine patch, which is elongate, tapering behind ; the two
palatine patches are convergent behind. The maxillary barbel ex-
tends to the middle, the outer one of the mandible to the base, of

m 2

1U4-

silurid^:.

the pectoral. The soft dorsal fin is rather higher than the body ;
its spine is strong, two-thirds as long as the head, and finely serrated
along both edges. The pectoral spine is somewhat shorter, and not
stronger, than that of the dorsal. Adipose fin very short. Colora-
tion uniform.

Zambesi.
a. Skin, 8 inches long. Shupanga. Presented by Dr. Kirk.

45. Arius tonggol.
Arms tonggol, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Bat. p. 48.

crossocheilos, Bleek. I. c. p. 4G.

Anodes tonggol, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 83, and Atl. Ichih. Silur. p. 39.
tab. 57.

D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/11.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a half or thric*
and four-fifths ; head depressed, much broader than high, its width
being two-thirds of its length. The occipital process is triangular,
with the sides convex, a little longer than broad,
and much elevated along its middle ; basal bone
of the dorsal spine small. Teeth on the palate
granular, forming four separate groups : two
small ones on the vomer, and one oblong on each
palatine : those on the vomer are half as large as
the eye. The palatine bands convergent behind..
The maxillary barbels extend to the operates.
The soft dorsal fin is rather higher than the
body ; its spine is of moderate strength, its
length being contained once and a third in that
of the head ; it is granular in front, and serrated
behind. Adipose fin shorter than the dorsal ;
the pectoral spine is stronger than, and as long
as, that of the dorsal fin. Pins yellowish.

Java, Sumatra, Bintang, Banka.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

46. Arius argyropleuron
Arius argyropleuron, (Kuhl 8f van Mass.) Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 104.

acutus, BUek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxi. Siluf. Bat. p. 41.

<- hamiltonis, Bleek. I. c. p. 47.

Ariodes acutus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 8/.

argyropleuron, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 40. tab. 59.

This species agrees with A. tonggol in almost every point, but the
vomerine teeth are reduced to a rudimentary, minute patch on each
side ; and the lateral margins of the occipital process are straight
instead oi being slightly convex.

Java and Sumatra.

a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Half-grown. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. — Type of Arius

acutus.

59. arius. 165

47. Arius macrocephalus.
Alius macrocephalus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Batav. p. 40.

Anodes macrocephalus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 85, tindiAtl. Ichth. Silur.
p. 39. tab. 58.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 20. P. 1/11

The height of the body is one-fifth or two-ninths of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head one-third ; head
broader than high, its greatest width being three-fifths of its length.
The eyes are situated nearly entirely in the anterior half of the head.
Occipital process triangular, twice as long as broad ; basal bone of
the dorsal spine small. The vomerine teeth form two minute patches,
but are deciduous with age ; the teeth on the palatine bones are
granular, and form an ovate patch on each side, which is about as
large as the eye. The maxillary barbels extend to the opercles,
those of the mandible to the gill-opening. Dorsal fin nearly as
high as the body ; its spine is slender, scarcely serrated, two-thirds
or three-fifths of the length of the head. Adipose fin much shorter
than dorsal ; the pectoral spine is shorter, but scarcely stronger,
than that of the dorsal fin, and strongly serrated ; pectoral fins two-
thirds of the length of the head. Adipose fin with a black spot
superiorly.

Java.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Blceker's. Collection.

48. Arius liocephalus.

Arius leiotetocephalus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Bat. p. 48.
? Ariodes meyenii, Mull, ty Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 9.
Ariodes leiocephalus, Bleek. Pmdr. Silur. p. 88, and Atl. Ichth. Silur.
n. 40. tab. 60. fig. 2.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 15-16. P. ^

The height of the body is contained five times and a fourth or
four times and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head thrice and a half or thrice and two-thirds ; head
broader than high, its greatest width being contained once and two-
fifths or once and one-third in its length. Head nearly smooth above,
but slightly granulated in old individuals. The occipital process is
ovate, with the lateral margins- convex, narrowed at its base. The
teeth on the palate are granular, in four patches : a small patch on
each side of the vomer, and an elongate and convex one along each
palatine bone ; the palatine patches divergent behind. The maxil-
lary barbels extend to theopercle. Dorsal fin about as high as the
body ; its spine is strong, nearly smooth behind, and two-thirds or
three-quarters of the length of the head. Pectorals shorter than the
head, with their spine as long as that of the dorsal fin.

Java, Singapore, and Celebes.

a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Prank.

Ariodes met/enii, M. & T., appears to be founded on an old ex-
ample of this species.

160 SILTTRID.E.

49. Arius polystapliylodon.

Arius polystapliylodon, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Bat. p. 40.
Ariodes polystaphylodon, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 90, and Ail. Ichth.
Silur. p. 41. tab. 60. fig. 3.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 15-16. P. 1/12.

The height of the Dody is rather less than one -fifth of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths Head
granulated above ; the occipital process is triangular, much longer
than broad, with the lateral margins convex. The teeth on the
palate are obtusely conical, arranged in four patches : a small ovate
patch on each side of the vomer, and an elongate patch along each
palatine bone ; the palatine patches slightly divergent behind. The
maxillary barbels extend to the root of the pectoral. Dorsal fin
rather higher than the body ; its spine is of moderate strength,
slightly serrated behind, and three-fifths of the length of the head.
The pectorals are much shorter than the head, and their spine ie
scarcely longer than that of the dorsal fin.

Java and Sumatra.
a. Type of the species : very bad state. From Dr. P. v. Blocker's
Collection.

50. Arius goniaspis.

Arius goniaspis, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Ind. Need. iii. Sumatra, vi. p. 44.
Ariodes goniaspis, Bleek Prodr. Silur. p. 91, and Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 42.
tab. 60. fig. 1.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 16. P. 1/11.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-fifths or
thrice and three-quarters. Head granulated above ; occipital pro-
cess triangular, with the lateral margins straight, broader than long.
The teeth on the palate are granular, arranged in four groups : a
small ovate patch on each side of the vomer, and a flat elongate
patch along each palatine bone ; the palatine patches divergent be-
hind. The maxillary barbels extend to the extremity, the outer
ones of the mandible to the base, of the pectorals. Dorsal fin rather
higher than the body ; its spine is of moderate strength, but slightly
serrated, and three-fourths or three-fifths of the length of the head.
The length of the pectorals is three-fourths or five-sixths of that of
the head ; their spine is similar to that of the dorsal fin.

Sumatra.

a. Young. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleekcr's Col-
lection.

b. Teeth on the palate in two groups.
a. East Indian species.

51. Arius inaculatus.

? Silurus maculatus, Thunb. Vet. Acad. Nya Hand!. 1792, xiii. p. 31.
taf. 1. fig. 2.

59. arius. 167

? Silurus ocellatus, Bl. Schn. p. 379.

? Pimelodus arius, Ham. Such. pp. 170, 376.

Arius arius, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 102 ; Bleck. Silur. p. 72.

gagorides, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Bat. p. 42.

chondropterygioides, Bteek. I. c. p. 44.

angulatus, Bleek. I. c.

heckelii, Bleek. I. c.

borneensis, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 67.

Pseudarius arius, Bleek. Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 36. tab. 49.

D. 1/7. A. 20-22. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-fifths or
five times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head thrice and two-fifths or thrice and a quarter; head rather
broader than high, its greatest width being two-thirds or three-
quarters of its length. Occipital process granu-
lated, subtriangular, scarcely longer than broad.
The band of intermaxillary teeth is six times as
long as broad ; teeth on the palate granular, in
two separate semiovate patches. The maxillary
barbels are considerably shorter than the head.
Dorsal fin higher than the body ; its spine is strong,
serrated along both edges, and it is contained once
and a fifth or once and two-thirds in the length of
the head. Adipose fin rather shorter than dorsal.
Pectoral two-thirds or five-sixths of the length of
the head, with its spine nearly as long as that of the dorsal fin.
Adipose fin with a large black spot.

East Indies.

it. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

52. Arius pidada.

Arius pidada, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Bat. p. 43, and Prodr.
Silur. p. 74.

viviparus, Bleek. 1. c. p. 45.

Pseudarius1 pidada, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 37. tab. 50.

This species is very similar to Arius maculatns, but differs in
having a somewhat shorter head, the length of which is contained
thrice and two-thirds or four times in the total (without caudal).

Java and Sumatra.
a. Type of the species. Prom Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

53. Arius macracanthus.
D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/10.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Head a,s broad as high,
its greatest width being two-thirds of its length ; its upper surface
is granulated; a lanceolate smooth groove divides the upper surface
of the head into two halves, and does not quite extend backwards to

168 SILURIDJS.

tJie base of the occipital process ; occipital process triangular, with
the lateral margins straight, longer than
broad, and with a slight keel along the middle. ^ — ^
Each half of the intermaxillary band of teeth
is twice as broad as long ; no teeth on the
vomer ; the palatine teeth are granular,
placed far backwards, in two convex, oblong-
ovate patches convergent behind. The max-
illary barbels extend to the end of the head.
Dorsal fin much higher than the body ; its
spine is strong and long, five-sixths of the length of the head, finely
serrated along both edges. Adipose fin very short, but rather high,
deep black in its upper half. Caudal deeply forked. The pectoral
spine is nearly as long as the head, and extends beyond the vertical
from fhe last ray of the dorsal fin.

Siam.
a. Seven and a half inches long. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

54. Arius gagora.

Pimelodus gagora, Ham. Bueh. pp. 167, 376. pi. 10. fig. 54.
Arius gagora, Cum. fy Vol. xv. p. 99 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv.
Bengal, p. 119.

D. 1/7. A. 18-19. P. -^ Vert. 16/19.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total length (with the
caudal) ; it is broader than high, its greatest width being three-
quarters of its length. The occipital process is granular, longitudi-
nally keeled, as broad as long. The maxillary barbels extend some-
what beyond the head. The teeth on the palate are granulai, and
form two separate oblong- triangular patches. Dorsal fin higher
than the body ; its spine is strong, serrated along both edges, and
three-quarters or two-thirds of the length of the head ; pectorals
rather shorter than the head, their spine being somewhat longer than
that of the dorsal fin. Adipose fin with a large blackish spot.

Ganges.

55. Arius falcarius.

? Tachisurus chinensis, Lacep. v. p. 151. pi. 5. fig. 2.

? Pimelodus tachisurus, Cut: 8f Vol. xv. p. 163.

Arius falcarius, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fish. p. 134. pi. 62. figs. 7-9.

Bagrus crinalis, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 282.

Pimelodus mong, Richard*. Ichth. Chin. p. 286.

Arius schlegelii, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 146.

D. 1/7. A. 18-19. P. .1/11. Vert. 18/27.
The height of the body is one-fifth or a little more than one-fifth
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth
or two-sevenths. Head rather broader than high. The snout is
much longer than the eye, the diameter of which is one-fifth or one-
seventh of the length of the head, and one-third or one-fourth of the
width of the interorbital space. The teeth on the palate are granular,

59. arius. 169

and form a pair of separate triangular patches, each of ^ — \
which is longer than broad, or as long as broad, and not far ^T^T
distant from the intermaxillary band. The maxillary bar- C I w
bels extend to, or somewhat beyond, the opercle. Crown of
the head granulated ; occipital process triangular, rather longer than
broad, elevated into a ridge along its middle ; the basal bone
of the dorsal spine is small, crescent- shaped. Dorsal spine
of moderate strength, granulated in front and serrated
behind ; sometimes with a long soft filament ; its length
is equal to, or rather more than, that of the head without
snout. The soft dorsal is higher than the body . Adipose
fin shorter than the dorsal. Pectoral spine stronger and
but little shorter than that of the dorsal fin.
Chinese Seas.

a-e. Adult and half-grown. Island of Formosa. From Consul

Swinhoe's Collection.
/. Fourteen inches long: stuffed. China. Presented by J. K.

Reeves, Esq.
(j. Six and a half inches long : stuffed. China. Presented by J. 11.

Reeves, Esq. — Type of the species.
h. Young. Canton. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Young. Amoy. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection.
k. Seven and a half inches long. From the Haslar Collection.
I. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
to. Adult. Old Collection.
n. Adult : skeleton. Formosa. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection.

56. Arius macronotacanthus.

Arius macronotacanthus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Batav. p. 82,

and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 32. tab. 55.
Cephalocassis macronotacanthus, Bleek. Prudr. Silur. p. 100.
Arms arius, Cant. Mai. Rept. p. 258.

D. 1/7. A. 18. P. 1/9.
The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths; head nearly as high
as broad, its greatest width being contained once and two-fifths in
its length. The diameter of the eye is contained five times and a
half in the length of the head, and twice and a half in the width of
the interorbital space. The occipital process is triangular, shorter
than broad ; the basal bone of the dorsal spine small. Snout less
than twice as long as the eye, not projecting beyond the cleft of the
mouth. Teeth on the palate obtusely conical or granular, forming
two separate elliptic patches, which are as long as the eye, and much
divergent behind. The maxillary barbels extend to the middle, the
outer ones of the mandible to the base, of the pectoral fin. Lateral
line bifurcate at the base of the caudal. The soft dorsal fin is higher
than the body, with the spine very strong, especially at the base, as
long as the head, and slightly serrated along both edges. Adipose
fin shorter than dorsal. The pectorals are two-thirds as long as the

1 70 silttrid^.

head ; their spine is strong, and shorter than 'that of the dorsal fin.
Caudal fin with the lobes pointed, nearly one-sixth of the total length.
Adipose fin with a large black spot, the other fins yellowish.
Java and Sumatra ; Pinang.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
b-c. Half-grown : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
d. Young. East Indies. From the Collection of the East India
Company.

57. Arius cochinchinensis.

D. 1/7. A. 16. P. 1/11.

The length of the head is contained thrice and two-thirds in the
total (without caudal). Head slightly granulated
above ; occipital process rather broader than long,
subtriangular, with the apex truncated, with a slight
ridge along the middle, and with the lateral margins
straight. The teeth on the palate are granular, form-
ing two separate subovate, oblong patches,
slightly convergent behind. The maxillary
barbels extend to the end of the head, and are black.
Dorsal spine rather slender, as long as the head without
snout, serrated behind, and terminating in a long soft
filament ; adipose fin short, black. Pectoral fin much
shorter than the head, with its spine rather stronger and
shorter than that of the dorsal fin.
Cochinchina.

a. Seven and a half inches long : skin. Purchased.

58. Arius microcephalus.

Arhi3 microcephalus, Iileek. Nat. Tydsckr. Nederl. Ltd. ix. p. 423, and

Prodr. Silar. p. 77.
Pseudarius microcephalus, Bleek. Ail. Ichth. Silttr. p. 37. tab. 51. fig. 1.

B.5. D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is contained four times and a third to four
times and three-quarters in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head four times or four times and a fifth ; head granu-
lated above, broader than high, its greatest width being four-fifths
or five-sixths of its length ; occipital process scarcely longer than
broad, subtriangular. The band of intermaxillary teeth is thrice as
long as broad ; teeth on the palate rather large, molar-like, forming
two separate subovate patches-. The maxillary barbels extend some-
what beyond the head. Dorsal fin higher than the body ; its spine
is strong, scarcely shorter than the head, and serrated along both
edges ; adipose fin nearly as long as dorsal. Pectorals scarcely shorter
than the head; their spine is somewhat shorter than that of the
dorsal fin. Adipose fin with a large black spot.

Bandjermasin.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

59. ARitrs. 17J

/9. American species.
59. Arius nuchalis.
D. 1/7. A. 21. P. 1/10.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Head as broad as high,
its greatest width being two-thirds of its length ; its
upper surface is granulated : the occipital process is
triangular, as long as broad, with the lateral margins
slightly concave ; it is elevated into an obtuse ridge
running along the middle ; the longitudinal groove
in the middle of the forehead is rather wide, narrow
behind, and does not extend to the base of the occi-
pital process. The teeth on the palate are coarsely
granular, and form two sub triangular patches
<^~^> of moderate extent, which, sometimes, are subcontinuous
$£&^jk with their anterior angles. The maxillary barbels extend
nearly to the end of the pectoral. Dorsal spine of moderate
strength, slightly serrated along both edges, five-sixths of the length
of the head. Adipose fin small, shorter than the dorsal. Pectoral
spine as long a's, but stronger than, that of the dorsal. Pectoral fin
shorter than the head.

British Guiana.
a-c. Six inches long. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
d-f. Young. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

60. Arias laticeps.

D. 1/7. A. 22. P. 1/10.

The height of the body is contained four times and two -thirds in

the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.

Head broader than high, its greatest width being

three-fourths of its length ; its upper surface is

granulated : the occipital process is triangular, as

long as broad, with concave lateral margins ; its

median ridge is scarcely elevated ; the longitudinal

groove in the middle of the forehead is narrow, ^

tapering behind, and does not extend backwards to

the base of the occipital process. The teeth on the

palate are granular, and form two small,

<^~^> separate patches anteriorly on the palate. The maxillary

/? ^\ barbels extend to the middle of the pectoral. Dorsal spine

of moderate strength, serrated posteriorly, three-quarters of

the length of the head. Adipose fin small, shorter than the dorsal.

Pectoral spine shorter and stronger than that of the dorsal fin.

Ventrals white.

British Guiana ; Trinidad.

a. Five and a half inches long. British Guiana. Purchased of Mr.

Scrivener.

b. Eight inches long. Trinidad. Presented by C. Taylor, Esq.

172 SILUIUDJS.

61. Arius melanopus.
D. 1/7. A. 21. P. 1/10.

This species is closely allied to A. laticeps, but has the fin-spines
shorter.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head four times and a third ;
head somewhat broader than high, its greatest width being three-
fourths of its length ; the occiput and nape are finely granulated ;
occipital process subtriangular, as long as broad, with the lateral
margins somewhat concave, and with the median ridge a little ele-
vated. The longitudinal groove in the middle of the crown of the
head is indistinct, narrow, linear behind, scarcely extending to the
base of the occipital process. The teeth on the palate are obtusely
conical, and form two rather small subovate patches, apart from
each other, and situated on the front part of the palate. The maxil-
lary barbels do not quite extend to the middle of the pectoral fin.
Dorsal spine of moderate strength, scarcely serrated anteriorly, equal
in length to the distance of the gill-opening from the anterior margin
of the orbit, or even somewhat shorter. Adipose fin small, the
length of its base being less than that of the dorsal. Pectoral spine
nearly as long and strong as that of the dorsal fin, very strongly ser-
rated interiorly. Porus axillaris nearly as wide as a nasal opening.
The upper (inner) surface of the ventral fins deep black, the lower
(outer) white. The inner surface of the pectorals blackish.

Rio Motagua.

d-b. From 8 to 9 inches long. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

62. Arius arenatus.
Arius arenatus, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 106.

B. 6. D. 1/6. A. 20. P. 1/9.
The distance betvveen the end of the snout and that of the occipital
process is contained thrice and a third in the total length (with the
caudal); basal bone of the dorsal spine small. The teeth on the
palate form two large ovate patches which touch each other ante-
riorly. The maxillary barbel extends to the middle of the pectoral
fin. Adipose fin small. {Val.)
Cayenne.

The typical specimen, 7 inches long, is in the Leyden Museum.

63. Arius fissus.

? Pimelodus afbidus, Spix, Pise. Bras. tab. 7. fig. 1.
PPimelodus spixii, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bra$. p. 19.
? Arius spixii, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 76.
Ajius fissus, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 107.

D. 1/7. A. 20-21.
The lengtn of the head is one-third of the total (without caudal).
The distance between the end of the snout and that of the occipital

59. arius. 173

process is one-third of the total length (with the caudal); basal bone
of the dorsal spine small. The teeth on the palate form two separate
subovate patches. The maxillary barbel extends to, or nearly to, the
middle of the pectoral fin. Adipose fin small.

Cayenne.
a-b. Presented by Professor R. Owen.

These specimens having had the cavity of the mouth and of the
gills extended in an extraordinary manner, I was induced to exam-
ine the cause of it, when, to my great surprise, I found them filled
with about twenty eggs, rather larger than an ordinary pea, perfectly
uninjured, and with the embryos in a forward state of development.

The specimens are males, from 6 to 7 inches long, and in each the
stomach was almost empty.

Although the eggs might have been put into the mouth of the fish
by their captor, this does not appear probable. On the other hand,
it is a well-known fact that the American Siluroids take care of their
progeny in various ways ; and I have no doubt that in this species
and in its allies the males carry the eggs in their mouth, depositing
them in places of safety, and removing them when they fear the
approach of danger or disturbance.

64. Arius variojosus.

Arius variolosus, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 107.

D. 1/6. A. 22-23.
The distance between the end of the snout and that of the occipital
process is a little less than one-third of the total length (with the
caudal); basal bone of the dorsal spine small. The teeth on the
palate form two separate patches. The soft parts of the head with
numerous small round grooves. The maxillary barbels extend to the
end of the pectoral. Adipose fin small. ( Val.)
Cayenne.

6S. Arius multiradiatus.

Bagrus (?) arioides, Kner, Sitzgsber. Akad. Wiss. Munch. 1863, p. 227.
D. 1/7. A. 27.
The height of the body is contained five times and three-fourths
in the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head four
times. (Kner.)

Rio Bayano (Panama).

66. Arius equestris.
Arius equestris, Baird $ Girard, Proc.Ac.Nat.Sc.Philad.1855, p. 26,
and Ichth. U. S. &■ Mex. Bound, p. 32. pi. 15.

D. 1/7. A. 16. P. 1/9
Maxillary barbels extending to the middle of the pectorals. The
length of the head is contained four times and three-quarters in the

174 SILUBID^E.

total (with the caudal). Adipose fin short ; the pectorals extend to
the vertical from the end of the dorsal. (B. if 0.)
Indianola, Texas.

No description of the teeth of this species has been given, so that
its position in the system is quite uncertain.

Appendix to ABUTS.

The two following species have been described by Sir J. Richardson
from specimens which were in a very bad state of preservation, and
which appear to have been destroyed since they were described. If
the characters assigned to them be correct, they would form the types
of one or two distinct genera ; but as this is rather doubtful, we give
merely an abstract of the original descriptions for the assistance of
those who may rediscover them.

67. Arius (?) venations.

Bagrus venaticus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. fy Terr. Fish. p. 33.
D. 1/9 or more. A. about '60. V. about 8.

Head strongly granulated above ; apex of the occipital process,
where it meets the small crescentic buckler of the dorsal fin, slightly
rounded. Dorsal spine serrated anteriorly and a little undulated
posteriorly ; the pectoral spine is equal in length to the dorsal one,
and is strongly serrated on both sides. The teeth are villiform. The
front of the vomer supports two small roundish dental plates which
adhere to each other. The palatine plates are both broader and longer.
Barbels six. (Richards.)

North-west coast of Australia.

68. Arius (I) vertagus.

Bagrus vertagus, Richards. Voy, Ereb. 8f Terr. Fish. p. 33.
B.6. I>.~. A. 28. V. 9?

6 or 7

The dorsal spine is equal in length to the space between its base and
the orbit, and is shorter than the pectoral spine, wnich is strongly
serrated on both sides. Head granulated above, with the occipital
process crescentic at the apex. The vomerine teeth are disposed in
two small separate plates, and the palatine teeth form a still smaller
plate near each corner of the mouth. Barbels six. (Richards.)

North-west coast of Australia.

60. GALEICHTHYS.

Galeichthys, sp., Cuv. 8f Val.

Galeichthys, Sleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierh. 1863, p. 90.

Adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent
spine and with seven soft rays; anal fin rather short. Head and
napa entirely covered with soft skin ; barbels six, four at the man-

61. GENIDEXS. 175

dible. Teeth on the palate fixed ; the upper jaw is the longer. Eyes
with a free orbital margin. Caudal fin forked ; ventral with six rays,
inserted behind the vertical from the dorsal.
South Africa.

1. Galeichthys feliceps.

Galeichthys feliceps, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 29. pi. 424.
Bagrus capensis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. Pise. : Bleek. Nat. Tydschr.
Nederl. Ind. xxi. p. 76.

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/10.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ;
head thick, short, broad, obtuse, its greatest width being about four-
fifths of its length. The teeth on the palate form a long transverse
band, slightly interrupted in the middle. Six barbels': those of the
maxillaries extend to the pectorals, those of the mandibles are
shorter. The upper surface of the head is covered with soft skin ;
the occipital process and the basal bone of the dorsal spine become
visible in dried specimens, and meet each other in the middle of the
nape. Dorsal spine of moderate strength and length, smooth. Base
of the adipose fin longer than that of the dorsal, but shorter than
that of the anal. Pectoral spine strong, compressed, as long as the
head without snout, obtusely serrated along its outer edge. Ventral
fins much shorter than the pectorals, not extending on to the anal.
Caudal forked, the upper lobe being the longer.

Cape of Good Hope.

a. Seventeen inches long : stuffed. Prom Sir A. Smith's Collection.

61. GENIDENS.

Genidens, Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 33.

Adipose fin rather short ; dorsal fin short, with a pungent spine
and with seven soft rays ; anal fin short. Barbels six. Each jaw
with a band of villiform teeth ; teeth on the palate in two separate
oblong patches, moveable, not adherent to the skull. Head granu-
lated above. Caudal fin forked.

Brazils.

1. Genidens cuvieri.

Bagrus genidens, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 452. pi. 419.

Genidens cuvieri, Casteln. I. c. p. 33.

granulosus, Casteln. I. c. pi, 16. fig. 1 (bad).

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/10.

The occipital process is triangular, longer than broad, with a pro-
minent longitudinal ridge, joining the small crescent-shaped basal
bone of the dorsal spine. Barbels of moderate length. The adipose
fin is but little shorter than the dorsal.

Brazil.

a-b. From 7 to 8 inches long.

176 SILURID^E.

62. HEMIPIMELODUS*.

Hemipimelodus, Bleeh, Prodr. Silur. p. 236.

Adipose fin of moderate length or short ; a short dorsal fin with a
pungent spine and with seven soft rays ; anal fin moderately long.
Head osseous above ; barbels six. Nostrils very close together.
Palate edentulous ; teeth in the jaws villiform. Eyes below the
skin. Caudal fin forked ; ventral with six rays, inserted behind the
vertical from the dorsal.

East Indies.

1. Hemipimelodus borneensis.

Pimelodus borneensis, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. hid. ii. p. 430.
Hemipimelodus borneensis, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 238, and Ail. Ichth.
Silur. p. "43. tab. 82. fig. 3.

B.5. D, 1/7. A. 18-20. P. ^.

The length of the head is one-fourth or two-ninths of the total
length (without caudal). The eyes are small, situated between the
anterior and middle thirds of the head ; their diameter is one-third
of the width of the interorbital space. Head granulated above ; the
occipital process is keeled, triangular, longer than broad, extending
on to the short basal bone of the dorsal spine. Mouth rather small,
transverse. The maxillary barbels extend to the end of the head.
Dorsal fin about as high as the body ; its spine is strong, serrated
behind, as long as, or shorter than, the head. Adipose fin rather
longer than the dorsal, its length being more than half its distance
from the dorsal. Pectoral spine strong, as long as that of the dorsal
fin. Caudal fin forked, with pointed lobes.

Sumatra and Borneo.
a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

2. Hemipimelodus macrocephalus.
Bleeker, Prodr. Silur. p. 239, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 43. tab. 82. fig. 2.
B. 5. D. 1/7. A. 19-20. P. 1/10.
The length of the head is contained thrice and a fourth or thrice
and two-fifths in the total (without caudal); the eyes are small,
situated between the anterior and middle thirds of the head, their
diameter being one-half or two-fifths of the width of the interorbital
space. Head granulated above ; occipital process carinated, trian-
gular, rather longer than broad, extending on to the small basal bone
of the dorsal spine. The maxillary barbels reach to the opercles.
Dorsal fin rather higher than the body ; its spine is strong, serrated
behind, two-thirds of the length of the head. Adipose fin scarcely
longer than dorsal, its length being one-half of its distance from the

* 1. Nalla-jellah, Eussell, pi. 170.— Pimelodus (?) nella, C. $ V. xv. p. 162.-
Coromandel.
2. Pimelodus manilleneis. C.$ V. xv. p. 192.— Manilla.

64. JSLUBICHTHYS. 177

dorsal. Pectoral spine as long as that of the dorsal fin ; caudal forked,
with pointed lobes.

Borneo and Sumatra.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

3. Hemipimelodus peronn.
Pimelodus peronii, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 161.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 16. P. 1/11.
Head covered with soft skin, as broad as long, a little more than
one-fifth of the total length (with the caudal) ; the eye is situated
in the anterior third of the length of the head, of which it is one-
fifth ; interorbital space thrice as broad as the eye. The maxillary
barbel extends scarcely beyond the end of the head. Dorsal and
pectoral spines strong, obscurely serrated. Adipose fin as long as
the anal, one-seventh of the total length. Caudal bilobed. (Val.)
India.

63. KETENGUS.

Ketengus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. p. 9.

Adipose fin short ; dorsal short, with a pungent spine and with
seven soft rajs ; anal of moderate length. Head osseous above ;
barbels six, small ; nostrils very close together, the posterior with a
valve. Palate edentulous ; each jaw with a single series of closely-
set, small, incisor-like, obtusely tricuspid or subtruncated teeth.
Orbit with a circular eyelid. The gill-membranes are united, and
entirely grown to the isthmus, having a free posterior margin with-
out notch. Caudal fin forked ; ventrals with six rays, inserted behind
the vertical from the dorsal.

East Indian Archipelago.

1. Ketengus typus.

Ketengus typus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxi. Silur. p. 9 ; Natuurk.

Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 271; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 44. tab. 82.

fig.l.
Pimelodus pectinidens, Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 261.

B. 5. D. ./7. A. 20. P. ^-g. V. 1/5.

Head large, very broad, with obtuse snout ; cleft of the mouth
very wide ; the upper jaw is the longer. Dorsal spine not shorter
than the head.

Pinang, Java, Madura, Sumatra, and Borneo.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Young : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
Cr-d. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

64. .ELURICHTHYS.

Galeichthys, sp., Cuv. ty Val.

Aiturichthys, Baird Sf Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad, vii. p. 26.

Adipose fin short ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and
vol. v. ^

178 SILUKID^.

with seven soft rays ; dorsal and pectoral spines produced into a
long, compressed and striated filament ; anal fin of moderate length.
Barbels four : one at each maxillary, band-like, and two at the chin.
Teeth on the palate villiform, in a crescentic band. Jaws nearly
equal in length. Caudal forked ; ventral rays six. A short slit
between the gill-membranes.
Eastern parts of America.

a. Occipital process subtriangular, tapering behind.

1. ZElurichthys longispinis.

D. 1/7. A. 21. P. 1/12.

Very similar to JE. marinus and gronovii.

The maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the root of the
ventral. The teeth on the palate in a narrow band, composed of
two vomerine and of the palatine portions ; very narrow interspaces
between the single portions The upper jaw is rather the longer.
Pectoral spine much longer than that of the dorsal fin, and as long
as the head ; both spines with the soft filaments of variable length.
Back olive, sides silvery.

Mexico.

a. Eighteen inches long. Old Collection.

b. Fine specimen. South America.

c. Half-grown. Mexico. From the Haslar Collection.

2. iElurichthys marinus.

Silurus bagre, Bl. taf. 365; Bl. Schn. p. 377 (not L.).

marinus, Mitch. Lit. Sr Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 433.

Galeichthys parrae, Cuv. df Vol. xv. p. 33 ; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad.

Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17.

blochii, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 44.

marinus, Dekay, New York Faun. Fish. p. 178. pi. 37. fig. 118

(bad).
— ■ — bahiensis, Casteln. Anim. Am&r. Sud, Poiss. p. 37. pi. 18. fig. 1

(miserable description).
Ailurichthys marinus, Girard, Ichth. U. 3. 8f Mex. Bound, pi. 14.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 22-24. P. 1/12. Vert. 20/30.

The maxillary barbels extend to, or somewhat beyond, the end of
the pectoral spine. Pectoral spine longer than that of the dorsal fin,
three-fifths or three-quarters of the length of the head. The band
of teeth on the palate is subcontinuous.

Atlantic coasts of America.

a, b. Adult. North America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

c. Adult: stuifed. North America. Presented by E. Doubleday, Esq.

d. Young.

3. JElurichthys gronovii.

Marcgr. p. 174; Pison. p. 64; Wtilugh. pi. H. 7. fig. 6; Parra, pi, 81.

fig. 1,
Mystus, Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 383. p. 124.

t>4. -M.URICHTHYS. 179

Silurus bagre, L. Syst. Nat. p. 505.

Galeichthys gronovii, Cuv. 4" Vol. xv. p. 40; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien.

Acad. xxvi. p. 392. fig. 8 (air-bladder).

eydouxii, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 43.

Bcgrua macronemus, Ranzani, in Nov. Comm. Acad. Sc. Inst. Bonon,

1842, v. p. 334. tab. 28.
Mystus carolinensis, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 156.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 29-32. P. 1/12.

The maxillary barbels extend to, or beyond, tbe anal. Pectoral
and dorsal spines of nearly equal length, shorter than the head. The
teeth on the palate form a band, which is slightly interrupted in the
middle and on each side of the vomer.

Tropical America.

a. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock as Pimelodus

buer%i.

b. Half-grown. South America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
c-d. Half-grown and young. West Indies. Purchased of Mr.

Scrivener.
e-f. Half-grown : stuffed. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
(j. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Half-grown.

/3. A large subquadrangular buckler on the nape.
4. JElurichthys nuchalis.
D. 1/7. A. 26. P. 1/12.

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
which is two-ninths of the total (without caudal) ; the greatest
width of the head is three-fourths of its length ; snout longer than1
the eye, the diameter of which is rather less than one-fourth of the
length of the head. The vomerine band of teeth is separated in the
middle by a short interspace, each half being as broad and long as
the palatine band with which it is subcontinuous. The maxillary
barbels extend to the root of the ventral, those of the mandible
nearly to the pectoral. The dorsal buckler is as broad
behind as in front, with rounded lateral margins, each
half being bent downwards on the side. Dorsal fin
narrow and elevated, the first ray being considerably
longer than the spine, which is as long as the head
without snout ; pectoral spine equal to the dorsal spine.
The origin of the anal fin is much nearer to the base
of the caudal than to that of the pectoral. The first
pectoral ray is produced into a long filament reaching beyond the
origin of the anal. Ventrals extending beyond the vent, their length
being three-fifths of that of the head. Iridescent blue above, silvery
below.

Pacific coast of Panama.
a. Fine specimen, 11 inches long. From the Collection of Messrs.
Godman and Salvin.

This species is perhaps closely allied to ASlurichihys panametisis,

' n2

180 siltjridjE.

Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. i863, p. 172, but that author de-
scribes his species as having the head longer, the ventral fins shorter,
and the anal placed more forwards. Besides, the shape of the dorsal
buckler in our species is so different from that of the other uSSlurich-
thyes, that probably he would have made it the type of one of his new
generic names, if he had had the same species, or one closely allied
to it.

65. PARADIPLOMYSTAX.

Paradiplomystes, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 92.

Adipose fin short ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and
with seven soft rays ; anal rather short. Barbels two : one to each
maxillary, of moderate length, band-like. Bands of small teeth in
the jaws and on the palate. Caudal forked.

Brazil.

1. Paradiplomystax coruscans.
Pimelodes coruscans, Licht, Wiedem. Zool. Mag. i. pars 3. p. 58.
B. 7. D. 1/7. A. 13. P. 1/8.
Nuchal shield keeled. The maxillary barbels extend nearly to the
middle of the body. The upper jaw is a little longer than the lower.
Cleft of the mouth wide ; eye immediately above the angle of the
mouth. (Licht.)
Brazil.

I have not seen this species, which, to judge from the description,
must be closely allied to Mlurichthys.

66. DIPLOMYSTAX.

Diplomyste, sp., Dumeril, Ichth. Analyt. p. 487.
Diplomystes, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 92.

Adipose fin rather elongate ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent
spine and with seven soft rays ; anal fin rather short. Barbels two,
short, fleshy, belonging to the maxillaries. Lips fleshy, covered with
papillae, the upper prominent. Bands of villiform teeth in the inter-
maxillary, maxillary, and in the lower jaw; two groups of small
obtuse teeth on the vomer. Caudal forked ; ventral fins with six
rays, inserted below the end of the dorsal. Gill-openings wide, sub-
continuous

Chile.

1. Diplomystax papillosus.

Arius papillosus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 118. pi. 431 ; Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool.
Fish. p. 305.

B. 8. D. 1/7. A. 12-13. P. 1/9. Vert. 14/25.

The entire head covered with soft skin ; dorsal spine not serrated.
The teeth form a broad band on the intermaxillary, and a narrow
one on the maxillary.

Rivers of Valparaiso and San Jago.
a. Chile.

67. OSTEOGENIOSUS. 181

67. OSTEOGENIOSUS.

Osteogpneiosus; Sleek, Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Batav. p. 49.

Adipose fin short ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent -spine and
with seven soft rays ; anal fin rather short. Barbels two, belonging
to the maxillaries, very stiff, bony. The upper jaw is the longer.
Teeth on the palate obtusely conical, in two separate patches. Gill-
membranes united at the throat, emarginate. Caudal forked ; ven-
tral rays six.

East Indies.

1. Osteogeniosus militaris.

Silurus militaris, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 503.

Arms militaris, Cuv. <§- Vol. xv. p. 114. pi. 430; Hyrtl, Denlcschr.Acad.

Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17.
Osteogeneiosus cantoris, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv. Beng. <^ Hind.

p. 120.

D. 1/7. A. 20-23. P. 1/10-11. Vert. 18/29.

The height of the body is contained from six times to six times
and three-fourths in the total length (with the caudal), the length
of the head four times and a half or four times and two-thirds ; head
distinctly granular above, broader than high, its depth being two-
thirds of its length. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the
width of the interorbital space, which is more than one-half of the
length of the head. Occipital process not quite thrice as long as
broad. The maxillary barbels extend beyond the end of the head.

East Indian continent.
a, b-c. Half-grown. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
d. Half-grown. From Dr. v. Bleeker's Collection. — Type of 0. cantoris.
d. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

2. Osteogeniosus valenciennesii.

Osteogeneiosus valenciennesii, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Bat.
p. 51 ; Prodr. SUur. p. 121 ; and Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 46. tab. 63.

gracilis, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. I. c.

Dlochii, Bleek. I. c.

Arms militaris, Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 259.

B..5. D. 1/7. A. 20-22. P. 1/9-10.

The height of the body is contained from six times and a quarter to
six times and three-quarters in the total length (with the caudal),
the length of the head from four times and a third to four times and
five- sixths; head scarcely granulated above, broader than high, its
depth being a little more than one- half of its length. The diameter
of the eye is one-third Qr two-sevenths of the width of the inter-
orbital space, which is rather less than one-half of the length of the
head. Occipital process not quite thrice as long as broad. The max-
illary barbels extend to or beyond the root of the pectoral.

Rivers of Java and Banka ; Pinang.

a. One of the typical specimens From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Adult : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection as Arius

militaris.

182 SI LURID Ji.

3. Osteogenic) sus macrocephalus.

Osteogeneiosus macrocephalus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. But.
p. 49 ; Prodr. Silur. p. 124 ; and Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 47. tab. 64.

longiceps, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. 1. c. p. 50.

ingluvies, Bleek. I. c.

D. 1/7. A. 19-21. P.g-^.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half or seven
times and a half in the total length (with the caudal), the length of
the head four times. Head scarcely granulated above, broader than
high, its depth being one-half of its length. The diameter of the
eye is two-fifths of the width of the interorbital space. Occipital
process thrice as long as broad. The maxillary barbels extend to
the root of the pectoral.

Rivers of Java and Madura.
a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

68. BATRACHOCEPHALUS *.
Batrachocephalus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Bat. p. 52.
Adipose fin short ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and
with seven soft rays ; anal fin short. Barbels two, rudimentary,
inserted at the chin ; no maxillary barbels. The lower jaw is the
longer ; cleft of the mouth wide. All the teeth obtusely conical, in
two concentric bands in each of the jaws ; none on the vomer ; a
broad longitudinal band on each palatine bone. Eyes with a free
orbital margin. Gill-membranes united at the throat, without notch.
Caudal forked ; ventral rays six.
East Indies.

1. Batrachocephalus mino.

Ageneiosus mino, Ham. Buch. pp. 158, 375.

Batrachocephalus ageneiosus, Meek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Bat.

p. 52.
. micropogon, Bleek. I. c. ; Prodr. Silur. p. 118 ; and Atl. Ichth.

Silur. p. 48. tab. 65. fig. 1.

D. 1/7. A. 19. P. 1/9.

The cleft of the mouth extends to behind the centre of the orbit.
Occipital process much longer than broad at its base ; basal bone of
the dorsal spine crescent-shaped, narrow. Dorsal and pectoral spines
serrated ; adipose fin shorter than dorsal.

Ganges ; rivers of Java and Sumatra.
a. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

* 1. Galeichthys stanneus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 284, may well be erased
from the ichthyological system ; on examining the figure to which that
name has been given, we see that it was taken from a fish evidently
very similar to B. mino, but with longer chin-barbels. The parts of
the mouth are entirely misrepresented, the lines originally indicating
the lateral cleft of the mouth having been afterwards (probably by the
colourer) altered into a maxillary barbel! The figure in its present
state reminds us of the South-American Asterophysus.

70 EUCLYPT0STEBNTJM. 183

Ninth Group. BAGARINA.

Proteropterous Siluroids with the anterioi and posterior nostrils
placed close together, and with a barbel between them.

East Indies.

69. BAGARIUS.

Bagarius, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv. Beng. fy Hind. p. 121.

Adipose fin rather short ; a short dorsal with one spine and six
rays ; anal fin of moderate length. Barbels eight. The upper jaw
is the longer; teeth in the jaws cardiform, unequal in size ; palate
edentulous. Head naked above. Caudal fin deeply forked ; ventral
rays six. Thorax without longitudinal plaits of the skin.

East Indies.

1. Bagarius yarrellii.

Pimelodus bagarius, Ham. Bueh. pp. 186, 378. pi. 7. fig. 62; Cuv. fy Vol.

xv. p. 146. pi. 433 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. Bat. p. 10.
Bagi-us yarrellii, Sgkes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 370. tab. 65. fig. ] .
Bagarius buchanani, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv. Beng. 8c Hind. p. 121;

Prodr. Silur. p. 212'; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 61. tab. 81.

B. 12. D. 1/6. A. 15. P. 1/12.

Head depressed, with the snout produced and with the upper jaw
projecting ; eyes small*. The band of teeth in the upper jaw nar-
rowest in the middle. The maxillary barbel broad at the base,
scarcely extending beyond the end of the head ; dorsal and pectoral
spines and the caudal lobes produced into long filaments. Body
with broad irregular brown cross-bands.

Dekkan; Madras; Ganges; Java.

a-k. Adult (5| feet long), half-grown, and young : stuffed. Ganges.
I. Young. Madras Presidency. Presented by Captain J. Mitchell.

70. EUCLYPTOSTERNUM.

Aclyptosternon, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 103.

An adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a pun-
gent spine and with six soft rays ; anal fin short. Barbels eight.
Teeth on the palate villiform, in two separate patches. The upper
jaw is the longer. Eyes small, below the skin. Caudal forked;
ventral rays six. Pectorals horizontal, with a thoracic adhesive ap-
paratus between, which is formed by longitudinal plaits of the skin.

Syria.

The adhesive apparatus of the thorax has been denied by Bleeker ;
it is very distinct in our specimen, which is the type ; therefore we
have been compelled slightly to alter the name proposed by Bleeker,
as it- conveys an erroneous idea of the character of the fish.

184

SILUR1D.E.

1. Euclyptosternum coum.

Russell, Nat. Hist. Alepp. p. 76. pi. 13. fig. 2 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 126.

no. 387. pi. 8a. fig. 7.
Silurus cous, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 504 ; Bl. Schn. p. 387.
Pimelodus cous, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 140.

D. 1/6. A. 11. V.6.
Head rather broad, depressed, with the snout elongate, and with
the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Eye very small, situated
behind the middle of the length of the head, directed upwards. The
upper surface of the head covered with smooth skin. Nostrils
rounded, close together, with a barbel between, which is one-third
of the length of the head ; maxillary barbels broad at the base,

shorter than the head ; a small elliptic patch of teeth on each side of
the palate, shorter than the space between the two patches. Dorsal
spine stout, not serrated, not quite half as long as the head. Pec-
toral spine very strong, with recurved spines along its inner edge,
more than half as long as the head. Adipose fin longer than the
dorsal.

River Coic.

a. Ten inches long.
Collection.

One of the typical specimens from Russell's

A skeleton in Hyrtl's Collection, named Arias cous, has 16 abdo-
minal and 22 caudal vertebrae (Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, xvi.
1859, p. 17).

71. GLYPTOSTEKNUM.

185

71. GLYPTOSTERNUM*.

Glyptosternon, sp., M'Clell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 584.
Glyptosternum et Glyptothorax, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix.
p. 154.

Adipose fin rather short ; a short dorsal with one spine and with
six rays ; anal fin rather short. Barbel? eight, those of the maxil-
laries very broad at their base. Mouth inferior; teeth villiform,
palate edentulous. Head depressed, covered with soft skin above ;
eyes small, superior. Gill-opening wide ; gill-membranes separated
by an isthmus. Caudal fin forked: pectorals horizontal, with a
thoracic adhesive apparatus between, which is formed by longitu-
dinal plaits of the skin, and rather indistinct in old individuals ; ven-
trals with six rays.

East Indies. Small Siluroids inhabiting mountain-streams.

a. Ventral and pectoral rays not plaited below.

1. Glyptosternum trilineatum.

? Glyptothorax trilineatus, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1861, xxix.
p. 154.

D. 1/8. A. 13. P. 1/10. V. 6.

Head a little longer than broad, its length being contained four
times and two-thirds in the total (without caudal). Eyes behind
the middle of the length of the head ; occipital proeess thrice as long
as broad. Lips not fringed; the maxillary barbels extend to the

end of the head. The free portion of the tail is nearly thrice as long
as high. Dorsal spine rather slender, the length of its bony portion
being one-half, or less than one-half, of that of the head. Adipose
fin longer than dorsal, its length being less than one-half of its dis-

* 1. Pimelodus telchitta, Ham. Buch. pp. 185, 378. — The unpublished draw-
ing shows 11 anal rays, and all the barbels shorter than the head.

186 SILURLD-».

tance from the dorsal. Pectoral spine broad, strongly toothed ; pec-
toral fin terminating at a considerable distance from the ventral.
Caudal deeply forked. Greyish brown, a light streak along the ver-
tebral line and along each lateral line.

Nepal. (Tenasserim ?)
a, b-e. Adult (12 inches long). Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodg-
son, Esq.

2. Glyptosternum gracile.
D. 1/6. A. 14. P. 1/10. V. 6.

Head rather longer than broad, its length being two-ninths of the
total (without caudal). Eyes behind the middle of the length of the
head ; occipital process narrow, slender, nearly four times as broad
as long. Lips not fringed ; the maxillary barbels extend nearly to
the middle of the pectoral. The free portion of the tail is twice as
long as high. Dorsal fin pointed, much higher than the body ; dor-
sal and pectoral spines not enveloped in skin ; the former is rather
strong, serrated behind, four- fifths of the length of the head. Adi-
pose fin longer than dorsal, its length being more than one-half of
its distance from the dorsal. Caudal fin deeply forked, with the lobes
pointed, the lower being the longer, two-ninths of the total length.
Anal fin somewhat pointed. The pectoral fin extends nearly to the
root of the ventral ; its spine is exceedingly broad, and armed with
about ten recurved osseous spines. Brownish ; fins light-coloured.

Nepal.
a. Five inches long. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

3. Glyptosternum platypogonoides.

Pimelodus platypogonides, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. hid. ix. p. 272.

Glyptosternon platypogonides, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 219.

Glyptothorax platypogonides, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 63. tab. 83.
fig. 3.

B. 8-9. D. 1/6. A. 12-13. P. 1/9. V. 6.
The length of the head is coutained four times and a fourth or
four times and a third in the total (without caudal) ; its width is
once and a fourth or once and a fifth in its length. Eyes in the
middle of the length of the head ; occipital process thrice as long as
broad. Lips not fringed ; the maxillary barbels extend to the base
of the pectorals. The free portion of the tail is more than twice as
long as high. Dorsal spine three-fourths of the length of the head,
generally slightly serrated behind. Adipose fin longer than dorsal,
its length being more than one-half of its distance from the dorsal.
Pectoral spine broad, provided with large spinous teeth interiorly ;
caudal fin deeply forked. Greenish violet, with blue dots ; lateral
line yellow ; dorsal and anal fins with a broad band along the base
and along their outer portion ; adipose fin and caudal dotted with
brown.

Sumatra.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

71. GLYMOSTERKTTM. 187

4. Glyptosternum lonah.
Bagrus lonah, Sykes, in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 371.
D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/9. V. 6.

Head as long as broad, covered with thin skin above, two-ninths
of the total length (without caudal). Eyes somewhat behind the
middle of the length of the head ; occipital process four times as long
as broad. Lips not fringed ; the maxillary barbels extend to the
end of the head. The free portion of the tail is twice as long as
high. Dorsal fin higher than the body, with the spine rather slender,
enveloped in skin, and not quite half as long as the head. Adipose
fin longer than the dorsal, and half as long as its distance from the
dorsal. Caudal fin forked. The pectoral fin terminates at a consi-
derable distance from the ventral ; pectoral spine moderately broad,
with a fine outer and with a strong inner serrature.

Dekkan.

a. Type of the species, 6 inches long. From the Collection of Colonel
Sykes.

5. Glyptosternum dekkanense.
D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/9. V. 6.

Head rather longer than broad, its length being two-ninths of the
total (without caudal). Eyes somewhat behind the middle of the
length of the head ; occipital process four times as long as broad.
Lips not fringed ; the maxillary barbels extend to the end of the
head. The free portion of the tail is two-thirds as high as long.
Dorsal fin as high as the body, with the spine rather slender, enve-
loped in skin, and half as long as the head. Adipose fin longer than
dorsal, and half as long as its distance from the dorsal. Caudal fin
forked, its length being contained five times and a half in the total.
The pectoral fin terminates at a considerable distance from the ven-
tral ; its spine is very broad, and strongly serrated interiorly.

Dekkan.

a. Three and a half inches long. From the Collection of Colonel

Sykes.

6. Glyptosternum platypogon.

Pimelodus platypogon, {K. $ v. H.) Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 152 ; Valenc.

in Jacquem. Voy. Ind. Poiss. pi. 18. fig. 3 ; JBleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ne-

derl. Ind. iii. p. 591.

cyanochlorus, Bleeh. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi. Silur. p. 11.

Glyptosternon platypogon, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 217.
Glyptothorax platypogon, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 63. tab. 83. fig. 2.

B. 8-9. D. 1/6. A. 11-12. P. JL. V. 6.

The length of the head is contained thrice and two-fifths or four
times and a third in the total (without caudal) ; eyes in the middle
of the length of the head ; occipital process about twice as long as
broad ; lips not fringed ; the maxillary barbel extends to the base of
the pectoral ; the free portion of the tail is scarcely longer than high.

188 siluriua:.

Dorsal spine two-thirds or three-fourths of the length of the head,
generally slightly denticulated behind. Adipose fin longer than dor-
sal, its length being more than one-half of its distance from the
dorsal. Pectoral spine broad, provided with large spinous teeth in-
teriorly ; caudal fin deeply emarginate. Brownish above.
Java and Sumatra.

a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.

b. Java. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

/S. The outer ventral and pectoral rays transversely plaited below.

7. Glyptosternum striatum.
M'Clett. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 587. tab. 6 (upper figs.).
D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/11. Y. 6.

Head nearly as broad as long, its • length being one-fifth of the
total (without caudal). Eyes in the middle of the length of the
head ; occipital process thrice as long as broad. Lips not fringed ;
the maxillary barbels extend beyond the root of the pectorals. The
free portion of the tail is twice as long as high. Dorsal fin higher
than the body, obtusely pointed above ; its spine is slender, enveloped
in skin, half as long as the head. Adipose fin much longer than
dorsal, its length being two-thirds of its distance from the dorsal.
Caudal fin deeply forked, with the lobes pointed, the lower lobe
being the longer, one-fifth of the total length. The outer rays of
the pectoral and ventral fins are very broad, cartilaginous, provided
with numerous obliquely transverse folds underneath, of a similar
structure to those on the thorax. The pectorals terminate at some
distance from the ventrals. Uniform brownish.

Assam ; Khasya.

a. Three and a half inches long. Khasya. From the Collection of

the East India Company. — One of the typical specimens from
Mr. Griffith's Collection.

b. Three and a half inches long. Assam. From the Collection of

the East India Company.

M'Clelland, in describing his Glyptosternon reticulatus from Afghan-
istan (Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 584), appears to have had a
species very similar to Ql. striatum.

8. Glyptosternum pectinopterum.
M'Clell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 587.
A. 7. P. 9. The dorsal spine with a row of sharp points along
its anterior margin ; the outer pectoral and ventral rays broad, trans-
versely plaited below. (MlCl.)
Simla.

HARA. 189

The two following genera are very insufficiently known, and there-
fore their position in the system is extremely doubtful.

HARA.

Hara, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 152.

Adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent
spine ; anal fin short, with less than 20 rays. Barbels eight, those
of the maxillaries being dilated in their basal half. Teeth on the
palate villiform, in a band. Eyes small, without free orbital mar-
gin, below the skin. Caudal fin forked ; ventrals with six rays.

East Indian continent.

1. Hara aspera.

Pimelodus asperus, Mi Clell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 404. tab. 24.
fig. 2.

D. 1/6. A. 8 (?). P. 1/6.

Habit stout. Head osseous above, the occipital region with three
parallel bony processes. Maxillary barbels rather longer than the
head. Cleft of the mouth below the snout. Dorsal and pectoral
spines very strong, strongly serrated. Caudal forked. Body and fins
transversely variegated with brown and white ; barbels annulated.
(M'Cl.)

Chusan.

2. Hara buchanani.

Pimelodus hara, Ham. Buck. pp. 190, 378.
Hara buchanani, Blyth, I. c.

D. 1/6. A. 10. P. 1/7.

Habit rather stout. Head osseous above, the occipital region with
three parallel bony processes. Maxillary barbels longer than the
head. Cleft of the mouth below the snout ; eyes directed upwards.
Dorsal and pectoral spines of moderate strength, serrated ; caudal
forked. Brown, marbled with black ; nasal and maxillary barbels
annulated with black. (H. B.)

Payer Kosi. Three inches long.

Hara filamentosa (Blyth, 1. c), from Tenasserim, is said to be " very
like H. buchanani, but having a long filament continued from the
upper segment of the caudal fin "

3. Hara conta.

Pimelodus conta, Ham. Buch. pp. 191, 379.
D. 1/4. A. 10. P. 1/7.
Habit slender. Head osseous above, the occipital region with
three parallel bony processes. Barbels shorter than the head. Cleft
of the mouth below the snout ; eyes directed upwards. Dorsal and
pectoral spines strong, serrated along both edges. The upper caudal
lobe prolonged. Brown : fins spotted ; maxillary barbels annulated
with black. (H. B.)

River Mahananda. Five inches long.

190 SILTTKID^E.

AMBLYCEPS*.

Amblyceps, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxvii. p. 281.

Adipose fin short and low ; a short dorsal fin with a concealed
pungent spine and with six soft rays ; anal fin short. Barbels eight.
Teeth villiform ; palate edentulous. Head covered with soft skin
above; eyes very small. Lateral line none? Caudal forked; no
thoracic adhesive apparatus ; ventrals with six rays, inserted behind
the end of the dorsal fin.

Small Siluroids from the East Indian continent.

1. Amblyceps caecutiens.

Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxvii. p. 282.

D.l/6. A.6(?). P.^.

Barbels large, those of the maxillaries reaching to the tip of the
pectoral fin, and the exterior lower one nearly as long. {Blyth.)
Three inches long. Moulmein.

2. Amblyceps tenuispinis.
Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 153.
D. 1/6. A. 9.

Dorsal and pectoral spines short and slender ; barbels thin ; eyes
minute ; adipose fin indistinct and pointed posteriorly ; lateral line
none. Olive-brown. {Blyth.)

Two inches long. Ghazipur.

3. Amblyceps mangois.
Pimelodus mangois, Ham. Buch. pp. 199, 379.
D. 1/6. A. 8. P. 1/7.

The lower jaw is rather prominent ; barbels well developed, not
dilated, those of the maxillaries extending beyond the extremity of
the pectorals, the outer ones of the mandible beyond its root. Lateral
line none. Tail behind nearly as high as the body ; adipose fin
much shorter than the dorsal ; caudal deeply forked, its upper lobe
being the longer, two-sevenths of the total length. Uniform brown.

Northern Behar.

* 1. Pimelodus anisurus, M'Clett. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 583. — Loodi-
anah and Cabul River.
2. indicus, M'Clell. I.e. p. 584. — Loodianah.

72. AGEN10SUS.. H»l

Fifth Subfamily.
SILURIDiE STENOBRANCHI.E.

The rayed dorsal fin is short, if. present, belonging to the abdo-
minal portion of the vertebral column, the ventrals being inserted
behind it (except in Khinoglanis). The gill-membranes are con-
fluent with the skin of the isthmus.

Tenth Group. DORADINA.

The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other.
Bayed dorsal fin present.

South America and Africa.

72. AGENIOSUS*.

Ageneiosus, Lacep. v. p. 132 ; Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 231.
Ceratorhynchus, Agass. Oss. Foss.

Ageneiosus et Pseudageneiosus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863,
p. 108.

Adipose fin very short ; dorsal short, with seven rays, the first of
which is more or less spinous ; anal long. Teeth villiform, in bands ;
palate edentulous. The upper jaw is the longer. Barbels two, at
the maxillaries. Eyes behind the angle of the mouth, of moderate
size, covered by the skin of the head. Gill-opening of moderate
width. Ventrals with seven rays, inserted behind the dorsal.

South America.

1. Ageniosus militaris.

Silurus militaris, Bl. taf. 362 ; Bl. Sch?i. p. 375 (not L.\
Ageneiosus militaris, Valenc. in cTOrb. Voy. Amer. Sud, Poiss. pi. 4.

fig. 1 ; Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 232 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1858,

xxvi. p. 437.

B. 11. D. 1/6. A. 36. P. 1/13. V. 7. Vert. 15/30.

The length of the head is a little less than one-fourth of the total
(without caudal) ; head covered with thin skin above ; snout much
depressed, spatulate, with the upper jaw longest. The maxillaries do
not terminate in a soft barbel, but they are modified into an erectile,
bony, spiny weapon which can be received into a groove, and reaches
somewhat behind the angle of the mouth. Pectoral spine half as long
as the head, slender, slightly serrated behind; the dorsal spine is
longer and stronger than that of the pectoral, and serrated along both
edges. Caudal forked. Rose-coloured, marbled with blackish.

Rio de la Plata ; Cujaba.

* 1. Hypothalmus davalla, Schomb. Fish. Brit. Chcian. p. 191. pi. 9 (very bad)

192 SILURED^E.

2. Ageniosus sebae,

Seba, iii. 29. 8.

Ageneiosus inermis, Cut: § Vol. xv. p. 240. pi. 440 (not Silurus
inermis, Bl.).

B. 11. D. 1/6. A. 38. P. 1/15. V. 7.

The length of the head is contained thrice and a third in the total
(with the caudal). Barbels very thin, extending on to the eye.
Dorsal and pectoral spines very slender, not serrated, rather stiff.
The pectoral fin terminates at some distance from the ventral *.
{Vol.)

Surinam.

3. Ageniosus brevifilis.

Cuv. Sf Vol. xv. p. 242; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 438.
B. 11. D. 1/6. A. 34-36. P. 1/14. V. 7.

The length of the head is contained thrice and a third (young) or
thrice and two-thirds (adult) in the total (without caudal) ; head
covered with soft skin above. Two barbels, belonging to the max-
illary, not fringed, hidden in a groove. Dorsal spine very slender,
pectoral spine flexible. Caudal fin obliquely truncated. The pectoral
extends to the ventral, the ventral to the anal. Fins with brown
spots ; in young specimens the body also is brown-spotted.

Cayenne ; Brazil.

a, b-c. Adult, half-grown, and young. River Capin, Para. Pur-
chased of Mr. Stevens.
d. Adult.

4. Ageniosus dentatus.

? Silurus inermis, Block, t. 366.

? Ageneiosus inermis, Lacip. v. pp. 132, 134.

Ageneiosus dentatus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 441.

D. 1/6. A. 40. P. 1/13. V. 7.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal);
occipital process naked. Two very short barbels, not fringed. Dorsal
spine very slender, crenulated in front ; pectoral spine flexible.
Caudal fin deeply forked. The pectoral does not extend on to the
ventral ; the latter reaches beyond the origin of the anal. Brownish
above, whitish on the sides and belly.

Surinam; Brazil.

a, b. Adult and half-grown. Para.

73. TETRANEMATICHTHYS.

Tetranematichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 108.
A.dipose fin very short ; dorsal short, with a pungent spine and six
soft rays ; anal long. Teeth villiform, in bands ; palate edentulous.

* The adipose fin (according to the figure) is situated above the anterior half
of the anal fin.

74. EUANEMUS. 193

Barbels four, very small : two at the mandible. Eyes behind the
angle of the mouth, of moderate size, covered by the skin of tbe head.
Ventrals with seven rays, inserted behind the dorsal.
Brazil.

1. Tetranematichthys quadrifilis.

Ageneiosus quadrifilis, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 442.
fig. 29.

D. 1/6. A. 41. P. 1/10. V. 7.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal);
head granulated above. The upper jaw is scarcely longer than the
lower ; maxillary barbels very thin, shorter than those of the man-
dible, which are below the angle of the mouth and extend on to the
eye. Dorsal spine feeble, not serrated, longer than that of the pec-
toral fin, which is slightly serrated along both edges. The pectorals
extend to the root of the ventrals, the ventrals beyond the origin of
the anal. {Kner.)

Rio Guapore.

74. EUANEMUS.

Euanemus, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 11.

Adipose fin very short ; dorsal short, with a pungent spine and
with six soft rays ; anal long. Barbels six, cylindrical : one to each
maxillary, the four others in a transverse series immediately behind
the symphysis of the mandible. Teeth villiform in the jaws, palate
edentulous. Eyes behind, and partly below the level of, the angle
of the mouth. The gill-opening does not extend downwards beyond
the root of the pectoral, the gill-membranes being united with the
isthmus. Bones of the head hidden below the skin. Ventrals with
fourteen rays, inserted behind the dorsal.

Brazil and Surinam.

1. Euanemus nuchalis.

Hypophthalmus nuchalis, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 17. tab. 17.
Auchenipterus nuchalis, Vuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 208; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien,

Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 423.

dentatus, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 210.

Euanemus colymbetes, Mull. 8r Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 11. taf. 1.

fig. 2.

B. 7. D. 1/6. A. 42-45. P. 1/11. V. 14.

Head small, one-fifth, or rather less than one -fifth, of the total
length (without caudal), covered with soft skin ; groove between
the frontal bones very long, extending nearly to the occipital ; hu-
meral process short, hidden below the skin. Dorsal spine feeble,
slightly serrated behind. Caudal fin with a moderately deep incision.
The end of the upper caudal lobe black.

Brazil and Surinam.

i. Half-grown. River Capin, Para. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
vol. v. o

194

SILUKIDJ4.

75. AUCHENIPTERUS*.

Auchenipterus, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 207.

Pseudauchenipterus, Trachycorystes, Parauchenipterus, Aucheni-
pterichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 88.

Adipose fin very short ; dorsal fin short, with a pungent spine and
with five or six soft rays ; anal fin long. Barbels six, cylindrical,
those of the mandible being inserted at some distance from the sym-
physis, there being an anterior and a posterior pair. Teeth villiform
in bands, or sometimes rudimentary and deciduous ; palate eden-
tulous. Eyes above the level of the angle of the mouth. The gill-
opening does not extend downwards beyond the root of the pectoral.
Ventrals with from six to ten rays, inserted behind the dorsal-
Tropical America.

1. Auchenipterus nodosus.

ISilurus nodosus, Bl, taf. 368. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 383.
Arius nodosus, Cuv. <V Val, xv. p. 70.
Auchenipterus furcatus, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 211.

nodosus, Midi. Of Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 11; Kner, Sitzgsber.

Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 424.

B. 6. D. g^ A. 20-23. P. 1/7. V. 8. Vert. 8/29.

The bones of the head and neck cellular, those above the eye
swollen and rather prominent. The groove between the frontal
bones is open in front. The humeral process does not extend back-
wards to the middle of the pectoral spine. Dorsal and pectoral spines
very long, much longer than the head, not serrated along their outer
margin ; the former with a large swelling at its base. Caudal fin
deeply forked.

Guiana.

a-e. Fine specimens. British Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Leadbeater.

d, e-f. Half-grown. Dutch Guiana.

g. Adult. French Guiana.

h, i-k, I. Adult, half-grown, and young. Demerara. Purchased of

Mr. Scrivener.
m-o. Adult : stuffed. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
p. Adult: skeleton. British Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Leadbeater.

Dr. v. Bleeker gives a generic name to this species (Pseudatuheni-
pterm), adding " cirri inframaxillares omnes rictui approximati ; " I
find an anterior and a posterior pair of barbels, as in its congeners.

2. Auchenipterus thoracicus.

Vuchenipterus thoracatus, Kner, Sitzr/sbcr. Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi.
p. 425. fig. 22.

D. 1/5. A. 26-27. P. 1/8. V. 9.
The bones of the head and neck are finely granulated ; nuchal
plates tectiform ; an oblong granulated plate on each side of the bellv

* 1. Arius oncina. Schomh. Fish. Brit. Gvian. i. p. 173. pi. 4. — British Guinna.

75. AUCHENIPTERUS. 195

below the pectoral fin ; a groove between the frontals, open in front.
Lower jaw scarcely shorter than the upper ; the maxillary barbels
extend beyond the gill-opening. The humeral process reaches back-
wards to the posterior third of the pectoral spine. Dorsal spine
slightly serrated in front, as long as the head. Caudal obliquely
truncated. Small light spots along the lateral line. (Kner.)
Rio Guapore.

3. Auchenipterus trachycorystes.

Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 215. pi. 437 (from a stuffed example).
D. 1/6. A. 20. P. 1/6. V. 9 or 10.

The bones Of the head and neck finely granulated ; a round groove
between the frontals, surrounded by bone. Lower jaw rather longer
than the upper ; maxillary barbels not longer than the head. Pec-
toral spine very strong, serrated along both edges, one-seventh of the
total length, not extending beyond the extremity of the pectoral
process ; dorsal spine nearly as long as that of the pectoral, crenu-
lated in front. Caudal truncated. ( Val.)

Brazil.

4. Auchenipterus ohscurus.
D. 1/5. A. 19-2U. P. ±. V. 9.

The bones of the head and neck are rattier uoarsely granulated ; a
email round groove between the frontals, surrounded by bone. Lower
jaw rather longer than the upper; the maxillary and the hinder
mandibulary barbels extend to, or somewhat beyond, the extremity
of the humeral process ; the anterior mandibulary barbels are twice
or thrice as long as the eye. The humeral process extends back-
wards beyond the middle of the pectoral spine. Dorsal and pectoral
spines serrated, the former along its anterior edge, the latter along
both edges ; the dorsal spine is considerably shorter than that of the
pectoral fin, the latter being as long as the head, and one-fourth of
the total length (without caudal). Caudal fin slightly emarginate,
the upper lobe being scarcely longer than the lower. Lateral line
irregularly undulated. Uniform brownish black.

Essequibo.
a-b. Eight and a half inches long. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt,

5. Auchenipterus longimanus.
D. 1/5. A. 22. P. 1/6. V. 10.
The bones of the head and neck finely granular ; groove between
the frontals open in front. Jaws equal anteriorly ; the maxillary
barbels extend to the middle of the humeral process, the anterior
chin-barbels shorter than the eye. The humeral process extends
backwards beyond the middle of the pectoral spine. Dorsal and
pectoral spines serrated along both edges, the former as long as the
head, but much shorter than the pectoral spine, which is strongly

o 2

196 SI LURID-*:.

compressed, and two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal) ;
ventral and anal fins with fleshy base. Caudal slightly emarginate,
the upper lobe being rather longer and less obtuse than the lower.
A double series of pores along the lateral line, each pore being in the
centre of a small round whitish spot. Body deep brown.
Para.

a-c. Fine specimens (7 inches long). River Capin. Purchased of
Mr. Stevens.

6. Auchenipterus ceratophysus.
Kner, Sitzysber. Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 427. fig. 23.
D. 1/5. A. 20. V. 6.

The bones of the head and neek finely granular, equally convex ;
the lower jaw is the longer ; the maxillary barbel extends somewhat
beyond the root of the pectoral ; humeral process pointing obliquely
upwards. Dorsal spine rather short, serrated in front. Anal fin
with fleshy base ; caudal obliquely truncated. Head and fins with
brown spots. (Kner.)

Matogrosso.

7. Auchenipterus maculosus.

Auchenipterus maculosus, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 216.
immaculatus, Cuv. iSj- Val. xv. p. 218.

D. 1/6. A. 24. P. 1/7. V. 6.

The bones of the head and neck granular ; no groove between the
frontals, only a small round hole surrounded by bone. The lower
jaw is the longer; the anterior mandibulary barbels are nearly half
as long as the head ; the humeral process extends backwards beyond
the middle of the pectoral spine. Dorsal spine slightly crenulated
in front, shorter than that of the pectoral ; the latter is serrated along
both edges, rather shorter than the head, and two-ninths of the total
length (without caudal). Caudal fin obliquely truncated. Brown,
spotted with dark brown ; sometimes uniformly coloured.

Guiana ; northern Brazil.

a. Adult. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Prank.

h. Large specimen. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

8. Auchenipterus galeatus.

Seba, iii. 29. 7.

Silurus galeatus, L. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 503.
? Silurus galeatus, Block, taf. 369. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 384.
Auchenipterus punctatus, Cuv. § Val. xv. p. 219; Kner, Sitzgsber.
Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 425.

D. 1/6. A. 24-25. P. 1/7. V. 6.

The bones of the head and neck minutely granular ; a groove be-
tween the frontals, open or only slightly closed in front ; jaws sub-
equal in length anteriorly ; the anterior mandibulary barbels half

76. CENTROMOCULUS. 197

as long as the head ; the humeral process extends backwards to the
posterior third of the pectoral spine. Dorsal spine smooth in front,
shorter than that of the pectoral fin ; the latter is strongly serrated
along both edges, shorter than the head, and two-ninths or one-fifth
of the total length (without caudal). Caudal fin obliquely truncated.
Brown, with dark-brown spots.
Guiana ; Brazil.

a. Half-grown. British Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Leadbeater.

b. Adult. Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

9. Auchenipterus robustus.
D. 1/6. A. 28. P. 1/7. V. 6.

The bones of the head and neck are coarsely granulated ; groove
between the frontals short, ovate, surrounded by bone. The lower
jaw is the longer ; the maxillary barbels extend to the end of the
pectoral ; the anterior chin-barbels not quite half as long as the head.
The humeral process extends backwards to the posterior third of the
pectoral spine. Dorsal spine much more feeble and shorter than
that of the pectoral fin, slightly crenulated in front ; pectoral spine
strongly serrated along both edges, as long as the head, and one-fiftl
of the total length (without caudal) ; ventral and anal fins with fleshy
base ; caudal obliquely truncated. No granulated plate on the side
of the belly. Uniform dark brown.

Demerara.

a. Nine inches long. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

76. CENTROMOCHLUS.

Uentromochlus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 430.

Adipose fin very short ; dorsal fin short, with a pungent spine and
with four or five soft rays ; anal fin very short. Barbels six, cylin-
drical, those at the mandible short, and disposed as an anterior and
as a posterior pair. Teeth villiforni, none on the palate. The gill-
opening does not extend downwards beyond the root of the pectoral.
Ventrals with six rays, inserted behind the dorsal.

South America. Small Siluroids.

1 . Centromochlus heckelii.

Auchenipterus heckelii, Filijypi, Guer. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 166.
Centromochlus megalops, Kner, I. c. fig. 24.

D. 1/5. A. 7. P. 1/6.

Head and neck granulated above ; eye very large, one-third of
the length of the head ; the maxillary barbels reach to the middle
of the pectoral spine. Dorsal spine serrated behind, rather longer
than the head, but shorter than that of the pectoral fin, which is
nearly one-third of the total length. Caudal fin deeply forked.
Coloration uniform.

Bogota ; Rio Napo.

198 SILURID^.

2. Centromochlus aulopygius.
Kner, I, c. p. 432. fig. 25.

D. ±. A. 9-10. P. 1/4.

4-5 '

Head and neck granulated above ; eye of moderate size, one-fourth
of the length of the head ; the maxillary barbels reach to the middle
of the pectoral spine. Dorsal spine serrated in front, smooth behind,
shorter than that of the pectoral fin, which is as long as the head.
Caudal deeply emarginate. Back and sides brown ; dorsal and caudal
fins with blackish or whitish spots and dots.

Rio Guapore ; Essequibo.

a-e. Five inches long. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

77. TRACHELYOPTERUS.

Trachelyopterus, Out. 8f Val. xv. p. 220.

Trachelyopterus et Trachelyopterichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr.
Dierk. 1863, p. 111.

Adipose fin none ; dorsal fin short, with a pungent spine and with
four or five soft rays ; anal fin long. The upper surface of the head
osseous. Barbels six. Teeth villiform, none on the palate. The
gill-opening does not extend downwards beyond the root of the pec-
toral.

South America.

a. Ventral smallish, with six rays : Trachelyopterus, Blkr.

1. Trachelyopterus coriaceus.
Guv. $ Val, xv. p. 221. pi. 438.

B. 6. D. 1/5. A. 32. P. 1/7.

Head and neck granulated above ; the length of the head is rather
more than one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; the lower jaw
is the longer. The maxillary barbel extends to the origin of the
dorsal ; humeral process short. Dorsal spine rather feeble ; pectoral
spine strong, not serrated along its outer margin. Caudal rounded.
(Val.)

Cayenne.

/3. Ventral large, with sixteen rays : Trachelyopterichthys, Blkr.

2. Trachelyopterus taniatus.
Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1858, xxvi. p. 434. fig. 26.

D. 1/4. A. 51. P. 1/6.

Head and neck granulated above ; the length of the head is nearly
one-sixth of the total (without caudal) ; the lower jaw is the longer.
The maxillary barbels extend beyond the base of the pectorals ;
humeral process long. Dorsal spine granulated, of moderate strength,
half as long as the head ; pectoral spine longer than the head, com-

78. cetopsis. 199

pressed, serrated along both" edges. The ventrals extend beyond the
origin of the anal ; caudal subtruncated. (Kner.)
Rio Guapore.

78. CETOPSIS.

Cetopsis, Af/ass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 11.

Cetopsis, Hemicetopsis, et Pseudocetopsis, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr.
Dierh. 1863, p. 111.

Dorsal fin short, without pungent spine ; no adipose tin ; the anal
terminates at some distance from the caudal, which is forked. The
upper jaw is the longer. Barbels six : one to each maxillary, and
two to each mandible. Vomerine and mandibulary teeth obtusely
conical, strong, in a single series ; palatine teeth none. Nostrils
remote from each other, of nearly equal width ; the posterior is quite
on the upper surface of the head, close to its fellow from the other
side. Head covered with thick skin. Eye rudimentary, more or less
hidden below the skin. Gill-opening very narrow.

Brazil.

1. Cetopsis csecutiens.

Silurus ccecutiens, Lichtmst., Wiedem. Zool. Mag. 1819, i. pt. 3. p. 61.

Cetopsis ccecutiens, Agass. 1. c. p. 12. tab. 10 fig. 2, and tab. A. fig. 5

(anatomy); Kner, Sitzungsber. Acad. Wins. Wien, 1858, xxvi. p. 409.

B. 8. D. 7. A. 22. P. 10. V. 6.
Intermaxillary with a band of villiform teeth. Barbels short.
The first dorsal and pectoral rays, in the male, are produced into very
long filaments. Uniform greyish.

Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. River Cupai (branch of the Amazons, 800 miles
from the sea). Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Cetopsis candira.

Agass. I. c. p. 13. pi. 10. fig. 1 ; Kner, Sitzungsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien,
1858, xxvi. p. 409.

D. 7. A. 29. P. 9. V. 6.
Intermaxillary with a single series of teeth. Barbels short. Uni-
form greyish.

Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Steveus.

3. Cetopsis gobioides.

Kner, Sitzungsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1858, xxvi. p. 407. fig. 16.

Intermaxillary with a band of villiform teeth. Ventral tins united.
The first dorsal and pectoral rays are produced into filaments in the
male. Greyish brown.

Irisanga.

200 STLVKIDJE.

79. ASTEROPHYSUS.

Asterophysus, Kner, Sitzungsber. Wien. Acad, xxvii. p. 402.

A short adipose fin ; dorsal fin short, with a pungent spine and
with six (five) soft rays; anal fin short. Head covered with soft
skin above ; barbels six, four of which are at the mandible ; eyes
rather small, below the skin. Cleft of the mouth very wide, extend-
ing far behind the eye ; teeth in the jaws villiform ; those on the
palatines separated by the toothless vomer. The lower jaw promi-
nent. The gill-opening does not extend on to the throat. Ventrals
ten-rayed, inserted behind the dorsal.

Brazil.

1. Asterophysus batrachus.

Kner, I. c. p. 403. taf. 5.

B. 4-5. D. 1/5(6?)*. A. 13. P. 1/7. V. 10.

Head as broad as long ; the maxillary barbels extend somewhat
behind the head. Dorsal and pectoral spines rather feeble ; caudal
forked, with the lobes rounded. Coloration uniform. (Kner.)

Marabitanos.

80. DORAS t.

Doras, sp., Lacep., Cuv. $■ Vol., Kner.

Centrocliir, Lithodoras, Pterodoras, Platydoras, Acanthodoras, Astro-
doras, et Amblydoras, Sleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 84.

Adipose fin short, very distinct ; dorsal with a strong spine and
with from five to seven soft rays ; anal short. Teeth villiform,
forming bands in both jaws ; palate edentulous. Cleft of the mouth
rather narrow ; barbels six, free, and not fringed. Eyes of mode-
rate size. Neck with broad dermal bones ; a large humeral process
above the pectoral fin ; a series of shields along the middle of the
side of the body and tail, each shield with a compressed, prominent,
curved central spine. Gill-openings of moderate width, not ex-
tending downwards to the throat. Ventral fins with seven rays, in-
serted behind the dorsal.

Rivers of South America flowing into the Atlantic.

The species may be divided into two groups : —

* Lateral shields more than twenty, p. 201.
** Lateral shields less than twenty, p. 205.

* The figure shows six rays, the description five.

t 1. Doras crocodili, Humb. Observ. Zoo!, ii. p. 184. pi. 48. fig. 2. — Centrochir
crocodili, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 14. — Rio Magdalena.

2. castaneo-ventris, Sckomb. Fish. Brit. Gruian. p. 161. pi. 3. — River

Pasawiri.

3. brunnescens, Sekomb. I.e. p 163. Upper Esscquibo.

80. DORAS. 201

* Lateral shields more than twenty.

1. Doras costatus.

Mystus, sp., Gronov. Mm. Ichth. ii. p. 24. pi. 5. figs. 1 & 2.

Silurus costatus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 506.

Cataphractus costatus, Bl. taf. 376.

Doras costatus, Lacep. v. p. 117; Cuv. ty Val. xv. p. 268.

D.±-r A. 11. P.^. V. 7. L.lat. 31-33.

Lateral shields very high, covering the whole side of the body and
tail, coarsely granular, not extending downwards to the base of the
anal fin. The humeral spine is about four times as long as high,
and reaches nearly to the posterior third of the pectoral spine ; the
posterior part of the tail shielded above and below. The maxillary
barbel reaches to the end of the humeral spine. Dark brown ; a
yellow band along the lateral line, both bands convergent between
the eyes. Dorsal fin with a large blackish blotch.

British Guiana ; Brazil.

a. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schombuigk.

b. Young. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Doras armatulus.

Doras armatulus, Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 273 ; Kner, Sitzffsber. Wien. Acad.
1855, xvii. p. 116.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/6. V. 7. L.lat. 28-29.

Lateral shields very high, covered with spines which are directed
backwards, the posterior projecting beyond the margin of each spine.
The humeral spine is twice as long as high ; the posterior part of the
tail shielded above and below. The maxillary barbels extend beyond
the base of the pectoral, the outer ones of the mandible being but
little, the two inner ones considerably shorter. Eye of moderate
size. Brown : a yellowish band commences above the eye, and runs
along the middle of the lateral shields to the end of the caudal fin ;
a less distinct band runs along the median line of the back. Dorsal
fin with a large blackish blotch above.

Brazil (Parana, Rio Guapore and Rio Paraguay).

3. Doras dentatus.

Doras dentatus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 118. taf. 3.
fig- 3.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/7. V. 7. L. lat. 31.
Lateral shields well developed, the height of the third being more
than one-half of the length of the head ; the following gradually
become lower, and the last caudal shields are scarcely one-third as
high as the third ; each shield with ridges radiating from the base
of the large central hook ; the ridges terminate in marginal hook-
lets, of which, however, there is only one above and below the cen-
tral hook of the middle and hinder shields. The humeral spine
reaches to below the second lateral shield, and is four times as lone

202 SILTTKID.E.

as high ; it terminates in a point, and its upper and lower margins
are prominent, ridge-like, and denticulated. The posterior part of
the tail is shielded above and below. The maxillary barbel does not
reach to the end of the humeral spine ; none of the barbels are
fringed. Brown, without yellow lateral band; a blackish-brown
spot behind each hook of the lateral shields. {Kner.')
Surinam.

4. Doras hancockii.

Doras costata, Hancock, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 242 (not L.).
hancockii, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 279.

D. 1/6. A. 9. P. 1/6. V. 7. L. lat. 29-33.

Lateral shields very high, covering the whole side of the body and
tail, extending downwards to the root of the anal, with numerous
longitudinal ridges, each of which terminates in a small marginal
point. The humeral process is rather broader than the pectoral
spine, and does not quite extend to its posterior third. Hinder part
of the tail shielded above and below. Adipose fin without spinous
ray. The maxillary barbel reaches to the root of the pectoral.
Brown, a lighter band along the lateral line.

Demerara ; Brazil.

a. Type of the species : stuffed. Presented by Dr. Hancock.

b. Adult. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

5. Doras muricus.
? Marcgrav. p. 174.

? Doras granulosus, Valmc. in Humb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 184.
? Doras maculatus, Valenc. in cFOrb. Voy. Anier. Merid. Poiss. pi. 5.

fig. 3 ; Cuv. # Val. xv. p. 281.
Doras muricus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 129.

D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/9. V. 7. L. lat. 27.

Lateral shields rather small, lower than the hinder portion of the
tail. Humeral process granulated, slender, much narrower than,
and extending to the hinder fourth of, the pectoral spine. Dorsal
spine serrated in front and behind. The upper and lower surfaces
of the tail are not shielded ; adipose fin small, without spinous ray.
Fins with brown dots ; skin on the back with minute' black tubercles.

Brazil ; Buenos Ayres.
a. Adult, 21 inches long : stuffed. Demerara ?

6. Doras afiinis.
Doras affinis, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 121. fig. 1.
D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/5. V. 7. L. lat. 25-26.
Lateral shields very high, nearly entirely covered with skin, each
with a series of small marginal spines. The humeral process is long,
not broader than, and extending to the posterior third of, the pec-
toral spine. Tail without shields on its upper and lower surfaces.
Caudal fin subtruncated. Dorsal spine without any serrature. Bar-

80. doras. 203

bels simple, those of the maxillary extending to the extremity of the
humeral process. Eye of moderate size, the superciliary margin not
elevated. Brownish, body and fins with darker spots ; a light band
along the middle of the sides ; caudal fin dark, with a broad light
cross-band. (Kner.)

Rio Branco and Guapore.

Amblydoras truncatus, Bleek. (Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, i.
p. 18), has been separated from the preceding species, but its cha-
racters have not been sufficiently indicated.

7. Doras weddellii.
? Doras weddellii, Caste///. A/ii/n. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 48. pi. 17. fig. 1.
D. l/4(?). A. 11. V. 7. L. lat. 27.
Lateral shields low, not quite half as high as the hind portion of
the tail ; there is a small spine above and below the large one. The
free portion of the tail has a series of small scutes above and below.
Head broader than high ; its length to the basal bone of the dorsal
spine is two-fifths of the total (without caudal), its length to the
gill-opening two-sevenths. • The height of the body is contained
thrice and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal). Snout
obtusely rounded ; the maxillary barbels extend beyond the end of
the head. Nape broadly shielded, the least width of the nuchal
carapace being equal to that of the interorbital space. The humeral
process is narrow, pointed behind, extending to the hinder fourth of
the pectoral snine ; it is provided with a series of small tubercles.
Dorsal spine strong, without any serrature, four-fifths of the length
of the head. The pectoral spine is still stronger and longer, strongly
serrated along both edges. Caudal fin forked. Superciliary edge
'.lot elevated. Brown above, marbled with darker ; an irregular
series of small black spots above and below the lateral line.

Brazil.
a. Four and a half inches long. Santarem. From Mr. Bates's Col-
lection.

8. Doras asterifrons.

Doras asterifrons (HecJcel), Kner, Sitziinqsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii.
p. 123. fig. 2.

D. 1/6. A. 11-12. P. ^. V. 7. L. lat. 24-25.

Lateral shields high, but partly covered with skin ; each is pro-
vided with a triangular prominent spine above and below the central
hook ; several other small spines occupy the posterior margins. The
humeral process is long, not broader than, and extending to beyond
the middle of, the pectoral spine ; it is tapering and provided with a
series of small curved spines. The pectoral spine extends backwards
to beyond the root of the ventral ; a portion of the bones of the thorax
are free, not covered with skin, striated. Dorsal spine finely ser-
rated in front, without denticulations behind ; there is only one very
small shield on the upper and lower surfaces of the tail, immediately

204 siltjrida:.

before the root of the caudal fin ; the latter but slightly emarginate.
Barbels simple ; those of the maxillary extend to the extremity of
the humeral process. Eye of moderate size, with the superciliary
margin elevated, the interorbital space being concave. Nasal bones
with the upper margin finely but deeply serrated. Brownish, fins
with dark spots.

R. Negro, R. Guapore. R. Cupai.

a. Young. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

9. Doras heckelii.
Doras heckelii, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 125. fig. 4.
D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/6. L. lat. 29.

Lateral shields rather low, nearly covered by skin, out of which
only the hooks and spines project ; each shield with a series of mar-
ginal spines, of which the one nearest to the hook is the largest.
Humeral process striated, slender, tapering, not broader than the
pectoral spine, and extending to below the third lateral shield. The
pectoral spine reaches somewhat beyond the root of the ventral ;
dorsal spine serrated only anteriorly, not behind. Caudal fin
slightly emarginate. The upper and lower surfaces of the tail are
not shielded. Eye of moderate size, superciliary margin not elevated.
The maxillary barbels do not extend to the middle of the pectoral
spine. Brownish, with darker spots. (Kner.)

Rio Negro.

10. Doras cataphractus.

? Callichthys, sp., Gronov. Mtis. Ichth. i. p. 28. tab. 3. hgs. 4 & 5.

? Silurus cataphractus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 506.

? Cataphractus americanus, Bl. Schn. p. 107. tab. 28.

Doras cataphractus, Cuv. ty Vol. xv. p. 276 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien.

Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 126.
? Doras blochii, Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 277.
? Callichthys asper, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray. p. 157.

D. 1/4. A. 9. P. 1/4. V. 6. L. lat. 25-29.
Lateral shields very- high, each with a single series of small pro-
minent spines along and near the posterior margin. The humeral
"process is long, not broader than, and extending to the posterior
fourth of, the pectoral spine ; it is tapering and provided with a
series of small curved spines. Tail without shields on its upper and
lower surfaces. Caudal rounded. Dorsal spine with three slightly
serrated ridges, one in front and one on each side ; it is not denti-
culated behind. Barbels simple, those of the maxillary extending to
the extremity of the humeral process. Eye small. Brownish, with
a yellowish band along the middle of the sides of the body and along
the median line of the back. Fins with brownish spots.

Rio Guapore and Rio Negro.
a. Skin, 4£ inches long. From Gronow's Collection. — This is not
the typical specimen of the species, described and figured by
Gronow, I. c. ; he says that he saw it in Seba's Collection : and

80. dokas. 205

besides, the present specimen is considerably larger than the one

figured.
It appears to be extremely doubtful whether the specimens de-
scribed by Gronow and Schneider really had a spine in the adipose
fin ; and it is very probable that Valenciennes and Kner are right in
identifying specimens examined by them, without such a spine, with
the species described by the old ichthyologists.

** Lateral shields less than twenty.
11. Doras dorsalis.
Doras carinatus, Valenc. in Humb. Observ. Aool. ii. p. 184 (not synon.).

dorsalis, Cuv. 8f Vul. xv. p. 284 ; Kner, Sitzqsber. Wien. Acad.

1855, xvii. p. 128.

D. 1/6. A. 14. P. 1/8. V. 7. L. lat. 16-17.

The anterior lateral shields kidney-shaped, the posteiior longitu-
dinally ovate. The humeral process is short and narrow, extending
to the middle of the pectoral spine, and tapering behind. The max-
illary barbels reach to the extremity of the humeral spine, and are
twice as long as the outer mandibulary barbels. The back between
the first dorsal fin and the caudal, and the space between the anal
and caudal are shielded, but these shields are sometimes very small ;
a shield on each side of the base of the adipose fin.

Cayenne ; Para Rio.

12. Doras lithogaster.

Doras lithogaster (Heck.), Kner, Sitzungsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii.
p. 132.

B. 7. D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/8. V. 7. L. lat. 16-17.

Both jaws with a band of villiform teeth. Barbels not fringed :
those of the maxillaries extend scarcely to the operculum, the outer
ones of the mandible being one-half shorter than the former, but
longer than the inner ones. Eye rather small. The humeral process
is short and narrow, terminating in a rounded point, opposite the
middle of the pectoral spine. The second lateral shield is the highest,
reaching another large one situated along the base of the dorsal fin.
A series of shields along the dorsal line, between the dorsal and
caudal fins ; another along the lower side of the tail, between ven-
tral and caudal fins. All the parts between the series of shields and
the sides of the head are covered with more or less scattered small
shields. Back clouded with blackish. (Kner.)

Forte do Rio Branco.

13. Doras papilionatus.
Doras papilionatus, Filippi, in Guer.-Menev. Rev. & Mat/. Zool. 1853,
p. 167.

D. 1/6. A. 12. L. lat. 18.
Five shields on the back between the dorsal and adipose fins, the
space between the adipose and caudal being naked. (Fil.)
River Amazons.

206 siLrRTD^i.

81. OXYDORAS.

Oxydoras, sr et Doras, sp., Kner.

Doras, Bleek Nederl. Tt/dsschr. Dierh. 1863, p. 84.

Adipose fin short, very distinct ; dorsal with a strong spine and
with six soft rays ; anal short. Teeth rudimentary, sometimes pre-
sent in the lower jaw only, sometimes entirely absent. Cleft of the
mouth rather narrow ; barbels six, fringed and united at the base by
a fold of the skin. Eyes of moderate size. Xeck with broad dermal
bones ; a large humeral process above the pectoral fin ; a series of
shields along the middle of the side of the body and tail, each shield
with a compressed, prominent, curved central spine. Gill-openings
of moderate width, not extending downwards to the throat. Ventral
fins with seven rays, inserted behind the dorsal.

Rivers of South America flowing into the Atlantic.

1. Oxydoras carinatus.

Silurus carinatus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 504 ; Bl. Schn. p. 108.
Doras oxvrhynchus, Valenc. in Humb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 184.

carinatus, Cm: # Val. xv. p. 288. pi. 440 (bad).

Oxydoras carinatus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 144.

D. 1/6. A. 12-13. P. 1/9. V. 7. L. lat. 33.

Adipose fin short. Lateral shields small, half covered with thin
•skin ; the upper and lower halves of each shield terminate behind in
a simple or bifid or trifid spine. Tail without shields on its upper
and lower surfaces. Humeral process striated, obtuse behind, twice
as broad as, and extending nearly to the hinder third of, the pectoral
spine. Eye of moderate size, its diameter being rather more than its
distance from the posterior nostril. The bases of the six barbels are
united by a broad membrane fringing the lower jaw ; the maxillary
barbel is provided with a series of from six to eight smaller tentacles
along its basal half, and extends to the eye ; the mandibulary are
only one-third as long, and have their lower surface covered with
papillae. Lower jaw with two patches of minute teeth in front*.
Uniform greenish olive above, whitish below.

Surinam.

a. Adult : 13 inches long. Surinam.

h-c. Fine specimens. Essequibo River. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.

2. Oxydoras humeralis.

Doras humeralis (Heckel). Kner. Sitzunqsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii.
p. 140. fig. 6.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1 s. v. 7. L. lat. 32.

The lower profile of the head ascends in a curve similar to that

in which the upper descends ; snout pointed. Adipose fin short and

small. Lateral shields rather small and narrow, each provided with

a series of marginal spines. Tail without shields on its upper and

* Our specimen a. has two or three minute teeth on the right-hand side in the
upper jaw; the other side is without any teeth.

81 . OXYDORAS. 207

lower surfaces. Humeral process striated, obtuse behind, nearly half
as broad as long. Eye rather large, its diameter being much longer
than its distance from the posterior nostril. The bases of the barbels
are united by a membrane fringing the lower jaw ; those of the
maxillaries are provided with small tentacles, and extend to below
the eye. No teeth in the upper jaw ; those of the lower quite rudi-
mentary. Uniform brownish above, whitish below. (Kner.)
Barra do Rio Negro.

3. Oxydoras punctatus.

Doras punctatus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wicn. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 136._fig. 10.
Corydoras punctatus, Ht/rtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wicn, 1859, xvi.
p. 17.

D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/7. V. 7. L. lat. 28-29. Vert. G/21.

Adipose fin short. Lateral shields rather small, half covered with
thin skin, and with the hind margins serrated. Tail without shields
on its upper and lower surfaces. Humeral process obliquely trun-
cated behind, not much broader than the pectoral spine. Eye rather
large, its diameter being equal to its distance from the anterior
nostril. Barbels provided with tentacles : those of the maxillaries-
do not extend backwards to the gill-opening; the mandibulary
barbels are united at the base by a membrane, and sometimes one
or two are bifid. A narrow band of small teeth in the lower jaw,
the teeth of the upper being scarcely visible, if present. Upper
parts of the body and the fins with small blackish spots. (Kner.)

Matogrosso ; Rio Guaporc.

4. Oxydoras brevis.

Doras brevis (Ilcckel), Kner, Sitzgsber. Wicn. Acad. 1855, xvii! p. 1 38.
fig. 11.
D. 1/6. A. 13-14. P. 1/7. V. 7. L. lat. 29-30.

Lateral shields of moderate size, not quite half as high as the body,
each with a scries of spines along its hinder margin. Humeral pro-
cess obliquely truncated behind, much broader than, and extending
beyond the middle of, the pectoral spine ; its point is not much more
distant from the root of the caudal fin than from the end of the
snout. The upper and lower surfaces of the tail are not shielded.
Adipose fin as long as anal, without spinous ray. Eye rather large.
Barbels short, provided with tentacles ; the four mandibulary barbels
united by a membrane at the base. Very small teeth in the lower
jaw only, none in the upper. Reddish brown above, whitish below.
(Kner.)

Barra do Rio Negro.

5. Oxydoras fknbriatus.
Doras fimbriatus, Kner, Sitigsber. Wicn. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 134. fig. 5.
D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/8. V. 7. L. lat, 29-30.
Adipose fin short. Lateral shields high, with the hind margins

208 SILUKID.E.

finely serrated ; the first is very large, reaching downwards to the
humeral process and to the thoracic plates, which are naked, and
bent upwards on the sides of the body. A single broad shield before
the root of the caudal, on the upper and lower surfaces of the tail.
The humeral process is elongate, not tapering behind, terminating
in a rounded extremity before the first lateral shield. Eye rather
large, its diameter being two-thirds of the length of the snout. The
maxillary barbels are provided with long tentacles, and extend to
behind the base of the pectoral fin ; the four mandibulary barbels
are short, and united at their base by a membrane. The upper and
lower jaws with a narrow band of minute teeth. Brown, with blackish
spots. (Kner.)
Rio Guapore.

6. Oxydoras stenopeltis.

Oxydoras stenopeltis (Heck.), Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii.
p. 142. fig. 7.

D. 1/6. A. 13-14. L. lat. 35-36.

Adipose fin short. Lateral shields high, at least half as high as
the body, each with several series of small spines ; five or six shields
between the dorsal and adipose fins. Humeral process striated,
obliquely truncated behind, not much broader than, and extending
to the posterior third of, the pectoral spine. Eye rather large, its
diameter being equal to its distance from the anterior nostril. The
bases of the barbels are united by a membrane : those of the maxil-
lary are provided with a series of small tentacles, and extend to
behind the root of the pectoral ; those of the mandible are short and
covered with papillae. Teeth none, or quite rudimentary. Brownish
above, whitish below. (Kner.)

Rio Negro.

7. Oxydoras lipophthalmus.

Oxydoras lipophthalmus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 147.
fig. 8.

D. 1/6. A. 12. P. 1/9. V. 7. L. lat. 37-38.

Adipose fin short. Lateral shields small, half covered with thin
skin, smooth, with the posterior margin serrated. Tail without
shields on its upper and lower surfaces. Humeral process wrinkled,
obliquely rounded behind, much broader than, and extending back-
wards to the middle of, the pectoral spine. Eye large, covered with
an adipose membrane which is produced closely to the hind nostril.
The bases of the barbels are united by a broad membrane fringing
the lower jaw ; r,ll are provided with small tentacles, and the max-
illary and outer mandibulary barbels are bifid; the former extend
scarcely to the gill-opening, and the latter are rather more than half
as long. Teeth none, or quite rudimentary in the lower jaw.
Brownish above, whitish below.

Rio Negro ; River Capin.

a. Fine specimen. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

82. RHINODORAS. 209

82. RHINODORAS.
Oxydoras, sp., Kner.
Oxydoras et Rhinodoras, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 84.

Adipose fin low, rather elongate, gradually passing into the profile
of the back ; dorsal fin with a strong spine and with six soft rays ;
anal short. Teeth very small, or entirely absent. Cleft of the mouth
rather narrow; barbels six, not united at the base. Eyes small.
Neck with broad dermal bones ; a large humeral process above the
pectoral fin ; a series of shields along the middle of the side of the
body and tail, each shield with a compressed, prominent central spine.
Gill-openings of moderate width, not extending downwards to the
throat. Ventral fins with seven rays, inserted behind the dorsal.

Rivers of South America flowing into the Atlantic.

1. Rhinodoras niger.

Doras niger, Valenc. in Humb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 184 ; Cuv. fy Vat. xv.

p. 291.
Corydoras edentulus, Spix, Pise. Brasil. tab. 5.
Doras humboldti, Ac/ass. in Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 14.

D. 1/6. A. 11-12. P. 1/10. V. 7. L. lat. 24-25.

The adipose fin is a long and low fold. Lateral shields longitudi-
nally striated, of moderate size, the middle being about half as high
as the body. Humeral process granulated, tapering behind, and
extending somewhat beyond the middle of the pectoral spine. The
upper and lower surfaces of the tail are not shielded. Eye small, its
diameter being one-half of its distance from the posterior nostril.
The maxillary barbels extend to the eye, and are thicker but not
much longer than those of the mandible, which are not united by a
membrane. Teeth none. Blackish olive ; shields yellowish.

River Amazons. San Erancisco River.
a. Adult (13 inches long). River Amazons. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Rhinodoras knerii.

Oxydoras niger, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 146 (not

Valenc.).
knerii, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. 'Dierk. 1863, p. 14.

D. 1/6. A. 11-12. L. lat. 34.
This species appears to be distinct from Rh. niger, having 34 lateral
shields ; otherwise they are very similar to each other.
Cujaba.

3. Rhinodoras orbignyi.

Oxydoras d'Orbigny (Kroy.), Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855,

p. 149. fig. 9.
Doras d'Orbignii, Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. . 17.
Rhinodoras orbignyi, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 1 .

D. 1/6. / A. 12. L. lat. 29. Vert. 10/21.
Adipose fin long, rather low, gradually passing into the profile of
the back. Lateral shields of moderate height, with the hind margins

210 SILTJRID^E.

serrated. The upper and lower surfaces of the tail are shielded
behind the adipose and anal fins. Humeral process s'triated, sword-
shaped, broader than, and extending to the hinder fourth of, the
pectoral spine. Eye small, covered by a membrane, as distant from
the end of the snout as from the gill-opening. The barbels are free,
not united at the base, provided with very small tentacles ; those of
the maxillaries do not extend to the gill-opening. Teeth very small,
present in both jaws. Dorsal and caudal fins with dark spots. (Kner.)
llio de la Plata.

83. SYNODONTIS.

Synodontis, Cur. 8f Val. xv. p. :!44.

Brachysynodontis, Synodontis, Pseudosynodontis, Ilemisynodontis,
Leiosynodontis, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. ZHerk. 1803, p. 52.

Adipose fin of moderate length, or rather long ; dorsal with a strong-
spine and with seven soft rays ; anal rather short. Teeth in the
lower jaw moveable, very thin at the base, and with a slightly dilated,
pointed, brown apex ; palate edentulous. Mouth small, mandibles
short. Barbels six, more or less fringed with a membrane or with
filaments. Eyes of moderate size. Neck with broad dermal bones.
The gill-openings are of moderate width. Yentrals with seven rays,
inserted behind the dorsal.

Tropical Africa.

Knowing most of the species of Synodontis from autopsy, I cannot
adopt the views of Dr. Bleeker, who has split this natural generic
group into five divisions : —

a. /Synodontis has been 'estricted by him to a species with long,
slender intermaxillary teeth and with ciliated maxillary barbels (S.
macrodon). The discovery of a new species (S. sorex) already shows
that the characters used for the foundation of this genus are unser-
viceable : either it must lose one of the characters on which it is
based, or S. sorex would become the type of a sixth genus.

b. Pseudosynodontis is created for S. serratrus, a species most
closely allied to S. scJud, which, however, is referred to Hi-misyno-
dontis. Although I am fully convinced of the distinctness of the
two species, I confess that, seeing the great variations in the develop-
ment of the spine of S. schal, I at first entertained some doubts about
it, nor did I feel satisfied on this point until I had ascertained by
dissection that the one was not the male sex of the other. If these
be considered types of two genera, then we may similarly separate
the short- and long-snouted Eels of our rivers.

c. Ilemisynodontis is created for S. membranaceus, S. schal, and S.
nigritus. According to Dr. Bleeker's views, this is an assemblage
of most heterogeneous fishes, — the S. membranaceus differing from
the others by a great extent of the gill-opening, and by a structure
of the maxillary barbels, which is at least of as much importance as
the " cirri Ji-mbriati" of Synodontis, Blkr.

d. Leiosynodontis is founded on S. maculosus, the young of Hemi-
svnodontis schal.

83. syNonoNTis. 211

e. Brachysynodontis is created for S. batensoda, Poipp., a synonym
of Hemisynodontis membranaceus, and founded on two characters, viz.,
bipartite maxillary barbels and a slight denticulation of the end of
the operculum. The peculiarity of the former is nothing more than
the basal dilatation which may be seen in other Synodontes, and the
latter character disappears entirely in mature examples.

We divide the species of this genus into the following divisions : —

I. The gill-opening does not extend downwards beyond the root of the

pectorals.

A. Mandibulary teeth very slender, longer than the eye, p. 21 1.

B. Mandibulary teeth not longer than the eye, p. 212.

II. The gill-opening extends down wards to the throat, p. 215.

I. The gill-opening does not extend downwards beyond the root of the

pectorals.
A. Mandibulary teeth very slender, longer than the eye.

1 Synodonti? sorex.
D. 1/7. A. 12. P. 1/9. V. 7.

The gill-opening extends downwards to before the root of the
pectoral fin ; snout produced, pointed ; mandibulary teeth very long
and slender, as long as the eye, from six to eight in number. Maxil-
lary barbels half as long as the head, lined interiorly with a narrow
white membrane ; the outer mandibulary barbels two-thirds as long
as those of the maxillae, provided with filaments. The height of the
body is rather less than one-fourth of the total length (without cau-
dal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Dorsal and pectoral spines
slightly crenulated along their outer margins ; humeral process as
high as long. The first ray of the dorsal and pectoral fins produced.
The adipose fin commences at a short distance from the dorsal, its
'length being contained thrice and a third in the total (without cau-
dal). Caudal fin deeply forked, both lobes being prolonged ; the
upper is the longer, one-third, or more than one-third, of the total
length. Coloration uniform : a black band along each caudal lobe ;
a blackish spot at the base of the hinder half of the dorsal fin.

Upper Nile.
a, b. Fine specimens (10 inches long). Chartoum. From Consul
Petherick's Collection.

2. Synodontis macrodon.

Silurus clarias, Hasselq. It. Pal. p. 369.

callarias, part., Bl. Schn. p. 379.

Pimelodus synodontis, Geoffr. Descr. Eg Poiss. pi. 12. figs. 5 & 6.
Synodontis macrodon, Is. Geoffr. Poiss. Nil, p. 156 ; Cuv . 8f Val. xv.
p. 252.

&. 7 D. 1/7. A. 13. P. 1/8. * V. 7.

The gill-opening extends downwards to before the root of the

p2

212 silueid^:.

pectoral fin ; mandibulary teeth very long and slender, nearly as long
as the eye. Maxillary barbels about as long as the head, provided
with long fringes. Dorsal and pectoral spines serrated along both
edges ; humeral process not much longer than high.

Nile.
a. Eight and a half inches long. Presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

This specimen differs in some respects from those collected by
Geoffroy St.-Hilaire: the length of its dorsal spine is two-fifths of
the total (without caudal), whilst it is one-fourth in the specimens
collected by the French naturalist ; the caudal lobes also are con-
siderably longer.

3. Synodontis serratus.
Riippell, Beschreib. neuer Nil-Jische, p. 8. taf. 2.

D. 1/7. A. 12-13. P. 1/9. V. 7.
The gill-opening extends downwards to before the root of the
pectoral fin ; mandibulary teeth rather numerous; much shorter than
the eye, in a narrow band. Maxillary barbels longer than the head,
lined with a narrow membrane interiorly. Dorsal spine longer than
the head (in adult specimens), serrated along both edges. Humeral
process longer than high, pointed behind. Dorsal and pectoral
spines and the upper caudal lobe produced into filaments. Uniformly
coloured ; young dotted with brown.

Upper Nile.
a, b, c. Adult (22 inches long) and young. Chartoum. From Consul
Petherick's Collection.

B. Mandibulary teeth not longer than the eye.

4. Synodontis schal.

Sormini, Vmj. Eg. ii. p. 279. tab. 21. fig. 2.

Silurus schall, Bl. Schn. p. 385.

Pimelodus clarias, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 13. figs. 3 & 4.

Synodontis arabi, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 261 ; HyHl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss.

Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 16.

schal, Hyrtl, I. c.

maculosu8, Riippell, Beschreib. neuer Nil-Jische, p. 10. taf. 3. fig. 1

(young).

D.l/7. A. 12-13. P. 1/8. Y. 7. Vert. ££.

The gill-opening extends downwards to before the root of the pec-
toral fin- mandibulary teeth rather numerous, much shorter than
the eye. in a narrow band. Maxillary barbels longer than the head,
not fringed. Pectoral spine stronger and rather longer than that of
the dorsal fin, the latter being not serrated in front, and not much
longer than the head. Humeral process much longer than high,
pointed behind. The distance between dorsal and adipose fins is
much less than the length of the base of the former. Old and half-

83. SYNODONTIS. 213

grown specimens of uniform coloration, young ones irregularly spotted
and banded with brown.
Nile; Senegal; Zambesi.

a-b. Fine specimens. Lower Nile. From Consul Petherick's Col-
lection.

c-d. Half-grown. Lower Nile.

e, f-i. Young. Lower Nile. Presented by Dr. E. Puippell as i>.
maculosus.

k, I, m-o. Adult (20 inches) and young. Chartoum. From Consul
Petherick's Collection.

2>. Half-grown. Senegal.

q-r. Young. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

s-t. Young. River Rovuma. Presented by Dr. Livingstone.

u. Half-grown.

v. Adult female : skeleton. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.

5. Synodontis nebulosus.

Peters, MS.

B. 6. D. 1/7. A. 13. P. ±-n. V. 7.

Maxillary barbels simple ; skin of the body smooth. " Dentibus
velutinis inferioribus nullis ; dentes flexibiles minus numerosi (18),
longiores, fortiores." The ventrals occupy the middle between the
pectorals and the anal. Body and fins with black spots. (Pet.)

Mozambique.

0. Synodontis omias.

D. 1/7. A. 11. P. 1/8. V. 7. Vert. 10/23.

The gili-opening extends downwards to before the root of the
pectoral fin. Mandibulary teeth rather numerous, much shorter
than the eye, in a narrow band. Maxillary barbels longer than the
head. Nuchal carapace tectiform ; humeral process considerably
longer than high, extending backwards to below the base of the
dorsal spine ; it is armed with a series of three or four compressed,
triangular spinous processos, running along the lower margin of the
bone, the last being placed at its extremity. Dorsal spine consider-
ably longer than the head, serrated behind, but nearly smooth in
front, there being only a few obsolete denticulations towards its point.
Pectoral spine strongly serrated along both edges, rather stronger
than, but not quite so long as, that of the dorsal fin. The distance
between dorsal and adipose fins is less than the length of the base of
the former. Adipose fin somewhat elevated, longer than the head.

West Africa.

a. Skeleton (14 inches long). Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

The soft parts having been preserved to some extent, I have been
enabled to point out the specific characters of this species, which,
moreover, is distinguished by the spines of the humeral process.

21 4 SILUKID^K.

7. Synodontis nigritus.
Ouv. $ Val. xv. p. 265. pi. 441.

D. 1/7. A. 14. P. 1/7. V. 7.
Mandibulary teeth not elongate. Maxillary barbels as long as
the head, not fringed. Nuchal carapace twice as broad as long, with
a long process behind, extending nearly along the whole of each
side of the base of the dorsal ; humeral process very long, pointed
behind. The distance between dorsal and adipose fins is much
more than the length of the base of the former. ( Val.)
Senegal.

8. Synodontis humeratus.
C'uo. fy Val. xv. p. 264.

MaxiUary barbels not fringed. Dorsal spine serrated in front.
The humeral process is exceedingly long, extending further back-
wards than the nuchal cuirass. ( Val.)

Nile.

Known from a figure only.

9. Synodontis gambiensis.
D. 1/7. A. 12. P. 1/9. V. 7.

The gill-opening extends downwards to before the root of the pec-
toral fin; Mandibular}" teeth much shorter than the eye, in a narrow
band. Maxillary barbels much longer than the head, not fringed ;
the outer mandibulary barbels not much shorter than the head, pro-
vided with filaments. The height of the body is one-fourth of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths.
Nuchal carapace tectiform, mujh longer than broad. Dorsal spine
rather longer than the head, smooth in front, slightly serrated behind ;
pectoral spine serrated along both edges, scarcely longer than that
of the dorsal fin ; humeral process longer than high, pointed behind.
The distance between dorsal and adipose fins equals the length of
the base of the former ; the length of the adipose fin is contained
thrice and two-thirds in the total (without caudal). Coloration
uniform.

Gambia.

a. Eleven inches long : not good state. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

10. Synodontis zambesensis.
Peters, MS.

B. 7. D. 1/7. A. 13-14. P. 1/8-10. V. 7.

Maxillary barbels simple. Adipose fin short. " Dentes mandibulae
flexiles numerosi (40) ; dentes niandibulae velutini distincti." Dorsal
spine smooth in front ; ventral fins a little more distant from the
pectorals than from the anal. Skin of the body smooth. Coloration
uniform. (Pet.)

Zambesi.

'•■'.i. SVXODOM1S. 215

11. Synodontis xiphias.
D. 1/7. A. 11. P. 1/10. V. 7.

The upper jaw terminates in a long, conical pointed process, the
length of which is two-ninths of that of the head. The height of the
body is two-ninths of the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head one-third. The gill-opening extends downwards to before
the root of the pectoral fin. The intermaxillary teeth form a broad
band ; the mandible has' two sets of different teeth : anteriorly a
short series of small flexible teeth, and posteriorly on each side a
minute patch of villiform teeth. The maxillary barbels extend some-
what beyond the end of the head, and are slightly compressed, but
not dilated ; the outer mandibulary barrels reach to the base of the
pectoral, and are provided with filaments. Nuchal carapace coarsely
granulated, tectiform, considerably longer than broad. Dorsal spine
very strong, much compressed, as high as the body, granulated in
front, serrated behind, and striated on the side. Pectoral spine ser-
rated along both edges, shorter than that of the dorsal fin ; humeral
process more than twice as long as broad, pointed behind, the point
being slightly directed upwards. The distance between dorsal and
adipose tins is much more than the length of the base of the former.
The length of the adipose fin is one-fourth of the total (without
caudal). Caudal deeply forked. Small round brown spots are risible
on the head and on the adipose fin.

"West Africa.

a. Twenty-eight inches long : stuffed. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

II. The gill-opening extends downwards to the throat.

12. Synodontis membranaceus.

Pimelodus membranaceus, Geaffr. Descr. E<j. Toiss. pi. 13. figs. 1 & 2.
Synodontis membranaceus, 7s. Geoffr. Poiss. Xil, p. 160; Cuv. 8f Vol.

xv. p. 258.
batensoda, Riippell, ForUetz. Beschreib. neuer Nil-Jische, p. 0.

taf. 3. fig. 2 (barbels not good).

D. 1/7. A. 12. P. 1/9. V. 7.

The gill-opening extends downwards nearly to the middle of the
throat ; mandibulary teeth very short and small, forming a minute
patch. Maxillary barbels shorter than the head, lined with a very
broad black membrane. Dorsal spine not serrated in front ; humeral
process as long as high. The adipose fin commences immediately
behind the dorsal. Belly black.

Upper Nile.
a-h. Fine specimens, 20 inches long. Chartoum. Prom Consul

Pethcrick's Collection.
c. Young. Chartoum. From Consixl Pethcrick's Collection.

216 SILUEIDJS.

Eleventh Group. RHINOGLANINA.

Stenobranchiate Siluroids with the anterior and posterior nos-
trils close together.

Central Africa ; Bengal.

84. RHINOGLANIS.

Two dorsal fins, both composed of rays, the first with a strong
spine ; anal rather short. Teeth in both jaws minute ; palate eden-
tulous ; mouth transverse, of moderate width, mandibles well deve-
loped. Barbels six, not compressed. Eyes free, of moderate size ;
the posterior nostril very large, open. Neck witb broad dermal bones.
Gill-openings rather narrow, not extending downwards beyond the
root of the pectoral. Ventrals with seven rays, inserted below the
posterior rays of the first dorsal fin.

Upper Nile.

I am obliged to establish this genus, on a single very small example.
Its most characteristic, feature would appear to be the presence of a
rayed dorsal fin where we should expect an adipose. However,
we must not forget that there are Siluroids in which an apparently
adipose fin has rays in its interior ; and consequently the question
arises whether this fin, in our fish also, may not change with age. It
is proved by other characters that Rhinoglanis is not the young of
any known Siluroid. The genus is somewhat allied to Synodontis,
but differs, besides the characters mentioned, in the structure of the
barbels, in the position of the ventrals, and apparently in the dentition.

One might ask why this genus is not referred to the next sub-
family, with which it appears to agree in the position of the ventrals.
But, in fact, the real position of these fins is scarcely different from that
in the Synodontes, the dorsal fin extending a little more backwards
on the back, and having more rays than are found in the Doradina.
It is possible also that with age the ventral fins really take a more
backward position. Moreover, there is no trace of the reverted flap-
like lower Up which is so characteristic of the greater part of the
following subfamily. We may conclude, from analogy , that Rhino-
glanis has a large anterior vertebra.

1. Rhinoglanis typns.

D. g 1 9. A. 10. P. 1/6. V. 7.

The head is nearly as broad as high, and its length is somewhat
more than the height of the body, two-ninths of the total (without
caudal) ; it is entirely osseous above, with a deep and broad longi-
tudinal groove on the forehead. The snout is obtusely rounded in
front, and rather longer than the diameter of the eye, which is two-
sevenths of the length of the head, and eqiial to the width of the
interorbital space. The maxillary barbel extends nearly to the origin
of the second dorsal ; the mandiluilary barbels are inserted close to

85. MOCHOCTTS. 217

the anterior margin of the mandible, the outer ones extending to
the root of the ventrals, the inner ones being somewhat shorter, and
provided with two or three additional filaments. The entire neck is
cuirassed, the cuirass being composed of three transverse pieces ; the

lateral margins of the nuchal cuirass are nearly parallel. Humerus
with a long, slender process, which extends nearly as far backwards
as the nuchal shield. Dorsal spine slightly serrated in front and as
long as the head ; the pectoral spine is strongly serrated interiorly,
stronger and longer than that of the dorsal fin, and extending beyond
the root of the ventral. The second dorsal fin has a rounded upper
margin, commencing before and terminating behind the anal. Caudal
forked. Body immaculate.
Upper Nile.

a. One and a half inch long. Gondokoro. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.

A genus which appears to be closely allied to Rhinoglanis has been
discovered by M. de Joannis. Unfortunately, Valenciennes has not
taken any notice of it, so that we are obliged to give an abstract from
the notes published by the collector.

85. MOCHOCUS.
Mockokus, Joannis, Guer. Mag. Zool. 1835.
Two dorsal fins, both composed of rays, the first with a strong spine ;
anal short. Teeth in the upper jaw only, in a single series. Mouth
of moderate width ; barbels six, thin. Eyes of moderate size. Neck
covered with soft skin. Gill-openings rather narrow. Ventrals six-
rayed, inserted immediately behind the dorsal.
Nile.

1. Mochocus mloticus.
Joannis, I. c. pi. 8.

D. i- 1 10. A. 8. P. 1/3. V. 6.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without caudal).-
Barbels subequal in length, scarcely longer than the head. Dorsal
spine longer than the head, but only two-thirds as long as the spine
of the pectoral fin, which is exceedingly strong. Head, body, the
second dorsal, and the caudal with brownish-black spots. (Joannis.)

Nile, near Thebes.

Only 1 8 lines long.

218 SILUIUIKK.

86. CALLOMYSTAX.

Two dorsal fins the anterior with a strong spine, the posterior
adipose ; anal rather short. Teeth in both jaws minute ; palate
edentulous ; mouth small, transverse, at the lower side of the snout,
the intermaxillaries and mandibularies being short, small. Barbels
eight : those of the maxillaries are osseous to some extent, and pro-
vided with a broad basal membrane ; nasal barbels short, attached
to the flap covering the posterior nostril ; two pairs of mandibulary
barbels inserted in a transverse series immediately behind the margin
of the lower lip. Anterior and posterior nostrils close together. Eyes
of moderate size, without free orbital margin. The upper side of the
head with longitudinal ridges, which are covered with thin skin.
Gill-openings of moderate width, the gill-membranes being confluent
with the skin of the isthmus. Ventrals six-rayed, inserted behind
the dorsal.

Bengal.

1. Callomystax gagata.

Pimelodus gagata, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 197, 379. pi. 39. fig. 65.
Gagata typus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 90 *

B. 6. D. 1/6. A. 15. P. 1/9. V. 6.

Head and body compressed ; the height of the body is two-sevenths
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-
ninths ; head higher than broad, with the upper profile convex and
with the snout subcorneal. The occipital process is narrow, and
extends nearly to the basal bone of the dorsal spine ; the fonticulus
on the upper side of the head is uninterruptedly continued along the
whole length of the occipital process ; eye lateral, in the middle, and
one-fifth of the length, of the head. Nasal barbels very small ; the
maxillary barbels extend to the end of the head, the outer ones of
the mandible to the gill-opening. The gill-opening extends down-
wards to the throat, and is separate from the other by a rather narrow
isthmus. Dorsal fin high ; its spine is as long «s the head, serrated
in front,. and entire behind. Adipose fin as long as dorsal ; cauda1
deeply forked. Pectoral spine as strong and nearly as long as that
of the dorsal fin. All the fins black with whitish base, except the
caudal, which is whitish. Young specimens with oblique blackish
bands across the back, and the dorsal and caudal fins.

Ganges.
d-e. Types of the species. Presented by G. P. Waterhouse, Esq.

* Dr. v. Bleeker does not appear to have been acquainted with this fish, so
that hot only the characters of the-genus which he proposed for it are incorrect,
but it is also improperly referred to the " Phalanx" of Arii, and to the " Stirps"
of Bagrini.

87. MALAPTERURUS. 219

Twelfth Group. MALAPTERURINA.

Stenobranchiate Siluroids without rayed dorsal fin. The an-
terior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other.

Tropical Africa.

That this group belongs. to this subfamily, and not to the following,
is proved by the rudimentary interneural spine, which rests in the
cleft of the neural process of the first vertebra, and clearly shows
that if the dorsal fin had been developed, it would have been quite
on tlie fore part of the trunk, far in advance of the ventral fins.
This rudimentary interneural spine was first discovered by Hyrtl
(Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 11).

87. MALAPTERURUS.
Malapterurus, Lacep. v. p. 90.

Only one dorsal fin, which is adipose, and situated before the caudal ;
anal of moderate length or short ; caudal rounded ; ventrals six-
rayed, inserted somewhat behind the middle of the body ; pectorals
without pungent spine. Barbels six : one to each maxillary, and
two on each side of the mandible. Both jaws with bands of villiform
teeth ; palate edentulous. The entire head and body covered with
soft skin. Eyes small. Gill-opening very narrow, reduced to a slit
before the pectoral. An electric organ extends over the whole body,
and is situated between two aponeurotic membranes below the ex-
ternal integument.

Rivers of tropical Africa.

1. Malapterurus electricus.

Torpedo, Purchas, Pilgrimes, ii. pp. 1183, 1546, 1568.

Raja torpedo, Forsh. Faun. Arab. ,p. 15.

Silirrus electricus, L. Gm. i. p. 1354 ; Broms. Mem. Acad. Sc. 1782,
p. 692. tab. 62, and Journ. de Phys. xxvii. p. 143 : Bl. Schn. p. 384.

Malapterurus electricus, Lacep. v. p. 91 ; Geoffr. St.-Hil. Ann. Mus.
1802, i. p. 392. pi. 26, and Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 12 ; Rudolphi, Abhandl.
Berl. Acad. 1824, p. 137; Joannis, in Guer. Mag. Zool. 1835, tab. 1
(bad) ; Cuv. §•. Val. xv. p. 518. pi. 455 ; . Valenc. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 1840,
2 s6r. xiv. p. 241, and Arch. Mus. 1841, ii. p. 43 ; Cuv. BJgne Anitn.
III. Poiss. pi. 99 ; Peters, in Midi. Arch. Anat. 1845, p. 375 ; Pacini,
in Nuov. Ann. Sc. Nat. Bologn. 1846, 2 ser. vi. p. 41 ; Bilharz, das
electrische Organ des Zitterwelses (Leipzig, 1857, fol.) ; Schultze, zur
Kenntniss der electrkchen Organe der Fisclie (Halle, 1858, 4to).

A. 10-13. Eye rather small, its diameter being a little less than
one-third of its distance from the upper end of the gill-opening.
The, length of the head is contained four times and a third in the
total (without caudal). Jaws equal in front. The outer mandibulary
barbels extend to the root of the pectoral. Body with more or less
numerous small roundish black spots, a part of which arc sometimes

220 SILUBID^.

confluent into larger irregular patches ; anal and caudal fins with a
white margin. Vert. 17/22.

Nile. Rivers of the west coast of Africa.

a. Adult. Egypt. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.

b, c-d. Adult and half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's

Collection.
e, f. Adult and half-grown. West coast of Africa.
g. Adult : skeleton. Nile. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.

2. Malapterums beninensis.

Murray, Edinb. New Philos. Journ. new series, 1855, ii. p. 49.*pl. 2 ;
Clelland, ibid. 1858, viii. p. 177. pis. 1 & 2.

A. 9. Eye very small, its diameter being one-fourth of its distance
from the upper end of the gill-opening. The length of the head is
contained five times and a half or five tim and a third in the total
(without caudal). The lower jaw slightly prominent. The outer
mandibulary barbels extend to, or beyond, the root of the pectoral.
Sides of the body with a few small round black spots. Young speci-
mens with a broad black cross-band at the root of the caudal ; it is
separated by a whitish band from another black one descending from
the origin of the adipose fin ; anal without white margin. Old speci-
mens nearly entirely uniform black. Vert. 19/21.

Old Cajabar.
a, b, c, d, e,f-ff. Adult, half-grown, and young. — Types of the species.

3. Malapternnis affinis.
A. 10. C. 16-17. P. 7-8. V. 6.

Closely allied to M. beninensis, but with a longer head, the length
of which is contained four times and a quarter in the total (without
caudal). Eye small, its diameter being one-third or one-fifth of its
distance from the upper end of the gill-opening. Jaws subequal
anteriorly. The maxillary barbels extend to, the outer ones of the
mandible beyond, the gill-opening. Anal fin somewhat longer than
high, or as long as high ; caudal as long as the head ; adipose fin as
long as anal. Uniform lead-coloured above, whitish below ; caudal
with an indistinct whitish margin.

Old Calabar.

a. Seven inches long. Presented by W. Carruthers, Esq.

b. Nine and a half inches long.

HYPOSTOMATINA. 221

Sixth Subfamily.

SILURIDiE PROTEROPODES.

The rayed dorsal fin is always present and rather short; the
ventrals are inserted below (in all the genera, except Acestra), or
in front of, the dorsal (Acestra). The gill-membranes are confluent
with the skin of the isthmus, the gill-opening being reduced to a
short slit. Pectorals and ventrals horizontal. Vent before, or
not much behind, the middle of the length of the body.

Thirteenth Group. HYPOSTOMATINA.

Proteropodal Siluroids with the anterior and posterior nostrils
close together, and generally with a short flap between them.
The lower lip is reverted and much dilated, forming a broad flap
more or less deeply notched in the middle.

The union of apparently such different genera as Arges, Callichihys,
Loricaria, &c, is so opposed to the views of former ichthyologists,
that it will be necessary to add a few words in explanation. The
mailed body of the Loricariae and Hypostomes, reflected in some way
internally by the skeleton, is a very striking character : so much so.
thai, Kner is inclined to separate them from the Siluroids altogether,
and Bleeker forms of them his first Siluroid family. However, that
the development of dermal scutes is not a character of so much value,
is not only proved by Doras, where similar dermal productions cover
a part of the lateral line, and by the numerous modifications of the
dermal carapace on and behind the occiput, but especially by the
Indian genus Sisor, which has a series of dorsal plates, the sides
being almost naked. With regard to the skeleton, the compression
of the caudal vertebrae and the dilatation of their neural portion are
not only found in Loricaria and Hypostomus, but also in other slender-
tailed Siluroids, as Sisor, Bunocephalus, and Aspredo, genera which we
associate with the former, but which are excluded from the Lorica-
roids of Kner and Bleeker.

Every doubt that Loricaria and the genera allied to it are true
Siluroids, and nothing but Siluroids, must disappear when they are
compared with those with which they have been associated by
myself. There we find the gill-opening reduced to a foramen or
short slit, in consequence of the gill-membranes being confluent
with the skin of the broad isthmus ; the nasal openings placed close
together in a small groove ; the ventrals inserted far forwards,
below, or even in front of, the short dorsal ; the pectorals and ven-

222 silurid.i:.

trals horizontal ; a short anal ; the remarkable development of the
lower lip ; and, finally, the anterior vertebrae never coalescent into
one large one, the first being somewhat large*" than the others, and
provided with large transverse processes. A combination of such
characters indicates a natural affinity even when we consider other
points as being of minor importance, such as the spiny covering of
the first ray of the fins of Arges, Stygogenes, &c, which is identical
with the spiny armature of the Hypostomes and of some Loricarise ;
the spinous adipose fin of Slygogenes ; the size of the mature eggs,
which is equal in Arges and Loricaria ; &c. Thus, I consider Arges
as a naked Loricaria, or, vice versa, Loricaria as a mailed Arges ; and
although these forms are sufficiently diversified to admit of further
subdivision, it is a most artificial method, by which their natural
union is destroyed.

a. Head and body entirely covered with soft skin ; maxillary barbels
only : Argina.

88. ARGES.
Arges, Ciiv. 8f Val. xv. p. 333.

Adipose fin low, elongate ; dorsal short, without pungent spine ;
anal short. Teeth, small, slightly curved, notched at the apex,
forming a narrow band in each jaw ; palate toothless ; cleft of the
mouth of moderate width, with a maxillary barbel on each side ; a
short, broad flap on each side between the nostrils ; lower lip very
broad, pendent. Eyes small, covered with transparent skin. Head
covered with soft skin. Gill-openings not extending downwards to
the throat, separated by a broad isthmus. Ventrals six-rayed, in-
serted below the dorsal.

Andes.

1. Arges sabalo.
Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 335. pi. 444.

B. 4. D. 1/6. A. 1/6. P. 1/12. V. 6.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total* ; the eyes are
situated at the end of the second third of the length of the head ;
nostrils in the middle between the eye and the end of the snout.
Ventral fins somewhat in advance of the dorsal, below the posterior
third of the pectorals. Brownish, marbled with blackish above.
{Val)

Andes of Peru.

2. Arges brachycephalus.
Gunth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 92.

B. 4. D. 1/C. A. 6. P. 1/9. V. 6. Vert. 13/16.
The length of the head is one-fifth of the total ; the eyes are situ-
ated nearly in the middle of the length of the head ; the nostrils are
much nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the orbit : ven-

* One-fifth according to the figure.

89. STYGOGENES. 22'3

tral fins inserted just below the extremity of the pectoral, m the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal. Brown, dotted with black.
Andes of Western Ecuador.

a-d. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

89. STYGOGENES.

Adipose fin short (with or without a spine) ; dorsal and anal short ;
the outer fin-rays somewhat thickened and rough. Teeth small,
slightly curved, notched at the apex, forming a narrow band in each
jaw ; palate toothless ; cleft of the mouth of moderate width, with
a maxillary barbel on each side ; a short broad flap on each side
between the nostrils ; lower lip very b^oad, pendent. Eyes small,
covered with transparent skin. Head covered with soft skin. Gill-
openings not extending downwards to the throat, separated by a
broad isthmus. Ventrals six-rayed, inserted below the dorsal.

I establish thi-o genus on a few very small fishes collected by the late
Madame Pfeiffer, and evidently very similar to the Pimelodus cyclopum
of Humboldt. Indeed it is possible that they belong to that species,
which is so much coveted by zoologists, and the history of which is
still veiled in obscurity. The descriptions by Humboldt are extremely
vague, and want the precision and detail requisite for the determina-
tion of species ; and the figures illustrating them arc below mediocrity,
conveying little more than the general size and shape. Therefore,
when Valenciennes (xv. p. 326) extols the exactness of the figures
and descriptions of the fishes discovered by Humboldt, we must
consider it as a tribute to the " tendre amitie que M. de Humboldt
a pour moi," &c, rather than as consistent with fact.

The most important difference between our specimens and the
Pimelodus cyclopum is in the structure of the adipose fin, which is
supported by a small, stiff, rough spine in our specimens, as in Hy-
postomus. No such spine is visible in the figure given by Humboldt.
But I would not affirm that this is really a specific difference, as it
may have been overlooked by him. In other respects the fishes
agree, as far as we can judge from the monstrous figure.

Madame Pfeiffer was not very accurate with regard to the localities
whence she obtained the species which she collected. Thus, our
specimens are marked as being from the Azores ; of course it is much
more probable that she obtained them during her travels in the
Andes ; perhaps she had some knowledge of the celebrated fish of
Humboldt, and inquired for it.

It remains doubtful, therefore, whether our specimens arc identical
with Pimelodus cyclopum or not. The error of describing them as
distinct will be less than that of confounding them. If they be dis-
tinct, we should consider the new species as the type of the genus.

1. Stygogenes humboldtii.
B. 4. D. 6-1. A. 6. C. 13. P. 8. V. 6.
In general form very similar to Arges. The head is as broad as

224 silitrid^:.

long, its length being two-ninths of the total (without caudal) ; the
eyes are very small, directed upwards, situated in the middle of the
length of the head. The mouth is situated at the lower side of the
snout ; a barbel, half as long as the head, at each angle of the mouth.
Teeth in a narrow band in each ja-w ; those of the outer series in the
upper jaw are narrow and not notched, whilst the hinder ones have
a distinct notch ; mandibulary teeth broader than the upper ones,
notched. The labial fold is emarginate behind. The outer ray of
each fin is thickened, flexible, slightly prolonged, and provided with
small spines directed backwards ; the outer pectoral and ventral rays
subequal in length, the former extending nearly to the second third
of the length of the ventral fin ; the origin of the dorsal is somewhat
posterior to that of the ventral. Ray of the second dorsal fin one-
fourth as long as the head.

a-d. Two inches long. From the Collection of Madame I. Pfeiffer.

2. Stygogenes cyclopum.

Pimelodus cyclopum, Humb. Observ. Zool. i. p. 21. pi. 6.
Arges cyclopum, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 340.

B. 4. D. 6. A. 7. C. 12. P. 9. V. 5.

Adipose fin small, without ray.
Subterranean waters in the Andes of Quito.

90. BRONTES.

Brontes, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 341.

Adipose fin none ; /lorsal and anal short, without pungent spine.
Teeth small, slightly curved, notched at the apex, forming a narrow
band in each jaw ; palate toothless ; cleft of the mouth rather narrow,
with a maxillary barbel on each side ; a short broad flap before the
posterior nostril, which is close to the anterior ; lower lip very broad,
pendent. Eyes minute. Head covered with soft skin. Gill-open-
ings separated by a broad isthmus. Ventrals six-rayed, inserted
below the end of the dorsal.

Andes.

1. Brontes prenadilla.
Cuv. 8r Val. xv. p. 343. pi. 445.

B. 4. D. 7. A. 7. P. 7. V. 6.
Upper lip thick, prominent ; barbels slender, shorter than the head ;
caudal rounded. Coloration uniform. ( Val.)

This small species is found in rivulets descending the Cotopaxi,
and is one of those which are said to be ejected by volcanic action.

91. ASTROBLEPUS.

Astroblepus, Humboldt, Observ. Zool. i. p. 19.
Adipose fin none ; dorsal and anal short, without pungent spine ;
ventral fins absent. Dorsal situated in the anterior half of the height

92. CALLICHTHYS. 225

of the body. Teeth small; palate (probably) toothless ; cleft of the
mouth of moderate width, with a maxillary barbel on each side
Eyes very small. Head covered with soft skin.
Andes.

1. Astroblepus grixalvii.
Humboldt, I. c. pi. 7.

B. 4. D. 7. A. 7. P. 10.
The outer ray of each fin prolonged into a filament. Lips thick,
the upper with folds. Uniform blackish olive. (Humb.)
Rio de Palace, near Popayan.

No specimen is known to exist in a European collection.

b. Body completely cuirassed : Loricarinu.

92. CALLICHTHYS*.

Callichthys, L. Amcen. Acad. i. p. 317 ; Cuv. fy Val, xv. p. 294.
Callichthys, Hoplosternum, et Hoplosoma (Sivains.), Gill.
Callichthys, Hoplosternum, et Corydoras (Lacep.), Bleek. Nederl.
Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 82.

Adipose fin short, supported anteriorly by a short moveable spine ;
dorsal with a feeble spine and seven or eight rays ; anal short. Teeth
minute or entirely absent ; cleft of the mouth rather narrow, with a
pair of maxillary barbels on each side, which are united at the base.
Eyes small. Head covered with osseous plates ; body entirely proT
tected by two series of large imbricate shields on each side. Gill-
openings of moderate width, separated by a broad isthmus. Ven-
trals six-rayed, inserted below the hind part of the dorsal fin.

Rivers of the tropical parts of the continent of South America
flowing into the Atlantic ; Trinidad.

The species of this genus may be divided into the following sub-
generic groups : —

* Head depressed, broader than high ; sides of the head without bristles:

Callichthys, p. 226.

** Head depressed ; sides of the head with bristles : Sderomystax, p. 229.

*** Head compressed; caudal deeply forked: Corydoras, Lacep., p. 229.

Kner has shown that the strength and length of the pectoral spines
are not a specific character in this genus, the males having those
spines stronger and longer than the females ; in the latter they are

* 1. Callichthys exaratus, Mull. 8f Trosch. in Schomb. Brit. Guian. iii. p. 630. —

British Guiana.

2. chiquitos, Casteln. Anim. Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 38. pi. 18. fig. 2. — .

Chiquitos. The caudal fin is nrobably incorrectly drawn.

3. splendens, Casteln. I. c. p. 39. pi. 18. fig. 3. — Rio Tocantins.

4. taiosh, Casteln. I. c. pi. 19. fig. 1, from Uhiquitos. — This fish is known

from a figure only, and would be the type oi a new genus if it be cor
rectly drawn ; the dorsal fin is composed of a strong spine and eleven
soft rays.

VOL. V. y

226 silpbid^:.

sometimes serrated along the inner edge. Young males, again, have,
comparatively, smaller spines than old ones. Several species have
the lower (thoracic) portion of the humeral bones much dilated, and
either entirely naked, or covered only with thin skin ; these plates
are larger in old males than in young ones and in females. In all
the species a small space in the middle of the upper surface of the
snout remains cutaneoiis, but it is larger, and open in front, in young
individuals, whilst it is generally surrounded by bone in mature spe-
cimens.

* Head depressed, broader than high ; sides of the head without bristles.

1. Callichthys asper.

Tamoata, Marcgr. Hist. Bras. p. 151 ; Willughby, Lchthyol. tab. N. 18.

fig. 6.
Callichthys, Linn. Amcen. Acad. i. p. 317. tab. 14. fig. 1.
Cataphractus barbatus, Klein, 31iss. iv. p. 43. no. 5.
Callichthys, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichtli. i. p. 27, and Zoophyl. no. 389.
Seba, iii. tab. 29. fig. 13.

Silurus callichthys, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 50G.
Cataphractus callichthys, Bl, taf. 377. fig. 1; Bl. Schn. p. 107.
Callichthys asper, Quo;/ Sf Gaim. Toy. TJran. Zool. p. 232 ; Cm. # Val.

xv. p. 302 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 107.

lseviceps, Cuv. Sy Val. xv. p. 309.

loricatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 157.

B. 4. D.||l. A. 1/6. P. 1/7. V. 6. Vert. 14/13-14.

No osseous shields between the pectoral fins ; the lower parts
naked. Twenty-eight lateral shields in the upper series, from
twenty-six to twenty-seven in the lower. A broadish space along
the back behind the dorsal fin is naked, but there is a strip of
small scales extending forwards from the adipose fin. The shields
below the adipose fin reach iipwards nearly to its base. The barbels
extend to behind the humeral process. Caudal fin rounded ; pectoral
spines covered with fine bristles. Fins with very small blackish
specks.

Brazil and Guianas.
a, b, c. Many specimens. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.
d. Young. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq.
e,f. Half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.
g. Adult : stuffed. Brazil. Presented by Mrs. Gragan.
h. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
i, Tc. Adult and half-grown.
I. Half-grown: stuffed.
m. Adult male : skeleton. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.

2. Callichthys affinis.
D.{|1. A. 1/6. P. 1/7. V. 6.

Very closely allied to O. asper, but with a smaller number of

92. CALLICHTHYS. 227

lateral shields, of which there are only twenty-six in the upper series,
and from twenty-four to twenty-five in the lower. A naked space
on the back, with a strip of small scales before the adipose fin, as in
C. asper. The shields below the adipose fin are separated from its
base by a naked interspace. The barbels extend to, or nearly to,
the middle of the humeral process. Caudal fin rounded ; pectoral
spines covered with fine bristles. Uniform dark greenish olive.
Rio Grande.

a-d. Adult and half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

3. Callichthys knerii.

Gill, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Nctv York, 1858, vi. p. 394.
D.||l. A. 1/6. P. 1/7. V. 6.

No osseous shields between the pectoral fins, the lower parts being
naked. Pectoral spines compressed, strongly serrated on their edge,
their external side being beset with rather strong, recurved, tooth-
like spines. Caudal rays barred with brownish black. (Gill.)

Trinidad.

4. Callichthys cselatus.
Cuv. Sf Vol. xv. p. 308.

D.i|l. A. 1/4. P. 1/7. V. 6.

No osseous shields between the pectoral fins, the lower parts being
iaked. Nuchal plates very large, interparietal and temporal plates
with a transverse groove. Caudal fin rounded. Blackish green. ( Vol.)

Bahia.

5. Callichthys littoralis.

Callichthys littoralis, Hancock, Zool. Journ. 1829, iv. p. 244.

subulatus, Cuv. Sf Vol. xv. p. 311.

lsevigatus, Valenc. in aV Orb. Vox/. Amer. Mcrid. Atl. Poiss. pi. 5.

fig. 2 ; Cuv. $ Vol. xv. p. 314 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855,

xvii. p. 109.

albidus, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 316.

Hoplostemum L-evigatum, Gill, in Ann. Luc. Nat. Hist. Neic York,

1858, vi. p. 396.
stevardii, Gill, I. c. p. 401.

D. || 1. A. j. P. JL. V. 6. Vert. 12-13/11.

A pair of large osseous shields, in old individuals covered with skin,
between the pectoral fins. Twenty-four lateral shields in the upper
series, and twenty-three in the lower; a series of about nine or
twelve small azygos shields runs from the adipose fin nearly to the
dorsal, separating the lateral shields of both sides. Infraorbital bone
as wide as, or even wider than, the orbit in full-grown examples,
but rather narrower in immature individuals. The barbels extend

Q2

228 SfLTJRID.35.

to, or nearly to, the end of the pectoral fin. Caudal fin slightly
forked. Lower parts immaculate ; caudal without cross-band.
Brazil; Guianas; Trinidad.

a. Half-grown. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock. — Type of

the species.

b, c. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir P. Schomburgk.
d. Nest of the same, built of grasses.

e-h, i, Tc-l. Adult and half- grown. Demerara. Purchased of Mr.

Scrivener.
m-n. Half-grown. Trinidad. Presented by — Taylor, Esq.
o-t. Adult : stuffed. South America.
u, v. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
w. Adult : skeleton. Presented by the Boyal College of Surgeons.

6. Callichthys thoracatus.
Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 309. pi. 443.

D.j|l. A.i. P. 1/9. V. 6.

A .pair of large osseous shields between the pectoral fins. Twenty-
five lateral shields in the upper series, and twenty-three in the lower ;
five shields behind the dorsal fin join with the corresponding ones
of the other side, without being separated by small azygos shields ; a
series of about five or six azygos shields before the adipose fin. Infra-
orbital bone very narrow, only half as wide as the orbit. The barbels
extend to behind the end of the pectoral fin. Caudal fin subtruncated.
Lower parts immaculate ; fins blackish, the caudal with an indistinct
broad dark cross-band.

Guianas; Trinidad; ? Martinique.

a. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir P. Schomburgk.

b. Adult : stuffed. Trinidad. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society. — Vernac. name : Cascadura, or Bush-fish.
c-d. Adult: skins.

7. Callichthys longifilis.

Callichthys longifilis, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 317.

personatus, Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Acad. Scient. Instit. Bonon.

1842, v. p. 322. tab. 24.

pictus, Mull. fy Trosch. in Schomb. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 630.

? Callichthys sulcatus*, Kncr,Sitzgsber. Wien.Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 110.

D.||l. A. 7-8. P.^. V.6.

A pair of large osseous shields between the pectoral fins. Twenty-
four to twenty-five lateral shields in the upper series, and twenty-
four in the lower ; four shields behind the dorsal fin join with the
corresponding ones of the other side, without being separated by small

* All our specimens have a shallow groove in the humeral process for the
reception of the pectoral fin, although in other respects they agree better with C.
longifilis than with C. sulcatus.

92. CALLICHTHYS. 229

azygos shields ; a series of about seven azygos shields before the adi-
pose fin. Infraorbital bone very narrow, much narrower than the
orbit. The barbels extend beyond the root of the ventral. Caudal
fin rounded. The soft portions of the lower side with rounded deep-
brown spots ; dorsal and caudal fins with small black spots, the latter
with a whitish band across its base and with a dark one across the
middle.

Brazil; Guianas.

a-c. Fine specimens. British Guiana.

d. Adult. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

e,f. Half-grown. Biver Cupai (Amazons). Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

g, h. Adult and half-grown.

** Head depressed; sides of the head with bristles.

8. Callichthys barbatus.

Quoy $ Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 234 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 322.
D.jll. A. 7. P. 1/10. V. 6.

No osseous shields between the pectoral fins ; sides of the head, be-
tween the praeoperculum and the end of the snout, with stiff bristles ;
mouth very small, protractile ; maxillary barbels reaching to the
middle of the operculum ; caudal forked. Twenty-five lateral shields
in the upper series, and twenty-four in the lower ; the shields behind
the dorsal fin join with the corresponding ones of the other side ; a
series of five azygos shields before the adipose fin. Dorsal and anal
fins with blackish spots.

Rio Janeiro.

*** Head compressed ; caudal deeply forked.

9. Callichthys punctatus.

Cataphractus punctatus, Bl. taf. 377. fig. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 108.
Corydoras geofiroyi, Lacep. v. pp. 145, 146.

Callichthys punctatus, cF Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Atl. Ichth. pi. 5.
fig. 1; Otiv. Sf Val. xv. p. 318.

D.yll. A. 8. P. 1/9. V. 6.

Head compressed, as high as long, with its upper profile slightly
curved. Maxillary barbels reaching to the gill-opening. Twenty-
one or twenty-two lateral shields in the upper series, and twenty or
twenty-one in the lower : there are three or four azygos shields be-
fore the adipose fin. Caudal fin; forked. (Dorsal and anal fins with
a broad black band ; caudal with four black cross-bands, and with a
black spot at its base.)

Surinam; Montevideo.

a-b. Young. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection. — These
specimens differ somewhat in coloration : nearly the entire dorsal
fin is black, and this colour also extends over some of the shields

230 XILVHXDJE.

below the dorsal fin ; anal and caudal colourless. A blackish
vertical bar below the eye ; body minutely punctulatcd with
black.

10. Callichthys paleatus.
Callichthys paleatus, Jcnyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 113.
D.y|l. A. G. T. 1/7. V. G.

Head slightly compressed, its height being very little less than its
length ; the upper profile of the snout curved. Maxillary barbels
reaching to beneath the middle of the eye ; two short cirri, only half
the length of the maxillary ones, pendent from the reflcxed lower lip.
Twenty-one lateral shields in the upper scries, and twenty in the
lower. Caudal fin forked. Yellowish brown, with dusky spots and
mottlings ; lower parts whitish. Dorsal and caudal spotted. (Jenyns.)

Hah. ?

11. Callichthys aeneus.

Lloplosoma ameum, Gill, in Ann. Lye. Nut. Hist. New York, 1858, vi.
p. 403.

D.||l. A. -J, P. 1/7. V.G.

Very similar to C. paleatus, but all the fins immaculate.
Trinidad.

93. PLEC0ST0MUS*.

I'lecostomus, sp., Artedi, in Seba, iii. p. 87.
I [ypostomus, Lacep. v. p. 144 ; Kner, Ilypostom. p. 250.
Ilypostomus, sp., Cm\ ty Vul. xv. p. 48iJ.

I'lecostomus ot Pscudancistrus, liheh. Nederl. Tydschr. Dicrk. 1803,
p. 78.

A short adipose fin is present, being supported anteriorly by a short,
compressed, curved spine ; dorsal fin of moderate length, with eight
rays, the first of which is simple, slightly thickened, flexible ; anal
fin short ; ventral six- rayed, below the dorsal ; pectoral with a strong
spine. Head and body completely cuirasscd, the lower parts being
sometimes naked ; body rather short, with four or five longitudinal
series of large imbricate scutes on each side ; tail not depressed.
Snout produced, obtuse in front ; mouth inferior, transverse, with a
single series of generally very fine, bent teeth in both jaws; palate
toothless, lntoroperculum without erectile armature. Gill-opening
very narrow.

Continent of tropical America.

* I . Ilypostomus vcrres, C'uv. 8f Val. xv. p. 404. — Cayenne.

2. watwata, Hancock, Zool. Joum.iv.p. 246. — Demerara. This species

has not more than eight dorsal rays, Hancock having used the old style

of writing, D. — , which means that the fin is composed of eight, rays,

wiic of which is spinous. The typical specimen appears (o be lost.

93. PLECOSTOMUS. 231

The species may be subdivided thus : —
a. Teeth in both jaws very fine, numerous.

* Margin of the snout granulated, without bristles : Pleco-

stomus, Blkr., p. 231.
** Margin of the snout with short bristles, which become gra-
dually longer posteriorly : Pseudancisirus, Blkr., p. 237.
/3. Both jaws with small teeth, few in number, much dilated at the
crown : Cochliodon, Heck., p. 238.

a. Teeth in both jaws very fine, numerous.

* Margin of the snout granulated, without bristles.

1. Plecostomus bicirrhosus.

Loricaria plecostomus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 508 ; Bl. taf. 374 ; Bl. Schn.

p. 124.
Plecostomus, Gronov. Mits. Ichth. i. p. 24. no. 67, and Zoophyl. no. 394.

tab. 3. figs. 1 '& 2.
Loricaria flava, Shaw, Zool. v. p. 38. pi. 101.
Hypostomus plecostomus, Cuv. ty Vol. xv. p. 489; Kner, Hypostom.

p. 263.
Plecostomus bicirrhosus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 158.

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. V. 1/5. L. lat. 26.

Head not much depressed, its length being two-sevenths of the
total (without caudal) ; a rather prominent ridge runs from the eye
to below the nostril, the side of the head below the ridge being
slightly concave. Occiput with a rather elevated ridge, scutes of the
nape bicarinate. Labial fold of moderate width, not notched behind,
covered with minute papillae*. Interoperculum with minute, very
short setiform spines. Thorax and belly nearly entirely covered
with minute1 scutes. The lower caudal lobe is considerably stronger
than the upper ; the upper and lower caudal rays are prolonged, and
subequal in length. Head with numerous closely-set brown dots ;
bodj/ and fi^s with larger round spots, which are most distinct on the
abdominal surface.

Brazil ; Surinam ; Venezuela.

a-c. Adult and half-grown. British Guiana.

d. Adult : stuffed. British Guiana.

e. Half-grown. Dutch Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
/. Half-grown. Cayenne.

g. Young. Para. Presented by R. Graham, Esq.

h. Half-grown : bad state. Purchased of Mr. Bartlett.

i. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Plecostomus panthernras.
Kner, Hypostom. p. 267.

D. 1/7 A. 5. P. 1/6. L. lat. 24-25.
The length of the head is only one-third of the total (with the

* The teeth vary in number ; I count from sixteen to twenty-six in each man
dible and intermaxillary in specimens from the same locality.

232 SILURIDiE.

caudal) ; margin of the snout granulated, except in the middle of its
extremity, where it is naked ; a ridge runs from the upper angle of
the orbit to below the nostril ; occiput elevated, with two keels, each
terminating in a point. The free margin of the interoperculum with
small spines. Thorax and belly naked ; scutes of the body keeled ;
there aro twelve scutes between anal and caudal. The outer pectoral
rays extend beyond the base of the ventrals, and are armed with
bristles. A few scattered round spots on the head, body, and fins ;
they are smallest on the head. (Kner.)
Ttio Guapore.

This species is known from a single example only ; it is 3 inches
long.

3. Plecostomus horridus.

Hypostomus horridus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 259. taf. 1.
? Hypostomus emarginatus, Kner, Hypostom. p.- 2G0 (female?) (not
Cuv. Sf Veil).

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. L. lat. 27-28.

Head rather depressed, its length being a little less than one-fourth
o' the total (without caudal) ; occiput with a slight prominence. Eye
of moderate size, its diameter being one -third of the width of the
interorbital space. Interoperculum not armed. Throat, thorax, and
belly covered with very small scutes. Dorsal fin rather higher than
long, the length of its base being much less than its distance from
the second dorsal. Caudal fin deeply emarginate, its outer rays being
armed with long setiform curved spines, like the outer pectoral ray.
The latter docs not quite extend to the base of the ventral fin. Fifteen
scutes between the anal and caudal fins. The lateral scutes of the
body slightly keeled, each keel terminating in several small hooks.
All parts with round black spots, those on the head being the smallest ;
there are two series of these spots in each interradial space of the
dorsal fin. (Kner.)

Rio Guapore.

4. Plecostomus commersonii.

Lacepede, v. pi. 4. fig. 2.

Hypostomus commersonii, Valenc. in cCOrb. Voy. Amcr. Surf, Poiss.

pi. 7. fig. 2 (not good) ; Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 495.
? Hypostomus commersonii, Kner, Hypostom. p. 262.
Hypostomus subcarinatus, Casteln. Anim, Amer. Surf, Poiss. p. 42.

pi. 21. fig. 1.

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. V. l/o. L. lat. 30.

Head not much depressed, its length being two-sevenths of the
total (without caudal) ; no ridge between eye and nostril ; occiput
with a rather elevated obtuse ridge ; the median scutes of the nape
elevated in the middle and obtusely bicarinate. The middle of the
extremity of the snout is naked; labial fold of moderate width* not
uotched behind, covered with minute papilla:. Interoperculum with-
out any spines. The entire lower side of the head, thorax, and belly

93. PLECOSTOMUS. 233

covered with minute scutes. The length of the base of the dorsal Jin
is more than its distance from the second Jin. There are eight scutes
between the two fins. Caudal fin obliquely emarginate. The pectoral
spine extends to the second third of the length of the ventral fin, and
has its extremity covered with very short spines. Sixteen scutes be-
tween anal and caudal ; the lateral scutes of the body with slightly
serrated keels. Head, back, and fins with numerous brown dots ;
three or four irregular series of dots in each interradial space of the
dorsal fin ; caudal fin nearly uniform blackish.
Brazil.

a. Adult. Rio Grande. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

5. Plecostomus punctatus.

PHypostomus punctatus, Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 493.

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/G. V. 1/5. L. lat. 31.

Head rather depressed, its length being one-fourth of the total
(without caudal) ; no ridge between eye and nostril ; superciliary
edge not elevated ; occiput with a slight longitudinal elevation along
its middle, and somewhat produced backwards ; nuchal scutes incon-
spicuously bicarinatc. The middle of the extremity of the snout is
naked ; labial fold of moderate width, not notched behind, covered
with minute papillae. . Intcroperculum without any spines. The
entire lower side of the head, thorax, and belly covered with minute
scutes. The length of the base of the dorsal is less than its distance
from the second Jin ; there are nine scutes between the two fins.
Caudal fin obliquely emarginate. The pectoral spine extends some-
what beyond the base of the ventral, and has its hinder portion
covered with small curved spines. Sixteen scutes between anal and
caudal ; the lateral scutes of the body with indistinct keels, each keel
terminating in a bundle of very small spines. Head, back, and fins
with numerous brown dots : they arc arranged in two series between
every pair of the dorsal ravs, and in a single series between the
caudal rays.

Brazil.

a. Adult. Brazil ?

b. Adult : stuffed. South America.

6. Plecostomus eniarginatus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 500.

D. 1/7. A. 1/4. P. 1/(5.

Body and tail rather elongate. The pectoral spines extend scarcely
to the base of the ventral ; scutes very slightly keeled. The occipital
shield has an obtuse prominence, and instead of being produced be-
hind, it is emarginate. Two scries of spots in each interradial space
of the dorsal fin. ( Val.)

Brazil?

234 silukid^:.

7. Plecostomus alatus.

Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 41. pi. 20. fig. 1.

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. V. 1/5. L. lat. 27.

Head depressed, with scarcely any prominence on the occiput and
on the nape; its length is a little more than one-fourth of the total
(without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-half of the width
of the interorbital space. The middle of the extremity of the snout
is naked; interoperculum without spines. The lower side of the
head is naked, with the exception of a granulated elongate-ovate
space on each side of the anterior labial fold ; a similar granulated
patch between the mouth and the gill-opening. The thorax is
nearly entirely covered with granulations, whilst the sides of the
belly remain naked. Dorsal fin very high, the anterior rays being
much longer than the head ; the length of its base is rather more
than its distance from the second fin ; there are eight scutes between
the two fins. Caudal fin subtruncated, with the lower rays rather
longer than the upper. The pectoral spine is broad, extending to
the second third of the length of the ventral, and is covered above
with numerous slender curved spines. Thirteen scutes between anal
and caudal. Scutes of the body granulated, without keels ; post-
humeral ridge distinct, but obtuse. All parts with numerous small
round yellow spots ; each of the larger scutes has two or three of
these spots, the smaller ones only one.

Minas Geraes.

a. Skin: 17 inches long. River Cipo. From Mr. Ch. Cumberland's
Collection. — Vernac. name : Cascudo.

8. Plecostomus anroguttatus.

Ilypostomus auroguttatus, Sner, Hypostom. p. 2G9. taf. 2. fig. 3.
asperatus, Casteln. Anint Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 41. pi. 20. fig. 2.

D. 1/7. A. 5.

Occiput and nape depressed; the length of the head is less than
one-third of the total (without caudal) ; snout very broad and obtuse,
semicircular, the head being as broad as long ; eye of moderate size,
its diameter being somewhat less than one-half of the width of the
interorbital space. Scutes of the body with scarcely any keels, but
with the margins spiny ; margins of the opercles with short spines.
Thi'oat, thorax, and belly with only a few small granulated patches,
otherwise naked. There are twelve or thirteen scutes between anal
and caudal. Lower jaw with about sixty thin, long, non-lobate
teeth on each side. Dorsal fin rather higher than long, the length
of its first ray being equal to that of the head. The pectoral spine
extends to the end of the ventral. Sides of the body with irregular
longish yellowish spots, sometimes confluent into bands. Fins with
similar spots. (Kiier.)

Brazil.

93. plecostomus. 235

9. Plecostomus wuchereri.
D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. V. 1/5. L. lat. 26.

Head and nape depressed, scarcely elevated along the middle, its
length hcing contained thrice and two-thirds in the total (without
caudal). No ridge between the eye and the nostril. The diameter
of the eye is one-third of the width of the interorbital 3pacc. The
middle of the extremity of the snout is naked. Labial folds well
developed, with numerous papillae ; barbel short, as long as the eye.
Upper jaw with about forty-five teeth on each side, the lower with
about thirty- six. Interopcrculum without any spines. A triangular
space on each side of the lower surface of the head, between the
labial fold and the gill-opening, is covered with minute shields, the
interspace behind the middle of the lower lip being naked. Thorax
and a large triangular blotch, extending in the middle of the beDy
to between the ventral fins, covered with minute rough shields,
the lateral portions of the belly being naked. The length of the
base of the dorsal is more than its distance from the second fin ;
there arc six or seven scutes between the two fins. Dorsal fin not
much higher than long, the length of its first ray being less than
that of the head. Caudal fin obliquely subtrunca^ed ; its outer rays
arc not spiny, and the lower is only a little longer than the upper ;
there are thirteen or fourteen scutes between the anal and caudal.
Pectoral spine very strong, armed above with numerous long curved
spines ; it extends backwards to, or nearly to, the middle of the ven-
tral fin The scutes of the body arc striated, but not keeled, and the
posthuiiieral ridge is rather obtuse. Body and all the fins with nu-
merous round brown spots, which are not much smaller than the
eye, forming two series between the dorsal rays, and one between
the caudal rays.

Brazil.

a. Fine specimen. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wuchcrer's Collection.
l>-c. Adult: stuffed: 13 inches long. Purchased of Mr. Argent.
d. Half- grown. From the Collection of the" Zoological Society.

10. Plecostomus brevicauda.

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. V. 1/5. L. lat. 26.

Head and nape depressed, scarcely elevated along the middle ; its
length is two-sevenths of the total (without caudal). No ridge be-
tween the eye and the nostril. The diameter of the eye is nearly
one-third of the width of the interorbital space. The middle of the
extremity of the snout is naked. Labial folds well developed, with
numerous papillae ; barbel short, longer than the eye. There are
about forty teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws. Inter-
opcrculum without any spines. A triangular space on each side of
the lower surface of the head, between tfie labial fold and the gill-
opening, the thorax, and almost the entire abdomen before the ven-
trals are covered with minute rough shields. The length of the base
of the dorsal fin equals its distance from tnc caudal ; there are (seven

236 8iiurid^;.

or eight scutes between the two dorsal fins. Dorsal a little higher
than long, the length of its first ray being a little more than that of
the head. Caudal fin obliquely subtruncated ; its outer rays are not
spiny, and the lower is longer than the upper ; there are twelve
scutes between the anal and caudal. Pectoral spine very strong,
armed above with numerous long curved spines ; it extends back-
wards to the second third of the length of the ventral. The scutes
of the body are striated, but not keeled, and the posthumeral ridge
is rather obtuse. All the fins with numerous black dots, which are
only one-half or one-third as large as the eye, forming three irre-
gular series in each interradial space of the dorsal fin, and two in
each of the caudal.
Brazil.

a-b. Fine specimens, 10 inches long. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wu-
cherer's Collection.

11. Plecostomus robinii.
Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 501.

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. L. lat. 26.

Head depressed, with scarcely any prominence on the occiput and
nape, its length being one-third of the total (without caudal) ; no
ridge between eye and nostril. Snout broad, subsemicircular, with
its extremity somewhat thickened, and naked in the middle ; labial
fold of moderate width, not notched behind. Interoperculum with-
out any spines. Thorax and belly entirely naked, there being only
a few minute granulations between the labial fold and the gill-
opening. Dorsal fin rather longer than high, the length of its base
being more than its distance from the second fin. There are seven
scutes between the two fins. Caudal obliquely emarginate. The
pectoral spine extends to the base of the ventral, and has its extre-
mity covered with very short bristles. Fourteen scutes between
anal and caudal ; the lateral scutes of the body without keels or
prominent spines ; posthumeral ridge very obtuse. Head, body, and
fins with round black spots, those on the head being much more
numerous and considerably smaller than the others ; the spots on
the body are arranged in about five longitudinal series ; only one
series on each interradial space of the dorsal fin ; the spots of the
caudal fin form six transverse series.

South America; (Rio de la Plata, Trinidad*).

a. Fine specimen. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.

* Trinidad appears to be inhabited by a species with the scutes keeled ; it has
been described by Mr. Gill under the name of Hypostomus robinii, but is evi-
dently different from our species (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vi. p. 46).

93. PLECOSTOMUS. 237

12. Plecostomus granosus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 502.

D. 8. A. 7*. P. 1/7*.

Interoperculum without spines. Head and body depressed, with-
out keels or ridges. Lips with coarse soft granulations; a large
space before the ventrals is occupied by osseous scutes, so that only
the anterior half of the abdomen, and the praeanal region are naked.
The eyes are small, placed between the second and third thirds of
the length of the head, which is one-fourth of the total (with the
caudal). Brownish. (Val.)

Cayenne ; Brazil.

•* Margin of the snout with short bristles.

13. Plecostomus barbatus.

Cuv. $■ Val. xv. p. 606 ; Ktier, Hypostom. p. 268. taf. 2. fig. 2.
D.l/7. A. 5-6. P. 1/6. L. lat. 24-25.

Head much depressed, with the occiput and nape very little con-
vex ; its length is contained thrice and a third in the total (without
caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-half of the width of the
interorbital space. The margin of the snout from its extremity to the
gill-opening is soft, and covered with very small prickles, which
become a little longer backwards ; the operculum also has a finely
serrated margin f. The lower side of the head, thorax, and belly
entirely naked. Dorsal fin not higher than long in old examples,
but rather higher in immature specimens ; the anterior rays always
shorter than the head ; the length of the base of the dorsal fin is
nearly equal to its distance from the caudal ; there are six or seven
scutes between the two dorsal fins. Caudal fin obliquely truncated,
the lower rays being considerably longer than the upper. The pec-
toral spine is broad, extending nearly to the middle of the ventral,
and is covered above with short curved spines. Twelve scutes be-
tween anal and caudal : scutes of the body finely granulated and
striated, without keels ; posthumeral ridge very obtuse. Uniform
dark brown.

Surinam.

a. Fine specimen, 9 inches long. Surinam. Purchased of Mr.

Kappler.

b, c. Half-grown and young.

14. Plecostomus gnttatus.
Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 508.
Very similar to P. barbatus, but with conspicuously smaller eyes.

D. 1/7. A. 6. P. 1/6. L. lat. 25.
Head much depressed, with the occiput and the nape flattish ; its

* These numbers are so unusual in this genus, that we may well suspect them
to be erroneous.

t This species evidently approaches the group with erectile interopercular
spines.

238 silxtrid^.

length is contained thrice and a third in the total (without caudal) ;
the diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the width of the interorbital
spacej, Margin of the snout soft and naked anteriorly ; laterally
with small spiny scutes, the bristles becoming a little longer on the
interoperculum , margin of the operculum not serrated. The lower
side of the head, thorax, and belly entirely naked. Dorsal fin longer
than high, the length of its anterior rays being two-thirds of that of
the head ; the length of its base is more than its distance from the
second fin ; there are seven scutes between the two dorsal fins.
Caudal obliquely truncated. The pectoral spine does not extend to
the root of the ventral. Ten scutes between anal and caudal ; scutes
of the body finely granulated and striated, without keels ; post-
humeral ridge very obtuse. Uniform dark brown. (According to
Valenciennes, a series of white spots in each interval between the
dorsal rays.)
Guiana.

a. Five and a half inches long. British Guiana. Presented by Su-
fi. Schomburgk.

/3. Teeth few in number, much dilated at the crown.

15. Plecostomus cochliodon.

Cochliodon hypostomii9, Heckel, MS.

Hypostomus cochliodon, Kner, Hypostom. p. 265. taf. 2. fig;. 1.

D. 1/7. A. 5. .P. 1/6.

The length of the head is not quite one-third of the total (without
caudal) ; occiput and nuchal region elevated. The free margin of
the opercles with small spines ; scutes of the body keeled, the keels
being serrated. Jaws with only seven or eight short teeth on each
side, which terminate in a dilated spoon-like crown. Throat, thorax,
and belly covered with small scutes. Dorsal fin as high as long ;
there are five or six scutes between the second dorsal and the caudal.
The pectorals extend beyond the base of the ventrals, and their outer
ray is armed with long curved spines ; caudal with the lobes of
nearly equal length. Yellowish brown, with a few scattered round
brown spots. {Kner.)

Rio Cujaba.

94. LIPOSARCUS.

This genus agrees in all the characters with Plecostomus, having
the interoperculum entirely destitute of spines, but there are thirteen
or fourteen rays in the dorsal fin.

Surinam and Brazil.

1. Liposarcus multiradiatus.
Hypostomus multiradiatus, Hancock, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 246.
D. 1/13. A. 5. P. 1/6. V. 1/5. L. lat. 29.
Head not depressed, its length being two-sevenths of the total
(without caudal) ; a rather prominent ridge runs from the eye to

94. liposa/kcus. 239

below the nostril ; occiput with a rather elevated ridge, scutes of the
nape bicarinate. Barbel longer than the eye, which is rather small,
its diameter being nearly one-fourth of the width of the interorbital
space. Interoperculum without any spines. Thorax and belly en-
tirely granulated. Dorsal fin much longer than high, the length of
its base being equal to its distance from the extremity of the snout ;
the length of its anterior rays equals that of the head ; there are six
scutes between the two dorsal fins. (Caudal fin injured.) Eleven
scutes between anal and caudal. The pectoral spine does not extend
on to the middle of the ventral. Scutes of the body with a serrated
keel. Ferruginous grey.
Demerara.

a. Type of the species, 6| inches long : stuffed. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.

2. Liposarcus altipinnis.

D. 1/13. A. 5. P. 1/6. V. 1/5. L. lat. 29

Head not depressed, its length being one-third of the total (with-
out caudal) ; it is longer than broad, and has the snout somewhat
pointed ; the side of the head below the nostril is somewha t impressed.
Occiput and nape very conspicuously elevated. Eye of moderate size,
its diameter being one-half of the width of the interorbital space.
Teeth minute ; barbel as long as the eye. Interoperculum without any
armature. Thorax and belly nearly entirely naked ; some minute gra-
nulations are visible on the side of the belly and along the median line.
Scutes of the body strongly striated, the middle stria being elevated
into a keel. Dorsal fin high, its third ray being considerably longer
than the head, and its last extending to the root of the caudal if laid
backwards ; the length of its base equals its height, and its distance
from the extremity of the snout. There are six scutes between the
two dorsal fins. Caudal fin obliquely subtruncated, the lower lobe
being considerably longer than the upper, and nearly one-third of the
total length; anal fin well developed; there are thirteen scutes between
the anal and caudal. Pectoral spine extending beyond the base of
the ventral. Entirely brownish black ; dorsal fin with two series of
scarcely conspicuous round black spots along its basal portion.

River Cupai.

b. Four and a half inches long. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

3. Liposarcus pardalis.

Hypostomus pardalis, Casteln. Anim. Amtr. Sud, Poiss. p. 42. pi. 20.
fig. 3.

D.^. A. 1/5.

Head and body rather depressed and elongate ; scutes of the hody
strongly keeled. Dorsal fin much longer than high. Yellowish, with
numerous brown dots.

River Amazons.

240 SILURIDJ2.

95. C&ETOSTOMUS*.

Chaetostomus, Heckelf, in Tschudi, Faun. Per. Pisces, p. 25.

Hypostonius, sp., Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 503.

Chaetostomus et Ancistri brachypteri, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss.

1854, vii. p. 256.
Ancistrus, Hfimiancistrus, Chaetostomus, Parancistrus, et Pseudacan-

thicus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 78.

This genus differs from Hypostomus in having the interoperculum
very moveable and armed with erectile spines ; the number of dorsal
rays varies between eight and ten.

Continent of tropical America ; Porto Rico.

Some ichthyologists are of opinion that the species of this genus
are subject to changes in the development of the pectoral spines-, of
the dorsal rays, and of the armature of the interoperculum, and,
further, that the sexes differ in external characters. If this be so,
it is certainly not the case in all the species, as I have found young
and old individuals of one and the same species remarkably alike,
if obtained at the same locality. However, the eye and the head
always appear to be larger in young individuals than in old ones,
as has been already urged by Kner on different occasions. The
species themselves are imperfectly known, as they are not largely
represented in collections made in South America. Most of them
appear to be local, and therefore we may expect numerous additions
to the already considerable number of species known. There are
many intermediate forms between the species with elevated and
mailed head, and those with depressed head and soft-skinned snout,
so that but little value can be attached to the subgeneric divisions
which have lately been proposed.

The species may be divided as follows : —

I. Margin of the snout with hard granulations.

a. Dorsal fin nine-rayed : Pseudaeanthicus, Blkr., p. 241.

/3. Dorsal fin eight-rayed.

* Scutes of the body with distinct keels ; dorsal fins distant : He-
miancistrus, Blkr., p. 242.

** Scutes of the body without distinct keels; dorsal fins distant:
Ancistrus, sp., Blkr., p. 244.

*** Dorsal fins subcontinuous : Parancistrus, Blkr., p. 246.

* 1. Hypostomus bufonius, Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 511. — Rio Apurimac (Peru).

2. temminckii, Cuv. § Val. xv. p. 514. — Cayenne.

3. Hypostoma squalinum, Schomb. Fish. Brit. Guian. i. p. 142. pi. 2. — British

Guiana,
t Although Tschudi claims the authorship of this genus and of the typical
species ( Ch. loborhynchus), it is evident, from the scientific character of the de-
scription, that it is from another pen. Kner, indeed, informs us that it is Heckel
who named, described, and figured that genus and the species in the 'Fauna
Peruana.' This fact reminds us of a similar claim laid by Bibron to some of
the genera of Batrachians published by the same author.

95. CBLETOSTOMTJS. 241

II. Snout more or less naKed.

a. Dorsal fin eight-rayed : Ancistrus, sp., Blkr.

* Snout with tentacles, p. 247.

** Snout without tentacles, p. 249.
fi. Dorsal fin nine- or ten-rayed.

* Snout with tentacles, p. 249.

** Snout without tentacles; upper lahial fold not dilated in the
middle, p. 250.
*** Snout without tentacles; upper labial fold much dilated in the
middle : Chcetostomus, Heck., p. 250.

I. Margin of the snout with hard granulations.
a. Dorsal fin nine-rayed.

1. Chaetostomus serratus.

Hypostomus serratus, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 503.
Pseudacanthicus serratus, Meek. I. c. p. 79.

D. 1/8. A. 6. P. 1/6. V. 1/5.

Head large, depressed, longer than broad, its length being one-
third of the total (without caudal) ; snout broad and elongate ; inter-
orbital space flat ; eye rather small. The margin of the snout is
covered with small spinous plates, the spines on the side of the snout
being the largest ; interoperculum with a bundle of about fifteen
slender spines, which are much longer than the orbit, but do not
extend beyond the gill-opening. Thorax and belly naked. Dorsal
fin sometimes a little higher than long, sometimes lower, the length
of its base being rather less than its distance from the caudal ; there
are eight scutes between the two dorsal fins. Lower caudal lobe not
much longer than upper. Pectoral spine strong, covered with long
hook-like spines, and extending somewhat beyond the base of the
ventral. Ten scutes between anal and caudal. Scutes of the body
covered with spines, those along the median line of each scute being
long, similar to those of the pectoral spine. Posthumeral ridge in-
distinct. Deep black or brownish black, with a few inconspicuous
small round whitish spots on the lower part of the tail.

Surinam.
a-b. From twelve to fifteen inches long. From the Stuttgart Museum.

2. Chgetostomus spinosus.

Hypostomus spinosus, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 45. pi. 22.
fig. 3.

D. 1/8. A. 6.

Snout depressed and rather long ; body somewhat elongate ; eye
small. Head, scutes of the body, and the outer fin-rays covered with
spines. The pectoral spine is not longer than the head. All parts
covered with small round black spots. (Cast.)

River Amazons.

Kner considers this fish identical with Acanthicus hustrix, Spix
(Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 348).

VOL. V. K

242 silurid^;.

/3. Dorsal fin eight-rayed.
* Scutes of the body with distinct keels.

3. Cliaetostomus medians.
? Ancistrus medians, Kner, Hypostom. p. 256.

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. L. lat. 24.

Head large, not depressed, broader than long, its length being
contained thrice and a third in the total (without caudal); snout
very broad, rounded in front. Orbit elevated, interorbital space rather
concave ; eye large, its distance from the posterior end of the head
being equal to its diameter, which is more than one-half of the width
of the interorbital space. The margin of the snout is roughly granu-
lated ; interoperculum with a bundle of about thirty-five setiform
spines, the longest of which are one-third of the length of the head,
and extend backwards to behind the root of the pectoral. Thorax
and belly nearly entirely naked, being covered with patches of small
granulations only laterally and anteriorly. Dorsal fin nearly as high
as long, the length of its anterior rays being rather less than that
of the head ; the length of its base is nearly equal to its distance
from the caudal ; there are six scutes between the two dorsal fins.
Caudal fin obliquely truncated, the lower lobe being much longer
than the upper. The pectoral spine is strong, extending to the
middle of the ventral fin, and covered behind with setiform spines ;
the ventral fins extend somewhat behind the anal. Thirteen scutes
between anal and caudal ; scutes of the body with a prominent ser-
rated keel and with radiating rough striae ; posthumeral ridge rather
distinct. Brown, all parts covered with round black spots of moderate
size ; those on the head are smaller, and those on the belly less nu-
merous, than those on the back. The spots on the dorsal fin form two
series on each interradial space, partly covering the rays.

Surinam.
a-b. Fine specimens. Purchased of Mr. Kappler.

I nave no doubt that our specimens are identical with Ancistrus
medians of Kner, although he describes the belly as densely covered
with small shields ; M. Kner saw his specimens in the Stuttgart
Collection, which received them from the same source as the British
Museum.

4. Chaetostomus pictus.

Ancistrus pictus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 277. taf. 4. fig. 2.
D. 1/7. A. 6. L. lat. 23-24.
Head broad, much depressed, without prominence on the occiput;
its length is one-third of the total (without caudal). Eye of mode-
rate size, two-thirds of the width of the interorbital space ; an obtuse
ridge runs from the orbit to below the nostril. Margin of the snout
granulated, except in the middle of its extremity. Interoperculum
with a bundle of about twenty setiform spines, the longest of which
are one-third as long as the head. Scutes of the sides of the body
keeled. Dorsal fin rather longer than high ; the pectoral spine ex-

95. CH^TOSTOMUS. 243

tends to the middle of the ventral. Caudal fin obliquely truncated.
Brownish : the upper surface of the head and the body with rather
irregidar yellowish spots, which are partly confluent into cross-bands.
Dorsal fin with three dark longitudinal bands. Lower parts whitish,
immaculate. (Kner.)
Barra do Rio Negro.

5. Chaetostomus brachyurus.
Ancistrus brachyurus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 279. taf. 4. fig. 1.
D. 1/7. A. 6. L. lat. 23.

Head depressed, without prominence on the occiput, as broad as
long, its length being one-third of the total (without caudal) ; eye
rather large, its diameter, being two-thirds of the width of the inter-
orbital space ; margin of the snout granulated, except in the middle
of its extremity, where it is naked. Interoperculum with about
twenty setiform spines, the longest of which are one-third as long
as the head. Scutes of the body with a serrated keel ; thorax and
belly naked; twelve scutes between anal and caudal. Dorsal fin
considerably longer than high, the length of its base being somewhat
less than its distance from the caudal. Pectoral spine longer than
the head, extending to the middle of the ventral. Caudal fin ob-
liquely truncated. Brown ; dorsal fin with three dark bands. {Kner.)

Barra do Rio Negro.

6. Chaetostomus itacua.

Hypostomus itacua, Valenc. in d'Orb. Voy. Amir. Merid. Poiss.pl. 7.
fig. 1 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 505 *.

D. 1/7. A. 5.

Occiput with a slight prominence. Eye of moderate size, its dia-
meter being two-thirds of the width of the intei orbital space. Body
with light longitudinal bands ; fins with bluish eross-bands. (Val.)

Rio de la Plata.

7. Chaetostomus niveatus.

Hypostomus niveatus, Casteln. Anim. Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 43. pi. 21.

fig. 3.
? Hypostomus pictus, Casteln. I. c. p. 44. pi. 22. fig. 2 f.

D. 1/7. A. 5.

Dorsal fin considerably longer than high ; caudal obliquely trun-

* This species is very imperfectly known, the figure given in d'Orbigny's
work being indifferently executed. Kner (Hypostom. p. 281) mentions a species
in the Berlin Museum, probably the same as that collected by Schomburgk in
British Guiana and determined by Midler and Troschel. From the notes made
by Kner from these specimens, it appears that they belong to a species different
from the itacua of the Kio de la Plata.

t It will be better to bury this so-called new species of M. Castelnau among
the synonyms, than to carry it on as a doubtful form, as it is not probable that
it will be recognized and characterized at a future time

r2

244 SILTJRID^.

cated. Interopercular spines long, setiform. Brownish : body and
fins with numerous small round white spots.
Rio Araguay.

8. Chaetostomus scaphirhynchus.

Ancistrus scaphirhynchus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 280. taf. 3. fig. 2.

D. 1/7. A. 6. L. lat. 25-26.

Head much depressed, without prominence on the occiput, longer
than broad, its length being one-third of the total (without caudal).
Snout very broad, very obtusely rounded in front, with the margin
granulated. Eye of moderate size, its diameter being one-third, or
less than one-third, of the width of the interorbital space ; super-
ciliary margin elevated. Interoperculum with from fifteen to eighteen
setiform spines. Lateral scutes of the body with a serrated keel ;
thorax and belly naked ; thirteen scutes between anal and caudal.
Dorsal fin longer than high. Pectoral spine nearly as long as the
head, extending somewhat beyond the root of the ventral. Caudal
obliquely truncated, the lower lobe being one-third longer than the
upper. Brown. {Kner.)

Barra do Bio Negro.

** Scutes of the body without distinct keels; dorsal fins distant.

9. Chaetostomus mystacinus.
Ancistrus mystacinus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 276.

D. 1/7. A. 6. L. lat. 22-23.

Head much depressed, without prominence on the occiput; its
length is one-third of the total (without caudal) : eye of moderate size,
its diameter being nearly one-third of the width of the interorbital
space. Margin of the snout granulated, with very short, but rather
thick bristles; interopercular region with long fine bristles partly
covering the interopercular spines, which are about twenty in number,
long, setiform, and curved at their extremity. Scutes spiny, the
spines being arranged in lines, not keeled ; posthumeral ridge ob-
tuse. Dorsal fin nearly as high as long ; the pectoral spine extends
to the base of the ventral, and is rather shorter than the head.
Caudal forked, its lower lobe being the longer. Greyish olive : four
or five large round black spots along each dorsal ray ; the upper lobe
of the caudal with similar spots, the lower entirely black. {Kner.)

Caraccas.

10. Chaetostomus oligospilus,

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. L. lat. 26.

Head not depressed, as broad as long, its length being contained
thrice and a fourth in the total (without caudal) ; a very distinct
short ridge runs from the upper angle of the orbit to below the nos-
tril ; occiput with a slight longitudinal prominence. Orbital margin
rather elevated ; eye of moderate size, its horizontal diameter being

95. CH^ETOSTOMUs. 245

one-half of the.width of the interorbital space. Margin of the snout
granulated, without bristles ; interoperculum with a bundle of about
sixteen setiform spines, the longest of which are nearly one-third of
the length of the head, and extend backwards to the root of the
pectoral. Thorax and belly nearly entirely naked, being covered with
patches of small granulations only laterally and anteriorly. Dorsal
fin higher than long, the length of its anterior rays being more than
that of the head ; the length of its base is less than its distance from
the caudal; there are seven scutes between the two dorsal fins.
Caudal fin forked, the lower lobe being stronger, but not longer than
the upper. The pectoral spine extends nearly to the middle of the
ventral fin, the ventral fin to behind the anal. Thirteen scutes between
anal and caudal. Scutes of the body without a keel; po^humeral
ridge rather indistinct. Brown, all parts covered with round black
spots of moderate size ; those on the head are smaller than those on
the body, those on the fins being the largest ; there is only one series
of these spots on each interradial space of the dorsal fin ; the spots
on the caudal are as large as the eye.

River Capin.
a. Five incher long. Purchased of Mr. Stevens

11. Chaetostomus schomburgkii.
D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. L. lat. 25.

Head much depressed, a little longer than broad, its length being
one-third of the total (without caudal) ; occipital and nuchal regions
flat. Snout broad, much depressed, granulated above and on the
margin, except in the middle of its extremity, where it is naked ; its
margin is without bristles ; interoperculum with a bundle of about
thirty long setiform spines, the longest of which is one-third of the'
length of the head. Eye rather small, its diameter being one-third
of the width of the interorbital space. Thorax and belly entirely
naked. Dorsal fin scarcely longer than high, the length of its base
being a little more than its distance from the second fin ; there are
seven scutes between the two fins. Caudal obliquely truncated. The
pectoral spine extends just to the base of the ventral. Eleven scutes
between anal and caudal. The lateral scutes of the body without
any keels, but with the margin slightly serrated. Posthumeral ridge
very obtuse. Brownish, clouded with darker ; fin-ravs with brown
dots.

British Guiana.

a-b. Three and a half inches long. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

12. Chaetostomus guacharote.
Hypostomus guacharote, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 508.
D, 1/7. A. 6. P. 1/6.
Interoperculum witn about twenty setiform spines, the longest of
which are one-third of the length of the head. Head depressed, with-

246 silvbuj>m.

out protuberance in the occipital region ; it is as broad as long, and
its length is two-ninths of the total (with the caudal). Scutes stri-
ated, not keeled. The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the width
of the interorbital space. The pectoral spine extends beyond the
root of the ventral fin ; caudal forked, with the lobes much pointed.
Thorax and belly naked. Brownish. ( Val.)
Porto Rico.

13. Chsetostomus trinitatis.
Ancistrus guacharote, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New ¥orfc, vi. p. 409.
D. 1/7. A. 4. P. 1/6.

Head depressed, without protuberance in the occipital region ; it
is as broad as long, its length being one-third of the total (without
caudal). The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the width of the
interorbital space. Interoptrculum with a tuft of long and slender
spines. Scutes of the body not keeled. The distance between the
two dorsal fins is only one-half of the length of the base of the first
Caudal forked, with the lobes pointed. Thorax and belly naked.
Uniform reddish brown.

Trinidad.

Mr. Gill says that the species found by him agrees in every par-
ticular with H. guacharote of Valenciennes ; but it is evident from
the number of the anal rays, which are six in the latter species, that
these fishes are different.

*** Dorsal fins subcontinuous.

14. Ch&tostomus aurantiacus.
Hypostomus aurantiacus, Casteln. Anim.Amer. Sttd, Poiss. p. 43. pi. 21.
%• 2.

D. 1/7. A. 5. V.l/4?

Head large, depressed, one^-third of the total length (without
caudal) ; eye small ; interoperculum with numerous setiform spines.
Dorsal fin longer than high ; the membrane behind its last ray ex-
tends on to the isolated second dorsal spine. Pectoral spine covered
with bristles. Scutes of the body not keeled. Orange-coloured.
{Cast.)

Ucayale.

15. Chsetostomus nigricans.

Hypostomus nigricans, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Slid, Poiss. p. 44. pi. 22.
fig. 1.

D. 1/7. A. 5.

Head broad, depressed, with the snout obtuse ; body and tail short.
Interopercular spines long, setiform. Dorsal fin considerably longer
than high, the membrane behind its last ray extending backwards
to the second dorsal spine. Caudal fin obliquely truncated. (Cast.)

River Amazons.

95. CHJETOSTOMUS. 247

II. Snout more or less naked.

a. Dorsal fin eight-rayed.

* Snout with tentacles.

16. Chaetostomus cirrhosus.

Hypostomus cirrhosus, Valenc. in cCOrbign. Voy. Am£r. Mtrid. Poiss.

pi. 7. fig. 3; Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 511.
Ancistrus cirrhosus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 272.

D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. L. lat. 23-25.

Head much depressed, occipital and nuchal regions without any
prominence ; the length of the head is contained twice and two-
thirds or twice and three-fourths in the total (without caudal).
Snout hroad, much depressed, nearly entirely covered with soft skin,
and provided with many tentacles in adult males ; females and young
specimens with only a few tentacles in front of the snout ; eye of
moderate size, its diameter being one-third or one-fourth of the width
of the interorbital space. Interoperculum with from nine to twelve
non-flexible curved spines, the strongest being longer than the eye.
Thorax and belly entirely naked. Dorsal fin rather higher than long,
the length of its base being a little more than its distance from the
second fin ; there are six or seven scutes between the two fins. Caudal
fin obliquely truncated. Eleven scutes between anal and caudal ; the
lateral scutes of the body without keels, with a spiny margin ; post-
humeral ridge very obtuse. Uniform blackish brown ; or covered all
over with yellowish dots, the ground-colour between them forming a
network.

South America.

a. Adult. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

b. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
c-cl. Adult and half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

17. Chaetostomus hoplogenys.
D. 1/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. L. lat. 25.

Very similar to Ch. cirrhosus, but with shorter interopercular spines.

Head much depressed, occipital and nuchal regions without any
prominence ; the length of the head is one-third of the total (with-
out caudal). Snout broad, much depressed, granulated above, with
a broad soft-skinned margin ; a series of short tentacles round the
margin. Eye of moderate size, its diameter being one-third or two-
fifths of the width of the interorbital space. Interoperculum with
eight or nine non-flexible curved spines, the strongest being rather
shorter than the eye. Thorax and belly entirely naked. Dorsal fin
rather higher than long, the length of its anterior rays being less than
that of the head ; the length of its base is more than its distance from
the second fin ; there are seven scutes between the two fins. Caudal
fin obliquely truncated ; the pectoral spine extends backwards to the
second third of the ventral fin. Ten scutes between anal and caudal ;
the lateral scutes of the body with rough stria), but without keel ;

248 SILTTRID^.

posthumeral ridge very obtuse, \) niform blackish brown ; belly with
minute whitish dots.
Para.

a-c. From 4 to 5 inches long. River Capin. Purchased of Mr
Stevens.

18. Chaetostomus leucostictus.
D.l/7. A. 4. P. 1/6. L.lat.25.

Head much depressed, rather longer than broad; occipital and
nuchal regions without any prominence ; the length of the head is
more than one-third of the total (without caudal). Snout broad,
much depressed, granulated above, with a narrow soft- skinned mar-
gin and with a few short tentacles. Eye of moderate size, its dia-
meter being two-fifths of the width of the interorbital space. Inter-
operculum with about seven non-flexible, short, curved spines, the
strongest being much shorter than the eye. Thorax and belly en-
tirely naked. Dorsal fin as high as long, the length of its anterior
rays being much less than that of the head ; the length of its base is
more tban its distance from the second fin ; there are seven scutes
between the two fins. Caudal fin obliquely truncated ; the pectoral
spine extends to the base of the ventral. Eleven scutes between anal
and caudal ; the lateral scutes of the body with rough striae, but with-
out keel ; posthumeral ridge very obtuse. Black ; pure white dots
are scattered over the whole body and over all the fins.

Essequibo.

a. Three inches long From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

19. Chaetostomus calamita.
Hypostomus calamita, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 515.

D.l/7. A. 5. P. 1/6. L.lat.26.

Head much depressed, as broad as long, its length being one-third
of the total (without caudal) ; occipital and nuchal regions without
any prominence. Snont broad, much depressed, granulated on its
posterior half, with many tentacles on its anterior, soft-skinned half.
Eye rather small, its diameter being two-sevenths of the width of the
interorbital space ; the space between the eye and the operculum is
only partially granulated. Interoperculum with about fourteen non-
flexible curved spines, the longest of which is twice as long 0,3 the
eye. Thorax and belly entirely naked. Dorsal fin higher than long,
the length of its base being equal to its distance from the second fin ;
there are eight scutes between the two fins. Caudal fin obliquely
truncated. Twelve scutes between anal and caudal: the lateral
scutes of the body without keels, finely granulated; posthumeral
ridge very obtuse. Uniform brown.

Peru.

«. Adult. Rio Apurimac. From Mr. Pentland's Collection. — Une
of the typical specimens.

95. CH.ETOSTOMTTS. 249

** Snout without tentacles.
20. Chaetostomus gymnorbynclras.
Ancistrus gymnorhynchus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 275.
D. 1/7. A. 5.
Head much depressed, occipital and nuchal regions without any
prominence ; the length of the head is one-third of the total (with-
out caudal). Snout broad, much depressed, granulated above, with
a broad soft-skinned margin in its entire circumference ; tentacles
none. The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the width of the
interorbital Bpace. Interoperculum with thirteen or fourteen curved
non-flexible spines. Thorax and belly entirely naked. Dorsal fin
higher than long ; caudal vertically truncated. Scutes of the body
with minute spines, not keeled. Brownish. (Kner.)
Puerto Cabello.

21. Chaetostonius nudiceps.

Hypostomus nudiceps, Mull, ty Trosch. in Schomb. Meis. Brit. Guian.
in. p. 631.

D.l/7. A. 5.

Head much depressed, occipital and nuchal regions without any
prominence ; snout covered with soft skin nearly to the eyes ; tenta-
cles none. The pectoral spine extends beyond the base of the ventrals.
(M. $ T.)

British Guiana.

22. Chaetostonius erinaceus.
Hypostomus erinaceus, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 510.

D. 8. A. 3. P. 1/5.

Body short, broad, and depressed ; extremity of the snout naked ;
interoperculum with a bundle of about twenty setiform spines. Scutes
of the body rough, not keeled. ( Val.)

Chile.

13. Dorsal fin nine- or ten-rayed.
* Snout with tentacles.

23. Chaetostonius dolichopterus.
Ancistrus dolichopterus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 274. taf. 3. fig. 1.

Head much depressed, occipital and nuchal regions without any
prominence ; the length of the head is somewhat more than one-third
of the total (without caudal). Snout broad, much depressed, covered
with soft skin and provided with many tentacles in males, whilst a
great portion of its upper surface is granulated in females, only the
margin bearing some tentacles. Eye of moderate size, its diameter
being two-fifths or one-third of the width of the interorbital space.
Interoperculum with from six to nine curved non-flexible spines.

250 silt/eid^.

Thorax and belly entirely naked. Dorsal fin as high as long, the
length of its base being equal to its distance from the caudal. Caudal
fin obliquely truncated. Scutes of the body with a spiny margin,
without keel. Brownish, the lower side with brown dots. (Kner.)
Barra do Rio Negro.

** Snout without tentacles; upper labial fold not dilated in the middle.

24. Chsetostomus microps.
Hypostomus erinaceus, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 420 (not synon.).
D. 1/9. A. 4. P. 1/6. V. 1/5. L.lat.24.

Head and nape much depressed, without any prominence; the
width of the head equals its length, and is one-third of the total
(without caudal) ; the entire margin of the snout is naked, soft, and
swollen, without tentacles, the fold of the upper lip being short, and
not prolonged in the middle ; barbel very short. Eye very small, its
diameter being about one-ninth of the length of the head, and less
than one-third of the width of the interorbital space. Interoperculum
with a bundle of about ten erectile spines, which are neither flexible,
nor curved at the end ; the longest are longer than the eye. Thorax
and abdomen entirely naked. The dorsal fin is considerably longer
than high, the length of its anterior rays being only two-thirds of
that of the head ; the length of its base equals its distance from the
caudal fin ; there are six scutes between the two dorsal fins. Caudal
fin obliquely truncated ; anal very small ; ten scutes between anal
and caudal. Pectoral spine of moderate strength, extending to the
root of the ventral fin. Scutes of the body not keeled, provided with
comparatively long spines along the margin ; posthumeral ridge very
indistinct. Uniform blackish brown : rays of the dorsal and caudal
fins annulated with black.

Andes of "Western Ecuador.

a-g. From 2\ to 31 inches long. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

*** Upper labial fold much dilated in the middle.

25. Chaetostomus loborhynchus.
Heckel, in Tschudi, Faun. Per., Fische, p. 26. taf. 4.
D. 1/8. A. 4. L. lat. 25-26.

Head much depressed, without eminence on the occiput, nearly as
long as broad. Snout granulated above, with a broad, swollen, soft-
skinned margin in its whole circumference. The fold of the upper
lip very broad, broadest in the middle. Tentacles none. Teeth very
fine, not notched at their extremity. Eye small, its diameter being
two-fifths of the width of the interorbital space. Opercular margin
and interoperculum with rather short spines, eleven on the latter.
The pectoral spine is as long as the head, and extends somewhat
beyond the root of the ventral. Scutes without keels. Brown.

Rio Tullumayo (Eastern Andes).

96. PTEEYGOPLICHTHYS. 251

96. PTERYGOPLICHTHYS.

Ancistri macropteri, K?ier, Denkschr. Acad. Wits. 7Fi'ert,1854,vii.p.256.
Pterygoplichthys, sp., GUI, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vi. p. 408.

This genus agrees in all the characters with Hypostomus, but has
the interoperculum armed with erectile spines, and from twelve to
fourteen rays in the dorsal fir

Brazils.

1. Pterygoplichthys duodecimals.

Hypostoma etentaculatum, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 7. tab. 4 (bad).
Hypostomus duodecimalis, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 498. pi. 454 (not good).

brevitentaculatus, Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Aca<7 Sc. Inst. Bonon.

1842, v. p. 328.
Ancistrus longimanus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 283.

D. 1/11. A. 5. P. 1/6. V. 1/5. L.lat. 28-29.

Head not depressed, its length being a little less than one-third of
the total (without caudal) ; a rather prominent ridge runs from the
eye to below the nostril ; occiput with f rather elevated ridge, scutes
of the nape bicarinate. A short barbel on each side of the mouth.
Eye small, its diameter being somewhat more than one-fourth of the
width of the interorbital space. Intel operculum with a bundle of
about seven erectile spines, which are slightly flexible, and curved at
the end ; the strongest is a little longer than the eye. Thorax and
belly nearly entirely covered with minute imbricate scutes. Dorsal
fin much longer than high, the length of its anterior rays being equal
to its distance from the caudal ; there are seven scutes between the
two dorsal fins. Caudal obliquely truncated ; anal well developed ;
thirteen scutes between anal and caudal. The pectoral spine is ex-
tremely long and strong, spiny, extending nearly as far backwards
as the ventral. Scutes of the body keeled. All parts with numerous,
round, closely-set, small brown spots, wlilch are confluent in some
places, forming reticulated lines ; they are smallest on the head,
largest and surrounded with white on the fins ; they form two more
or less confluent series on each interradial space of the dorsal fin.
Membrane of the second dorsal fin black.

Rio San Francisco.

a. Fifteen inches long : stuffed. Brazil.

2. Pterygoplichthys punctatus.

Loricaria punctata, Natterer, MS.

Ancistrus duodecimalis, Kner, Hypostom. p. 281 (not synon.).

D. 1/12. A. 5.
The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total (without
caudal) ; occiput with a slight longitudinal prominence. The dia-
meter of the eye is two-sevenths of the width of the interorbital
space. Interoperculum with a few erectile spines. Scutes of the body
keeled ; lower parts covered with small shields. Barbels longish.
There are six scutes between the two dorsal fins, and thirteen be-
tween anal and caudal. The pectoral spine extends a little beyond

252 silukim:. .

the base of the ventral. Yellowish,- all parts with round blackish
spots. (Kner.)

This species is known from a single example, 11^ inches long ; it
is from S. Vicente (Brazil).

3. Pterygoplichthys gibbiceps.

Ancistrus gibbiceps, Kner, Hypostom. p. 284. taf. 5. fig. 2.
D.l/13. A. 5.

The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total (without
caudal) ; eye of moderate size, its diameter being two-sevenths of
the width of the interorbital space. Occiput with a large pear-
shaped prominence*. Interoperculum with about twenty very short
curved hooks. Scutes of the body keeled ; all the lower parts covered
with small shields. Barbels long, extending to the gill-opening.
Dorsal fin much longer than high. Five scutes between tbe two
dorsal fins. Pectoral spine as long as the head, scarcely extending
beyond the root of the ventral fin. Caudal obliquely truncated. All
parts with roundish black spots. (Kner.)

Only a single specimen is known, 20^ inches long ; from the Rio
Negro.

4. Pterygoplichthys litnratus.
Ancistrus lituratus, Kner, Hypostom. p. 285. taf. 5. fig. 3.

. D. 1/12. A. 5.

The length of the head is one-third of the total (without cau-
dal) ; eye of moderate size, its diameter being one-fourth of the
width of the interorbital space in old individuals, whilst it is larger
in young ones. Occiput with a rather elevated ridge, which is not
broader behind than in the middle. Interoperculum with about
twenty short curved hooks. Scutes of the body keeled ; all the lower
parts covered with small shields. Barbels longish. Blackish, with
irregular, rounded, brownish-yellow spots ; fins with undulated
streaks. (Kner.)

Rio Guapore.

97. RHINELEPISf.

Rhinelepis, Split, Pise. Brasil. p. 4.

One dorsal fin with eight rays ; anal fin short ; ventral six-rayed,
below the dorsal ; pectoral with a strong spine. Head and body
completely cuirassed, the former rather high, the latter rather short,
with four or five longitudinal series of large imbricate scutes on each
side ; tail not depressed. Snout produced, obtuse in front ; mouth
inferior, transverse, with a single series of very fine bent teeth in
both jaws ; palate toothless. Prseoperculum immoveable ; inter-
operculum not armed. Gill-opening very narrow.

Brazil.

* Probably peculiar to old specimens.

t 1. Kinelepis strigosa, C. $ V. *v. p. 480.— Parana.

98. ACANTHICTTS. 253

1. Rhinelepis aspera.
Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 4. tab. 2 ; Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 483.
D. 1/7. A. 6. P. 1/6.
The origin of the dorsal fin is opposite to that of the ventral.
Uniform brown.
Rio San Francisco.

98. ACANTHICUS*
Acanthicus, Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 2.
Differs from Rhinelepis in having the interoperculum armed with
a bundle of long erectile spines.
Brazil.

1. Acanthicus genibarbis.

Rinelepis genibarbis, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 484. pi. 453.
? Hypostomus vicinus, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 45. pi. 23.
fig. 1.

D. 1/7. A. 6. P. 1/6.

Snout and fin-rays not spiny ; the length of the pectoral spine is
two-ninths of the total ; caudal fin sub truncated. Scutes indistinctly
keeled, without serrature. (Val.)

Brazil ?

2. Acanthicus hystrix.

Acanthicus hystrix, Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 3. tab. 1.
Rinelepis acanthicus, Cuv. ty Val. xv. p. 487.

D. 1/8. A. 6. P. 1/6.

Head entirely covered with short spines ; the outer fin -rays spiny ;
pectoral spine exceedingly long, extending nearly as far backwards
as the ventral ; the outer caudal rays prolonged. Each scute with a
strongly serrated keel.

River Amazons.

This species is founded, at -present, on the single typical specimen
in the Museum at Munich ; it is stuffed, and said to be in a bad state
of preservation. Rner (Hypostom. p. 254), after an examination of
this specimen, asserts that the absence of the second dorsal fin is
merely accidental, and, therefore, that it would belong to Cheetostomus
(according to our definition of that genus). In his critical remarks
on Castelnau's Siluroids ("Wiegm. Arch. 1858, p. 348) he is even
inclined to consider it as identical with the Hypostomus spinosus of
the latter author, but this has a much shorter pectoral spine.

* 1. Rinelepis hystrix, Cuv. tf Val. xv. p. 486.— Rah. ?

254 SILTTRIDiE.

99. LORICARIA*

Loricaria, sp., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 508.

Loricaria, Lacep. v. p. 140; Cuv. Sf Vol. xv. p. 453.

Loricaria et Hemiodon, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1853, vi.

Loricar. p. 11.
Loricariichthys, Loricaria, Pseudoloricaria, Parahemiodon, Hemi-

loricaria, Pseudohemiodon, Rineloricaria, Oxyloricaria, Sturisoma,

Hemiodon, et Hemiodontichthys,i?/eeA;.i\WeW. Tydschr. Dier k.1863,

p. 80.

One short dorsal fin, opposite to the ventrals ; anal fin short ; the
outer ray of each fin thickened, but flexible. Head depressed, with
the snout more or less produced and spatulate ; mouth situated at the
lower side of the snout, remote from its extremity, transverse, sur-
rounded by broad labial folds which are sometimes fringed ; a short
barbel at each corner of the mouth. Teeth in the jaws small, bent,
with a dilated, notched apex, in a single series, sometimes rudimen-
tary or absent ; no teeth on the palate. Head and body cuirassed ;
tail depressed, long ; eye rather small or of moderate size. Prse-
operculum immoveable ; gill-opening very narrow. Formula of the
fins :— D. 1/7. A. 6. V. 1/5.

Fresh waters of South America.

The species may be subdivided thus : —

a. Teeth in both jaios very distinct : Loricaria, Kner.

* Snout broad, of moderate length, without erectile bristles (Lori-

caria, Pseudoloricaria, Hemiloricaria, Blkr.), p. 255.

*• Snout long and narrow, without bristles (Sturisoma, Swainson),
p. 250.

*** Snout long and narrow; sides of the head with erectile bristles
(Oxyloricaria, Blkr.), p. 257.

|3. Teeth rudimentary, visible only in the lotcer jaio, or entirely absent :
Hemiodon, Kner.

* Snout broad, of moderate length (Loricariichthys, Parahemiodon,

Pseudohemiodon, Blkr.), p. 257.

** Snout rather produced aud pointed in front, p. 258.
* * * Snout long and narrow (Hemiodon, Hemiodontichthys, Blkr.), p. 259.

(y. Species the dentition of which is not, or imperfectly known, p. 260.)

* 1. Loricaria platyura, Mull. Sf Trosch. in Schomb. Guiana, iii. p. 631. —
Rupununi.

2. Hemiloricaria caracasensi9, Sleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 81. —

Caraccas.

3. Loricaria uracantha, Kner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Munch. 1863, p. 228. —

Rio Chagres.

4. scolopacina, Filippi.

99. LORICARIA. 255

a. Teeth in both jaws very distinct.
* Snout broad, of moderate length ; head without erectile bristles.

1. Loricaria cataphracta.

Loricaria dura, L. Mies. Ad. Fred. p. 79. pi. 29. figs. 1 & 2.

cataphracta, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 508 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 459 ; Kner,

Panzerwelse, p. 13 (not Bl. Schn.).
Plecostomus, sp., Gronov. Mm. Ickth. i. p. 26. no. 69, and Zoophyl.

no. 392.
Loricaria cirrhosa, Bl. Schn. p. 125. tab. 34.

carinata, Castcln. Anim. Amcr. Sud, Poiss. p. 46. pi. 23. fig. 3.

Plecostomus flagellaris, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 158.

Snout broad, of moderate length ; eye of moderate size, its vertical
diameter being two-thirds or one-half of the width of the interorbital
space ; orbit with a small notch in its posterior margin. Intermax-
illary teeth few in number, long, twice as long as those of the man-
dible, which are more numerous. The labial fold very broad, with
numerous papilla? and short barbels. The lower side of the head
naked ; the median scutes of the nape bicarinate. L. lat. 33-34.
There are from eight to ten lateral scutes between the pectoral and
ventral fins. Thorax and belly with numerous small, irregular scutes.
The origin of the dorsal fin is scarcely before the vertical from the
base of the ventrals. The length of the outer pectoral ray is one-
sixth of the total (without caudal filament). The upper caudal ray
produced into a long filament ; fins with or without black dots.

Surinam and northern Brazil.

a-b. Fine specimens. Surinam. Purchased of M. Kappler.

c, d, e. Adult and half-grown.

/. Adult: skin. From Gronow's Collection.

2. Loricaria macrodon.
Kner, Loricar. p. 15. taf. 2.

Snout broad, the head being scarcely longer than broad ; eye rather
small, its vertical diameter being one-half of the width of the inter-
orbital space ; orbit with a very shallow notch behind, and with its
upper margin slightly elevated and spinous. Intermaxillary and man-
dibulary teeth long, of equal length, and few in number. Maxillary
barbels well developed, with a row of smaller barbels between them ;
the lower labial fold is very broad, and has numerous papillae and
short barbels. The lower side of the head naked, the lateral bones
rough ; the scutes of the nape with rough keels. L. lat. 32. There
are eight or nine lateral scutes between the pectoral and ventral fins.
Only a portion of the thorax and belly is covered with small, irre-
gular scutes. The origin of the dorsal fin is before the vertical from
the base of the ventrals. None of the caudal rays prolonged. Fins
with black dots. {Kner.)

River Cujaba.

256 SILUR1DJE.

3. Loricaria lseviuscula.
Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 476 ; Kner, Loricar. p. 17. taf. 3 (taf. 1, skeleton).

Snout broad, of moderate length ; orbit of moderate size, with a
shallow notch in its posterior margin ; the width of the interorbital
space is less than the horizontal diameter of the eye. Small teeth,
subequal in size, in both jaws. The labial fold is very broad, with
numerous small papilla? and short marginal fringes. The lower side
of the head naked ; scutes of the head and nape smooth. L. lat. 28.
There are from five to seven lateral scutes between the pectoral and
ventral fins. Belly and hinder part of the thorax with numerous
small, irregular scutes. The origin of the dorsal fin is a little behind
the vertical from the base of the ventrals. The upper caudal ray not
prolonged. Fins with black dots ; head and body with small brown
dots.

Northern Brazil.

a-b. Fine specimens. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

4. Loricaria vetula.

Valenc. in a" Orb. Voy. Atner. Merid. Poiss. pi. 6. fig. 2 ; Cuv. fy Val. xv.
p. 466.

Snout broad, of moderate length ; eye of moderate size, its diameter
being rather less than one-half of the width of the interorbital space ;
orbit without notch behind. Teeth in both jaws. The labial fold is
very broad, with papillae and fringes. Scutes of the nape keeled.
Thorax and belly with numerous small, irregular scutes. The length
of the outer pectoral ray is one-fourth of the total (without caudal
filament) ; the upper caudal ray produced into a long filament.
Fins with brown dots. ( Val.)

Rio de la Plata.

5. Loricaria nudiventris.
Cuv. 8/ Val, xv. p. 469.
Snout broad ; the width between the pectoral fins is one-fifth of
the total length ; the diameter of the eye is one -half of the width of
the interorbital space ; orbit with scarcely any notch behind. Teeth
in both jaws. The scutes of the nape keeled. The lower part of the
thorax and the belly are naked to between the ventral fins ; there are
four lateral scutes between the pectoral and ventral fins. ( Val.)
Rio San Francisco.

** Snout long and narrow, without bristles.

6. Loricaria rostrata.

Spix, Pise. 2?ras. p. 5. tab. 3. figs. 1 & 2 ; Kner, Loricar. p. 19.

Snout long and narrow, the greatest width of the head being about

one-half of its length. Eye small, its diameter being less than one-half

of the width of the interorbital space ; orbit without notch behind.

Teeth fine, slender, in both jaws. Labial fold short, not fringed.

99. LORICARIA. 257

The lower side of the head naked. Scutes of the head and nape
rough, but without keels ; there are six lateral scutes between ven-
tral and pectoral fins • the scutes covering the thorax and belly are
regularly arranged in transverse series. The origin of the dorsal fin
is before the vertical from the base of the ventral ; its first ray is
slightly prolonged ; none of the caudal rays prolonged.
Brazil (Rio Branco).

*** Sides of the head with erectile bristles.

7. Loricaria barbata.
Kner, Loricar. p. 23. taf. 5.

Snout long and narrow ; eye small ; orbit without posterior notch ;
the diameter of the eye is one-third of the width of the interorbital
space. Teeth small, numerous in both jaws. Opercles and the
marginal scutes of the head with a band of erectile bristles. Scutes
of the nape not keeled, the middle of the abdomen with three longi-
tudinal series of scutes. The origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat in
advance of that of the ventrals. (Kner.)

River Cujaba.

/3. Teeth rudimentary, visible only in the lower jaTC ox entirely absent.
* Snout broad, of moderate length,

8. Loricaria maculata.

Plecostomus, sp., Growv. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 25. no. 68, and Zoophyl.

no. 391. tab. 2.
Loricaria maculata, Block, tab. 375. fig. 1; Valenc in cPOrb. Voy. Amer,

M&rid. Pois8. pi. 6. fig. 3 ; Cuv. fy Vat.xv. p. 47 a ; Kner, Loricar. p. 16.

amazonica$ Casteln. Anim. Am&. Bud, Poiss. p. 46. pi. 23. fig. 2.

Plecostomus cataphractus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 158.

Snout broad, of moderate length ; eye rather small, its vertical
diameter being equal to, or somewhat less than, one-half of the width
of the interorbital space, which is flat ; posterior margin of the orbit
with a deep notch, which is nearly as large as the eye. Teeth minute,
and sometimes lost in one. or in both jaws. Labial fold very broad,
fringed behind. The lower side of the head naked. The scutes on
the nape smooth, or with scarcely visible keels. L. lat. 31-32.
There are five lateral scutes between the pectoral and ventral fins.
The scutes with which the thorax and belly are covered are regularly
arranged in transverse series. The two lateral ridges coalesce on or
near the twentieth lateral shield. The origin of the dorsal fin is a
little behind the vertical from the base of the outer ventral ray. The
upper caudal ray slightly prolonged. Body with blackish spots, fins
black-dotted.

Brazil and Guianas.

a-b. Fine specimens. British Guiana.

c. Adult: stuffed. Surinam.

d. Adult : bad state. Purchased of Mr. Bartlett.
vol. v.

258 S1LTJR1D.E.

9. Loricaria anus.

Valenc. in d1 Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 6. fig. 1 ; Cuv. fy Val. xv.
p. 470.

Snout broad, of moderate length ; eye rather small, its verticp I
diameter being one-third of the width of the interorbital space ; orbit
with a shallow notch behind. Teeth minute or, perhaps, absent.
Scutes on the nape smooth ; thorax and belly shielded. The two
lateral ridges remain separate to the posterior part of the tail,
coalescing on or near the thirtieth lateral shield. Back with black-
ish cross-bands ; fins with brown dots. (Val.)

Rio de la Plata.

10. Loricaria parahemiodon.

Parahemiodon typus, Bleek. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Amsterd. 1862,
xiv. p. 373.

Snout broad ; the diameter of the eye is rather more than one-half
of the width of the interorbital space ; orbit with a deep notch be-
hind. Teeth none in the upper jaw, those of the lowrer rudimentary.
Labial fold exceedingly broad, extending backwards to the base of
the pectorals. Thorax and belly with numerous small shields ; there
are five lateral scutes between the pectoral and ventral fins. The
two keels running along the side of the body coalesce on or near
the seventeenth shield of the lateral line. L. lat. 31. The origin
of the dorsal fin is somewhat behind that of the ventrals. (Blhr.)

Surinam.

11 . Loricaria platycephala.

Hemiodon platycephalus, Kner, I*oricar. p. 25. taf. 6. fig. 2.

Head and body much depressed ; nead as broad as long ; snout
rather long, of moderate width, with the upper profile concave ; the
eye is small, behind the middle of the length of the head ; orbit with-
out posterior notch ; its diameter is two-thirds of the width of the
interorbital space ; snout with a median groove above ; margins of
the snout with dense, short bristles directed backwards. Teeth absent
in the upper jaw, few in number in the lower. Scutes of the nape
keeled. L. lat. 31. Abdomen with three longitudinal series of large
scutes; four lateral scutes between pectorals and ventrals. The
origin of the dorsal fin is opposite to that of the ventrals ; the outer
pectoral and ventral rays short ; the upper caudal ray prolonged.
(Kiusr.)

Rio Cujaba.

•* Snout rather producea and pointed in front.
12. Loricaria acuta.

Loricaria acuta, Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 472. pi. 452 (bad) ; Kner, Loricar.

p. 21.
castanea, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 46. pi. 23. fig. 4.

Snout rather elongate and pointed in front, the greatest width of
the head being two-thirds of its length. Eye of moderate size ; pos-

99. LORICARIA. 259

terior margin of the orbit with a large notch, so that the diameter
of the orbit and notch together is one-fourth, or nearly one-fourth, of
the length of the head. The width of the interorbitai space is a little
less than the horizontal diameter of the eye. Teeth minute, rudi-
mentary/those of the mandibles twice the number of the inter-
maxillary teeth. Labial fold broad and thick, without papillae or
fringes. The lower side of the head naked ; scutes of the head rough,
the roughnesses being small spines round the margin of the snout ;
the median scutes of the nape bicarinate. Thorax with three trans-
verse series of small polygonal scutes ; abdomen with 5-6 transverse
series, each composed of one median piece and of a larger one on the
sides ; the three pieces are sometimes confluent into one broad scute.
L. lat. 32. The origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat behind that of
the ventrals. The upper caudal ray sometimes much prolonged.
Barra do Rio Negro.

13. Loricaria nudirostris.
Kner, Loricar. p. 22. taf. 4.

Snout rather produced and pointed, the greatest width of the head
being five-eighths of its length. Eye of moderate size ; the posterior
margin of the orbit with a notch half as large as the eye ; the width
of the interorbitai space is somewhat more than the horizontal dia-
meter of the eye. Teeth minute, rudimentary, few in number. La-
bial fold broad, without fringes. The lower side of the head naked,
with a broad band of rough scutes round the margin of the snout.
Head rough above, with elevated lines ; scutes of the nape bicarinate.
L. lat. 31. Scutes of the thorax and abdomen rather large, regularly
arranged in transverse series. The origin of the dorsal fin is a little
behind that of the ventrals. Fins with black dots. {Kner.)

Barra do Bio Negro.

*** Snout long and narrow.

14. Loricaria depressa.
Hemiodon depressus, Kner, Loricar. p. 27. taf. 7. fig. 1.

Snout long and narrow, with its extremity slightly turned upwards ;
the head is three-fifths as broad as long, and its length is contained
thrice and a fourth or thxice and a third in the total (without caudal).
Eye of moderate size, its diameter being equal to the width of the
interorbitai space ; orbit with a shallow notch behind. Teeth absent
in the upper jaw, minute and rudimentary in the lower. Fold of
the lower lip well developed, smooth ; the lower side of the snout
shielded, the vicinity of the mouth being naked. Scutes of the head
and nape smooth ; nape with a shallow median groove to the dorsal
fin. The lower side of the thorax is covered with very small, the
abdomen with larger irregular scutes. L. lat. 27. The origin of
the dorsal fin is opposite to that of the ventrals ; the upper caudal
ray prolonged. (Kner.)

Rio Negro and Marabitanns.

s 2

260 silurid^;.

15. Loricaria acipenserina.
Hemiodon acipenserinus, Kner, Loricar. p. 28. taf. 7. fig. 2.

Snout long and narrow, terminating in a spiny knob. Eye small,
its diameter being one-half of the width of the interorbital space,
which is concave ; orbit with a triangular notch behind. Teeth ab-
sent in the upper jaw, minute and rudimentary in the lower. The
lower side of the head naked. Scutes of the head and nape rough
and keeled. Anterior part of the thorax naked ; abdomen with five
transverse series of large scutes, three in each series. The origin
of the dorsal fin is somewhat behind the vertical from the base of the
first ventral ray. The upper caudal ray prolonged. Upper parts
and fins with black spots. (Kner.)

Rio Guapore, Matogrosso.

(y. Species the dentition of which is not, or imperfectly known.)

16. Loricaria lima.

Kner, Loricar. p. 25. taf. 6. fig. 1.

Snout broad, the head being not much longer than broad; the
diameter of the eye is one-half of the width of the interorbital space ;
orbit with a deep notch behind. Mandibles with rather long teeth*.
Sides of the head with loijg bristles ; scutes of the nape bicarinate.
L. lat. 29-30. Thorax and abdomen with small, irregular scutelhe.
The origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat behind that of the ventrals.
(Kner.)

Brazil.

17. Loricaria brunnea.
Hancock. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 247.

Teeth?

The scutes on the lower side of the trunk are not divided, reaching
across from one side to the other; mouth without barbels. (Hanc.)

Orinoco.

100. ACESTRA.
Acestra, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1853, vi. Loricar. p. 11.
One short dorsal fin, opposite to the anal ; anal fin short ; the outer
ray of each fin somewhat thickened, flexible. Snout very long and
narrow ; mouth situated at the lower side of the snout, remote from
its extremity, transverse, with a broadish posterior labial fold. Teeth
in both jaws, small, bent, with a dilated, notched apex, in a single
series ; no teeth on the palate. Head and body completely cuirassed ;
tail depressed, long ; eye rather small. Praeoperculum immoveable ;
gill-opening very narrow. Formula of the fins : D. 1/6. A. 4-6.
P ±. Y.-L

6-6 4-5'

Fresh waters of Brazil and Surinam.

* In consequence of the bad condition of the single example known, Prof.
Kner was unable to determine the dentition in the upper jaw.

100. ACESTKA. 261

1. Acestra acus.

? Loricaria scolopacina, Filippi, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 166.
Acestra acus, Kner, Loricar. p. 30. taf. 8. fig. 1.

Snout very long and narrow, the distance of its extremity from
the gill-opening being considerably less than that of the latter from
the origin of the dorsal fin ; the extremity and margin of the snout
densely covered with short bristles

Caraccas.

2. Acestra oxyrhyncha.

Kner, Loricar. p. 31. taf. 8. fig. 2.

Snout exceedingly long and narrow, the distance oi the gill- opening
from its extremity being more than that of the former from the origin
of the dorsal fin. Margin of the snout with bundles of bristles, lon-
gitudinally arranged. Three longitudinal series of scutes on the
belly ; nineteen scutes between the base of the dorsal fin and the root
of the caudal. {Kner.)

Rio Mamore

3. Acestra amazonum.

Snout exceedingly long and narrow, the distance of the gill-open-
ing from its extremity being equal to that of the former from the
origin of the dorsal fin ; snout entirely covered with small, rather
tubercular scutes, without bristles. The length of the head (to the
end of the occipital shield) is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal
fin) ; eye round, small, its diameter being one-fourth of the width of
the interorbital space. Seven scutes between dorsal fin and occiput,
twenty-three between dorsal and caudal. Thorax and belly with two
longitudinal series of large scutes. L. lat. 34. Tail much depressed.
P. 1/6. V. 1/5, the outer ray rather thick and smooth. D. 1/6. A. 6.
Fins with brown dots.

River Amazons.
«. Ten inches long. Santarem. From Mr. Bates's Collection. — This

specimen is not in a good state of preservation, and has tho

caudal fin mutilated.

4. Acestra gladiolus.

Snout exceedingly long and narrow, sword-shaped, the distance
of the gill-opening from its extremity being more than that of the
former from the origin of the dorsal fin ; snout entirely covered with
rather smooth shields, without any bristles. The length of the head
(to the end of the occipital shield) is scarcely more than one-third
of the total (without caudal). The soft parts surrounding the mouth
are situated in an elliptical cavity, which is two-thirds as broad as
long ; the maxillary barbel is rather short, and the posterior labial
fold moderately developed. Eye round, small, its diameter being
one-third of the width of the interorbital space. Scutes with small
granulations longitudinally arranged ; occipital shield with two slight
divergent keels posteriorly. Seven scutes between dorsal fin and
occiput, twenty- two between dorsal and caudal. The space between

262 SILUEIDJE.

the cavity of the mouth and the base of the pectoral fins is covered
with four longitudinal rows of scutes arranged in three transverst
series ; belly with two longitudinal rows of large scutes, six in each
row. L. lat. 34 ; the lateral ridges are scarcely visible, and coalesce
above the anal fin. Tail much depressed. P. 1/5 ; V. 1/4 ; the
outer ray of the pectoral and ventral is slender and but little thickened.
D. 1/6. A. 4. Caudal fin but little developed, with the upper and
lower rays somewhat prolonged. Uniform olive-brown ; the outer
rays of the fins with brown dots.

Rio Cupai.
a-c. From 3 to 5 inches long. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

Head partially osseous and rough. Body naked or with bony plates
on the back : Sisorina,

101. SISOR.
Sisor, Ham. Bach. Fish. Gang. p. 207.
Head depressed, spatulate ; trunk depressed ; tail long and thin.
One rather short dorsal fin ; anal short ; ventrals seven-rayed, in-
serted below the dorsal. Head partially osseous, rough ; a series of
bony plates along the median line of the back ; lateral line rough.
Eyes very small. Mouth inferior, small, transverse, with barbels •
teeth none. Gill-opening narrow, with moveable opercles.
Northern India.

1. Sisor rhabdophorus.
Ham. Bach. Fish. Gang. pp. 208, 379 ; Gray, Ind. Zool.
B. 4. D. 7. A. 5. C. 9. P. 1/8. V. 7.

The upper caudal ray produced into a very long filament.

Rivers of Northern Bengal.
a-b. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

Description. — Head and trunk rather broad, much depressed ; tail
low, tapering, long. Snout long, spatulate, the eye being nearer to
the gill-opening than to the end of the snout, The greatest width
of the head is between the gill-openings, and two-thirds of its length
(to the end of the operculum) ; its length is one-fifth of the total
(without caudal), but one-fourth only, if taken to the end of the
occipital process. The frontal and parietal portions have longitudinal
ridges which converge towards the point of the occipital process ; the
interorbital space rather concave ; the remainder of the head is covered
with thin skin. The upper profile of the snout is slightly arched ; the
intermaxillaries and the cleft of the mouth are entirely on the lower
side of the head, and small : the intermaxillaries are small, and form
together a crescent-shaped upper lip. The maxillaries terminate in
a barbel, which is dilated into a membrane at its base, and extends
backwards to the root of the pectoral spine ; the lower lip is pro-
duced on each angle of the mouth into a long flap, which is reflected,
forming a sort of channel, and terminating posteriorly in barbel-like
fringes which extend as far backwards as the maxillary barbels ; a

102. ERETHISTES. 263

pair of minute barbels between these two flaps. The upper jaw
projects beyond the lower.

The eyes are small, directed upwards, rather longer than high,
with the pupil horizontal and elliptic ; the distance between them is
equal to two of their diameters. Nostrils round, open, close togethe* ,
separated by a small lobe, and situated somewhat nearer to the eye
than to the end of the snout.

The occipital and suprascapulary processes are of equal length,
about one-third as long as the snout ; the humeral bones form a broad
sutui-e together, and are prolonged behind into a process situated on
each side of the thorax and extending beyond the root of the pectoral ;
all the lower parts of the humeri are covered with skin. A series of
osseous plates commences before the dorsal, and is continued to the
root of the caudal : the first is the largest and trilobate, the central
lobe extending forward, but not touching the occipital process ; five
plates along each side of the base of the dorsal fin ; all the following
plates with a central, sharp, longitudinal ridge; about the ninth
plate has its ridge terminating in a short immoveable spine pointing
backwards*. The lateral line is covered with small, irregular rough-
nesses, the remainder of the body being naked. The extremity of
the tail is angular and rather broader than high.

Dorsal fin rather higher than long ; its first ray is feeble, finely ser-
rated in front, and two-thirds of the length of the head. Anal fin
somewhat nearer to the vent than to the root of the caudal. Caudal
fin slightly forked ; its uppermost ray is strong, and may be as long
as the body. The pectoral fin does not quite reach to the root of
the ventral ; its spine is strong, compressed, slightly bent, with an
outer serrated edge. The ventral terminates at a great distance from
the anal fin, the vent being in the middle of its length. Brownish,
marbled with darker.

102. ERETHISTES.

Erethistes, Mull. Sf Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 12.

Head and trunk broad, tail thin ; head large, with osseous, rough
ridges ; occipital, scapular, and humero-cubital processes not covered
by the skin. Dorsal fin rather short, with a strong spine and with
six soft rays ; adipose and anal fins short ; ventrals six-rayed, inserted
below the dorsal. Body with minute tubercles arranged in longitu-
dinal series. Eyes small. Mouth small, inferior, with small teeth
in both jaws ; palate toothless. Apparently a small barbel to each
maxillary ; no other barbels.

Assam.

Although I have not seen this fish, I conclude, from the characters
given by Miiller and Troschel, that it is allied to Sisor ; consequently
that it has the nostrils placed close together, and that it has probably
mandibulary flaps, which, however, must be much less developed than
in Sisor, as no mention of them is made in the original description.

* This spine has been considered by Hamilton as a second fin.

264 SILURID-S.

1. Erethistes pusillus.
Mull. $ Trosch. I. c. pi. 1. fig. S.

B. 6. D. 1/6. A. 11. V. 6.

Head as broad as long, its length being equal to the height of the
body, and one-third of the total. Dorsal and pectoral spines very
strong. (M. $ T.)

Assam.

The typical specimen is not quite 2 inches long, and in the Berlin
Museum.

d. Head and body covered with skin ; a pair of nasal barbels : Exostomatina.

103. PSETJDECHENEIS.

Pseudecheneis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 15*.

Adipose fin of moderate length ; a short dorsal with one spine and
with six rays ; anal fin rather short. Barbels eight, those of the
maxillaries very broad at their base. Mouth small, inferior ; teeth
villiform ; palate edentulous. Head depressed, covered with soft skin
above ; eyes small, superior. Caudal fin forked ; pectorals horizontal,
with a thoracic adhesive apparatus between, formed by transverse
plaits of the skin. Ventrals with six rays. Gill-opening small, not
extending on to the lower surface of the head.

Himalayas.

1. Pseudecheneis sulcatus.

Glyptosternon sulcatus, M'Clell.Calc. Journ. Nat. Hisi. ii. p. 587. pi. 6,
lower figs.

D. 1/6. A. 11. P. 1/13.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total (without cau-
dal) ; eye very small, situated behind the middle of the head ; the
lower surface of the head with numerous papillae, especially at the
chin; the maxillary barbels aie much shorter than the head. The
first dorsal spine flexible ; pectoral very large, extending beyond the
root of the ventral ; the outer peotoral and ventral rays broad, flex-
ible, with numerous fine transverse folds below ; the free portion of
the tail very slender ; caudal deeply forked

Khasya Mountains.

a. Type of the species : 3§ inches long. From Mr. Griffith's Col-
lection.

104. EXOSTOMA.
Exostoma, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p 166.
Adipose fin long ; dorsal fin short, with a very slender or rudi-
mentary spine and with six rays ; anal short. Barbels six : two to
the nostrils, two to the maxillaries, and two below the mandible.
Mouth inferior, the lips being reflected, lobate, and spread continu-

104. EXOSTOMA. 265

ously round the mouth, so as to form a broad flat sucker. Teeth in
two separate patches above and below, leaving a suctorial centre
between them ; palate edentulous. Head depressed, covered with
soft skin above ; eyes small. Gill-openings very small, not extend-
ing on to the lower surface of the head. Caudal fin forked ; pec-
torals horizontal, without adhesive apparatus between ; ventrals with
six rays, inserted below the end of the dorsal fin.
East Indian Continent. •

1. Exostoma labiatum.

Glyptosternon labiatus, M' Clett. Cede. Joum. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 588.

D. 1/6. A. 6. P. 1/12.

Head depressed, obtusely rounded, as broad as long, its length
being nearly one-fifth of the total (without caudal) ; eyes very small ;
mouth inferior, transverse, narrow, double crescent-shaped (~-v);
the lower jaw surrounded by a broad flap-like lip, divided into a
median lobe and into a pair of lateral ones ; there is a very small
appendage in each notch between the median and lateral lobes ; these
appendages may he considered as a fourth pair of barbels. The
free portion of the tail is as high as long. The first dorsal ray
scarcely spinous. The distance between the dorsal and adipose fins
is two-thirds of the length of the latter. Caudal fin slightly forked,
the lower lobe being scarcely longer than the upper. The pectoral
and ventral fins are obliquely inserted, so that the inner rays are
situated above the outer ones ; the outer rays dilated, transversely
striated below. The pectoral terminates at a considerable distance
from the ventral.

Mishmee Mountains (Assam).

a. Type of the species 3| inches long. From Mr. Griffith's Col-
lection.

2. Exostoma berdmorei.
Blythy Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 155.

D. 1/6. A. 6. P. 1/10.
Maxillary barbels extending beyond the base of the pectoral ;
lower caudal lobe much broader and longer than the upper. Olive-
brown above, clouded with darker. {Blyth.)
Tenasserim (4 inches long).

266 SILURID.E.

Fourteenth Group. ASPREDININa.

Proteropodal Siluroids with the anterior and posterior nostrils
remote from each other, and withont nasal barbel. Lower lip not
reverted. Humero-cubital process much developed and prolonged.

a. Anal tin short.

105. BUNOCEPHALUS.

Bunocephalus, sp., Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 95
Bunocephalus, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 118.

Adipose fin none ; one short dorsal with five rays and without
pungent spine, situated above the ventrals, which are six-rayed ; anal
short ; pectorals with a strong, depressed, denticulated spine. Barbels
six : one to each maxillary, one to each angle of the mouth, and one
behind each mandibulary barbel. Both jaws with patches of villi -
form teeth ; palate smooth. Head and body with osseous protuber-
ances and crests, and covered with tubercular skin. Eyes very small.
Head broad and much depressed, but higher than the hinder part of the
tail. Gill-opening reduced to a narrow foramen before the pectoral fin.

Tropical America.

1 . Bunocephalus verrucosus.

Platystacus verrucosus,' Bloch, xi. p. 63. taf. 373. fig. 3.
Silurus verrucosus, Bl. Schn. p. 379.

B. 5. D. 5. A. 6. P. 1/8. V. 6.

'xhe origin of the dorsal fin is in the middle between the end of
the snout and the root of the tail. The maxillary barbel does not
extend to the root of the pectoral. Each side of the tail with four
rows of warty tubercles. Brown. {Bl.)

? Surinam.

2. Bunocephalus gronovii.
Aspredo, sp., Gronov. Mm. Ichth. ii. p. 5. no. 153. tab. 5. fig. 3, and

Zoophyl. p. 102. no. 325.
A.spredo verrucosa, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 137 (not Bloch).
Bunocephalus gronovii, Bleek. Prodr. Silar. p. 329.
verrucosus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 96.

D. 5. A. 6. P. 1/5. V. 6.

The distance between the end of the snout and the origin of the
dorsal fin is one-third, or nearly one-third, of the total length (with
the caudal fin), the length of the head to the gill-opening is rather
more than one-seventh. Upper jaw but little prominent. The
maxillary barbel extends to the root of the pectoral. The length of
the caudal fin is contained five times and a third in the total ; the
dorsal is inserted nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of
the caudal. Hind portion of the tail as high as broad. Brownish,
clouded and spotted with darker.

Barra do Rio Negro ; Demerara. «

a. Fine specimen. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.

107. aspredo. 267

106. BUNOCEPHALICHTHYS.

Bunocephalichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 118.

Adipose fin none ; one rudimentary two-rayed dorsal fin, situated
somewhat in advance of the ventrals, which are six-rayed; anal
short ; pectorals with a strong, depressed spine. Barbels six : one to
each maxillary, one to each angle of the mouth, and one on each side
of the chin. Both jaws with bands of villiform teeth ; palate smooth.
The upper surface of the head with osseous protuberances ; skin of
the body warty. Eyes very small. Head broad and depressed, lower
than the hinder part of the tail, which is compressed. Gill-opening
reduced to a narrow foramen before the base of the pectoral fin.

Bio Branco.

1. Bunocephalichthys hypsiurus.

Bunocephalus hypsiurus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 98.
taf. 1. fig. 1.

D. 2. A. 5. P. 1/5. V. 6.

The distance of the dorsal fin from the end of the snOut is two-
fifths of the total length (without caudal). The tubercles on the
upper surface of the head are arranged in two series, each of which
is curved outwards in the nuchal region. The maxillary barbels
extend to, or nearly to, the root of the pectoral ; mandibulary barbels
very short. Tail with an upper and lower undulated ridge. Pectoral
spine serrated on its inner margin ; caudal fin rounded; Brownish,
clouded with darker ; yellow spots along the lateral line. (Kner.)

Bio Branco.

b. Anal fin long.

107. ASPREDO.

Aspredo, L. Mus. Ad. Fred. p. 73.

Aspredo, Platystacus (£1.), Aspredinichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr.
Dierk. 1863, p. 117.

Adipose fin none ; dorsal short, without pungent spine ; anal very
long, not united with the caudal. Head broad, much depressed;
tail very long and slender. Villiform teeth in both jaws. Barbels
not less than six, one of which is attached to each intermaxillary;
none at the nostrils. Eyes very small. Gill-opening very narrow,
reduced to a foramen before the pectoral spine, which is very strong,
much depressed, and strongly denticulated. Head covered with soft
skin. Ventral fins six-rayed, situated below the dorsal fin.

Guiana.

Bloch and Valenciennes have found the belly of several individuals
of this genus covered with short, soft appendages, each of which had
a styliform base and a discal dilatation at the end. Whilst the former
considered this peculiarity as a specific character, the latter pointed
out that these appendages are developed at a certain age ; but whereas,
at p. 430, he first says that he has observed them only in certain

268 SILURID-E.

females, he afterwards, at p. 440, describes a male provided with the
same organs.

I am enabled, by the examination of a female of A. batrachus, to
show that the fishes of this genus belong to those Siluroids which
take care of their progeny, and that the appendages mentioned
serve for the purpose of keeping the eggs attached to the belly of the
mother. The ovaria of the fish examined are two nearly empty sacs
with thick walls, as if the ova had just been excluded ; some of them,
which had not been developed, still remained between the folds of
the interior. The whole lower surface of the belly, thorax, throat,
and even of a portion of the pectoral fins showed numerous shallow,
round impressions, to which a part of the ova still adhered. The
latter are spread out in a single layer, and being globular bodies,
leave small interspaces between them. These interspaces are filled
up by the appendages mentioned, and the terminal dilatation of the
latter is of essential help in keeping the ova in their position. If the
pouches on the back of the Pipa were shallowed to mere impressions,
and the walls between them severed into flaps, we should have the
same arrangement as in Aspredo.

Having examined several mature males and females of Aspredo, I
come to the conclusion that only the females carry with them their
ova, and that they only are provided with those appendages. It is
more than probable that towards the spawning-time the skin of the
lower parts becomes spongy ; that, after having deposited the eggs,
the female attaches them to it by merely lying over them ; and that
the spongy substance between the eggs is absorbed by the pressure of
the latter, except in the interspaces, where it remains in the form of
the appendages described. The eggs, however, are retained not only
by the latter, but they adhere to the whole surface of the hollow,
although loosely. When the eggs are hatched, the excrescences dis-
appear, and the skin of the belly becomes smooth as before.

The eggs have a diameter of from half to two-thirds of a line.

1. Aspredo batrachus.

Mystus no. 10, Artedi, in Seba, iii. p. 86. tab. 29. fig. 10.

Aspredo batrachus, Linn. Mm. Ad. Fred. p. 73; Amoen. Acad.i.Tp. 311.

tab. 1. tig. 5 (Aspredo) ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 137.
Silurus aspredo, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 502.
Aspredo, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 102. no. 326.
Platystacus laevis, Block, viii. p. 58 ; Bl Schn. p. 373.
Aspredo lsevis, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 431.

B. 5. D. 5. A. 53-57. P. 1/7. V. 6. Vert. 7/59.
Upper jaw broad, spatulate, much projecting beyond the lower;
barbels eight: one belonging to the maxillary, and extending to, or
somewhat beyond, the gill-opening ; it is dilated into a broad mem-
brane at its base, to which another small barbel is attached ; the
third pair of barbels is inserted at the angles of the mouth, and the
fourth at some distance behind the third. Upper part of the snout
perfectly smooth ; eye minute. Each intermaxillary with a narrow

107. ASPREDO. 269

transverse band of small teeth, both bands being separated in the
middle ; lower jaw with a narrow band of minute villiform teeth.
The length of the head, to the end of the occipital process, is consi-
derably less than one-fourth of the total (the caudal fin included).
The first dorsal ray and the outer caudal rays sometimes slightly
prolonged.

British, Dutch, and French Guianas.
a-c, d. Adult and half-grown. British Guiana. Purchased of Mr

Scrivener.
e. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Prof. R Owen.
/. Adult: Cayenne.
g,h,i. Adult: stuffed. Surinam.
h. Adult: skeleton.

2. Aspredo sicyephorus.
Aspredo sicuephorus, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 439.

D. 5. A. 56. P. 1/6. V. 6.

Closely allied to A. batrachus. Barbels eight, as in that species ;
no spines above the snout ; the length of the head, to the end of the
occipital process, is more than one-fourth of the total (with the caudal).
Brownish above, with white dots ; anal with black margin. ( Val.)

Mana.

3. Aspredo cotylophorus.

Mystus, sp., Artedi, in Seba, iii. p. 86. no. 9. tab. 29. fig. 9.
Batrachus, sp., Klein, Miss. Pise. v. p. 86. no. 11. tab. 4. figs. 7 & 8.
Aspredo, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 8. no. 26, and Zoophyl. no. 324.
Platystacus cotylephorus, Block, viii. p. 54. taf. 372 ; Bl. Schn. p. 372 ;

Lacep. v. p. 78.
Silurus hexadactylus, Lacep. v. p. 82.
Aspredo sex-cirrnis, Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 441 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien.

Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 93.
spectrum, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 137.

D. 5. A. 57. P. 1/6. V. 6.

Upper jaw spatulate, moderately broad, and projecting beyond the
lower ; barbels six : one belongs to the maxillary, extends to the
root of the pectoral, and is dilated at its base, but has no other barbel
attached to it ; the second pair of barbels is inserted at the angles of
the mouth, and the third at some distance behind the second. Upper
part of the snout smooth ; eye very small. Each intermaxillary
with a patch of villiform teeth, which is rather broader than long ;
both patches are separated by a very narrow interspace ; lower jaw
with a narrow band of teeth. The length of the head, to the end of
the occipital process, is one-fourth of the total (without caudal fin).
The first dorsal ray not, the outer ones of the caudal slightly pro-
longed. Light brownish, marbled with dark brown.

British and Dutch Guianas.
a. Fine specimen. British Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Leadbeater.
6. Half-grown. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Fine female specimen.

d. Adult.

270 SILURIDjE.

4. Aspredo nematophorus.

Platystacus nematophorus, Bleek. in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. Amsterd.
1862, xiv. p. 371.

B. 5. D. 5. A. 57. P. 1/7. V. 6.

Closely allied to A. cotylophorus.

Upper jaw spatulate, projecting beyond the lower ; barbels six, as
in that species. Upper part of the snout smooth ; eye very small.
The length of the head, to the gill-opening, is one-tenth of the total
(with the caudal fin)-. The first dorsal ray is produced into a fila-
ment ; the outer caudal rays not prolonged. Light brownish, mar-
bled with dark brown.

Surinam.

The typical specimen is in the Leyden Museum.

5. Asnredo filamentostui.
Cuv. 8r Val. xv. p. 437. pi. 460.

D. 5. A. 50. P. 1/8. V. 6.
Upper jaw rather pointed ; two maxillary barbels on each side,
me of which is very small, and attached to the base of the principal
one ; the latter extends to the gill- opening. A series of fine barbels
along each side of the sternal and abdominal regions. No spines on
the snout ; eye very small. The first dorsal ray is produced into a
very long filament. The hinder anal rays and the caudal fin black.

Guianas.
a. Adult. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

6. Aspredo tibicen.
Aspredo tibicen (Temminck), Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 438.
D. 5. A. 58. P. 1/8. V. 6.

Upper jaw rather pointed, and projecting beyond the lower. Two
maxillary barbels on each side, one of which is small and attached
to the base of the principal one ; the latter extends to the gill-open-
ing and is dilated into a broad membrane at its base. The lower
side of the head with rather numerous minute barbels arranged in
four longitudinal series, the middle of which extend backwards over
the sternal region. A transverse series of four small recurved spines
on the upper side of the snout, two of them belonging to the ethmoid,
and two to the nasal bones ; eye very small. Each jaw with a con-
tinuous cross-band of villiform teeth. The length of. the head, to
the end of the occipital process, is one-fifth of the total (the caudal
fin included). The first dorsal ray is considerably prolonged. Back
with large brown spots ; anal black, with the anterior portion white.

British and Dutch Guianas.

a-b. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
e. Adult. British Guiana. From Mr. Snellgrove's Collection.
d-e. Young. Presented by the Royal College of Surgeons.

108. HEPTAPTERUS. 271

Seventh Subfamily.
SILURID^ OPISTHOPTER^l.

The rayed dorsal fin is always present, short, and placed above
or behind the middle of the length of the body, above or behind
the ventrals, which, however, in one genus are absent ; anal short.
Nostrils remote from each other ; if a nasal barbel is present, it
belongs to the anterior nostril. Lower lip not reverted. The gill-
membranes are not confluent with the skin of the isthmus.

South America.

Fifteenth Group. NEMATOGENYINA.
Dorsal fin above the ventrals.

108. HEPTAPTERUS.

Heptapterus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 197.

Adipose fin long, low, confluent or nearly continuous with the
caudal ; a short dorsal fin with seven rays, the first being scarcely
spinous ; anal fin of moderate length. Barbels six. Palate eden-
tulous. Head and body covered with soft skin, much elongate ; eyes
small. Caudal fin obliquely rounded; ventral fin with six rays,
inserted below the dorsal.

South America.

1. Heptapterus surinamensis.

Bleeker, Versl. in Mededeel. Akad. Wet. Amsterd. 1862, xiv. p. 387.
B. 8-9. D. 7. A. 18. P 9.
The height of the body is rather less than one -half of the length
of the head, which is one-sixth of the total (without caudal) ; jaws
equal in length. The maxillary barbel extends nearly to the base
of the pectoral. The adipose fin is not confluent with the caudal,
and its distance from the dorsal equals its length ; the first ventral
ray is situated before the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin.
(Bl.)
Surinam.

2. Heptapterus mustelinus.

Pimelodus mustelinus, Valenc. in d1 Orb. Voy.Amer. Merid. Poj'ss.pl. 2.
fig. 1 ; Cuv. <$• Val. xv. p. 165.

B. 9. D. 7. A. 18. P. 8. Vert. 13/41.
The height of the body is one-half of the length of the head, which
is one-seventh of the total (with the caudal) ; jaws equal in length.
The maxillary barbel extends to the gill- opening. Caudal fin

272 SILTTRID-B.

obliquely rounded ; adipose fin confluent with caudal ; ventrals in-
serted below the dorsal.
Rio de la Plata.

109. NEMATOGENYS.

Nematogenys, Girard, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 198.

Adipose fin none. Dorsal fin short, placed in the middle of the
height of the body, above the ventral fin, without pungent, spine ;
anal short; caudal rounded. Teeth villiform, forming a band in
both jaws ; palate toothless. Barbels six : two to the nostrils, one
to each maxillary, and a pair to the mandible. Eyes small. Head
covered with soft skin, not armed. Gill-openings rather wide, sub-
contiguous at the throat. Ventrals six -rayed.

Chile.

1. Nematogenys inermis,

Trichomycterus inermis, Guich. in Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 312,

Ail. Ictiol. lam. 9. fig. 2.
Nematogenys inermis, Girard,in U.S. Nav. Astron.JExped.Zool.ip.240.

pi. 32.

B. 12. D. 10. A. 11. P. 1/7. V.. 6.

The maxillary barbels extend to, or somewhat beyond, the base of
the pectorals ; nasal barbels shorter than those of the mandible.
Yellowish, with numerous blackish spots.

Chile.

Sixteenth Group. TRICHOMYCTERINA.
The rayed dorsal fin is behind the ventrals, if the latter are
present.

110. TRICHOMYCTERUS*.

Trichomycterus, Valenc. in Humb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 347.
Pygidium, Meyen, Reke, i. p. 475 ; Wiegm. Arch. Naturgesch. 1835, ii.
p. 269.

Adipose fin nonet- Dorsal fin short, without pungent spine, placed
behind the middle of the body, and behind the ventral fins ; anal
short ; caudal truncated. Teeth villiform, in broad bands in the
jaws ; palate toothless ; cleft of the mouth rather narrow, with a
pair of maxillary barbels on each side; a pair of slender nasal
barbels. Eyes small, directed upwards. Head covered with soft

* 1 . Trichomycterus incse, Cuv. $ Val. rviii. p. 496. — Rio Guatanai.

2. pen tlandii, Casteln. Anim. nouv. Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 49. pi. 24. fig. 1.

— Near Sarayacu.

3. punctatissimus, Casteln. I.e. fig. 3. — Araguay. — -In the two last species

the dorsal fin would appear to be placed above the ventral, if the figures
be correct.

t A series of rudimentary caudal rays extends forwards towards the dorsal
and anal fins, and is covered with fat in well-fed individuals.

110. TRICHOMYCTERUS. 273

skin. Operculum and interoperculum armed with a band of small
osseous prickles. Gill-openings rather wide, nearly continuous across
the throat. Ventrals five-rayed.

South America; extending from the shores of the Pacific and
Atlantic into the Andes, to an elevation of 15,000 feet.

1. Trichomycterus dispar.

Pygidium dispar, Tschudi, Faun. Per. Ickthyol. p. 22. taf. 3 ; Gunth.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 90.
Trichomj'cterus punctulatus, Cuv. fy Val. xviii. p. 488. pi. 552 (adult

female).

gracilis, Cuv. fy Val. xviii. p. 497 (young).

barbatula, Cuv. fy Val. xvin. p. 498.

pictus, Casteln. Anim. nouv. Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 50. pi. 24. fig. 2

(bad).

B. 8. D. 10-11. A. 7-8. P. 9. V. 5. Vert. 22/15.

The length of the head is nearly equal to the height of the body,
and one-sixth or one-seventh of the total. The origin of the dorsal
fin is in the middle of the distance between the occiput and the end
of the caudal fin. Mature specimens have the upper ray of the pec-
toral prolonged into a short filament. Males uniform brownish grey
above, whitish below ; females with numerous small dark-brown
spots on the back.

Alpine rivers of Peru and Guayaquil.

a. Male, 9 inches long. Western Ecuador. From Mr. Fraser's Col-

lection.

b. Female, 5^ inches long. River Rimac, Peru. Presented by Pro-

fessor W. Nation.

c. Adult. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.

d-f, g, h. Young. Lake Titicaca. From Mr. Pentland's Collection

(T. barbatula).
i-h. Young. Rio de Pontezualo. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.
V-n. Young. Andes de la Paz. From Mr. Pentland's Collection

(2\ barbatula).
o-p,q-t. Young. Guasacona. From Mr. Pentland's Collection (T.

gracilis).
u. Many young specimens. Rio de Azangaro. From Mr. Pentland's

Collection (T. gracilis),
v, w, x-z. Young. From Mr. Pentland's Collection.
a. Young.

2. Trichomycterus maculatus.

Trichomycterus maculatus, Cuv. 8? Val. xviii. p. 493.
PThrichomycterus macraei, Girard, in V. S. Naval Astronom. Exped.
Zool. p. 245.

D. 15. A. 9. P. 9. V. 5.

Shorter than T. areolatus ; dorsal fin low and long ; pectoral without
prolonged ray. Back and sides yellowish, with greyish spots. ( Val.)
Santiago (Chile).

274 siltjrid^:.

3. Trichomycterus areolatus.

Trichomycterus areolatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xviii. p. 492.
? Thrichomycterus maculatus, Girard, in U. S. Naval Astronom. Exped.
Zool. p. 243. pi. 34. figs. 1-3.

B. 8. D. 13. A. 8. P. 8. V. 5.

The length of the head is more than the height of the body, and
nearly one-seventh of the total. The origin of the dorsal fin is in the
middle between the occiput and the end of the caudal fin. None of
the pectoral rays are prolonged. Brownish olive, with blackish spots.

Chile.

a, b. Adult. Chile.

4. Trichomycterus nigricans.
Cuv. 8f Vol. xviii. p. 494.

B. 7. D. 11. A. 10. P. 9. V.5.

Barbels short, scarcely extending beyond the eyes ; the first dorsal
ray prolonged into a filament. Uniform blackish above. (Val.)
Sta Catharina (Brazil). (Chile?)

5. Trichomycterus rivulatus.
Cuv. 8f Val. xviii. p. 495.

D. 8. A. 7.

Nasal and maxillary barbels extending beyond the eye. Brown,
with undulated white lines. ( Vol.)'
Guasacona.

6. Trichomycterus taenia.
Kner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wtss. Munch. 1863, p. 228.
D. 8. A. 6.

Head heart-shaped, becoming narrower towards the snout, one-
seventh of the total length. Caudal fin truncated. Body with a
blackish longitudinal band, above which there are series of dark dots.
(Kner.)

Western Andes of Ecuador.

7. Trichomycterus laticeps.
Kner, I. c.

D. 9. A. 7.

Head much depressed, subquadrangular, one-seventh of the total
length ; the width of the mouth is more than one-half of the length of
the head. Sides of the trunk with black spots, and with from sixteen
to twenty whitish cross-streaks. (Kner.)

Western Andes of Ecuador.

112. PARIODON. 275

111. EREMOPHILUS.

Eremophilus, Humboldt, Observ. Zool. i. p. 17.

Adipose fin none ; dorsal fin short, without pungent spine, placed
behind the middle of the body ; ventral fin none ; anal short, caudal
truncated. Teeth villiform, forming bands in the jaws ; palate tooth-
less. A pair of maxillary barbels on each side, a pair of slender nasal
barbels. Eyes small. Head covered with soft skin. Operculum and
interoperculum armed with patches of small osseous prickles.

Andes.

1. Eremophilus mutisii.
Humb. I. c. pi. 6 ; Cuv. $ Vol. xviii. p. 500. pi. 553.
B. 8. D. 11. A. 9. P. 9.

The length of the head is contained six times and a third in the
total. Yellowish, with reticulated brown lines and dots.
Bogota.

112. PARIODON.

Pareiodon, Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 161.
Centrophorus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 18o9, xvii. p. 167 *
Astemomycterus, Guichen. in Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, xii. p. 525.

Adipose fin none. Dorsal fin short, without pungent spine, placed
behind the middle of the body and behind the ventral fins ; anal
short ; caudal forked. Jaws with a single series of flat, truncated
incisors ; palate toothless ; cleft of the mouth rather narrow, with a
pair of maxillary barbels on each side ; no other barbels. Eyes very
small. Head covered with soft skin ; operculum and interoperculum
armed with a stripe of small osseous prickles. Gill-openings rather
narrow, only a narrow fold of the gill-membranes running across the
throat. Ventrals five-rayed, inserted behind the middle of the body.

Brazil.

1. Pariodon microps.

Pareiodon microps, Kner, I. c. c. fig.

Trichomycterus pusillus, Casteln. Anim. nouv. Atner. Sud, Poiss. p. 50.
pi. 24. fig. 4 (bad).

D. 9. A. 7. P. 6.

Body elongate, its height being about one-eighth of the total length
(without caudal). Barbels short. Coloration uniform.
Araguay, River Amazons.

* Dr. Kner proposes this second name, because he considers the first, Pariodon,
as preoccupied by Valenciennes's genus of Characinoids, Parodon : both names, as
he thinks, being composed of irapeia, cheek, and oSoiis. We need hardly remark
that this is incorrect, the name given by Valenciennes being derived from irapa.
The similarity of the two names is great, but it does not appear to justify an altera-
tion ; and the second name proposed by Dr. Kner is altogether inadmissible,
because this is really preoccupied.

t2

276 siLTraiD.a:.

Eighth Subfamily.

siluridjE branchicol^:.

The rayed dorsal fin is present, short, and placed behind the
ventrals ; anal short. Vent far behind the middle of the length
of the body. Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the
isthmus.

Seventeenth Group. STEGOPHILINA.
A single maxillary barbel on each side.

113. STEGOPHILUS.

Stegophilus, JReinhardt, in Naturhist. Form. Vidensk. Meddel. 1858,
P-

Adipose fin none ; dorsal fin short, without pungent spine, placed
behind the ventrals, which are inserted behind the middle of the
body ; anal short ; caudal truncated. Teeth small, forming bands in
the jaws. The vomerine teeth are present, forming a patch which is
confluent with the intermaxillary band, and situated quite in front of
the jaw. Cleft of the mouth inferior, with a single barbel to each
angle of the mouth. Eyes rather large. Head covered with soft
skin. Operculum and interoperculum armed with spines. Gill-
openings narrow, separated by a broad isthmus. Ventrals five-rayed.

Small fishes from Brazil.

1. Stegophilus insidiosus.
JReinhardt, I. c. tab. 2.

D. 9. A. 7. P. 6. V.5.

The length of the head is more than the depth of the body, and
one-seventh of the total. Head longer than broad, with the upper
jaw produced. Barbel very small. (Reinh.)

Rio das Velhas.

114. VANDELLIA.

Vandellia, Cuv. fy Val. xviii. p. 386.
Adipose fin none ; dorsal fin short, without pungent spine, placed
behind the ventrals, which are inserted behind the middle of the
body; anal short; caudal truncated. Teeth none in the jaws; a
transverse series of long pointed teeth in front of the vomer ; cleft of
the mouth inferior, with a single barbel to each angle of the mouth.

114. VANDELLIA. 277

Eyes small. Head covered with soft skin. Operculum and angle of
praeoperculum (?) armed with spines. Gill-openings rather narrow,
separated by a broad isthmus. Ventrals six-rayed.
Small fishes from South America.

These fishes are accused of entering and ascending the urethra of
persons while bathing, causing inflammation, and sometimes death.
Although this story is repeated by most travellers in the Brazils,
none of them have ever seen a case confirmatory of it.

1. Vandellia cirrhosa.
Cuv. $ Val. xviii. p. 386. pi. 547.

D. 8. A. 10. P. 8. V. 6.

Body elongate, rounded, its depth being equal to the length of the
head, and one -tenth of the total. Head depressed, as broad as long,
with the upper jaw produced. Barbel about half as long as the head.
Five teeth on the vomer, the middle of which is the longest.

River Amazons.

2. Vandellia plazse.
Vandellia plazaii, Casteln. Anim. Am6r. Sud, Poiss, p. 61. pi. 28. fig. 1.
Body very elongate, its depth being less than the length of the head,
which is one -thirteenth of the total. Barbel not quite half as long
as the head. Caudal obliquely truncated. (Cast.)
Rio Ucayale (Peru).

278 characinjd^:.

Fam. 2. CHARACINID^E.

Characini, Mull. Abhandl. Berl. Acad. 1844, p. 184.

Body covered with scales, head naked ; barbels
none. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the inter-
maxillaries in the middle, and by the maxillaries
laterally. Generally a small adipose fin behind the
dorsal. Pyloric appendages more or less numerous;
air-bladder transversely divided into two portions, and
communicating with the organ of hearing by means
of the auditory ossicles. Pseudobranchise none.

Inhabitants of the fresh waters of tropical Africa and America.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Adipose fin none (Erythrinina).

A. Ventral fins below the dorsal.

Palatine teeth unequal in size, those of the outer series being enlarged.

1. Macbodon, p. 281.

Palate with villiform teeth only ; teeth in the jaws conical.

2. Ekythrinus, p. 283.

Jaws with a single series of tricuspid teeth 3. Lebiasina, p. 285.

B. Ventrals in front of the dorsal.

Anal short 4. Pyrrhulina, p. 286.

Anal long 5. Corynopoma, p. 287.

II. Adipose fin present.
A. Dentition imperfect.

a. Dorsal Jin short (Cttrimatina).

Teeth none; belly rounded 6. Curimatus, p. 288.

Each lip with two series of minute, ciKubrm, moveable teeth, the posterior series
being angularly bent. Belly rounded 7. Prochilodus, p. 294.

Teeth rudimentary, moveable ; the fourth branchial arch dilated, covered with a
folded membrane 8. Cjenotropcs, p. 297.

A series of flat, serrated, moveable teeth in the upper jaw ; none in the lower.

9. Hemiod^s, p. 298.

A series of flat, spoon-shaped teeth in the upper jaw ; none in the lower. Lower
lip three-lobed 10. Saccodon, p. 301.

Teeth moveable, few in number, denticulated ; the lower jaw toothless in the
middle, and with only a few on the side 11. Parodon, p. 301.

CHARACINID.&. 279

b. Dorsal fin rather long (Citharinina *).
Each lip with a single series of minute, ciliiform, moveable teeth.

12. Citharinus, p. 302.

B. Teeth in both jaws well developed,
a. Dorsal Jin short.
aa. GUI-opening rather narrow , the gill-membranes being groivn
to the isthmus ; nasal openings remote from each other
(Anostomatina).

Teeth flat, serrated, without longitudinal keel in front.

13. Anostomijo, p. 303.
Each tooth with one or two longitudinal keels in front, terminating in points.

14. Ehytiodus, p. 305.
Teeth flattened, subtruncated. not serrated 15. Leporinus, j 306.

bb. Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes not being grown to
the isthmus ; nasal openings close together.
a. Teeth compressed, notched or denticulated (Tetragono-

PTERINAt).

aa. Anal fin short 16. Piabucina, p. 311.

/3j8. Anal fin more or less elongate.

* Belly rounded in front of the ventrals.

t Intermaxillary teeth in a double series ; a pair of conical teetli
behind the middle of the front series of teeth in the lower jaw.

Dorsal fin behind the ventrals 17. Alestes, p. 312.

Dorsal fin above the ventrals 18. Brach yalestes, p. 314.

tt Intermaxillary teeth in a double series ; no conical posterior
mandibulary teeth.

Gill-rakers setiform ; canine teeth none 19. Tetra gonopterls, p. 317.

Gill-rakers short, lanceolate ; lateral line continuous.

20. Scissor p. 331.
Teeth very unequal in size ; lateral line interrupted.

21. PSEUDOCHALCEUS, p. 331.

ttt Intermaxillarv teeth in a single series.

22. Chirodon, p. 332.
tttt Intermaxillary teeth in a triple series.

Scales large, unequal in size 23. Chalceus, p. 333.

Scales equal in size ; a pair of conical teeth behind the middle of the front series

of teeth in the lower jaw 24. Brycon, p. 333.

Intermaxillary teeth in three or four series 25. Chalcinopsis, p. 336.

No conical posterior mandibulary teeth ; anal long.

26. Bryconops, p. 338.
No conical posterior mandibulary teeth ; anal of moderate length.

27. Creagrutus, p. 339.

** Belly compressed in front of the ventrals ; canine teeth none.
Intermaxillary teeth in a double series ; a pan* of conical teeth behind the middle
of the front series of teeth in the lower jaw . . . 28. Chalcinus, p. 340.

* Coregonus niloticus, Joannis, belongs perhaps to this group: see Appendix,
p. 379.

t To this group appears to belong a genus noticed by Girard, Astyanax, which
we shall mention in the Appendix at the end of this family (p. 380).

280 CHABAC1NID.&.

Ventral fins very email 29. Gastropelecus, p. 342.

Intermaxillary teeth in a single series ; ventral fins well developed.

30. Piabuca, p. 343.

*** Belly compressed ; canine teeth in the lower jaw.
A part of the teeth only are tricuspid 31. Agoniates, p. 344.

ft. All the teeth are conical (Hydbocyonina).

* No teeth on the palate ; anal fin long.

Dorsal fin behind the ventrals ; scales small 32. Anacyrtus, p. 345.

Dorsal fin above the ventrals 33. Hystricodon, p. 349.

Dorsal fin behind the ventrals ; scales of moderate size.

34. Salminus, p. 349.

** No teeth on the palate ; anal fin of moderate length.
Dorsal fin above the ventrals 35. Hydrocyon, p. 350.

*** A series of teeth on each side of the palate, which are implanted
on a process of the intermaxillary, and not on the palatine
bone. Anal fin short.
Dorsal fin behind the ventrah 36. Sarcodaces, p. 352.

**** Each palatine bone with a series of conical teeth ; anal fin long.

Dorsal fin in the middle of the length of the body ; scales of moderate size.

37. Oligosarcus, p. 353.

Dorsal fin behind the middle of the length of the body ; scales small.

38. Xiphorhamphus, p. 353.

»**** Each palatine bone with a patch of minute granular teeth.

Anal short ; belly rounded 39. Xiphostoma, p. 356.

Anal long ; belly compressed 40. Cynodon, p. 358.

b. Dorsal fin rather elongate.

aa. GiU-openings of moderate width, the gill-membranes being
attached to the isthmus (Distichodontina).
Belly rounded 41. Distichodus, p. 359.

bb. Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes not being attached
to the isthmus.
a. Belly rounded ; jaws with conical canine teeth (Ichthy-
borina).
Lateral teeth of both jaws compressed, triangular. 42. Ichthyborus, p. 362.

ft. Belly rounded ; canine teeth none (Crenuchina).
Both jaws with a single series of tricuspid teeth. . . 43. Crenuchus, p. 365.

y. Belly with a spinous serrature (Serrasalmonina).
Intermaxillary teeth three-lobed, in two series ... 44. MYiiEsmus, p. 366.

Intermaxillary teeth with lateral lobes, in a single series.

45. Serrasalmo, p. 366.

Intermaxillary teeth with a more or less oblique cutting edge, in two series.

46. Mylhtes, p. 372.

Intermaxillary teeth conical, in two series 47. Catoprion, p. 379.

(Appendix, p. 379.)

1. MACRODON. 281

First Group. ERYTHRININA.

Characinidae without adipose fin.

South America.

1. MACRODON*.

Macrodon, Mull. 8; Trosch. Hor. Tchthyol. iii. p. 6.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the body ; adipose fin
none ; anal rather short ; ventrals below the dorsal. Body oblong,
covered with large scales ; head longish, with the cleft of the mouth
wide. Cheeks covered with the enlarged infraorbital bones ; supra-
temporal plate single. Both jaws armed with a single series of conical
teeth, some being enlarged canine teeth. A band of villiform teeth
on each side of tbe palate, each band with an outer series of larger
conical teeth and with a detached anterior patch of small villiform
teeth. Air-bladder without cellular portion.

Tropical America.

1. Macrodon trahira.
Tareira, Marcgr. p. 157.
Esox malabaricus, Block, tab. 392.
Synodus malabaricus, Bl. Schn. p. 397.

tareira, Bl. Schn. p. 398. pi. 79 (very bad).

Erythrinus macrodon, Agass. in Spix, Pise. B?-as. p. 43.

trahira, Spix, I. c. tab. 18.

brasiliensis, Spix, I. c. p. 45. tab. 20.

Macrodon trahira, Mull. &/ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 6. tab. 3. fig. 2.

tareira, Cuv. &/ Vol. xix. p. 508.

? Macrodon ferox, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Neio York, vi. p. 411.

D. 14. A. 10-11. V. 8. L. lat. 38-39. Vert. 26/10.

Twelve longitudinal series of scales across the back, in front of the
dorsal fin, from one lateral line to the other ; nine across the back of
the tail.

This species shows slight variations in the form of the body and
of the head, chiefly dependent on age and sex, which may induce
naturalists who have only a few specimens for examination to con-
sider them as specific. It is also very remarkable that some speci-
mens have large patches of asperities on the tongue, whilst others,
which perfectly agree with the former in every detail, have the
tongue smooth. Agassiz has counted from forty to forty-two scales
in a longitudinal series ; but probably he has taken one of the series
above the true lateral line, which have more scales than the latter.

Guianas, Brazil.

a, b, c—d. Adult and half- grown. British Guiana.

* 1. Macrodon auritus, C. if V. xix. p. 519. — Montevideo.

2. patana, C. 8{ V. xix. p. 522. — Cayenne.

3. guavina, Valenc. in Humb. Obser>\ Zool. ii. p. 179. tab. 48. fig. 1.

(bad) ; C. Sf V. xix. p. 527 ; Sir W. Jardine in Schomb. Fish. Brit.

Guiana, ii. p. 207. pi. 29 (cop. Humb.). — Lake of Tacarigua.

4. Erythrinus microcephalus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 44. — Kio S.

Francisco.

5. Macrodon teres, Cuv. § Val. xix. p. 521. — Lake of Maracaibo.

282 CHAEACINID^S.

e. Adult : stuffed. Demerara. From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society.

/. Young : not good state. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.

g-h. Fine specimens. Essequibo River. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.

i. Adult. River Capin, Para. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

Tc. Young. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

I, m, n, o, p-q. Fine specimens. Bahia. From Dr. "Wucherer's
Collection.

r, s. Adult. Brazil.

t, u, v, w-x. Adult and half-grown. South America.

y. Adult female : skeleton. Bahia. From Dr. "Wucherer's Collection.

2. Macrodon intermedins.
D. 12-14. A. 11. V. 8. L. lat.43.

Thirteen longitudinal series of scales across the back, in front of
the dorsal fin, from one lateral line to the* other; nine across the
middle of the back of the tail.

The height of the body is contained about five times in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-
fourths. Bones of the head striated. Vertical fins immaculate
in the larger specimen, with brown and yellow spots in the smaller
one ; body finely marbled with brown, each scale having a darker
base.

Cipo River.

a. Stuffed, 21 inches long. Presented by Ch. Cumberland, Esq. —

Vernac. name: Trahira.
b Skin, 11 inches long. Presented by'Ch. Cumberland, Esq.

3. Macrodon microlepis.
D. 14. A. 11. V. 8. L. lat. 43.

Thirteen or fourteen longitudinal series of scales across the back,
in front of the dorsal fin, from one lateral line to the other ; eleven
across the back- of the tail.

The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths in
the total length (without caudal) in adult females, and four times
and three-fourths in adult males, the length of the head thrice and
two-fifths. Bones of the head striated. Vertical fins with numerous
small round black spots ; body marbled with brown ; old specimens
with a broad, more or less distinct black band along the lateral line
and the joining halves of the series of scales nearest to it. Belly
immaculate, yellowish.

"Western Ecuador ; Guatemala.
a, b-d. Adult (15 inches long) and young. Western Ecuador. From

Mr. Fraser's Collection.
e-f, y. Adult and half-grown. Chagres River. From the Collec-
tion of Messrs. Dow and Salvin.

2. ERYTHBINC8. 283

4. Macrodon aimara.

? Erythrinus macrodon, in Schomb. Fish. Brit. Guiana, i. p. 254. pi. 27

(very bad).
Macrodon aimara, Cuv. fy Val. xix. p. 523. pi. 586.

D. 15. A. 11. V. 9.

Canine teeth very large. {Vol.)
Cayenne.

2. ERYTHRINUS*.

Erythrinus, Gronov. Mus. Ichthyol. p. 6; Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol.
lii. p. 5.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the length of the body ;
adipose fin none; anal rather short; ventrals below the dorsal.
Body oblong, covered with large scales ; head longish, with the cleft
of the mouth wide. Cheeks covered with the enlarged infraorbital
bones ; supratemporal plate double. Both jaws armed with a single
series of conical teeth, some being enlarged. A band of villiform
teeth on the palatine, and sometimes on the pterygoid bones ; no
detached anterior group of teeth ; vomer toothless. Anterior part
of the hinder air-bladder cellular.

Tropical America.

I have frequently observed the absence of one or two fins in species
of this genus ; sometimes the anal, sometimes one of the ventrals,
sometimes a part of the dorsal fin is wanting ; such fishes are evi-
dently monstrosities, and had not lost those fins by accident.

The species may be divided thus : —

* Pterygoid teeth present : Erythrinus.
** Pterygoid teeth absent : Heter erythrinus.

* Pterygoid teeth present.

1. Erythrinus unitseniatus.

Erythrinus unitseniatus, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 42. tab. 19 ; Mull, fy Trosch.

Jfor. Ichthyol. iii. tab. 3. fig. 1 (teeth) ; Cuv. 8f Val. xix. p. 486.
vittatus, Cuv. 8f Val. xix. p. 499. pi. 585 (not good).

D. 11. A. 11. V. 8. L. lat. 33. Vert. 23/12.
The band of palatine teeth is nearly as broad as the maxillary
bone ; pterygoid teeth present, forming a band which is shorter than,
but as broad as, that of the palatine bones. The length of the head
is more thi.n one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; caudal fin
nearly as long as the head without snout. The depth of the free
portion of the tail is one-half of the length of the head. Posterior
dorsal rays not prolonged ; the ventral does not extend beyond, if at
all to, Hhe vent. A black ocellus edged in front with silvery, on the

* 1. Maturaque, Marcgr. p. 169 ; Synodus palustris, Bl. Sckn. p. 398. — Brazil.
2. Erythrinus cinereus, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1858, \i.
p. 413.— Trinidad.

284 CHARACINID-E.

extremity of the operculum ; a brown band, running along the lateral
line, is as frequently absent as present. Caudal fin uniform dark-
coloured, without any spots.
Guianas, Brazil.

a. Adult. British Guiana.

b. Thirteen inches long : stuffed. Demerara. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.
j. Adult. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Frank as Eryihrinus balteatus.
. d. Young. Essequibo. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.
e. Adult. River Capin, Para. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
/. Adult. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
g-h, i-m. Adult and half-grown. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's

Collection.
n. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Erythriiius gronovii.

? Erythrinus salvus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 41.
Erythrinus gronovii, Cm. $• Val. xix. p. 500 (not synon.).

D. 11. A. 11.

Very similar to E. unitceniatus, but with the caudal fin spotted.
Four or five irregular vertical streaks on the hind part of the body.
( Val.)

Guianas; ? Brazil.

** Pterygoid teeth absent.
3. Erythrinus saimoneus.

Erythrinus, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichthyol. ii. p. 6. no. 154. »»1. 7. fig. 6.

Synodus erythrinus, Bl. Schn. p. 397.

Erythrinus saimoneus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 170.

D. 10. A. 11. V. 8 L. lat. 33.

The band of palatine teeth is extremely narrow ; pterygoid teeth
none. The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds
or four times and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head four times or thrice and three-fourths.
The length of the naked portion of the caudal fin equals the depth
of the free part of the tail, or the distance between orbit and extre-
mity of the operculum. The eighth dorsal ray is as high as the tail;
the longest anal ray two-fifths or half as long as the head. The
pectoral fin extends beyond the middle of the distance of its base
from that of the ventral, the ventral nearly to the vent. Upper and
lateral parts chestnut-brown ; belly and gill-membranes bluish ; a
black spot on the operculum, edged with silvery above. Dorsal and
anal rays with small round black spots; caudal nearly uniform
brownish violet, only traces of spots are visible towards the extre-
mity of the caudal rays ; pectoral and ventral blackish.

Amazons ; Surinam.
a. Skin: type of the species. Surinam. From Gronow's Collection.
b-c. Seven inches long. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

3. LEBIASINA. 285

4. Erythrinus longipinnis.

D. 11. A. 13. V. 8. L. lat. 34.

The band of palatine teeth is half as broad as the widest part of
the maxillary ; pterygoid teeth none. The height of the body is two-
ninths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
one-fourth. The length of the naked part of the caudal fin is a
little more than the depth of the free portion of the tail, which is
three-fifths of the length of the head. The dorsal rays rapidly
increase in length towards behind, the hinder part of the fin being
produced and somewhat longer than the head ; anal fin rather low ;
the pectoral extends beyond the middle of the distance of its base
from that of the ventral ; ventral much longer than pectoral, reaching
far beyond the origin of the anal. Upper parts and all the fins
blackish, the lower yellowish. Crown of the head with black dots ;
dorsal and caudal with small dark spots more or less confluent into
stripes ; operculum with a blotch, the upper part of which is pearl-
coloured, the lower black.

Essequibo River.

a. Fine male specimen, 6| inches long. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Col-
lection.

5. Erythrinus brevicauda.

D. 11. A. 11-12. V. 8. L. lat. 33.

The band of palatine teeth is very narrow ; pterygoid teeth none.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, which is a
little less than one-fourth of the total (without caudal). The naked
portion of the caudal fin is very short, its length being considerably
less than the depth of the free portion of the tail, which is two-thirds
of the length of the head. The dorsal rays increase in length
to the eighth, which is as high as the tail ; anal fin low ; pectoral
short, not extending backwards to the middle of the distance of its
base from that of the ventral. Ventral fin extending to, or nearly
to, the vent. A pearl-coloured crescent with a black spot in its
posterior concavity, on the operculum ; another black and silvery spot
on the commencement of the lateral line. Two series of brown dots
along the lower side of the tail, each dot occupying the base of a
scale. Vertical fins with small light spots.

Hab. ?

a-b. Six inches long. Presented by the Royal College of Surgeons.

3. LEBIASINA.

Lebiasina, Cuv. 8f Vol. xix. p. 531.
Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the length of the body ;
adipose fin none ; anal rather short ; ventrals below the dorsal. Body
oblong, covered with large scales ; lateral line none. Head of mode-
rate size, cleft of the mouth of moderate width. CheeKS covered with
the enlarged infraorbital bones. The intermaxillary and man<Mbulary

286 CHABACINID.E.

are armed with a single series of small, flat, tricuspid teeth ; maxil-
lary teeth none ; a few minute teeth are implanted on the edge of
the palatine bone*. The anterior part of the hinder air-bladder is
cellular.

Peru, Ecuador.

1. Lebiasina bimaculata.
Cuv. $ Val. I. c. pi. 587.
D. 10. A. 11. Y. 8. L. lat.25. L. transv. 8. Vert. 21/16.

The height of the body is one-fourth, or rather more than one-
fourth, of the total length (without caudal), and more than the length
of the head. A round black spot on the root of the caudal fin ; a
blackish streak across the basal portion of the anterior dorsal rays.

Peru, Ecuador.

a. Fine specimen. Bay of Callao. Presented by Professor Nation.

b. Several specimens. Western Andes of Ecuador. From Mr. Fraser's

Collection.

c. Skeleton. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

4. PYRRHULINA.

Pyrrhulina, Cuv. $• Val. xix. p. 535.

Dorsal fin placed behind the middle of the length of the body ;
adipose fin none ; anal rather short ; ventrals in front of the dorsal.
Body longish, covered with large scales ; head longish, with the cleft
of the mouth wide. Cheeks covered with the enlarged infraorbital
bones. The intermaxillary is armed with small teeth ; maxillary
toothless, received in a groove of the mandible ; mandibles with
several scries of small teeth ; palate toothless. Air-bladder without
cellular portion. Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes being
scarcely united below the throat.

Surinam.

1. Pyrrhulina filamentosa.

Cuv. «$■ Val. I. c. pi. 589.

D. 9. A. 10. V. 8. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 7.

Rays of the dorsal and caudal fins are produced into filaments. A
black band runs from the end of the operculum through the eye
round the snout, the margin of the mandible being black. Dorsal
fin with a very large black blotch.

Guianas.
a-b. Adult. Essequibo. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.

* Valenciennes describes this bone as toothless.

5. CORYNOPOMA. 287

5. CORYNOPOMA.

Stevardia, Corynopoma, et Nematopoma, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
New York, 1858, p. 422.

Dorsal fin placed behind the middle of the length of the body,
above the anal ; adipose fin none ; ventrals small. Body subfusi-
form, compressed, covered with scales of moderate size ; cleft of the
mouth wide, with the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. Cheeks
covered with the enlarged infraorbital bones ; operculum more or less
extended, armed with a spine or terminating in a process. Teeth
compressed, with multicuspid crowns, the median cusps being the
largest, in two series in the intermaxillaries, and in a single one in
the mandible ; palate toothless. Air-bladder ? ; gill-openings ?

Trinidad.

1. Corynopoma albipinne.

Stevardia albipinnis, Gill, I. c. p. 425.

D. 10. A. 20. V. 6. P. 10. L.lat.40.

Operculum with a triangular spiniform dilatation behind. The
dorsal fin commences above the seventh or eighth ray of the anal,
and is about a third higher than long. Yellowish green, with a
black line along the side of the tail ; fins white. (Gill.)

Trinidad.

2. Corynopoma riisei.
Gill, I. c. p. 426.

D.8. A. 27. Y. 6. P. 10.

Operculum with a posterior triangular dilatation, from the ex-
tremity of which issues a claviform process, which is most slender at
the posterior third of its length and slightly deflected in the direc-
tion of the vent ; it advances but little beyond the base of the pec-
toral. Dorsal fin more than twice as high as long ; the last two or
three anal rays longer than those which immediately precede them.
Coloration similar to that of the preceding species. (Gill.)

Trinidad.

3. Corynopoma veedonii.

GUI, I. c. p. 427.

D. 9. A. 31. Y. 6. P. 10.

Operculum with a posterior triangular dilatation, from the ex-
tremity of which issues a claviform process which descends at the
base only, and very soon advances upwards with a curve, and is con-
tinued in a nearly straight line, and in a direction towards the ante-
rior portion of the dorsal ; it terminates above the base of the ven-
trals. Dorsal fin more than twice as high as long ; the last three or
four anal rays longer than those which immediately precede them.
Coloration as in the preceding species. (GUI.)

Trinidad.

288 CHARAcnm).*:.

4. Corynopoma searlesii.
Nematopoma searlesii, Gill, I. c. p. 429.

D. 10. A. 26. V. 6. P. 10.
Operculum with a triangular spiniform dilatation which is pro-
duced into a very long slender setaceous filament with a compressed
expansion at the extremity, extending to behind the dorsal. The
dorsal fin commences above the fifth or sixth anal ray, and when
bent back, extends beyond the root of the caudal ; it is five times as
high as long ; anal fin increasing in height posteriorly. The pec-
torals extend as far backwards as the ventrals, beyond the origin of
the anal. Coloration as in the preceding species. (Gill.)
Trinidad.

Second Group. CURIMATINA.

Characinidae with an imperfect dentition and with a short
dorsal fin.

South America.

6. CURIMATUS.

Curimatus, sp., Cuv. Regne Anim.

Anodus, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 60 ; Mull. # Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 6.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the body ; adipose fin
present ; anal rather short or of moderate length • ventrals below
the dorsal. Body oblong or elevated, with the belly rounded or
flattened before the ventrals. Clefit of the mouth transverse, lips
none, margins of the jaws trenchant. No teeth whatever. Intestinal
tract very long and narrow.

South America.

The species may be subdivided thus : —

* Scales of moderate size ; L. lat. less than 70 : Curimatus, p. 288.
** Scales small j L. lat. more than 80: Anodus, p. 293.

* Scales of moderate size ; L. lat. less than 70.

1. Cnrimatns spilnrns.

D. 12. A. 9 (without first rudimentary ray). V. 9. L. lat. 33.
L. transv. 6/6.

The length of the head is contained thrice and two-thirds or four
times in the total (without caudal). The upper profile isa little
concave above the occiput. Snout scarcely shorter than the eye, the
diameter of which is somewhat less than the width of the interorbital
space ; eye with a narrow anterior and posterior lid. Caudal lobes
longer than the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is considerably
nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the base of the caudal.
The pectoral terminates at some distance from the ventral, its length

6. CXTEIMATUS. 289

being three-fourths of that of the head. The ventral extends to, or
nearly to, the vent. Silvery, with a yellowish band along the lateral
line, terminating in a round deep-black spot at the base of the
caudal.

The two specimens on which I have founded this species differ
most remarkably in the form of the body, although they agree in
every other point, so that there can be no doubt that they are of one
species. One has the body elevated like a C. cyprinoides, its depth
being two-fifths of the total length (without caudal) ; the other has
the body oblong, its depth being contained thrice and a third in the
total. Both are of the same length.

Essequibo.

a-b. Three and a half inches long. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

2. Cnrimatus alburnus.

Anodus alburnus, Mull, ty Trosch. Hor. Jchth. iii. p. 26. tab. 4. fig. 3.
Curimatus alburnus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii.
p. 144.

D. 12. A. 10. V. 10. L.lat.36. L. transv. 11.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a
half. Orbit with an anterior and posterior eyelid. The belly is
rounded in front of the ventrals, and scarcely keeled behind them.
Caudal fin scaly. The pectoral fins do not extend to the ventrals,
which reach to the vent. Immaculate, silvery.

Lake Amucu (British Guiana) ; Rio Guapore.

3. Curimatus argenteus.
Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1858, p. 422.

D. 10. A. 8. V. 9. L. lat. 37. L. transv. 13.
The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in the
total length (with the caudal), the length of the head four times and
two- thirds. Snout longer than the diameter of the eye, which is
contained once and one-third in the width of the interorbital space.
The commencement of the dorsal fin is less than a third of the length
of the body nearer to the snout than to the end of the caudal.
Silvery : a black spot at the root of the caudal fin ; a number of
black dots cover the inferior third of the membrane between the
middle rays of the dorsal, and give the appearance of a rounded spot.
{GUI.)
Trinidad.

4. Curimatus gilberti.

Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 219. pi. 48. fig. 1 ; Cuv. fy Vol. xxii.
p. 16.

D. 11. A. 9. V. 9. L. lat. 41.

The height of the body is more than one-third of the total length
(without caudal); the upper profile is a little concave above the
vol. v. v

290 CHABACINIBiE.

occiput. A bluish band along th'e middle of the side of the tail,
terminating in a blackish spot at the root of the caudal fin.
Rio Macacu (Brazil).

5. Curimatus troschelii.
Anodus troschelii, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Hoc. 1859, p. 418.

D. 12. A. 10 (with first rudimentary ray). V. 9. L.lat.46.
L. transv. 7/8.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a fourth in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds.
The upper profile is a little concave above the occiput. Snout not
shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is contained once and
two-thirds in the width of the interorbital space. Orbit without
adipose eyelids. Caudal lobes scarcely longer than the head. The
origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the extremity of the snout
than to the root of the caudal, and corresponds to the fourteenth scale
of the lateral line ; its height is much less than the length of the head.
The pectoral terminates at some distance from the ventral, its length
being two-thirds of that of the head. The ventral does not extend
to the vent, and its base is below the middle of the dorsal. Belly
not keeled behind the ventrals. Silvery, vertical fins more or less
blackish ; a round black spot on the end of the lateral line.

Western Andes of Ecuador.

a. Several specimens. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

6. Curimatus rutiloides.

Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 141. taf. 1. fig. 2.
D. 10-11. A. 10. L.lat. 50-53. L. transv. -^p.

The height of the body is one-third or somewhat less than one-
third of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
two-sevenths. The upper profile is not concave. Eye with an ante-
rior and posterior lid. The pectoral does not quite extend to the
base of the ventral, nor does the ventral reach to the vent — the ventral
being rather shorter than the pectoral. Coloration uniform. (Kner.)

Matogrosso, Barra do Rio Negro.

7. Curimatus cyprinoides.

Salmo cyprinoides, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 514.

edentulus, Bl. taf. 380 ; Bl. Schn. p. 472.

Characinus cyprinoides, Lacep. v. pp. 272, 274.
Curimatus cyprinoides, Cuv. Sf Vat xxii. p. 7 *.

Note. — Charax no. 378, Gronov. Zoophyl. i. p. 123, is generally
quoted as a synonym of this species, but Gronow speaks of " squamae
minutissirnae," and therefore I consider it as identical with Curimatus

* Valenciennes states in the formula of the fins A. 11, which is evidently an
error ; he has confounded it with the formula given for C. ciliatus, where he
puts A. 9 instead of A. 11.

0. CURIMATUS. 291

abramoides, Kner. Also, the authors of the ' Horae Ichthyologicae '
appear to have examined a distinct species, if their specimens really
had thirteen anal rays.

D. 11. A. 10*. V. 10-11. L.lat. 56. L. transv. 15/9.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. The upper profile is
slightly concave above the occiput. Eye with a broad anterior and
posterior adipose lid. The pectoral does not extend to the base of
the ventral, and the ventral terminates at a considerable distance
from the vent. Caudal fin forked ; the second and third dorsal rays
sometimes prolonged into a long filament. Uniform silvery.

Guianas, Northern Brazil.

a-b. Fine specimens. River Capin (Para). Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

8. Curimatus essequibensis.

Anodus cyprinoides, Mull. Sf Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 7 (non auct.).

J). 11. A. 12-13 (the first rudimentary ray included). V. 10.
L. lat. 51. L. transv. 12/9.

Very similar to C. cyprinoides.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-third.
The upper profile is slightly concave above the occiput. Snout shorter
than the eye, broad ; the diameter of the eye is two-thirds of the
width of the interorbital space. Eye with a broad anterior and pos-
terior adipose lid. Caudal fin forked, the lobes being a little longer
than the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the extremity
of the snout than to the base of the caudal. The pectoral terminates
at some distance from the ventral, its length being contained once
and three-fourths in that of the head ; the ventral does not extend
to the vent. Abdomen angular before the ventral. Uniform silvery,
back bluish.

Essequibo.
a-b. Five and a half inches long. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.
These specimens have the anterior dorsal rays not prolonged.

9. Curimatus schomburgkii.

D. 12. A. 11-12. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 13/8.

Similar to C. cyprinoides.:

The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-third.
The upper profile is distinctly concave above the occiput. Snout
shorter than the eye ; eye with a broad anterior and posterior lid.
Intermaxillary broad, the cleft of the mouth being quite at the lower
side of the snout. Caudal fin forked, the lobes being as long as the

* In this number the first rudimentary ray is included ; and the last, which is
split to the base, is reckoned as one.

tr2

292 charactnid^:.

head. The origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the extremity
of the snout than to the base of the caudal. The pectoral extends
to, or nearly to, the ventral, its length being two-thirds of that of
the head. The ventral does not extend to the vent. Abdomen
angular before the ventral. Uniform silvery, back bluish.
British Guiana.

a. Six inches long. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schom-

burgk. — The anterior dorsal rays are a little prolonged.
6. Young. British Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Leadbeater.

c. Eleven inches long : skin. Demcrara. From the Collection of

the Zoological Society.

d. Half-grown. British Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

e. Young.

10. Curimatus ciliatus.

Anodus ciliatus, Mull. $■ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 25. tab. 4. fig. 4.
Curimatus ciliatus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii.
p. 143.

D. 12. A. 11. V. 10. L. lat. 57. L. transv. 25.

The height of the body is contained twice and one-sixth in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a
half. Orbit with an anterior and posterior adipose eyelid ; its diameter
is one-half of the width of the interorbital space. The upper profile
of the head and nape is convex, without concavity. Belly rounded
before the ventrals, keeled behind them. The pectorals terminate
at some distance from the ventrals, and the latter at some distance
from the vent. Coloration uniform. (M. fy T.)

Described from specimens 6g inches long ; Essequibo River.

11. Curimatus vittatus.
Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 139. taf. 1. flg. 1.
D. 11. A. 10*. L. lat. 56-64.. L. transv. i2zL6.

7-9

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths or a little less. The
upper profile is scarcely concave above the occiput. Eye with a broad
anterior and posterior lid. The pectoral does not extend to the base
of the ventral ; the ventral is longer than the pectoral, reaching
nearly to the vent. Back with dark cross-bands ; a dark band along
the lateral line, bordered by a light one above and below. (Kner.)

Rio Guapore and Rio Negro.

* In this and in other species described by Kner, the first rudimentary ray
does not appear to have been counted.

6. CURIMAIDS. 293

* * Scales small ; L. lat. more than 80.

12. Curimatus planirostris.

Charax, no. 378, Gronov. Zoophyl. i. p. 123.
Charax planirostris, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 154.
Curimatus abramoides, Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 142.
taf. 2. fig. 3.

D. 11. A. 10. V. 8-9. L. lat. 85-90. L. transv. fgg.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal) ; the upper profile is straight above the occiput. Eye with
a broad anterior and posterior lid. The medial line of the back is
scaleless before the dorsal fin, and trenchant behind. Anterior dorsal
rays produced. Ventral longer than pectoral, terminating at a con-
siderable distance from the vent. Coloration uniform.

Barra do Rio Negro.

13 Curimatus latior.

Anodus latior, Spir, Pise. Bras. p. 62. tab. 41.
Curimatus latior, Cuv. 8j Vol. xxii. p. 19.

D. 12. A. 14-15. V. 9. L. lat. 100-110.

The height of the body is contained thrice or thrice and a third
in the total length (without caudal), but females generally have the
body still more elevated. Belly much compressed and sharply keeled.
Coloration uniform.

River Amazons.

14. Curimatus laticeps.
Cuv. 8; Vol. xxii. p. 21. pi. 634.

D. 11. A. 17. L. lat. 95.
The height of the body is rather more than one -third of the total
length (without caudal) ; the upper profile is a little concave above
the occiput. Crown of the head and snout broad. Ventral longer
than pectoral. Coloration uniform. ( Vol.)
Lake of Maraca'ibo.

I cannot agree with Kner in identifying this species with O. latior
of Spix, the latter having two anal rays less (Denkschr. Wien. Acad.
1859, xvii. p. 145).

1 5. Curimatus elongatus.

Anodus elongatus, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 61. tab. 40.
Curimatus elongatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 20.

D. 12. A. 12. V. 11. L. lat. 110.

Body elongate, its depth being less than the length of the head,
which is contained thrice and two-thirds in the total (without caudal).
Coloration uniform.

Brazils.

294 CHABACINID.2E.

7. PROCHILODUS.

Prochilodus, Agass. in Spix} Pise. Bras. p. 62,
Pacu, Spiv, ibid.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the length of the body ;
anal rather short; ventrals below the dorsal. Body more or less
oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ; belly rounded in front
of the ventrals. Cleft of the mouth transverse, with thick lips ; each
lip with a series of minute ciliiform moveable teeth ; there is in the
middle of the jaw behind each front series another short one, angu-
larly bent, the angle pointing backwards. Intestinal tract very long,
with many circumvolutions.

Mud-eating fishes from South America.

1. Prochilodus humeralis.
Giinth. Proc. Zool, Soc. 1859, p. 419.

D. 12. A. 11. V. 10. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 5/7.
The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head nearly one-fourth. The
end of the dorsal fin is above the end of the base of the ventral.
Back greenish, sides and belly yellowish, each scale with a silvery
margin. A black spot behind the shoulder, on the fourth, fifth, and
sixth scales of the lateral line. No spot on the root of the tail.
Dorsal with blackish dots posteriorly, the other fins immaculate.

Western Andes of Ecuador.
a c. Types of the species. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

2. Prochilodus vimboides.

Kner, Dmkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 148. taf. 2. fig. 4.
D. 11. A. 10. V. 9. L. lat. 35-36. L. transv. 5/5.
The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
two-thirds. The end of the dorsal fin is behind the end of the base
of the ventral. Coloration uniform ; each dorsal ray with two series
of minute dots. {Kner.)
Brazil?

3. Prochilodus argenteus.

Curimata, Marcgr. Brasil. p. 156.

Prochilodus argenteus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 63. pi. 38 (bad) ;

Cut. 8f Val. xxii. p. 71.
? Prochilodus costatus, Citv. cf Val. xxii. p. 79.

D. 12. A. 10. V. 9. L. lat. 45. L. transv. jgj.

The height of the body is two-fifths or one-third of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head is contained in it four times

7. PBOcniLODUs. 295

and two-thirds. Silvery, each scale with a narrow blackish base ; the
hind part of the dorsal fin with blackish dots ; caudal fin uniform.

Brazil
a-b. Skins (20 inches long). Cipo River. Presented by Ch. Cum-
berland, Esq.

4. Prochilodus nigricans.

? Prochilodus nigricans, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 64. taf. 39.
Prochilodus rubro-tseniatus, Schomb. Fish. Cruian. i. p. 258. pi. 28.
Pacu nigricans, MM. 8? Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. taf. 1. figs. 4 & 4 a.
Prochilodus nigricans, Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 80 ; Casteln. Anitn. Am4r.
Sud, Poiss. p. 63. pi. 31. fig. 3 (bad).

D. 11. A. 10. V. 9. L. lat. 43. L. transv. ^-g.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
Silvery, each stjale darker at the base ; dorsal and caudal fins with
blackish dots, which are arranged in irregular transverse series.

Brazil; Guiana.
a. Fine specimen. Essequibo River. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

5. Prochilodus oligolepm.

Prochilodus nigricans, Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 146
(not synon.).

L. lat. 36-38 ; otherwise similar to P. nigricans.

Brazil

The smaller number of scales in the lateral line shows that the
specihiens named P. nigricans in the Vienna Collection belong to a
different species.

6. Prochilodus reticulatus.
Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 92 ; Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 147.
D. 11. A. 11. V. 9. L. lat. 44.

The height of the body is contained four times and one-fourth in
the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head five times
and one-third. The margin of each scale rough, as if covered with
small scales. The pectorals terminate at a considerable distance
from the ventrals. Each scale with a darke^ margin; dorsal fin
with dots.

Brazil. Lake of Maracaibo.

7. Prochilodus lineatus.

Paca lineatus, Valenc. in a" Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 8. fig. 3.
Prochilodus lineatus, Cuv. <$* Val. xxii. p. 84.

D. 12. A. 11. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is less than one-third of the total length

296 CHARACiNrD^a:.

(without caudal) ; the pectoral terminates at a considerable distance
from the base of the ventrals. Silvery, with greenish stripes along
the series of scales ; fins immaculate. ( Val.)
Rio de la Plata, Rio Parana, Uruguay.

8. Prochilodus dobulinus.
Cuv. $ Val. xxii. p. 81.

B. 4. D. 11. A. 12. V. 9. L. lat. 50.
Head very broad ; body regularly ovate. Coloration uniform.
(Val)
Amazons.

9. Prochilodus brania.
Cuv. & Val. xxii. p. 82 ; Casteln. Anim. Atner. Sud, Fbiss. p. 62. pi. 31.

D. 11. A. 12. V. 9. L. lat. 60.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (with the caudal); head two-thirds as broad as long.
Coloration uniform. ( Val.)

10. Prochilodus insignia.

? Prochilodus insignia, Schomb. Fish. Guiana, i. p. 261. pi. 30.
Prochilodus insignia, Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 147.

D. 10. A. 10. L. lat. 46. L. transv. Jtg.

The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-third.
The origin of the ventral fin is below the middle of the dorsal. The
anterior dorsal rays produced ; the ventral does not extend on to
the ve*nt. Dark lines along the joining edges of the series of scales ;
caudal fin with a black medial band and with three or four oblique
black bands across each lobe ; anal with three similar bands.

Amazons ; ? Rio Branco.

a-b. Santarem. From Mr. Bates s Collection.

11. Prochilodus binotatus.

Schomburgk, Fish. Guiana, i. p. 260. pi. 29 ; Rner, Denkschr, Wien.
Acad. i859, xvii. p. 148.

D. 11. A. 10. L. lat. 48-50. L. transv. 10/10.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal). A medial black band on the caudal fin, and three or four
oblique ones on each of the lobes ; two others on the anal fin. Some-
times a black spot on the origin of the lateral line, and another on
its termination.

Rio Branco, Rio Negro.

8. (LEN0TR0PTJ8. 29/

12. Prochilodus taeniuras.

Curimatus taeniurus, Valeric, in Humb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 16G.
Prochilodus taeniurus, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 86.

L. lat. 76. Caudal fin with a black medial streak, and with three
oblique black bands on each lobe. ( Vol.)
Brazil?

8. OffiNOTROPUS.

Chilodus, Mull. $ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 10.

Chilodus et Microdus *, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wien, 1859, .xvii.
pp. 149, 151.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the length of the body,
above the ventrals; anal short. Body oblong, covered with large
scales ; belly not compressed. Cleft of the mouth small ; teeth rudi-
mentary, moveable, in a single series, in one species in both lips, in
the other in the upper only ; palate toothless. Nostrils close toge-
ther, separated by a small lobe covering the posterior. Gill-openings
rather narrow, the gill-membranes being grown to the isthmus, with-
out free posterior edge. The suboperculum angular behind. The
fourth branchial arch dilated, convex behind and concave in front,
the convex side covered with a mucous membrane, which is trans-
versely folded.

Guiana, Brazil.

1. C»notropus labyrinthicns.

Chilodus labyrinthicus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, I860, xvii.
p. 149. taf. 3. fig. 5.

D. 12. A. 9. V. 10. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 4/4.

Teeth in the upper lip only. The length of the head is one-fourth
of the total (without caudal). A broad silvery band along the middle
of the side ; a brownish spot above the pectoral ; each scale above
the silvery band with a small brown spot at the base.

Amazons.'

a. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Csenotropus punctatus.

Chilodus punctatus, Mull. % Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 26. taf. 4. fig. 2 j

Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii. p. 151.
Citharinus chilodus, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 103.

D. 11. A. ]2-13. V. 9-10. L. lat. 25.

Teeth in the lower lip as well as in the upper. The length of the
head is a little more than one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
Each scale with a small brown spot at the base. A blackish band
along the side below the lateral line. Dorsal fin with small black
spots, and with a larger one anteriorly near to its top.

Lake Amucu (Guiana).

* Both these names are preoccupied.

298 CHARACINID-E.

9. HEMIODTJS*.

Hemiodus, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. ill. p. 9.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the length of the hody ;
anal short ; ventrals below the dorsal. Body rather elongate, covered
with scales of moderate or small size ; belly rounded in front of the
ventrals. Cleft of the mouth small, with the upper lip slightly
thickened ; a series of flat, short, serrated, moveable teeth in the
upper lip ; lower jaw with rather sharp margin, without teeth ;
palate toothless.

South America, east of the Andes.

1. Hemiodus notatus.

Anodus (?) notatus, Schomb. Fish. Guiana, i. p. 218. pi. 15 (bad).
Hemiodus notatus, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 119 (pi. 638 f) ; Kner, Dmkschr.
Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 158.

B.4-5. D. 11. A. 11. V. 11. L.lat. 57-63. L. transv. 12/6.
The scales below the lateral line are much larger than those above.
The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times. The
distance between the gill-opening and the vertical from the origin of
the dorsal is less than the length of the head. Silvery, a round black
spot above the lateral line, behind the dorsal fin, corresponding to the
thirty- third scale of the lateral line. Each caudal lobe with a black
longitudinal band.
Guianas.

a-b. Fine specimens. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.
c. Adult. Surinam.

2. Hemiodus microcephalus.
D. 11. A. 10-11. V. 11. L.lat. 67-72. L. transv. 12/6.

Very similar to H. notatus.

The scales below the lateral line are much larger than those above.
The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head four times and two- thirds or
five times. The distance between the gill-opening and the vertical
from the origin of the dorsal is equal to, or more than, the length of
the head. The upper jaw with thirty-two crenulated teeth. Eye
with very broad adipose lids. The root of the ventral corresponds to
the hinder half of the dorsal fin ; anal fin very small, the length of
its longest ray being two-fifths of that of the head. Coloration as

* 1. Curimatus amazonum, Humb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 165. pi. 45. fig. 2 (bad). —
Prochilodus humboldtii, Cuv. Sf Vol. xxii. p. 90. — Amazons. — Although
Humboldt describes this fish as toothless, it is evident that it was a
species of Hemiodus, closely allied to H. notatus.
t The principal character of this species, viz. the large scales below the lateral
line, has been unjustifiably omitted : Kner has not perceived this ; on the con-
trary, he says that his specimens perfectly agree with that figure !

9. HEMIODUS. 299

in H. notatus ; but the lateral spot is of an ovate form, and its middle
corresponds to the thirty-eighth scale of the lateral line,
ltiver Capin.

a-b. Eight inches long. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

3. Hemiodus unimaculatus.

? Charax, sp., Graiiov. Zoophyl. i. p. 123. no. 379.

Salmo unimaculatus, Bl. taf. 381. fig. 3 (bad) ; Bl. Schn. p. 412.

Hemiodus crenidens, Mull. Archiv, 1842, p. 324.

unimaculatus, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. hi. p. 9 ; Cuv. fy Val.

xxii. p. 124 ; Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 158.

D. 11. A. 11-12. V. 11.

The scales are of moderate size ; those below the lateral line are not
larger than those above. An ovate black spot immediately above the
lateral line, behind the dorsal fin ; each cudal lobe with a blackish
longitudinal band.

Northern Brazil.

4. Hemiodus gracilis.
D. 11. A. 10. V. 11-12. L.lat.42. L. transv. 7/5.

The scales above and below the lateral line are equal in size. The
height of the body is contained six times in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head four times and a third ; the distance
between the gill-opening and the vertical from the origin of the dorsal
is scarcely less than the length of the head. Upper jaw with about
twenty crenulated teeth. Eye with broad adipose lids. The ventral
fin is longer than the pectoral, and terminates at a great distance
from the vent. Silvery with golden reflexions ; a black caudal band
along the lateral line, commencing in the vertical from the extremity
of the ventral fins, and proceeding to the root of the caudal fin, where
it is bent downwards, running along the lower caudal lobe, the re-
mainder of which is red.

lliver Cupai.
a-b. Four inches long. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

5. Hemiodus semitaeniatus.
Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 154. taf. 4. fig. 7.
D. 11. A. 10. V. 11. L.lat. 56-58. L. transv. 9/5.
The scales above and below the lateral line are equal in size. The
height of the body is contained four times in the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head four times and two-thirds. The dis-
tance between the gill-opening and the vertical from the origin of the
dorsal equals the length of the head. Upper jaw with about twenty-
eight crenulated teeth. Eye with broad adipose lids. The ventral
fin is much longer than the pectoral. A black band proceeds from
a black spot on the lateral line behind the dorsal fin to the root of
the caudal ; each caudal lobe with a blackish longitudinal band.
Kio Negro, Iiio Guapore.

300 CHARACINID^;.

6. Hemiodus immaculatus.
Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 157. taf. 5. fig. 9.
D. 11. A. 12. V. 12. L.lat. 70-72. L. transv. !£H.

7-6

The scales above and below the lateral line are equal in size. The
height of the body is contained four times and a half in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and three-
fourths. The distance between the gill-opening and the vertical
from the origin of the dorsal is nearly equal to the length of the
head. Upper jaw with about twenty-two crenulated teeth. Pectoral
shorter than ventral. Coloration uniform, without lateral spot j a
dark band along each caudal lobe. (Kner.)

Barra do Rio Negro.

7. Hemiodus longiceps.
Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 152. taf. 3. fig. 6.
D. 11. A. 11. V. 12. L.lat. 79-85. L. transv. 17/12.

The scales below the lateral line are scarcely larger than those
above. The height of the body is a little less than the length of the
head, which is one-fourth of the total (without caudal). The distance
between the gill-opening and the vertical from the origin of the dorsal
is much less than the length of the head. Upper jaw with about
twenty tricuspid teeth. Eye and its neighbourhood covered with adi-
pose membranes. The pectoral and ventral fins are equal in length,
more than half as long as the head. Silvery, the upper part of the
gill-opening with the hinder margin black. Interradial membrane of
the dorsal fin, and a large blotch in the fork of the caudal fin black ;
sometimes an ovate black spot on the lateral line behind the dorsal.

Rio Icanno ; Rio Capin.

a. Fine specimen. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

8. Hemiodus microlepis.
Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 155. taf. 4. fig. 8.
D. 11. A. 11. V. 11. L. lat. 110-112. L. transv. !gj.

The scales above and below the lateral line are equally small. The
height of the body is contained four times in the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head four times and two-thirds. The
distance between the gill-opening and the vertical from the origin of
the dorsal is considerably less than the length of the head. Upper
jaw with about thirty-two crenulated teeth*. Eye with a very broad
adipose membrane, which has only a narrow slit before the pupil.
Ventral much longer than pectoral, but not reaching to the vent.
Silvery ; a round black spot on the lateral line behind the dorsal fin.
(Kner.)

Rio Guapore : Barra do Rio Negro.

* The text refers to a ficure a, wliich should show the form of the teeth, but
no such figure is given.

11. PARODON. 301

10. SACCODON.

Saccodon, Ktier, in Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Munch. 1863, p. 225.

" Os inferum, nasus prominens ; dentes uniseriales solum inter-
maxillares, pauci, cochleariformes, intra alveolos margine crcnatos
absconditi ; maxilla superior et inferior edentulae ; labium inferius
tiipartitum ; pinnas pectorales et ventrales valde evolutae, abdomini
approximata3."

Ecuador.

1. Saccodon wagneri.
Kner, I. c.
B. 4. D. 11. A. 10. P. 17. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/3.

"Caput parvum, nasum versus valde declivum, rostrum tumidnm,
decussatum ; dentes insaccati, utrinque quatuor."
Ecuador.

11. PARODON.

Parodon, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 50.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the length of the body,
above the ventrals ; anal short. Body oblong, covered with scales
of moderate size ; belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth small ; teeth
few in number, rather small, in a single series ; those of the inter-
maxillary are dilated and finely denticulated at their end, moveable ;
the lower jaw has three non-denticulated teeth on each side, the
middle being toothless ; the small maxillaries and the palate without
teeth. The third infraorbital bone is very large, covering the prae-
operculum entirety. Nostrils close together. Gill-openings very
wide, the gill-membranes not being attached to the isthmus.

MaracaYbo, Brazil.

1. Parodon suborbitalis.
Cuv. Sf Vol. xxii. p. 51. pi. 637.

B. 4. D. 11. A. 9. V. 8. L. lat. 37.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head less than one-fifth. ( Vol.)
MaracaYbo.

Kner (Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii. p. 167. taf. 7. fig. 17)
distinguishes specimens from the Amazons as a second species, which
he calls Parodon nasus ; he says that it has the end of the snout less
truncated, and the intermaxillary teeth with more numerous denti-
cidations, than P. suborbitalis ; the length of the head is one-fifth of
the total (without caudal).

302 characinid;e.

Third Group. CITHARININA.

Characinidae with minute labial teeth and with the dorsal fin
rather long.
Tropical Africa.

12. CITHARINUS.

Citharinus, sp., Cuv. Hbgne Anim.

Citharinus, Midi. fy Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 8.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the length of the body ;
anal rather long ; vcntrals below the dorsal. Body elevated, covered
with small scales ; belly rounded in front of the ventrals. Cleft of
the mouth transverse, with very thin lips, each lip with a single series
of minute, ciliiform, moveable teeth ; palate toothless. Intestinal
tract with numerous circumvolutions.

Rivers of tropical Africa.

1. Citharinns geoffroyi.

Serrasalmo citharinus, Geoff. Descr. Eg. Poiss. tab. 5. figs. 2 & 3.
Citharinus geoffroyi, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Mull. <$• Trosch. Hor. Ichth.
iii. p. 9 ; Cuv. <§• Vol. xxii. p. 95.

B.4. D. 19. A. 28-30. V. 11. L. lat. 80-86.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(without caudal) ; basal half of the adipose fin scaly. Generally
uniform silvery, with the back greenish ; sometimes the whole back
and the tail brownish black.

Rivers of tropical Africa.
a. Adult. Lower Nile. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collection.
b-d. Fine specimens. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
e-f. Adult : bad state. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
g-mi. Young. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Citharinus latus.

Citharinus latus (Ehrenb.), Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 9. tab. 1.
fig. 2 (dentition).

D.22. A. 26. V. 11. L. lat. 68.

Adipose fin larger than in the preceding species.

Nile.

Midler and Troschel distinguish this second species of Citharinus,
to which none of our specimens can be referred ; Valenciennes doubts
its validity.

13. anostomus. 303

Fourth Group. ANOSTOMATINA.

Characinidse with an adipose fin and a short dorsal, with the
teeth in both jaws well developed, with the gill-membranes grown
to the isthmus, and with the nasal openings remote from each
other.

South America.

13. ANOSTOMUS.

Anostomus, Gronov. Miis. Ichth. ii. p. 13, and Syst. ed. Gray, p. 153,
Schizodon, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. GG.

Dorsal fin placed in the middle of the length of the body, above
the ventrals ; anal short. Body oblong, covered with scales of
moderate size. Belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth small ; inter-
maxillary and mandible with a single series of fixed, flat, serrated
incisors ; palate toothless. Nostrils remote from each other : the
posterior open, the anterior with a small tube. Gill-openings rather
narrow, the gill-membrane being grown to the isthmus, without free
hinder edge.

South America, east of the Andes.

1. Anostomus salmoneus.

Anostomus, Gronov. Mus. Ichth. ii. p. 13. tab. 7. fig. 2 ; JMiill. 8c Trosch.

Hor. Ichth. i. p. 10.
Salmo anostomus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 514.
Leporinus anostomus, Cuv. 8; Val. xxii. p. 38.
Anostomus salmoneus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 153.

D. 11. A. 10. V. 9. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 4/4.

The length of the head is more than the height of the body, and
one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; cleft of the mouth directed
upwards, with the lower jaw strongly projecting. Back with alter-
nating yellowish and brown longitudinal streaks ; sides yellowish,
with a broad brown band running from the extremity of the snout
through the eye to tho caudal fin ; belly with a brownish band on
each side.

British Guiana.

a. Young. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

2. Anostomus vittatus.

Piabuca vittata, Cuv. 8/ Val. xxii. p. 115; Casteln. Anim. Amir. Sud,
Poiss. p. G4. pi. 32. fig. 1.

D. 11. A. 9. V. 10. L. lat. 45.

A blackish streak runs along the middle of the tail ; trunk with
three transverse band-like spots. The lower jaw projects beyond
the upper.

Rio Araguay.

304 cnAHACixiD^;.

3. Anostomns gracilis.

Schizodon gracilis, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii.
p. 160. taf. 5. fig. 11.

D. 11. A. 10. V. 9. L. lat. 43-44. L. transv. 5/4.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal).
Cleft of the mouth turned upwards. Each jaw with eight bicuspid
incisors. A round blackish spot on the lateral line, below the dorsal
fin ; another behind the gill-opening. (Kner.)

Rio Guapore.

4. Anostomus trimaculatus.

Schizodon trimaculatus, Kner, Denksclir. Acad. Wiss. JFi'm,1859, xvii.
p. 161. taf. 6. fig. 12.

D. 11. A. 10. V. 9. lat. 42-43. L. transv. 6/5.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without caudal).
Cleft of the mouth directed upwards. Each jaw with eight crenulated
incisors. A blackish blotch on the operculum ; a round black spot
on the lateral line, below the dorsal, and another small one at the
root of the caudal fin. (Kner.)

Matogrosso.

5. Anostomus fasciatus.

Curimata fasciatus, Spix, Pise. Bras. tab. 36.

Schizodon fasciatus, Agass. in &pix, Pise. Pros. p. 66 ; Mull. 8> Trosch.

Hor. Ichth. iii. p. 10. tab. 1. figs. 5, 5a; Schomb. Fish. Guiana, i.

p. 252. pi. 26.
Piabuca schizodon, Cuv. #• Vol. xxii. p. 112.

D. 12. A. 11. V. 9. L. lat. 42-43. L. transv. 4/5.

The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without cau-
dal). The lower jaw scarcely projecting beyond the upper. There
are eight broad teeth in each jaw, each tooth with a convex serrated
margin. Body with five cross-bands : one across the middle of the
nape, the second below the dorsal, the third between dorsal and adi-
pose fin, the fourth below the adipose fin, the fifth, spot-like, at the
root of the caudal. In young specimens each of these cross-bands
terminates in a darker blotch on the side of the body.

Brazil, Guianas, Nicaragua.
a, b-d. Adult and young. British Guiana.
e. Adult. Caraccas.

6. Anostomus tseniatus.

Schizodon tseniatus, Kner, Denkschr. Wien. Acad. 1859, xvii. p. 159.
taf. 5. fig. 10.

D. 12. A. 10. Y. 10. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 5/5.
The length of the head is rather less than one-fifth of the total
(without caudal). The lower jaw projects beyond the upper. There
are eight incisors in each jaw ; they have the apex truncated, and only
the upper ones are serrated, the lower having entire margins. A dark
band runs from the upper part of the gill-opening to the middle of

14. KHYTIODTJS. 305

the root of the caudal, where it terminates in a black spot, which is
more distinct in young examples than in old ones.

Brazil.
a-d. Fine specimens. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
e. Half-grown. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

7. Anostomus isognathus.

Schizodon isognathus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii.
p. 163. taf. 6. fig. 13.

D. 11-12. A. 10. L. lat. 44-46. L. transv. 6-f.

The length of the head is a little more than one-fifth of the total
(without caudal) ; the lower jaw does not project beyond the upper.
Each jaw has the incisors crenulated, eight in number. A dark band
runs from the upper part of the gill-opening to the middle of the
fork of the caudal. (Kner.)

Rio Cujaba.

8. Anostomus nasutus.

Schizodon nasutus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii.
p. 164. taf. 7. fig. 14.

D. 11-12. A. 9-10. V. 10. L. lat. 42-44. L. transv. ^f-

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total (without caudal).
Snout somewhat pointed, with the upper jaw projecting beyond the
lower. Each jaw with eight crenulated teeth. Coloration uniform :
a triangular spot on the root of the caudal fin, extending over the
middle of its fork. (Kner.)

Irisanga.

14. RHYTIODUS.

Rhytiodus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii. p. 165.

Dorsal fin placed before the middle of the length of the body,
above the ventrals ; anal short. Body oblong, covered with scales
of moderate or rather small size. Belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth
very small ; intermaxillary and mandible with a single series of
small compressed teeth, longitudinally keeled in front : those in the
upper jaw with a single point, those in the lower with two keels and
two points ; palate toothless. Nostrils remote from each other.
Gill-openings rather narrow, the gill-membrane being grown to the
isthmus. Eyes with a broad adipose circular membrane.

Brazil.

1. Rhytiodus microlepis.

Kner, I. c. taf. 7. fig. 15.
B.4. D. 11-12. A. 10. V. 9-10. L. lat. 87-90. L. transv. i^2-

9-8

The height of the body equals the length of the bead, and is con-
tained five times and one-third in the total (without caudal). Jaws
equal in length anteriorly. Coloration uniform brown. (Kner.)

Barra do Rio Negro.

306 CHABACINID^I.

2. Rhytiodus argenteo-fuscus.
Kner, I. c. p. 166. fig. 16.
D. 11. A. 11. V. 9. L. lat. 55-56. L. transv. 7/6.
The height of the body is a little more than the length of the head,
and contained five times and one-third in the total (without caudal) ;
head much depressed. Brown above, silvery below. (Kner.)
Rio Negro.

15. LEPORINUS*.

Leporinus, Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 65.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle of the length of the body ;
anal short; ventrals below the dorsal. Body oblong, covered with
scales of moderate size ; belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth small,
with the lips well developed ; teeth in the intermaxillary and man-
dible, few in number, flattened, with the apex more or less truncated,
and not serrated ; the middle pair of teeth is the longest in both
jaws ; palate toothless. Nostrils somewhat remote from each other :
the posterior open, the anterior with a short tube. Gill-membranes
grown to the isthmus, without posterior free margin.

South America, east of the Andes.

1. Leporinus frederici.

Salmo frederici, Block, taf. 378 ; Bl. Schn. p. 403.

Curiruatus acutidens, Valenc. in d' Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 8.

Leporinus frederici, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 25.
D. 12. A. 11. V. 9. L. lat. 38-39. L. transv. 5/6.
The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ;
the eye occupies the middle of the length of the head ; incisors with
the inner surface brown, and with the edge produced into a point.
The pectoral fin terminates at a great distance from the ventral.
Three rounded black spots along the lateral line, the first below the
hinder half of the dorsal, the third at the root of the caudal.
Guianas, Brazil.

a-b. Fine specimens. Essequibo River. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Col-
lection.
c. Young. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

2. Leporinus obtusidens.

Curimatus obtusidens, Valenc. in d1 Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 8.

fiS-2' • •• .

Leporinus obtusidens, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 28.

D. 12. A. 11. L. lat. 42.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total (without caudal).

* 1. Leporinus maculatus, Midi. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 11 ; ? Cuv. Sf
Val. xxii. p. 31 ; ? Casteln. Anim. Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 58. pi. 29. fig. 2. —
British Guiana ; ? Brazil.

15. LEP0R1NUS. 307

Incisors obtuse, truncated. Three blackish spots along the lateral
line, like L. fredenci.
Buenos Ayres ; Brazil.

3. Leporinus megalepis.
Giinth. Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xii. p. 443.
D. 12. A. 11 (-12). V. 9. L. lat. 33-36. L. transv. 4s-

v y 5-0

This species differs from L. frederici only in having larger scales.
Young specimens (from the Essequibo) have sometimes large blackish
spots on the back, arranged in two or three irregular series, besides
the three black spots on the lateral line.

a-c. Adult and young. Essequibo Biver. From Mr. Ehrhardt's
Collection. — Types of the species.

d. Adult. British Guiana. Presented bjj. Sir B. Schomburgk.

e-f. Half-grown. Surinam. From the Stuttgart Museum.

g. Young. Biver Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

h, i-l. Adult and half-grown. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's
CoUection.

to. Half- grown. South America. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.

n-o. Adult : skins. Bio Janeiro. Purchased of Mr. Gardiner.

4. Leporinus leschenaultii.

? Leporinus leschenaultii, Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 30. pi. 635.

5-6

D. 12-13. A. 11-12. L. lat. 37-39. L. transv. .

0

The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
head, which is contained thrice and a half or thrice and two -thirds
in the total length (without caudal). The upper profile, above the
occiput, is a little concave ; the eye is nearer to the extremity of the
snout than to the gill-opening. Incisors with the apex truncated,
only the lower ones are somewhat pointed. The pectoral fin termi-
nates at a short distance from the ventral. Three large rounded
black spots along the lateral line : the first below the hinder half of
the dorsal, and the third, which is very indistinct, at the root of the
caudal ; sometimes traces of another blackish spot on the gill-opening.

Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador.

a. Several specimens. Andes of Western Ecuador. From Mr.

Fraser's Collection.
b-c. Young. Biver Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
d. Adult: skin.

"We have but little doubt that our specimens belong to L. lesche-
naultii, although they agree better with the description than with
the figure quoted. But the latter itself is not quite in accordance
with the description, for the illustration of which it is given, as it
does not express the character of the shortness of the body, by which
the species is said to be distinguished.

x 2

308 characinid^:.

5. Leporinus bimaculatus.
Casteln. Anirn. Amer. Slid, Poiss. p. 58. pi. 29. fig. 1.
Two large black spots on the lateral line: the first below the
origin of the dorsal, and the second corresponding to the space be-
tween dorsal and adipose fins. (Casteln.)
Rio Vermelho de Goyaz.

6. Leporinus fasciatus.

Salmo fasciatus, Block, taf. 379.

Leporinus novem-faseiatus, Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 65. tab. 37.

fasciatus, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 34.

D. 12. A. 11. V. 11. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 7/7.

The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
The eye is somewhat nearer to the end of the operculum than to the
extremity of the snout. Lips fringed. Eleven blackish cross-bands :
the first across the interorbital space, the second on the nape of the
neck, the third and fourth in front of the dorsal, the sixth, seventh,
and eighth between dorsal and adipose fins, the ninth and tenth
behind the adipose fin, the eleventh on the base of the caudal fin.

Surinam, Brazil.

a-fe. Fine specimens. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.
c. Young. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

7. Leporinus affinis.
D. 12. A. 11. V. 11. L. lat. 43. L. transv. 8/8.

Closely allied to L. fasciatus, but with fewer bands.

The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
two-fifths or four times and one-fourth. The eye occupies the middle
of the leugth of the head. Lips fringed. Nine blackish cross-bands :
the first across the interorbital space, the second on the nape of the
neck, the third and fourth in front of the dorsal, the sixth and seventh
between the dorsal and the adipose fins, the eighth and ninth between
the adipose and caudal fins.

Para.

a-b. Fine specimens. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
c-d. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

8. Leporinus pachyurus.

Cuv. $■ Vol. xxii. p. 36 ; Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 59. jfl. 30.
fig.l.
D. 12. A. 11. V. 10. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 6/7.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head rather more than one- fourth ; the
eye is somewhat nearer to the end of the operculum than to the

15. LEPORINUS. 309

extremity of the snout ; incisors broad, truncated. The pectoral
terminates at some distance from the ventral. Coloration uniform.
Rio Araguay, Rio Cipo.

a. Adult: skin. Eio Cipo. Presented by Ch. Cumberland, Esq. —
Vernacular name : Piao.

9. Leporinus margaritaceus.
D. 12. A. 11. V. 10. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 6/6.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total (without caudal). The eye is a little nearer to the
end of the operculum than to the extremity of the snout ; its dia-
meter is two-thirds of the width of the interorbital space, and one-
fourth of the length of the head. Lips rather thick, not fringed.
Teeth rather narrow, the lower obliquely truncated. The distance
of the first dorsal ray from the extremity of the snout equals that
from the adipose fin. Anal rays long, reaching beyond the root of
the caudal if laid backwards. Coloration uniform, each scale with
a broad pearl-coloured margin ; an indistinct yellowish band along
the side of body and tail, below the lateral line.

British Guiana.

a. Eight and a half inches long. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

10. Leporinus elongatus.
Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 37.

D. 12. A. 11. V. 9. L. lat. 42.

Body elongate, its height being one-fifth of the total length (with
the caudal ?) ; the anal fin does not extend to the root of the caudal
if laid backwards. Coloration uniform, each scale with a broad
darker margin. ( Val.)

Rio San Francisco, Rio de la Plata.

11. Leporinus nigro-taeniatus.

Chalceus nigrotseniatus, Sclwmb. Fish. Guian. i. p. 213. pi. 13. fig. 2.
Leporinus nigrotaeniatus, Midi, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 11. tab. 1.
fig. 7 (dentition) ; Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 32.

D. 12. A. 11. V. 10. L. lat. 42. L. transv. (i/6.

The height of the body is equal to, or rather less than, the length
uf the head, which is contained four times and two-thirds in the
total ; the eye is somewhat nearer to the end of the operculum than
to the extremity of the snout ; anterior teeth with a narrow brownish
edge. The pectoral terminates at a great distance from the ventral.
A black band commences below the dorsal fin, and runs along the
lateral line to the base of the caudal fin.

British Guiana.

a-b. Fine specimens. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's. Collection,
o. Adult : skin. Presented by Ch. Cumberland, Esq.

310 CHAEACINIDJS.

12. Leporinus melanopleura.
D. 12. A. 11. V. 10. L.lat. 35-37. L. transv. 2*.

5

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-third.
Eye rather small, one-fifth of the length of the head, occupying its
middle. Teeth sub-truncated, with brown tips. The origin of the
dorsal fin is a little nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the
root of the caudal fin. The pectoral terminates at a great distance
from the ventral. Brownish green above, yellowish below ; a broad
black band, occupying one series of scales and two halves, runs from
the gill-opening, immediately below the lateral line, to the root of
the caudal. Fins immaculate.

Brazil.

a-b. Five inches long. Bahia. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.
c. Five inches long : skin. Cipo Biver. Presented by Ch. Cumber-
land, Esq.

13. Leporinus striatus.
Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii. p. 171. taf. 8. fig. 18.
D. 10-11. A. 9. V. 9. L. lat. 35-36. L. transv. 5/4.

The height of the body is more tnan the length of the head, which
is two-ninths of the total (without caudal) ; the eye is one-fourth
of the length of the head, and occupies its middle. The origin of
the dorsal fin is nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the
root of the caudal. The pectoral terminates at some distance from
the ventral. A blackish band runs from the angle of the mouth
along the lateral line to the posterior margin of the caudal ; a second,
more indistinct, from above the gill-opening to the adipose fin ; a
'hird, also indistinct, from the occiput to the dorsal fin. (Kner.)

Trisanga and Caigara in Matogrosso.

14. Leporinus vittatus.

Leporinus vittatus, Cup. # Val. xxii. p. 33 ; Casteln. Anim. Amir. Sud,

Foiss. pi. 29. fig. 3.
pictus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii. p. 1 72. taf. 8.

fig. 19.

D. 11. A. 10. V. 9. L. lat. 42-45. L. transv. 5/4.

Body rather elongate ; teeth truncated ; basal portion of the caudal
fin scaly. Head with blackish dots ; each scale on the back with a
black spot at the base ; an indistinct blackish band along the lateral
line ; each lobe of the caudal fin with two oblique black bands ; dorsal
with a black cross-band.

Bio Araguay; Irisanga.

16. PIABUCINA. 311

Fifth Group. TETRAGONOPTERINA.

Characinida? with an adipose fin and with a short dorsal, with
the teeth in both jaws well developed, compressed, notched or
denticulated, with the gill-membranes free from the isthmus, and
with the nasal openings close together.

South America and tropical Africa.

16. PIABUCINA.

Piabucina, Cuv. Sr Val. xxii. p. 161.

Dorsal fin placed in, or somewhat behind, the middle of the length
of the body, immediately behind the ventrals ; anal rather short.
Body oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ; belly rounded.
Lateral line none. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width : teeth
rather small, tricuspid, those of the intermaxillary in a single, those
of the mandible in a double series ; maxillary with a very few small
teeth ; palate toothless. Nostrils close together. Gill-openinge wide,
the gill-membranes not being attached to the isthmus.

Maracai'bo.

1. Piabucina erythrinoides.

Cuv. 8f Val. I, c. pi. 641.

B. 4 D. 10. A. 12. V. 8. L. lat. 37.

The origin of the dorsal fin is nearly in the middle between the
end of the snout and the root of the caudal. The height of the body
equals the length of the head, and is contained five times and a
half in the total (without caudal) ; the lower jaw is longer than the
upper ; the middle postorbital very narrow. A blackish spot on the
base of the anterior dorsal rays, another on the root of the caudal
fin. {Val.)

Maracai'bo.

2. Piabucina unitaeniata.

D. 10. A. 11. V. 8. L. lat. 27. L. transv. 8.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fourth of the total (without caudal). Lower jaw obtuse, projecting
beyond the upper ; the mnxillary extends beyond the anterior margin
of the orbit. The diameter of the eye is two-thirds of the width of
the interoi-bital space, somewhat less than the extent of the snout,
and one-fifth of thp length of the head. The middle postorbital is
as high as long. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the root of
the caudal than to the end of the snout, and behind the vertical from
' ie base of the ventral. Adipose fin very small ; caudal forked, with
its basal half scaly. The length of the pectoral is three-fifths of that
of the nead, and somewhat more than one-half of its distance from
the ventral. Ventral shorter than pectoral. Brownish ; an indistinct

312 CHARACINID.E.

dark band runs from the end of the operculum to the lower half of
the base of the caudal fin.
British Guiana.

a. Five inches long. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

17. ALESTES.

Alestes, sp., Mull. $■ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 12.
Alestes et Brycinus, Cuv. ty Val.

The dorsal fin is placed in the middle of the length of the body,
behind the ventrals ; anal fin rather long. Body oblong, covered
with scales of moderate or large size ; belly rounded. Cleft of the
mouth rather small. Maxillary teeth none ; intermaxillary teeth in
two series : those of the front series more or less compressed, more
or less distinctly tricuspid ; the teeth of the hinder series are broad,
molar-like, each armed with several pointed tubercles. Teeth in the
lower jaw in two series : those in the front series laterally compressed,
broader behind than in front ; the hinder series is composed of two
conical teeth. All the teeth are strong, few in number. Nostrils
close together, separated by a valve only. Gill-opening wide, the
gill-membranes being united for a short space only, and not grown
to the isthmus.

Tropical Africa.

The species may be brought into two groups : —

* Scales of moderate size : Akstes, m.
* * Scales veiy large : Brycinus, Val.

* Scales of moderate size.

1. Alestes dentex.

Raches.

Salmo dentex, Hasselq. Reise Palast. p. 437.

niloticus, Forsk. Descript. Anim. p. 66. no. 976.

Characinus niloticus, Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 4. fig. 2.
Myletes hasselquistii, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iv. p. 449. pi. 21. fig 2.
41estes dentex, Mull. $ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 13. pi. 2. fig. 6 (den-
tition) ; Heckel, in Russegger, Reise, ii. part 3. p. 307. +af. 21. fig. 2.
hasselquistii, Cuv. Sf Val. xxii. p. 180.

D. 10. A. 23-24. V. 10. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 9/3*. Vert. — .

' A 18 20

The height of the body is a little more than one-fourth of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Teeth of
moderate strength, not coloured. Body silvery.

Nile.

a-c. Fine specimens. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.

d. Half-grown : skeleton. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's

Collection.

e. Adult: skeleton. Lower Nile. From Dr. Ruppell's Collection.

17. ALESTES. 313

2. Alestes sethente.
Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 190.
D. 10. A. 22. V. 10. L. lat. 42. L. ransv. 9/3£.
Extremely similar to A. dentex, but with the teeth twice as strong,
and brown at the crown. The height of the body is contained thrice
and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head thrice and three-fourths.
West Africa.

a. Adult : not good state. Gambia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

3. Alestes kotschyi.

Salmo niloticus, L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. i. p. 514 (not Hasselq.).
Cyprinus deDtex, L. I. c. p. 531 (not Hasselq.).

Myletes hasselquistii, Cuv. Regne Anim. 111. Poiss. pi. 103. fig. 1 (bad).
? Myletes baremoze, Joannis, Chier. Mag. Zool. 1835, pi. 6.
Alestes kotschyi, Heckel, in Russegger, Reise, ii. part 3. p. 308. taf. 21.
fig. 4.

D. 10. A. 26-28. V. 10. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 9i/34.
Vert. 24/23.

The height of the body is two-ninths or less than one-fourth of
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head rather less
than one-fifth. Teeth not coloured. The pectoral fin terminates at
some distance from the root of the ventral. Body silvery.

a-d. Fine specimens. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.

e-i. Adult. Lower Nile. From Consul Petherick's Collection.

Tc-l. Adult. Nile. Presented by J. Burton, Esq.

m-o. Half-grown. Nile. Presented by Dr. E. Ruppell.

p. Adult : skeleton. Nile. From Dr. Ruppell's Collection.

** Scales very large.

4. Alestes macrolepidotus.

Brycinus macrolepidotus, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 157. pi. 639.
Alestes macrolepidotus, Bilharz, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1852, iii.
taf. 37 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 19.

D. 10. A. 16. V. 10. L. lat. 23. L. transv. 4/2.

Teeth of the lower jaw with three or four points. The length of
the head is one-fourth, or somewhat less than one-fourth, of the total
(without caudal). Silvery, each scale with a darker base ; sometimes
a blackish spot behind the gill-opening, above the lateral line.

Nile ; West Africa.

a. Nineteen inches long. Nile. Presented by Dr. E. Biippell.

b. Half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.

;U4 CHARACINIDJE

18. BEACH YALESTES*

Alestes, sp., Mull. $• Trosch. I. c.

The dorsal fin is placed in the middle of the length of the body,
ahove the ventrals; anal of moderate length. Body oblong, covered
with scales of moderate or large size ; belly rounded in front of the
ventrals. Mouth, teeth, nostrils, and gill-openings as in Alestes ;
the intermaxillary extends downwards on each side, covering a por-
tion of the anterior edge of the maxillary.

Tropical Africa.

1. Brachyalesxes nurse.

Myletes nurse, R'upp. Forts. Beschr. newer Fische cles Nils, p. 12. taf. 2.

fig. 3t.

guile, Joannis, Guer. Mar/. Zool. 1835, pi. 9.

Alestes nurse, Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 13; Cuv. fy Vol. xxii.

p. 188.
Chalceus guile, Cuv. Sf Vol. xxii. p. 255.

D. 10. A. 16+. L. lat. 29. L. transv. g. Vert. 23/15.

The height of the body is one-third, or somewhat less than one-
third, of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head a
little more than one-fourth. The origin of the dorsal fin is only a
little behind that of the ventral ; the pectoral terminates at some
distance from the ventral. Bright silvery, with a very indistinct
blackish spot above the lateral line, behind the gill-opening ; some-
times another large blackish blotch at the base of the caudal fin.
Iris light yellow.

Xile.

a-e. Fine specimens. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Col-
lection.
f. Adult: skeleton. Chartoum. From Consul PethencK's Collection.

Valenciennes refers some specimens of this species to the genus
Chalceus, with the name of C. guile; he says that it has the inter-
maxillary teeth in a triple series. The specimens in the British
Museum have enabled me to convince myself that these teeth are,
normally, in a double series, as in all the other African species of
Alestes and Brachyalestes ; but in old examples the second tooth of
the front series of each side is generally placed a little backwards,
as if there was not room enough for it between the first and third
teeth ; and there always remains a free space indicating the original
place which it had occupied at an earlier age. For in younger
examples the front series of intermaxillary teeth is uninterrupted ;

* 1. Myletes allenii, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 45. — Quorra.

t There is a misprint in this description: instead of " Brfl. 1/8. Bafl. 1/11,"
read "Bafl. 1/8. Brfl. 1/11." To this error the Guile of Joannis partly owes
its introduction into the system as a species.

I This number includes the first rudimentary ray (the third simple ray being
the longest in this fin) ; and the last ray, which is split to the base, is counted as
two.

18. BRACHYALESTES. 315

and I have examined several specimens in which the second tooth
was only slightly dislodged, and in one case it occupied its original
place on one side and was pushed backwards on the other.

2. Brachyalestes ruppellii.
D. 10. A. 17*. L. lat. 30. • L. transv. 5X

The height of the body is one-third, or a little less than one-third,
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-
fourth, or, in younger examples, somewhat more than one-fourth.
The origin of the dorsal fin is a little behind that of the ventral,
midway between the extremity of the snout and the root of the cau-
dal. The pectoral terminates close to the ventral. Bright silvery,
with a very indistinct blackish humeral spot ; caudal spot absent or
very indistinct. Iris golden, with a broad black ring; sometimes
entirely black in specimens preserved in spirits.

Upper Mle.

a-c. Adult (6| inches long) and half-grown. Chartoum. From
Consul Petherick's Collection.

This species is scarcer than its congener from the same river, to
which it is extremely similar ; nevertheless there can be no doubt
that it is specifically distinct, having constantly one anal ray more,
a peculiarly dark eye, and a somewhat longer pectoral fin. It is
perfectly evident to which of the two species the name of B. nurse
must be applied : Ruppell states -^ anal rays in his description (and
when we compare this with the figure, we find that he counted the
middle simple ray as first, and the last as two), and the pectoral is
represented short, both of which characters agree with our B. nurse.
Thus, the question remains, whether our fish be identical with the
Guile of Joannis and Valenciennes. The distinctive characters
brought forward by the former are of so trivial a nature, that they
need no further comment; whilst we have shown above that the
character of a triple series of teeth, assigned to the Guile by Valen-
ciennes, is peculiar to the old age of B. nurse. Moreover Joannis
counted 16 anal rays, fortunately explaining the way in which he
obtained that number, and which agrees with that adopted by myself,
whilst Valenciennes states even one ray less ; this is sufficient proof
of the correctness of the opinion that the Guile of the French natu-
ralists is synonymous with Kiippell's Nurse.

'6. Brachyalestes longipinnis.
D. 10. A. 21-22. V. 8. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 5/2|. Vert. 16/17.
The height of the body is contained twice and two -thirds or twice
and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal), the length

* This number is obtained by counting the rays in the same manner as in
B. nvrsc, namely, by counting the first rudimentary ray, by taking the longest
simple one as third, and by reckoning the last, which is split to the base, as two.

316 CHARACINIDJ3.

ot the head four times ; the teeth of the hinder intermaxillary series
are compressed, multicuspid, without enlarged anterior portion ; the
two conical teeth of the mandible very small. The maxillary extends
to below the anterior margin of the orbit. The origin of the dorsal
fin is a little behind that of the ventral, and somewhat nearer to the
extremity of the snout than to the base of the caudal. The pectoral
extends to the ventral. Adult specimens with the fourth and fifth
dorsal rays produced into a filament ; anal with the lower margin
convex. The lateral line runs entirely in the lower half of the body,
occupying the lowermost series of scales on the free portion of the
tail. Silvery, back blackish ; a broad black band runs along the
middle of the free portion of the tail and along the middle caudal
rays ; vertical fins with a reddish hue ; the paired fins with a blackish
margin.

West Africa.

a-e. Adult (4 inches long) and half-grown. Sierra Leone. Pur-
chased of Mr. Stevens.

/. Half-grown. River Congo. Presented by the Royal College of
Snrgeons.

(j. Young. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Damon.

h. Adult : skeleton. Sierra Leone. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

4. Brachyalestes imberi.

Alestes imberi, Peters, Monatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berl. 1852, p. 276.
D. 10. A. 17-18. V. 10. L. lat. 20. L. transv. 7.

The height of the body is somewhat more than one-third of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth.
The origin of the dorsal fin is a little in front of that of the ventral.
Silvery, with a black spot behind the shoulder, and with another
one at the root of the caudal.

Zambesi.

a-b. Adult and young. Presented by Professor Peters.

5. Brachyalestes acutidens.

Alestes acutidens, Peters, Monatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berl. 1852, p. 276.
D. 10. A. 19. V. 9. L. lat, 23. L. transv. 4/2.

The height of the body is contained thrice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
The origin of the dorsal fin is a little behind that of the ventral. A
broad silvery band runs along the side of the body.

Eastern Africa.

d-b. Zambesi. Presented by Professor Peters.
(•. River Rovuma. Presented by Dr. Kirk.

19. TETRAG0N0PTEKUS. 317

19. TETRAGONOPTERUS*

Tetragonopterus, Cuv. Mem. Mus. 1818, iv. p. 455 (not Tetragono-
ptrus, Klein) f.

The dorsal fin is placed in the middle of the length of the body,
above or immediately behind the ventrals ; anal fin long. Body
oblong or elevated, covered with scales of moderate size ; belly
rounded. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width. Anterior teeth
strong, lateral teeth small. Intermaxillary and mandibulary teeth
subequal in size, with a compressed and notched crown, the former
in a double, the latter in a single series ; maxillary with a few teeth
near its articulation, rarely with the entire edge denticulated. The
intermaxillary has no lateral process overlapping a part of the front
of the maxillary. Nostrils close together, separated by a valve only.
Gill-opening wide, the gill-membranes being free from the isthmus
and separate. Gill-rakers setiform.

Tropical America.

The numerous species of this genus may be subdivided as follows : —

A. Anal rays forty or more.

a. Maxillary with only a few rudimentary teeth near its articula-

tion, p. 318.

b. The entire edge of the maxillary denticulated, p. 319.

B. Anal rays less than forty.

a. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width ; maxillary without teeth
along its edge, extending to, or not much beyond, the front margin
of the eye.

a. The height of the body is one-half, or more than one-half, of the
total length (without caudal), p. 319.

* 1. Tetragonopterus orbignyanus, Cuv. $ Val. xxii. p. 147. — Buenos Ayres.

2. viejita, Cuv. $ Vol. xxii. p. 154. — Lake of Maracaibo.

3. sawa, Casteln. Anim. Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 65. pi. 33. fig. 1.— Rio

Crixas.

4. mexicanus, Filippi, in Gver.Bev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 166. — Mexico.

5. Pcecilurichtbys brevoortii, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1858,

p. 417.— Trinidad.

6. taeniurus, Gill, I. c. p. 418. — Trinidad.

7. pulcher, Gill, I. c. p. 419. — Trinidad. — In the descriptions of the

three last-named species it is not stated whether the origin of the dorsal
fin is behind, or opposite to, that of the ventral.

8. Pcecilurichthys (Hemigrammus) unilineatus, Gill, I. c. p. 420. — Trinidad.

— Lateral line discontinued in the middle of the body. A. 27;
t Klein formed the name of Tetragonoptrus for fishes of the Linnean genus
Tetrodon, giving at the same time an etymological explanation of the word.
Artedi afterwards referred a South American Characinoid to the Kleinian genus,
preserving the original and correct spelling. Cuvier, taking Artedi's species as
the type of the genus, adopted the name erroneously used by Artedi, but, mis-
understanding the derivation of the word, wrote Tetragonopterus. In spite of
the similarity of the two words, their meaning is sufficiently distinct to forbid the
introduction of a new generic name, and the preservation of Tetragonopterus
must be thfi more recommended as it is in common use, whilst Tetragonoptrus
will probably for ever remain a synonym.

318 CHARACINID^.

/3. The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length.

* The dorsal fin commences distinctly behind the origin of the
ventral, p. 321.

** The origin of the dorsal and ventral fins are nearly in the same
vertical, p. 328.

b. Cleft of the mouth rather wide ; maxillary without teeth along its

edge, long and narrow, extending to, or nearly to, below the centre
of the eye. Dorsal fin above the ventral : Creatochanes, m., p. 329.

c. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width; the entire edge of the

maxillary denticulated : Hemibrycm, m., p. 330.

A. Anal rays forty or more.
a. Maxillary with only a few rudimentary teeth near its articulation.

1. Tetragonopterus spilurus.
Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 156.

D. 11. A. 48.

Ventral profile much arched ; snout pointed. A silvery band along
the side of the body. ( Val.)
Surinam.

2. Tetragonopterus argenteus.
Cuv. Mem. Mus. iv. p. 455 ; Cuv. $ Val. xxii. p. 132.
B. 4. D. 11. A. 40. V. 8. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is not less than one-half of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head about one-fourth. Upper
profile of the head concave ; diameter of the eye equal to the width
of the interorbital space, and one-half of the length of the head.
The pectoral extends beyond the root of the ventrals. Maxillary
with only a few teeth near its articulation. Two dark cross-bands
descend from before the dorsal, one to the gill-opening, the other
towards the middle of the pectoral fin. A black spot on the root of
the caudal.

Bahia?

3. Tetragonopterus rufipes.

Valenc. in a" Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 11. fig. 1 ; Cuv. # Val.
xxii. p. 136.

D. 11. A. 40. V. 8. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is three-fifths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head somewhat more than a fourth. Upper
profile concave ; eye very large. Maxillary with only a few teeth
near its articulation. Body without dark cross-bands ; ventral and
anal fins orange-red. ( Val.)

Buenos Ayres.

19. TETRAG0N0PTERT7S. 319

b. The entire edge of the maxillary is denticulated.

4. Tetragonopterus artedii.
Cuv. Sf Val. xxii. p. 128 (not synon.).

D. 11. A. 40. V. 8. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is not less than one-half of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head about one-fourth. Upper
profile of the head concave ; diameter of the eye rather more than
the width of the interorbital space, and one-half of the length of the
head. The pectoral extends beyond the root of the ventrals. Max-
illary with a few conical teeth near its articulation, its entire edge
being finely denticulated. Body with silvery longitudinal bands,
without dark cross-bands. (Val.)

According to Valenciennes, this species would be conspicuously
distinguished from T. argenteus and T. rujtpes by the peculiar denti-
culation of the maxillary bones. But it is quite evident that it is not
the species examined by Artedi and figured by Seba, which agrees
in every respect with T. chalceus.

B. Anal rays less than forty.

a. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width ; maxillary without teeth along
its edge, extending to, or not much beyond, the front margin of
the eye.

a. The height of the body is one-half, or more than one-half, of
the total length (without caudal).

5. Tetragonopterus compressus.
D. 11. A. 33. V. 9. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 9/9.

Body much compressed and elevated, its greatest depth being con-
tained once and two -thirds in the total length (without caudal).
The lower profile is subsemicircular, and the pectoral fins are inserted
at some distance above the ventral profile. The length of the head
is one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; interorbital space con-
vex, its width equalling the diameter of the eye, which is two-^fths
of the length of the head. The upper profile is deeply concave above
the parietal region. The maxillary does not extend beyond the ver-
tical from the front margin of the eye. The origin of the dorsal fin
is vertically a little in front of that of the ventral. The pectoral
reaches beyond the root of the ventrals. Silvery, with golden re-
flexions ; back bluish ; a round bluish spot on the shoulder, above
the lateral line.

Guianas, Brazil.

a-b. Fine specimens, 3 inches long. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehr-

hardt's Collection.
c-d. Three and a half inches long. Surinam. Purchased of Mr.

Frank.
e. Three and a half inches long. Maranon.

320 chaeacixid^:.

6. Tetragonopterus polylepis.

D. 11. A. 34. V. 8. L. lat. 43. L. transv. ^.

Body much compressed and elevated, its greatest depth being con-
tained once and four-fifths in the total length (without caudal) ; the
lower profile much arched. The length of the head is one-fourth
of the total (without caudal); interorbital space very convex, its
width being much more than the diameter of the eye, which is one-
third of the length of the head. The upper profile is concave above
the parietal region. The maxillary terminates in the vertical from
the front margin of the eye. The origin of the dorsal fin is vertically
behind the root of the ventral. The pectoral extends a trifle beyond
the base of the ventral. Uniform silvery.

British Guiana.
a. Four and a half inches long. Presented by Sir K. Schomburgk.

7. Tetragonopterus chalceus.

Tetragonoptrus argenteus etc., Artedi, in Seba, iii. tab. 34. fig. 3.

Coregonus amboinensis, Artedi, Species, p. 44.

Tetragonopterus chalceus, Agass. in Spix, Pise, Bras. p. 70. tab. 33.

fig. 1 j Cuv. $ Val. xxii. p. 140.
schomburgkii, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 137.

D. 12. A. 33-34. L. lat. 30-32. L. transv. 7/4|.

The height of the body is contained twice in the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-fourths ; inter-
orbital space flat, its width being rather less than the diameter of the
eye, which is contained twice and one-third in the length of the
head. The upper profile is concave above the parietal region. The
maxillary extends a little beyond the front margin of the eye. The
vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin falls immediately behind the
root of the ventrals. The pectoral reaches a little beyond the base
of the ventrals. A dark spot behind the shoulder is scarcely visible,
and sometimes disappears entirely ; base of the caudal more or less
distinctly blackish.

British Guiana, Brazil.
a-b. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
c. Fine specimen. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

8. Tetragonopterus orbicularis.

Cuv. Sf Val. xxii. p. 138 ; Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 65. pi. 32.
fig. 3 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii. p. 174.

D. 11. A. 34. L. lat. 35.

The height of the body is two -thirds of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The upper profile of
the head is concave ; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the
length of the head. The pectoral extends beyond the root of the
ventral. Humeral and caudal spots generally present, and united by
a silvery longitudinal band. {Val.)

Amazons ; ? Essequibo.

19. TETRAGONOPTERUS. 321

/3. The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length
(without caudal).

* The dorsal fin commences distinctly behind the origin of the ventral.

9. Tetragonopterus brevirostris.

Chalceus brevirostris, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 420.
D. 11. A. 37. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 6/7.

The height of the body is somewhat less than one-third of the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth.
Interorbital space rather convex, its width being equal to the dia-
meter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head, and a
little longer than' the snout. The upper profile is scarcely concave
above the eye. The maxillary extends to below the anterior margin
of the orbit. The vertical from the origin of the dorsal falls behind
the root of the ventrals, and the last dorsal rays are vertically above
the anterior rays of the anal fin. The pectoral reaches somewhat
beyond the base of the ventral. Scales very thin. Bright silvery ;
a black band runs from the base of the caudal fin along its middle
rays.

"Western Andes of Ecuador.

a-b. Types of the species, 31 lines long. From Mr. Fraser's Col-
lection.

10. Tetragonopterus abramis.
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 123. tab. 23. fig. 1.
D. 11. A. 28-31. L. lat. 43-47. L. transv. 10/8. Yert. 13/18.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head rather less than one-fourth. Inter-
orbital space very convex, its width being considerably more than
the diameter of the eye, which is two-sevenths of the length of the
head. The upper profile is a little concave above the eye. The
maxillary extends somewhat beyond the anterior edge of the orbit.
The vertical from the origin of the dorsal falls behind the root of the
ventrals ; the pectoral reaches to the ventral. An indistinct blackish
humeral spot ; another on the root of the caudal ; both spots some-
times absent.

Hio Parana ; Essequibo.

a-b. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir Pv. Schomburgk.
c-d. Fine specimens. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.
e. Adult : skeleton. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schom-
burgk.

11. Tetragonopterus maculatus.

Charax no. 54, Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 19. tab. 1. fig. 5.
Albula maculata, L. Mus. Ai Fred. p. 78. tab. 32. fig. 2.
Salmo bimaculatus, L. Syst. N61. i. p. 513 (not syn.) ; Block, taf. 382.

fig. 2 ; SI. Sohn. p. 413.
Tetragonopterus maculatus, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 14. taf. 3.

fig. 4 (teeth).

VOL. V. Y

322 characinid^:.

Tetragonopterus linnsei, Cuv. § Val. xxii. p. 142.

gronovii, Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 143 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. IViss.

Wien, 1859, xvii. p. 175.
Charax bimaculatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 154.
Tetragonopterus vittedviS,Casteln.Am'm. Amer. 8ud, Poiss. p. 66. pi. 33.

aff. 3.

D. 11. A. 31-34. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 7/7|.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times ; in
young specimens the head is, comparatively, somewhat larger. Inter-
orbital space very convex, its width being more than the diameter
of the eye, which is two-sevenths of the length of the head. The
upper profile is a little concave above the parietal region. The
maxillary extends somewhat beyond the front margin of the eye.
The vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin falls behind the root of
the ventrals ; the pectoral reaches a little beyond the root of the
ventrals. A round black spot behind the shoulder ; a blackish blotch
on the base of the caudal fin, more distinct in young individuals
than in old ones ; both spots are united in young individuals by a
silvery band, which is sometimes blackish along the middle.

Guianas, Brazil.

a-c, d-f. Adult half-grown, and young. British Guiana.

g-k. Adult, Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.

l~m. Half-grown. Biver Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

n-o. Half-grown and young. Pernambuco. Presented by J. G. B.

Smith, Esq.
p. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
q. Adult : skin. Prom Gr^ow's Collection. — Type of the species.

12. Tetragonopterus fasciatus.

Chalceus fasciatus, Cuv. Mem. Mus. v. p. 352. pi. 26. fig. 2 *.

? Tetragonopterus rutilus, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 125. tab. 23.

fig. 2.
Tetragonopterus fasciatus, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 149.

H. 11. A. 25-29. L. lat. 35-39. L. transv. f .

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths or twice
and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head four times or four times and a half. Interorbital space convex,
its width being more than the diameter of the eye, which is two-
sevenths of the length of the head. The upper profile is very little
concave above the parietal region. The maxillary extends distinctly
beyond the vertical from the front margin of the eye. The origin of

* This figure is evidently taken from a dry example, and is very inaccurate ;
Cuvier himself says in the description that the lateral line is composed of forty
scales, and that there are twelve longitudinal series. The figure, however, re-
presents much smaller scales. A similar discrepancy exists between the descrip-
ions of Cuvier and of Valenciennes ; whilst the former has counted eighteen

al rays, the latter states twenty-five.

19. TETKAGONOPTERUS. 323

the dorsal fin is vertically immediately behind the root of the ventrals.
The pectoral reaches to, or a little beyond, the base of the ventrals.
An indistinct round dark spot behind the shoulder, above the lateral
line ; generally a band-like blackish spot on the root of the caudal,
sometimes extending forward to the humeral spot. Frequently the
blackish band is entirely or partly replaced by a silvery band ; some-
times the spots and bands are absent.
Central and South America.

a, b-d. Adub and half-grown. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.

e-h. Adult and half-grown. Western Ecuador. From Mr. Fraser's
Collection.

i-l. Adult and half-grown. Huamuchal. From the Collection of
Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

m-o. Adult. Rio Guacalate. From the Collection of Messrs. God-
man and Salvin.

p-r. Adult. Rio Chisoy, Vera Paz. From the Collection of Messrs.
Godman and Salvin.

s-u, v-y, z-d. Adult. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection.

t-K. Half-grown. Cordova. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

A. Adult. Central America. From Mr. Gould's Collection.

/u. Half-grown. Guatemala. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

If a figure published by Castelnau in Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss.
pi. 32. fig. 2. be correct, it cannot have been taken from T. fasciatus,
which has considerably smaller scales and a less elevated body than
are represented in that figure.

13. Tetragonopterus microstoma.

? Tetragonopterus fusco-auratus, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Slid, Poiss. p. 66.
pi. 33. fig. 2.

D. 11. A. 27-29. L. lat. 35-37. L. transv. %

0

Very similar to T. fasciatws, but with shorter maxillaries.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds or twice
and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head four times and one-third or four times and one-fourth.
Interorbital space convex, its width being considerably more than the
diameter of the eye, which is two-sevenths of the length of the head.
The upper profile is very little concave above the parietal region.
The maxillary does not extend beyond the vertical from the front
margin of the eye. The origin of the dorsal fin is vertically behind
the root of the ventrals. The pectoral reaches to, or a little bejTond,
the base of the ventrals. An indistinct round dark spot behind the
shoulder, above the lateral line ; generally a band-like blackish spot
on the root of the caudal, both 3pots being united by a silvery band.
Sometimes the spots and bands are absent.

Bahia.

a, b-d, e-i, Tc-o. Adult, half-grown, and young. Bahia. From Dr.
O.Wucherer's Collection.

y2

324 CHABACINID^SS.

14. Tetragonopteras microphthalmus.
D. 11. A. 26-29. L.lat. 35-37. L. transv. 7/8.

Very similar to T. microstoma, but with shorter pectoral fins.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times or
four times and one-third ; interorbital space very convex, its width
being much more than the diameter of the eye, which is nearly one-
fourth of the length of the head. The upper profile is very little
concave above the parietal region. The maxillary does not extend
to the end of the first infraorbital bone, and terminates in the vertical
from the front margin of the eye. The origin of the dors<d fin is
vertically behind the root of the ventrals. The pectoral does not
extend to the ventral. A band-like blackish spot on the root of the
caudal fin ; generally a silvery band along the side.

Peru and Guatemala.

a-b. Adult. Pacific coast of Guatemala. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.
e-d. Adult. Lake of Amatitlan. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.
e-i. Adult and half-grown, Rio Rimac*. Presented by "W. Nation,
Esq.

15. Tetragonopteras panamensis.

D. 11. A. 28. L.lat. 35-36. L. transv. 8/7.

Very similar to T. microstoma, but with a greater number of series
of scales above and below the lateral line.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds or twice
and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head four times or three times and three -fourths. Interorbital
space convex, its width being more than the diameter of the eye,
which is two-sevenths of the length of the head. The upper profile
of the head is somewhat concave above the parietal region. The
maxillary terminates in the vertical from the front edge of the eye.
The origin of the dorsal fin is vertically behind the root of the ven-
trals. The pectoral reaches to, or a little beyond, the base of the
ventrals. Humeral and caudal spots present, united by a silvery
longitudinal band.

Panama, Guatemala.

a. Fine specimen, 4 inches long. Pacific coast of Panama. From

the Collection of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.
b-d. From 2| to 3 inches long. Yzabal. From the Collection of

Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

16. Tetragonopteras dichrouras.

Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii. p. 177. taf. 9. fig. 21.
D. 10. A. 25-26. L.lat. 36-38. L. transv. — .

3-4

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the

* Valenciennes also has examined Tetragonopteres from the Rio Rimac, but he
refers them to T. scabrijrinnis, Jenyns, a species different from T.microphthalmus.

19. TETRAGONOPTEEUS. 325

total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times.
Interorbital space convex, its width being equal to the diameter of
the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head. The upper
profile of the head is nearly straight. The maxillary does not extend
beyond the vertical from the front margin of the eye. The origin of
the dorsal fin is vertically above the hinder ventral rays. The pec-
toral extends on to the ventral. A silvery band along the side of the
body ; each caudal lobe with a blackish cross-band. (Kner.)
Bio Guapore, Rio Paraguay.

17. Tetragonopterns brevimanus.

i). 11. A. 21-23. L.lat. 38. L. transv. 6£/5|.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Snout short and thick ;
interorbital space convex, its width being much more than the dia-
meter of the eye, which is nearly one-fourth of the length of the head.
The upper profile of the head is not concave. The maxillary extends
somewhat beyond the vertical from the front margin of the eye. The
origin of the dorsal fin is vertically immediately behind the root of
the ventrals. The pectoral does not extend to the ventral. A band-
like blackish spot on the root of the caudal fin.

Guatemala.

a-c. Adult. Yzabal. From the Collection of Messrs. Godman and

Salvin.
d-f. Adult and half-grown. Rio S. Geronimo. From the Collection

of Messrs. Godman and Salvin.
g-h. Half-grown. Guatemala. From the Collection of Messrs.

Godman and Salvin.

18. Tetragonopterns scabripinnis.
Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 125. pi. 23. fig. 3.

D. 10. A. 25. L.lat. 37-38. L. transv. 6/5.

The. height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the- head two-sevenths. The upper profile of
the head is scarcely concave. The maxillary extends beyond the
front margin of the eye. The origin of the dorsal fin is vertically
behind the root of the ventrals. The pectoral extends beyond the
base of the ventrals. A dusky spot on the shoulder, another blackish
spot on the root of the caudal, both united by a silvery band. (Jen.)

Rio de Janeiro.

a-g. Adult and half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h-l. Adult and half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

I am not quite certain whether these specimens are correctly re-
ferred to T. scabripinnis, although they are very closely allied to it.
They have a somewhat shorter head, the length of which is contained
thrice and three-fourths in the total (without caudal) ; the anal rays
vary from twenty-five to twenty-eight ; and there are seven scries

326 characinid^;.

of scales between the lateral line and the origin of the dorsal fin.
In the males the pectoral extends somewhat beyond the base of the
ventral, whilst the females have it shorter. I have not observed, in
any of the other species, this sexual difference so much developed, the
males and females scarcely differing in this respect.

19. Tetragonopterus petenensis.
D. 11. A. 27. L.lat. 37. L. transv. 7/7.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Snout rather compressed ;
interorbital space slightly convex, its width being much more than the
diameter of the eye, which is two-sevenths of the length of the head.
The upper profile of the head is scarcely concave. The maxillary
extends beyond the vertical from the front margin of the eye. The
origin of the dorsal fin is in the vertical from the base of the inner
ventral rays. The pectoral terminates at a short distance from the
ventral. Sides of the body with a silvery band, which terminates in an
oblong black spot, occupying the root and the middle of the caudal.

Lake Peten. Western Ecuador.

a-b. Four inches long. Lake Peten. From Mr. Salvin's Collection.
c. Four inches long. W. Ecuador. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

20. Tetragonopterus aeneus.
Giinth. Proc. Zool Soc. 1860, p. 319.

D. 11. A. 26. V. 8. L.lat. 35. L. transv. 7/6.

The height of the body is contained twice and a half or twice and
three-fourths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head four times. Snout rather compressed ; interorbital space con-
vex, its width being more than the diameter of the eye, which is
contained thrice and one-third in the length of the head. The upper
profile is slightly concave above the parietal region. The maxillary
terminates in the vertical from the front margin of the eye. The
dorsal fin commences behind the root of the ventrals ; the pectoral
extends to, or nearly to, the ventral. Body uniform deep-bronze-
coloured ; a brownish spot at the root of the caudal.

Mexico.

a-b. Types of the species. Oaxaca. Purchased of M. Salle.

21. Tetragonopterus wappi.
Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 153.

D. 11. A. 28 (25, Vol.). L. lat. 34. L. transv. 7/6.
The height of the body is contained thrice in the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds ; interorbital
space very convex, its width being much more than the diameter of
the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head, and equals the
distance between orbital edge and posterior margin of the prseoper-

19. TETRAGONOPTERUS. 327

culum. The upper profile of the head is nearly straight. The max-
illary extends to below the end of the first infraorbital bone, and
terminates a little behind the front margin of the eye. Second infra-
orbital with radiating striae. The origin of the dorsal fin is vertically
behind the root of the ventrals. The pectoral does not extend to the
ventral. An ovate black spot on the shoulder, above the lateral line ;
another black spot on the root of the caudal, both spots being united
by a black band.
British Guiana.
a. Adult. Presented by Sir E. Schomburgk.

22. Tetragonopterus peruvianus.

Tetragonopterus peruanus, Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 28. taf. 8.
fig. 1 ; Cuv. $ Val xxii. p. 153.

D. 11. A. 30. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 6/6.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. The width of the
interorbital space is more than the diameter of the eye, which is one-
fourth of the length of the head, and much more than the distance
between orbital edge and posterior margin of the prseoperculum. The
upper profile of the head is not concave. The maxillary extends to
below the end of the first infraorbital bone, and to behind the front
margin of the eye. The origin of the dorsal fin is vertically behind
the root of the ventrals. The pectoral reaches to the ventral. A
blackish longitudinal band above the lateral line, becoming darker
posteriorly on the caudal fin. (M. <$f T.)

Peru.

23. Tetragonopterus humilis.
D. 11. A. 27-31. V. 8. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 7/7.

The height of the body is less than one-third of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head less than one-fourth. Inter-
orbital space convex, its width being much more than the diameter
of the eye, which is contained thrice and two-thirds in the length of
the head. The upper profile of the head is straight. The maxillary
terminates in the vertical from the front edge of the orbit. The
origin of the dorsal is vertically behind the root of the ventrals. The
pectoral reaches to, or a little beyond, the base of the ventrals. Hume-
ral and caudal spots more or less distinct ; sides silvery ; anal and
ventral with broad red margins.

Guatemala.
a-d. Adult (4| inches long) and half-grown. Lake of Amatitlan.
From Mr. Salvin's Collection.

24. Tetragonopterus oligolepis.

D. 11. A. 24. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 5/3|.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Interorbital space con-

328 chahacinid^;.

vex ; its width is more than the diameter of the eye, which is two-
fifths of the length of the head. The upper profile of the head is
straight ; the maxillary extends to helow the front margin of the
eye. The origin of the dorsal fin is vertically behind the root of the
ventrals. The pectoral extends somewhat beyond the base of the
ventral. Humeral and caudal spots present.

British Guiana.
a. Four inches long. Presented by Sir E. Schomburgk.

** The origins of the dorsal and ventral fins are nearly in the
same vertical.

25. Tetragonopterns cbiysargyrens.

D. 11. A. 28. Y. 8. L.lat. 34. L. transv. 7/7.

The height of the body is a little less than one-half of the to ' al
length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; inter-
orbital space convex, its width being scarcely more than the diameter
of the eye, which is two-fifths of the length of the head. The upper
profile is concave above the parietal region. The maxillary termi-
nates below the front margin of the eye. The origin of the dorsal fin
is vertically above the middle of the base of the ventral. Caudal fin
scaly. The pectoral reaches beyond the root of the ventrals. Silvery,
with golden reflexions ; back steel-blue ; a round blackish spot behind
the shoulder, above the lateral line.

Essequibo.
a. Fine specimen, 4 inches long. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

26. Tetragonopterns grandisquamis.
MiiU. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 27. taf. 8. fig. 2.

D. 11. A. 28. V. 9. L. lat. 30-33. L. transv. 5/5.

The height of the body is contained twice and one-sixth in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds;
interorbital space convex, its width being rather more than the dia-
meter of the eye, which is two-fifths of the length of the head. The
upper profile is scarcely concave above the eye. The maxillary ex-
tends nearly as far backwards as the first infraorbital bone, somewhat
beyond the front margin of the eye. The origins of the dorsal and
ventral fins are in the same vertical. The pectoral reaches to the
base of the ventral fin. Caudal fin scaly. A silvery band along the
body, above the lateral line.

Guianas.
a. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir B. Schomburgk.

27. Tetragonopterns lepidurus.
Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. fVien, 1859, xvii. p. 176. taf. 8. fig. 20.
D. 10-11. A. 24-25. L. lat. 36. L. transv. ^.

3j-4

The height of the body is somewhat less than one-third of the

19. TETRAGONOPTERUS. 329

i
total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ;
the width of the interorbital space is more than the diameter of the
eye, which is contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the
head. Upper profile of the head not concave. The maxillary termi-
nates in the vertical from the front margin of the eye. The origin
of the dorsal is nearly above that of the ventral. Pectoral not
reaching to the ventral. J3asal portion of the caudal fin scaly.
Humeral and caudal spots present, united by a silvery band ; the
naked portion of the upper caudal lobe black. (Kner.)
Rio Guapore.

28. Tetragonopterus taeniatus.
Jenyns, ZooL Beagle, Fish. p. 126 ; ? Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 145.
D. 11. A. 25. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 7/6.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal). The ventrals are in an exact bine with the commencement
of the dorsal. Humeral and caudal spots present, united by a silvery
band. (Jen.)

Socego (province of Rio de Janeiro).

b. Cleft of the mouth rather wide ; maxillary without teeth along its
edge, long and narrow, extending to, or nearly to, below the centre
of the eye. Dorsal fin above the ventral.

29. Tetragonopterus melanurus.

Salmo melanurus, Bl. taf. 381. fig. 2.

Tetragonopterus melanurus, Mull. § Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 14 ; Cuv.
Sf Vol. xxii. p. 155.

D. 11. A. 26-30. V. 8. L. lat. 45-46. L. transv. 7/4$.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a half or four times
in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four
times and a half or four times and one-third. Interorbital space
flat, its width being equal to the diameter of the eye, which is two-
fifths of the length of the head. Upper profile straight above the
occiput. Maxillary long and narrow, extending to, or nearly to,
below the middle of the eye. The origin of the dorsal fin is vertically
above that of the ventral ; the pectoral extends to the base of the
ventral. Uniform silvery ; caudal fin black, with two large orange-
coloured spots on its basal half.

Guiana.

a. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
b-c. Adult. Essequibo River. Prom Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.
d. Adult. Prom the Collection of the Zoological Society.

30. Tetragonopterus aflinis.
D. 11. A. 27. V. 8. L. lat. 43. L. transv. 7/4$,
Very similar to T. melanurus, but with the head comparatively

330 CHARACINID-E.

larger, its length being contained four times and one-fifth in the
total (without caudal) ; the height of the body is contained thrice
and one-fourth in its length. Interorbital space flat, its width being
equal to the diameter of the eye, which is two-fifths of the length of
the head. Upper profile straight above the occiput. Maxillary long
and narrow, extending to below the middle of the eye. The origin
of the dorsal is vertically somewhat behind that of the ventral ; the
pectoral extends to the base of the ventral. Uniform silvery ; caudal
fin black, with a pair of large red spots on its basal half.
British Guiana.

a. Three and a half inches long. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

31. Tetragonopterus caudomaculatus.
D. 11. A. 26. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 6£/4.

Similar to T. melanurus.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The interorbital space
is flat, equal in width to the diameter of the eye, which is contained
twice and two-thirds in the length of the head. Upper profile straight
above the occiput. Maxillary long and narrow, not extending to
below the middle of the eye. The origin of the dorsal fin is vertically
above that of the ventral ; the pectoral does not extend to the base
of the ventral. Light brownish, shining silvery ; caudal blackish,
with a pair of large reddish spots on its basal half.

South America.

a. Four inches long. Presented by the Zoological Society.

c. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width ; the entire edge of the maxillary
denticulated : Hemibrycon.

32. Tetragonopterus polyodon.
D. 10. A. 27. V. 8. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 8/6.

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head two-ninths ; the upper profile
from the snout to the dorsal is gently curved. Head compressed :
interorbital space convex, its width being equal to the diameter of
the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head ; snout shorter
than the eye, with the lower jaw prominent. The maxillary extends
beyond the front margin of the orbit. The origin of the dorsal fin
is midway between snout and root of the caudal, behind the ventral,
so that its hinder portion is above the anterior anal rajs. The pec-
toral extends beyond the base of the ventral. Silvery, the middle
caudal rays black.

Guayaquil.

a. Three and a half inches long. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

21. PSETOOCHALCEUS. 331

20. SCISSOR.

The dorsal fin is placed nearly in the middle of the length of the
body, above the interspace between ventrals and anal ; anal fin long.
Body oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ; lateral line con-
tinuous ; belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth wide ; intermaxillary
and mandibular? teeth as in Tetragonopterus; maxillary bone toothed.
Nostrils and gill-opening as in Tetragonopterus. Gill-rakers short,
lanceolate.

South America.

This genus is closely allied to Tetragonopterus, but has a very dif-
ferent physiognomy, and the gill-rakers are not setiform, as in that
genus.

1. Scissor macrocephalus.

B. 4. D. 11. A.. 29. V. 8. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 7/6.

The height of the body is contained thrice and one-fourth in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
third ; head two-thirds as high as long ; nape of the neck abruptly
elevated behind the occiput. Interorbital space somewhat convex,
its width being equal to the diameter of the eye, which is less than
one-fourth of the length of the head. Snout conical, longer than
the eye, with the lower jaw prominent. The maxillary is long and
narrow, slightly dilated posteriorly, extending to beyond the anterior
margin of the eye. Teeth rather strong, pointed, indistinctly tri-
cuspid : those of the outer series of the intermaxillary are smaller
than those of the inner ; mandibulary teeth strongest, the two middle
ones widely apart, to receive a pair of the upper jaw between them ;
the upper half of the maxillary is armed with very small conical teeth.
The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the base of the caudal than
to the end of the snout, the fin occupying exactly the middle between
ventral and anal ; its height is two-thirds of the length of the head.
Anal fin rather low. Caudal forked to its base, with the lobes equal,
their length being two-thirds of the length of the head. The por-
tion of the tail behind the anal is somewhat longer than deep. The
pectoral extends a little beyond the root of the ventral ; the ventral
to the vent. Body uniformly coloured, shining silvery ; a blackish
band on the root of the caudal fin and along its middle rays.

a. Six inches long. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

This specimen was received without any information as to th
locality whence it was obtained, but as all the specimens from the
same source were from Surinam, it is probable that this species also
comes from that country.

21. PSEUDOCHALCEUS.

Pseudochalceus, Kner, in Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Munch. 1863, p. 225.

" Dentes intermaxillarcs biseriales, cuspidati, duo medii majores ;

maxillares simplices, acuti, uniseriales ; dentes inframaxillares uni-

332 CHARAC1NID.2:.

seriales, multieuspides, medio cuspide praelongo, recurvo ; laterales
vicini multo fortiores, posteriores autem minimi. Corpus compres-
sum ; abdomen subrotundatum. Basis pinnae dorsalis inter ventrales
et analem sita, brevis ; analis longa. Squama? magnae ; linea late-
ralis abrupta."

"Western Andes of Ecuador.

1. Pseudochalceus lineatns.
Kner, I. c.
B.4. D. 10-11. A. 25-26. P. 10-11. V.8. L.lat.36. L.transv.10.
" Corpus octo vel novem striis lofcgitudinalibus fusco-nigris linea-
tum, insuper ocello nigro retro operculum et ad pinnae caudalis basin
distinctum."

Western Andes of Ecuador.

22. CHIR0D0N.

Tetragonopterus, sp., Jenyns.

Cheirodon, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vii. p. 199.

Dorsal fin placed in the middle of the length of the body, behind
the ventrals ; anal long or of moderate length. Body oblong, covered
with scales of moderate size ; lateral line not continued to the tail.
Belly rounded before the ventrals. Cleft of the mouth narrow,
maxillary short. A single series of small serrated teeth in the inter-
maxillary and mandibulary ; maxillary teeth none. Nostrils as in
Tetragonopterus.

Maldonado; Chile.

1. Chirodon interrnptus.

Tetragonopterus interruptus, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish. p. 127. tab. 23.
fig. 4.

D. 11. A. 19-20. V. 7. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 5/4.
The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; upper profile of the head
scarcely concave. The pectoral extends beyond the root of the ven-
tral. Sides with a bright longitudinal band; a black spot at the
base of the caudal. (Jen.)
Maldonado.

2. Chirodon pisciculus.

Girard, I. c, and U. S. Nav. Astronom. Exped. Fishes, p. 249. pi. 34.
figs. 4-7.

D. 10. A. 14. V. 7. L. transv. 10 or 11.
The height of the body is less than one-third of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head one- fourth ; upper profile
of the head rather convex. The pectoral reaches nearly to the root of
the ventral. Sides with a silvery longitudinal band, bordered with
Mackish above. (Girard.)
' — /'Chile).

24. BKTCON. 333

23. CHALCEUS.
Chalceus, Cuv. Mim. Mus. iv. p. 454.

The dorsal fin is. placed behind the middle of the length of the
body, behind the ventrals ; anal short. Body oblong, covered with
large scales unequal in size. Belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth of
moderate width. Maxillary teeth very small ; intermaxillary and
mandibulary teeth of moderate size, tricuspid, the former in a triple,
the latter in a double series ; the hinder series of the lower jaw is
formed by a pair of conical median teeth and by small lateral teeth.
Nostrils close together, separated by a valve only. Gill-opening wide,
the gill-membranes being free from the isthmus and separate.

Guianas, Brazil.

1. Chalceus macrolepidotus.

Chalceus macrolepidotus, Cuv. Mem, Mus. iv. p. 454. pi. 21. fig. 1 ;

Cuv. $ Vol. xxii. p. 240.
Brycon macrolepidotus, Mull. Sf Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 15.
Chalceus ararapeera, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 244.

D. 12. A. 12. V. 9. L. transv. 3/3.

The dorsal fin commences immediately behind the root of the ven-
tral. Twenty-one transverse series of scales above, and thirty-five
scales in the lateral line. Fins red.

Guianas, Brazil.

a. Fine specimen. Essequibo River. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.
b-c. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir B. Schomburgk.
d. Adult. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

24. BRYCON*

Brycon, sp\, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 15.

Dorsal fin placed in the middle of the length of the body, behind
the ventrals ; anal long. Body oblong, covered with scales equal in
size. Belly rounded in front of the ventrals, and compressed behind
them. Cleft of the mouth rather wide. Intermaxillary with three
series of notched or tricuspid teeth, the middle series being irregular ;
edge of the maxillary with small teeth ; mandible with a series of
strong tricuspid teeth, and with a pair of conical teeth in the middle

* 1 . Brycon schomburgkii, Mull. $ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 29. taf. 6. fig. 2. —
D. 11. A. 26. Scales of moderate size. The height of the body is
nearly equal to the length of the head, and somewhat less than one-
third of the total (without caudal). The lateral portion of the inner
series of mandibulary teeth extends forwards to the front teeth. The
origin of the dorsal fin is behind the root of the ventral, in the middle
between the extremity of the snout and the root of the caudal. Lateral
line distinct through its entire course. The pectoral extends to the
ventral. Coloration uniform, without spots. — Essequibo River.

2. Chalceus orbignyanus, Cuv. Sf Vol. xxii. p. 249 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad.

Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 11. — Rio de la Plata, Rio Gruapor<§.

3. rodopterus, Cuv. $ Vol. xxii. p. 249. — Buenos Ayres.

4. devillei, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 69. pi. 36. fig. 2. — Bahia.

334 characinid^:.

behind the front series. Nostrils close together, separated by a
valve only. Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes being united
for a short space in front, but not attached to the isthmus ; gill-
rakers slender, lanceolate.

South America, east of the Andes.

1. Brycon opalinus.

Chalceus opalinus, Cuv. Mem. Mus. v. p. 351. pi. 26. fig. 1; Cuv. SrVal.

xxii. p. 244.
? Characinus amazonicus, Spix, Pise. Bras. tab. 35.
? Chalceus amazonicus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 68.

B. 4. D. 11. A. 28. V. 10. L. lat. 45.
Coloration uniform, without spots. (C. df V.)
Brazils.

According to the figure, the scales of Chalceus amazonicus are
much smaller than those of B. opalinus, so that the identity of both
fishes remains doubtful until the typical specimen of the former is
reexamined.

2. Brycon nattereri.

Chalceus opalinus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii.
p. 10 (not synon.).

D. 11. A. 23. L. lat. 50. L. transv. 8/4.
A large black spot at the base of the caudal fin. {Kner.)
Irisanga.

3. Brycon bahiensis.

D. 12. A. 25. V. 8. L. lat. 43. L. transv. ll/5f

The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
Intermaxillary teeth in three series ; the lateral portion of the inner
series of the mandible extends forwards to the front teeth. The
origin of the dorsal fin is behind the root of the ventral, and some-
what nearer to the base of the caudal than to the extremity of the
snout. The pectoral does not extend to the ventral. Belly tren-
chant behind the ventral, rounded in front. The lateral line becomes
distinct below the dorsal, being scarcely visible on the anterior part
of the body. Greenish, shining silvery ; humeral and caudal spots
present, but indistinct.

Bahia.

a. Six inches long. From Dr. 0. Wucherer's Collection.

4. Brycon falcatus.

Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 29. tab. 6. fig. 1.

B. 4. D. 11. A. 27-29. V. 8. L. lat. 47-49. L. transv. 10/6.
Vert. 21/20.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds or twice

24. BRYCON. 335

and four-fifths in the total length (without caudal), tbf> l<^gth of the
head four times or four iimes and one-fourth. An indistinct hu-
meral spot ; each caudal lobe with a broad black longitudinal band,
the bands confluent on the root of the fin ; a blackish band along
the base of the anal.
British Guiana.

a-c. Three of the typical specimens. British Guiana. Presented

by Sir R. Schomburgk.
d-e. Fine specimens. Essequibo River. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.
/. Adult: skeleton. Surinam.

5. Brycon. orthotaenia.

D. 11. A. 29. V. 8. L. lat. 53. L. transv. 10/7.

The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly five
times. Intermaxillary teeth in three series ; lower jaw without inner
lateral series of teeth. The origin of the dorsal fin is behind the root
of the ventral, and a little nearer to the base of the caudal than to
the extremity ot the snout. The pectoral does not extend to the
ventral. Lateral bine uninterrupted, the muciferous tubes of each
scale being much ramified. The free portion of the tail, behind the
adipose fin, is rather higher than long. Greenish, shining silvery ;
a straight, broad, deep- black band runs along the middle of the free
portion of the tail and along the middle caudal rays. Caudal fin
only slightly emarginate.

Brazil.

a. Skin, 16 inches long. River Cipo. Presented by Ch. Cumberland,
Esq. — Vernacular name : Matrinxim.

6. Brycon brevicauda.

D. 11. A. 26-27. V. 8. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 11/7.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths or
twice and four-fifths in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head thrice and three-fourths. Intermaxillary teeth in
three rather irregular series ; the lateral portion of the inner series
of the mandible terminates anteriorly close to the median teeth.
The origins of the dorsal and ventral fins are in the same vertical
line, equally distant from the extremity of the snout and from the
root of the caudal. The pectoral does not extend to the ventral.
Belly compressed, but not trenchant. Silvery, with a shining line
along each series of scales ; an indistinct humeral spot ; each caudal
lobe with a broad black longitudinal band, the bands confluent On the
root of the fin ; anal blackish, with a light band along its middle.

a. Adult: skin, 11 inches long. Rio Jocintins. Purchased of Mr.

Gardiner.
b-c. Half-grown, 4^ inches long. River Capin. Purchased of Mr.

Stevens.

336 CHARACTN1D-E.

7. Brycon atricaudatus.

Chalceus atricaudatus, Kner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Munch. 1863,
p. 227.

D. 11. A. 29. L. lat. 54-55. L. transv. 10/5.
The length of the head equals the height of the body, and is one-
fourth of the total length (with the caudal). End of the tail with a
hroad blackish band*. {Kner.)
Western Andes of Ecuador.

8. Brycon carpophagus.

Chalceus carpophaga, Cuv. $ Vol. xxii. p. 252 ; Casteln. Anim. Atner.
Sud, Poiss. p. 68. pi. 34. fig. 3 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien,
1860, xviii. p. 12.

D. 11. A. 25. V. 9. L. lat. 61-63. L. transv. 12/7.
The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal) ; caudal fin scarcely emarginate. Coloration uniform.
Guiana, Brazil.

9. Brycon hilarii

Chalceus hilarii, Cuv. # Vol. xxii. p. 246 ; Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud,
Poiss. p. 68. pi. 36. fig. If; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien,
1860, xviii. p. 10.

D. 11. A. 26-28. V. 10. L. lat. 76-80. L. transv. ^.

A large black spot on the base of the caudal fin, extending over
its lobes. Caudal scarcely emarginate.
Brazil.

10. Brycon pesu.

Brycon pesu, Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 30. taf. 7. fig. 1.
D. 11. A. 22. V. 8. L. lat. 41.

The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
Snout pointed, as long as the eye, with the upper jaw projecting
beyond the lower. The origin of the dorsal fin is behind the root
of the ventral, a little nearer to the caudal than to the extremity of
the snout. The pectoral reaches the ventral. A black humeral spot.
(M. % T.)

Guiana.

25. CHALCIN0PSIS.

Chalcinopsis, Kner, in Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Munch. 1863, p. 226.
Dorsal fin placed somewhat behind the middle of the length of the
body, behind the ventrals ; anal long. Body oblong, covered with

* Although the author in the diagnosis uses the word fascia, which signifies a
cross-band, it is probable that this species is marked with a longitudinal caudal
band, like others of its congeners.

t If this figure really represents Chalceus hilarii, C. & V., it is very incorrect.

25. CHALCIN0PSI3. 337

scales of moderate size ; lateral line complete. Belly compressed in.
front of the ventrals, trenchant behind them. Cleft of the mouth
rather wide. Intermaxillary with three or four rather irregular
series of teeth, which are notched or tricuspid ; edge of the maxillary
with small teeth ; mandible with a series of strong tricuspid teeth,
and with a pair of conical teeth in the middle behind the front
series. Nostrils close together, separated by a valve only. Gill-
openings wide, the gill-membranes being not attached to the isthmus,
separate ; gill-rakers Slender, lanceolate.
Central America ; Ecuador.

* Intermaxillary teeth in four series.

1. Chalcinopsis dentex.
Brycon dentex, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 240.
D. 11. A. 35-36. L. lat. 48-55. L. transv. 9j^. Vert. 23/22.

The height of the body is contained thrice and one-fourth or thrice
and one-third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the
head four times and one-third or four times and two-thirds. The
maxillary does not quite extend to below the centre of the eye. Snout
as long as the eye in young examples, but much longer in adult ones.
Interorbital space convex, its width being much more than the dia-
meter of the eye in old specimens. The origin of the dorsal fin is
nearer to the root of the caudal than to the extremity of the. snout ;
its hinder rays are vertically above the anterior anal rays. The free
portion of the tail is considerably longer than high. Caudal deeply
forked. The pectoral extends to, or nearly to, or a little beyond,
the ventral. Silvery, sometimes with a reddish hue ; some of the
scales have occasionally a black margin, or are spotted with black ;
humeral part of the gill-opening black ; sometimes a black spot at
the root of the caudal. Anal fin generally with a black margin.

Guatemala, Ecuador.

a-d. Adult, half-grown, and young. Esmeraidas. From Mr. Fraser's

Collection. — Types of the species.
e-g. Adult : 16 inches long. Rio Motagua. From the Collection of

Messrs. Godman and Salvin.
h. Adult. Rio Usumacinta. From the Collection of Messrs. Godman

and Salvin.
i. Young. Yzabal. From the Collection of Messrs. Godman and

Salvin.
k. Adult male : skeleton. Rio Motagua. From the Collection of

Messrs. Godman and Salvin.

2. Chalcinopsis striatulus.

Xner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Munch. 1863, p. 226.

D. 10-11. A. 36. L. lat. 73-74. L. transv. 13/8.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total length (with the
vol. v. z

338 CHARACINrD<E.

caudal) ; twenty intermaxillary teeth in the outer series, eighteen
in the second. Sides of the Dody with rows of oblique brownish-
black spots ; frequently a blackish blotch at the base of the caudal
fin. (Kner.)
Panama.

3. Chalcinopsis chagrensis.
Kner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Munch. 1863, p. 226.

D. 11. A. 36-37. L. lat. 77-80. L. transv. lt!i.

The length of the head is contained five times and a half or five
times and three-fourths in the total (with the caudal). Sixteen or
eighteen intermaxillary teeth in the outer series, fourteen in tbe
second. Sides of the body immaculate. (Kner.)

Rio Chagres.

** Intermaxillary teeth in three series.

4. Chalcinopsis alburnus.
Chalceus alburnus, Giinih. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 419.
D. 11. A. 35. V. 8. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 13/5.

The height of the body is equal to, or somewhat less than, the
length of the head, and contained thrice and three-fourths in the
total (without caudal). The maxillary extends nearly to below the
centre of the eye ; snout produced, considerably longer than the eye ;
the third mandibular}* tooth is the strongest. The width of the
interorbital space is a little more than the diameter of the eye. The
origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the occiput and the root
of the caudal fin ; its hinder rays are vertically above the anterior
anal rays. The free portion of the tail is as long as high ; caudal
fin deeply forked ; the pectoral extends somewhat beyond the base
of the ventral. Silvery, with a blackish spot on the origin of the
lateral line, and with another on its end; sometimes blackish ver-
tical lines all along the side.

"Western Andes of Ecuador.

a-e. Types of the species. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.

26. BRYC0N0PS.

Bryconops, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvii. p. 179.

Dorsal fin placed in the middle of the length of the body ; anal
long ; ventrals below the anterior dorsal rays. Belly rounded. Cleft
of the mouth of moderate width ; teeth denticulated, in a treble series
in the intermaxillary, and in a single in the mandible ; maxillary
and palate without teeth ; no conical teeth behind the front mandi-
bulary teeth. Nostrils close together ; gill-openings wide.

Brazil.

27. CREAGRUTTTS. 339

1. Bryconops alburnus.

Bryconops alburnoides (!), Kner, I. c.
alburnus, Kner, taf. 9. fig. 22.

D. 11. A. 32-33. V. 9. L. lat. 55-60. L. transv. 9/4.

The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
head, and two-ninths of the total (without caudal). Sides with a
bright, shining silvery longitudinal band ; middle and margin of the
caudal fin black. (Kner.)

Rio Guapore.

2. Bryconops lucidus.
Kner, I. c. p. 181. fig. 23.

D. 10. A. 38. V. 9. L. lat. G2. L. transv. 9/4.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Sides with a silvery lon-
gitudinal band. Only the upper caudal lobe has a dark margin.
(Kner.)

Rio Branco.

27. CREAGRITTUS.

Dorsal fin placed in the middle of the length of the body, imme-
diately behind the ventrals ; anal of moderate length. Body oblong,
compressed, covered with scales of moderate size. Lateral line dis-
tinct. Belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width ; teeth
more or less compressed and notched, in three series in the upper
jaw, and in a single in the lower ; maxillary with a few blunt teeth ;
palate toothless. Nostrils close together. Gill-openings wide, the
gill-membranes not being attached to the isthmus ; gill-rakers short,
lanceolate.

1. Creagmtus malleri.

Leporinus miilleri, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 92.

B. 4. D. 11. A. 14. V. 8. L. lat. 39. L. transv, 5/3. Vert.J?.

This fish has externally the appearance of a Leucispus. The height
of its body is contained thrice and one-third in the total length, the
caudal fin not included; the length of the head four times. The
snout is rather short and obtusely convex, not longer than the dia-
meter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head.
Interorbital space entirely osseous, rather convex, its width being
more than the diameter of the eye ; the lower infraorbital is much
dilated, as wide as the eye, and touches the lower praeopercular limb,
but not the angle. The front series of intermaxillary teeth is com-
posed of three pairs of small subcorneal teeth, the second series of
two pairs, and the hinder series of four pairs ; the latter are the
largest, and provided with two or three points. Mandible with three
pairs of strong front teeth, and with some small ones on the sides.

7.2

340 characinid^:.

The dorsal fin commences a little nearer to the snout than to the
root of the caudal fin, above or immediately behind the root of the
inner ventral ray. Caudal fin distinctly emarginate. Anal com-
mencing behind the dorsal. Pectoral as long as the head without
snout, extending to the ventral. Ventral shorter than pectoral,
reaching to the vent. Back brownish. Sides and belly silvery.
A more or less distinct blackish band runs from a black humeral
spot to the middle of the root of the caudal fin.
Andes of Western Ecuador.

a-d. Adult (46 lines long) and half-arown. From Mr. Fraser's
Collection.

28. CHALCINTJS.

Chalceus, Mull. Sf Trosch. Hvr. Ickthyol. i. p. 16 (not Cm.)
Chalcinus, Ouv. $• Vol. xxii. p. 258.

Dorsal fin placed behind the middle of the length of the body,
behind the ventrals ; anal and pectoral long. Body oblong, covered
with scales of moderate size ; belly in front and behind the ventrals
trenchant. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width ; teeth in both
jaws multicuspid ; those of the intermaxillary in two series ; max-
illary with only a few rudimentary teeth near its articulation ; man-
dible with a complete series of multicuspid teeth in front, and with
small conical ones on the side ; a pair of conical teeth in the middle
behind the front series. Gill-opening very wide, the gill-membranes
being separate ; gill-rakers setiform. Intestinal canal with a single
circumvolution.

Brazil, Guianas.

1. Chalcinus nematurus.

? Chalceus angulatus, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 67. tab. 34.
Chalcinus nematurus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad: Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii.
p. 13. taf. 1. fig. 1 (not synon.).

D. 11. A. 32-34. Y. 6. L. lat. 34-36. L. transv. ^.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-ninths ; operculum twice as high
as long*, reaching the vertical from the axil of the pectoral; the
scales in the thoracic region are the largest. The distance of the
origin of the dorsal fin from the root of the caudal is contained once
and one-third in its distance from the extremity of the snout. Pec-
toral one-half longer than the head. The middle caudal rays are
somewhat produced (in mature specimens). Silvery, iridescent ; an
irregular blackish blotch on the temple. {Kner.)

Brazil.

Kner thinks that this species may be identical with Ch. mullerii,
Fil., or Ch. trifurcatus, Casteln., both these authors having distin-

* According to the description ; it is represented lower in the figure.

28. CHALCINUS. 341

guished their species by the produced middle caudal rays ; but that
character, being dependent on age, and absent in young individuals,
cannot prove either the identity or distinctness of two species. Kner'a
fish is distinguished by the increased number of anal rays, in which
it agrees with no other species, except with Ch. angulatus, Spix.
Indeed, it is probable that both are identical, in spite of the differ-
ences which become apparent on comparison of the two figures quoted ;
for it is evident that the figure given in Spix's work, and taken
from an immature example, is incorrect in several respects, repre-
senting the lateral line in the upper part of the body, the scales of
the thoracic region small, &c. The lateral line of the Chalcines is
sometimes indistinct, so that it is difficult to point out its true course.

2. Chalcinus brachypomus.

? Chalceus rotundatus, Schomb. Fish. Guian. i. p. 209.

Chalcinus brachipomus, Cuv. $• Val. xxii. p. 259.

- — i- trifurcatus, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sua1, Poiss. p. 70. pi. 37. fig. 1.

miillerii, Be Fil. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 164.

D. 11. A. 28. V. -7. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 5*. Vert. 18/20.

The height of the body is contained thrice in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-third;
operculum twice as high as long, reaching nearly to the vertical from
the axil of the pectoral. The scales above the lateral line and in
the thoracic region are much larger than the others. The distance of
the origin of the dorsal fin from the root of the caudal is contained
once and two-thirds in its distance from the extremity of the snout.
Pectoral one-third longer than the head. The middle caudal rays
are somewhat produced beyond the margin of the fin in mature
individuals. Silvery, iridescent : caudal and pectoral fins blackish
behind.

Young specimens have the body somewhat less elevated, and the
pectoral extending nearly to the vent.

Guianas, Brazil.

a-b. Adult and young. Essequibo. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.
c. Adult : skeleton. Essequibo. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.

3. Chalcinus auritus.

Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 262 ; Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 69. pi. 36.
fig. 3.

D. 11. A. 26. V. 7. L. lat. 44.

The height Oj. the ooiy is two-ninths of the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. The operculum extends
backwards to the vertical from the axil. Pectoral reaching to the
middle of the ventral (in a specimen 10 inches long). ( Val.)

Rio Araguay.

342 chabacinid^;.

4. Chalcinus elongatus.
D. 11. A. 28. V. 8. L. lat. 45*. L. transv. S,

The height of the body is one-fourth of bhe total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth; interorbital space very-
convex, its width being scarcely more than the diameter of the orbit,
which is contained thrice and one-third in the length of the head.
The maxillary extends to the vertical from the front margin of the
orbit; adipose eyelids well developed. The third (largest) infra-
orbital is nearly thrice as long as broad, its width being not much
more than one-half of the diameter of the eye. Operculum two-
thirds as long as high, not extending to the vertical from the axil.
The scales in the thoracic region are much larger than those on the
sides, nearly thrice as high as long. The distance of the origin of
the dorsal fin from the root of the caudal is contained once and two-
thirds in its distance from the extremity of the snout. The anal
commences immediately behind the last dorsal ray. Caudal forked,
with the middle rays produced into a lobe. The length of the head
is contained once and two-thirds in that of the pectoral fin, which
extends nearly to the extremity of the ventral fin. Uniform silvery.

Hal. ?

a. Ten inches long. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

29. GASTROPELECUS.

Gasteropelecus, Gronov. Mus. Ichth. ii. p. 7.

Dorsal fin placed behind the middle of the length of the body,
above the anal ; anal long ; pectoral long ; ventrals very small, or
rudimentary. Body strongly compressed, with the thoracic region
dilated into a subsemicircular disk. Scales of moderate size. Lateral
line descending obliquely backwards towards the origin of the anal
fin. The lower profile compressed into an acute ridge. Cleft of the
mouth of moderate width; teeth compressed, tricuspid, in one or
two series in the intermaxillary, and in a single in the mandible ;
maxillary with a few minute conical teeth ; palate toothless. Nos-
trils close together. Gill-openings very wide, the gill-membranes
not attached to the isthmus ; gill-rakers slender, lanceolate.

Brazil; Surinam.

1. Gastropelecus sternicla.

Gasteropelecus, Gronov. Mm. Ichth. ii. p. 7. no. 255. tab. 7. fig. 5.

Clupea sternicla, L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. i. p. 319 ; Koelreuter, Comment.
Nov. Petrop. 1761, viii. p. 405. tab. 14. figs. 1-3.

Gasteropelecus sternicla, Pall. Spic. Zool. fasc. 8. p. 50. tab. 3. fig. 4
Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 169. pi. 640 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien,
1860, xviii. p. 16 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 171.

* The scales have been counted in the series commencing from the upper end
of the gill-opening.

30. piabuca. 343

fcaimo gastropelecus, L. Gm. i. p. 1384 ; Block, taf. 97. fig. 3 ; Bl. Schn.
p. 418.
D. 10 A. 33-35. P. 11. V. 6. L. lat. 30-35.
A blackish band on each side of the tail.
Surinam ; Brazil.

a. Skin : type of the species. Prom Gronow's Collection. — This spe-

cimen is not well preserved, and therefore we are not certain
whether it is really identical with the species examined by
Valenciennes. It has only 28 anal rays, but some of them may
have been lost during the original process of preservation.

b. Fine specimen. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

2. Gastropelecus stellatus.

? Gastropelecus securis, Filippi, in Gu£r. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 1G5.
Gastropelecus stellatus, Kner, Denksckr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii.
p. 17. taf. 1. fig. 2.

D. 13-14. A. 38-40. L. lat. 20.
Uniform silvery, without band along the side of the tail. (Kner.)
Rio Cujaba.

3. Gastropelecus strigatus.
D. 9. A. 27. L. lat. 25.

Thorax with four blackish bands radiating from toe middle of its
convex edge ; a blackish band along the base of the anal fin.

The characters given will be sufficient to distinguish this species
from its congeners, but the state of the specimens is such as to pre-
vent me from giving a more detailed description.

Hab. ?

rt-6. One and a half inch long. Old Collection.

30. PIABUCA.

Piabuca, sp., Cuv. Regne Anim.

Piabuca, Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 9.

Dorsal fin placed rather behind the middle of the length of the body,
behind the ventrals ; anal long, commencing below the dorsal. Body
elongate, covered with scales of moderate or of small size. Belly
compressed. Cleft of the mouth narrow ; intermaxillary and man-
dible with a single series of fixed, flat, serrated incisors ; palate
toothless. Gill-membranes united below the throat, not attached to
the isthmus. Intestinal tract with a single circumvolution.

Brazils ; Surinam.

1. Piabuca argentina,

Piabuca, Marcgr. p. 170

Trutta dentata, Koelreuter, Nov. Comm.Petrop. 1761, viii. p. 413. tab. 14.

fig. 4.
Salmo argentinus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 511 ; Block, taf. 382. fig. 1 ; Bl.

Schn. p. 403.

344 CHARACINmE.

Characinua argentinus, Lacep. v. p. 272.

Piabuca argentina, Cuv. Begne Anim. ; Mull, tir Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i.
p. .9. taf. 1. fig. 1 ; Cuv. ty Vol. xxii. p. 108.

B. 4. D. 11. A. 46. V. 8. L. lat. 82.

The length of the head is equal to, or lesB tnan, the height of the
body, which is one-fifth or one-sixth of the total length (with the
caudal). A silvery band along the side, above the lateral line ; a
black spot at the base of the caudal fin.

Brazil; Surinam.

2. Piabuca spilurus.
D. 10. A. 32. V. 8. L. lat. 57.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fifth. Fourteen crenulated teeth
in the upper jaw as well as in the lower. The origin of the dorsal
fin is midway between the occiput and the root of the caudal, and
somewhat in front of that of the anal. Silvery iridescent ; caudal
with a large rounded deep-black spot on its basal portion.

Amazons.

a. Two and a half inches long. Biver Cupai. Purchased of Mr.
Stevens.

31. AGONIATES.

Agoniates, Mull, ty Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 33.

Dorsal fin placed behind the middle of** the length of the body,
behind the ventrals ; anal rather long. Body oblong, covered with
scales of moderate size ; belly strongly compressed. Cleft of the
mouth very wide. Intermaxillary with a double series of teeth : the
outer ones conical, the inner tricuspid ; maxillary long, with a single
series of conical teeth of equal length ; mandible with strong teeth in
a single series, some of which are canine teeth ; a large canine tooth
on each side anteriorly, received in a groove on the palate ; there are
a few tricuspid teeth between the anterior canine teeth ; no palatine
teeth. Gill-openings wide ; the gill-rakers of the first branchial
arch setiform.

British Guiana.

1. Agoniates halecinus.
Mutt. Sf Trosch. I. c. tab. 7. fig. 2 ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 347.
B. 4. D. 11. A. 20. V. 7. L. lat. 39.

The height of the body is somewhat less than the length of the
head, which is contained four times and two-thirds in the total
(without caudal). The last dorsal ravs are above the origin of the
anal fin. Silvery. {M. Sf T.)

British Guiana.

32. ANACYRTUS. 345

Sixth Group. HYDROCYONINA.

Characinidae with an adipose fin and a short dorsal, with the
teeth in both jaws well developed and conical, with the gill-mem-
branes free from the isthmus, and with the nasal openings close
together.

South America and tropical Africa.

32. ANACYRTUS*.

Epicyrtusf, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 17.
Epicyrtus et Cynopotamus, Cuv. Sf Vol.

Dorsal fin placed nearly in the middle ot the length of the body,
behind the ventrals ; anal long, commencing before or below the
dorsal fin. Body oblong or rather elevated, covered with small scales ;
lateral line complete. Belly rounded in front of the ventrals, which
are rather close to the pectorals ; humerus dilated or produced into a
process before the pectorals. Cleft of the mouth wide. Teeth conical,
in the intermaxillary, maxillary, and mandible ; canine teeth more
or less distinct. The intermaxillary and mandibulary teeth form a
single or double series ; palate toothless. Nostrils close together,
separated by a membrane only. Gill-openings wide, the gill-mem-
branes not attached to the isthmus, separate; gill-rakers slender,
lanceolate.

Central and South America.

The species may be divided into the following groups : —

A. Mandibulary teeth in a single series.

1. Jaws without external tooth-liko processes.

a. Intermaxillary teeth in two nearly confluent series : Anacyrtus,

m., p. 346.

b. Intermaxillary teeth in a single series ; scales very small : Rcestes,

m., p. 347.

2. Jaws with external tooth-like processes ; scales very small : Rce-

boides, m., p. 347.

B. Mandibulary teeth in a double series : Cynopotamus, Kner, p. 348.

* Bernhardt has described another species with the name of Epicyrtus xenodon,
which also has the jaws provided with external tooth-like processes. Unfortu-
nately I have not access, at present, to the part of the " Videnskabelige Meddel-
elser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1849," which contains the
description of this species.

t Preoccupied.

346 oharachtid^.

A. Mandibulary teeth in a single series.

i. Jaws without external tooth-like processes.

a. Intermaxillary teeth in two almost confluent series : Anacyrtus.

1. Anacyrtus gibbosus.

Charax, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 19. no. 53. tab. 1. fig. 4 ; Zoo-

phyl. p. 124. no. 380.
Salmo gibbosus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 513 ; JBl. Schn. p. 419.
Epicyrtus gibbosus, Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 17. taf. 2. fig. 1

(dentition).
Cynopotamus gibbosus, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 321. pi. 645.
Epicyrtus macrolepis, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii.

p. 47. taf. 6. fig. 14 *.

D. 11. A. 53-57. V. 8. L. lat. 57-58.

Teeth in the intermaxillary in a double series, the two series being
so close together as to be almost confluent into one ; no external
divergent teeth ; mandibulary teeth in a single series. Back elevated,
the upper profile of the head and nape forming an S-shaped curve.
The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and one-
fourth ; the origin of the dorsal fin is above the fourth anal ray, the
root of the ventral before the middle of the pectoral

Guianas.

a. Adult : skin. Type of the species. From Gronow's Collection.

b. Adult. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c-e. Adult and half-grown. British Guiana. Presented by Sir B.
Schombnrgk.

2. Anacyrtus pauciradiatus.
Similar to A. gibbosus, but with fewer anal rays.
D. 11. A. 45-49. V. 8. L. lat. 56.

No external divergent teeth; teeth in the intermaxillary in a
double series, the outer series, however, containing only a few teeth,
which are almost confluent with the inner series ; mandibulary teeth
in a single series ; canine teeth well developed. Back elevated, the
upper profile of the head and nape forming an S-shaped curve. The
height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and four-fifths.
Maxillary straight ; the width of the interorbital space equals the
diameter of the eye, which is two-sevenths of the length of the head.
The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the extremity of the
snout and the root of the caudal fin, above the second anal ray ; the
root of the ventral corresponds to the middle of the pectoral fin.
Silvery, with a humeral and caudal spot.

Para.

a-b. From 4 to 5 inches long. Biver Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

* Although Kner himself identifies his specimens with the species described
by Gronow, they may possibly belong to A. pauciradiatus, as Kner has omitted
to state the number of anal rays.

32. ANACTRXTTS. 347

b. Intermaxillary teeth in a single series ; scales very small : Hcestes.
3. Anacyrtus molossas.

Cynopotamus molossus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii
p. CI. taf. 7. fig. 16.

D. 10. A. 46-50. V. 8.

Intermaxillary and maxillary with a single series of teeth, the
former with canines ; teeth of the mandible in a double series, the
outer one containing canine teeth, those of the inner being small,
equal in size. The height of the body is one-third of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The upper
profile of the head is very slightly concave ; head broad, its width
being nearly one-hall' of its length. Humerus broad, with a notch
for the first pectoral ray. The dorsal fin commences midway between
the extremity of the snout and the root of the caudal. Pectoral ex-
tending nearly to the vent. (Kner.)

Brazil.

2. Jaws with external tooth-like processes ; scales very small : Mceboides.

4. Anacyrtus microlepis.

Epicyrtus gib*bosus, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 43 (not L.).

microlepis, Reinh. Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Fwen. Kjobenh. 1849,

p. ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wicn, 1860, xviii. p. 47. taf. 6.

fig. 13.

D. 11. A. 60. L. lat. 110.

Upper and lower jaw with short, conical, tooth-like processes
directed outwards ; teeth in the intermaxillary in two rather irregular
series, without canines ; maxillary with a few small teeth near its
articulation ; mandibulary teeth in a single series, with very small
canines. Back elevated, the upper profile of the head being concave.
The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
Humeral and caudal spots present.

Brazil.

5. Anacyrtus guatemalensis.
D. 11. A. 51. V. 8. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 19/22. Vert. 12/22.
Upper and lower jaw anteriorly on each side with a short, conical,
tooth-like process directed forwards ; teeth in the intermaxillary,
maxillary, and mandible in a single, rather irregular series ; no canine
teeth in the upper jaw, those in the lower small and short. Back
elevated, the upper profile of the head and nape forming an S-sbaped
curve. The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times.
The lower jaw is rather shorter than the upper ; the maxillary extends
nearly to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The width of the
interorbital space is a little less than the diameter of the eye, which
is two-sevenths of the length of the head. The humeral process in
front of the pectoral terminates in a point anteriorly and posteriorly.

348 CHARACINID.S.

The origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the extremity of the
snout than to the root of the caudal, above the fifth or sixth anal
ray ; caudal deeply forked ; the ventral is inserted below the middle
of the pectoral, which extends nearly to the origin of the anal. Light
reddish olive with a silvery lateral band.

Guatemala.
a-b. From 5 to 6 inches long. Chagres River. From the Collection
of Messrs. Salvin and Dow.

c. Several young specim as. Huamuchal. F^m .Mr. Salvin's Col-

lection.

d. idult : skeleton. Chagres River. From the Collection of Messrs.

Salvin and Dow.
The lengm of the abdominal portion of the vertebral column is
contained once and four-fifths in that of the caudal ; the first ver-
tebra is large, evidently composed of two confluent vertebrae. Ribs
well developed. The interhaemal spines do not correspond with the
haemals, the nine anterior interhaemals being attached to the haemal
of the first caudal vertebra.

B. Mandibulary teeth in a double series : Cynopota*"*'*.

6. Anacyrtus argenteus.

Hydrocyon argenteus, Vol. in ef Orb. Voy. Am. Mh-id. Poiss. pi. 9. fig. 1.
Cynopotamus argenteus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 317.

D. 12. A. 53. V. 8. L. lat. 120.

Intermaxillary and mandibulary teeth in a double series: the
outer series of the intermaxillary is formed by very short conical
teeth, the inner by four canine teeth. Edge of the maxillary toothed.
The outer series of the mandible contains strong canines, the inner
being formed by very small teeth. Back elevated, the upper profile
of the head and nape forming an S-shaped curve. The height of the
body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head a little less than one-fourth. ( Vol.)

Rio de la Plata

7. Anacyrtus humeralis.

Hydrocyon humeralis, Vol. in <f Orb. Voy. Am. MSrid. Poiss. pi. 1 1. fig. 2.
Cynopotanms humeralis, Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 320.

D. 11. A. 44. L. lat. 115.

Dentition as in A. argenteus. Body oblong, its height being equal
to the length of the head, and two-sevenths of the total (without
caudal). The upper profile of the head is somewhat concave. A
more or less distinct blackish spot on the shoulder ; a blackish band
along the root of the caudal and along its middle rays. ( Val.)

Buenos Ayres.

Kner (Denkschr. Acad.Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 49. taf. 7. fig. 15)
describes a Cynopotamus humeralis, which, however, appears to be
distinct, having only 78-95 scales in the lateral line and 45-48
anal rays.

34. SAXMINTJS. 349

33. HYSTRICODON.

Exodon*, Mull. $ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 31.

Dorsal fin placed in the middle of the length of the body, above
the ventrals ; anal rather elongate, commencing behind the dorsal
fin. Body oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ; lateral line
complete. Belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth rather wide ; teeth
conical, in a double series in the intermaxillary, maxillary, and man-
dible ; those of the outer series largest, irregular, divergent ; palate
toothless. Nostrils close together. Gill-openings wide.

Guianas, Brazil.

1. Hystricodon paradoxus.

Exodon paradoxus, Mull, 8f Trosch. I. c. taf. 4. fig. 1 ; Kner, Denkschr.

Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 46.
Epicyrtus exodon, Cuv. $• Vol. xxii. p. 46.
paradoxus, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 60.

B. 4. D. 10-11. A. 20-22. V. 8-9. L. lat. 37.

The height of the body is rather more than the length of the head,
and one-third of the total (without caudal). Intermaxillary with a
pair of short conical teeth in front, pointing forwards ; caudal fin
deeply forked. Body with a silvery band above the lateral line, and
with two large blackish spots, one on the side of the trunk, and the
other at the root of the caudal fin.

Brazil, Guiana.

34. SALMINUS.

Salminus, MUM. fy Trosch.f Hor. Ichth. i, p. 16.

Dorsal fin placed in the middle of the length of the body, behind
the ventrals ; anal long. Body oblong, covered with scales of mode-
rate size ; belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth wide, maxillary elon-
gate. Teeth conical: intermaxillary and mandible with a double
series, the teeth in the outer series being much larger than those in
the inner ; maxillary toothed along its entire length. Nostrils close
together. Gill-opening very wide, the gill-membranes being free and
separate.

Brazils.

1. Salminus bilarii

Cuv. ty Val. xxii. p. 64 ; Casteid Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 60. pi. 31.
fig. 1.

D. 11. A. 25. V. 8. L. lat. 69. L. transv. 10/8.

The length of the head is nearly equal to the height of the body,
and somewhat more than one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ;
maxillary with about 37 teeth ; operculum two-fifths as long as high.
The origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the root of the caudal
than to the extremity of the snout. Caudal fin with the middle rays

* Preoccupied.

t This genus was first characterized by Muller and Troachel.

350 CHABACINID.E.

produced into a short lobe. Each scale with a brownish dot at the
base ; a broad black band along the middle of the caudal fin.

Brazil.
a-c. Adult : skins. Rio S. Francisco. Purchased of Mr. Gardirier.

2. Salminus brevidens.

Hydrocyon brevidens, Cuv. Mem. Mus. v. p. 364. pi. 27. fig. 1.
Salminus cuvieri, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 56.

D. 11. A. 29. V. 8. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 12/10.

The length of the head is somewhat less than the height of the
body, or than one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; maxillary
with from 34 to 36 teeth ; operculum thrice as high as long ; the
origin of the dorsal fin is nearly in the middle between the extremity
of the snout and the root of the caudal. Caudal fin with the
middle rays produced into a short lobe. Each scale with a brownish-
black spot at the base ; a broad black band along the middle of the
caudal fin.

Brazil.

a-b. Adult and half-grown, skins. Cipo River. Presented by Ch.
Cumberland, Esq. — Vernacular names : Dourado, Tubarana.

3. Salminus maxillosus.

Hydrocyon brevidens, Valenc. in cCOrb. Voy. Amer. Sad, Poiss. pi. 9.

%•>
Salminus maxillosus, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 62 ; Casteln. Anim. Amer.

Sud, Poiss. p. 61. pi. 30. fig. 2.

? Salminus orbignyanus, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 65.

D. 11. A. 27. V. 9. L. lat. 105.
The middle caudal rays are somewhat produced, and of black colour.
Each scale with a brown dot at the base. (Val.)
Amazons ; ? Buenos Ayres.

35. HYDROCYON.

Hydrocyon, sp., Cuv. JRkgne Anim.
Hydrocyon, Mull. $■ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 11.

The dorsal fin is in the middle of the length of the body, above
the ventrals ; anal of moderate length. Body oblong, compressed,
covered with scales of moderate size ; belly rounded. Cleft of the
mouth wide, without lips ; the intermaxillaries and mandibles arc
armed with strong, pointed teeth, widely set and few in number;
they are received in notches of the opposite jaw, and visible exr
ternally, when the mouth is closed. Palate toothless. Cheeks
coveiod with the enlarged suborbital bones. Nostrils close together,
situated in the same cavity. Orbit with an anterior and posterior
adipose eyelid. Gill-opening wide, the gill-membranes being united
quite in front of the throat. Intestinal tract short.

Rivers of tropical Africa.

35. HYDK0CT0N. 351

1. Hydrocyon forskalii.

Kelb el bahr ; Kelb el moyeh.

Salmo dentex, Forsk. Descr. Anim. pp. xiii & 66. no. 97 (not Hasselq.).
Characinus dentex, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 4. fig. 1.
Hydrocyon forskalii, Cuv. Mem. Mus. v. p. 354. pi. 28. fig. 1 ; Mull.

# Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. i. p. 11. tab. 3. fig. 6 (teeth) ; Cuv. $ Vol.

xxii. p. 309.

B.4. D. 10. A. 15-16. V. 10. L. lat. 45-48. L.transv.^.

Vert- KM?'

The height of the body is contained four times and a half or four
times and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length
of the head four times and one-fourth or four times and two-thirds.
There are two series of scales between the lateral line and the elon-
gate scale at the root of the ventral fin. The upper jaw with five
or six teeth on each side, the lower with four. Silvery ; generally a
blackish streak along each series of scales above the lateral line.

Nile. West Africa.

a-c. Adult and half -grown. Lower Nile. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.

d. Half-grown. Egypt. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collection.

e-h. Fine specimens. Chartoum From Consul Petherick's Col-
lection.

i. Adult : stuffed. Old Collection.

k. Adult : skeleton. Lower Nile. From Mr. S. S. Allen's Collection.

2. Hydrocyon brevis.
B. 4. D. 10. A. 16. V. 10. L. lat. 49-50. L. transv. 9/5.

Very similar to H. forskalii, but with a shorter body and with
more scales below the lateral line.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a half or thrice
and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of
the head four times or thrice and four-fifths. There are three series
of scales between the lateral line and the elongate scale at the root
of the ventral fin. The upper jaw with five or six teeth on each
side, the lower with four. Silvery ; each series of scales above the
lateral line with a very faint darker longitudinal streak.

Upper Nile.

a-c. Fine specimens, from 12 to 14 inches long. Chartoum. From
Consul Petherick's Collection.

Valenciennes appears to have known this species, although he did
not distinguish it from H. forskalii ; from his remarks it would
appear that it extends also to "Western Africa.

352 CHARACINIDiE-

3. Hydrocyon lineatus.

Hydrocyon lineatus (Schleg.), Bleek. Poiss. Cote de Guin. p. 125.

D. 10. A. 15. V. 10. L. lat. 44-46. L. transv. 8/5.

Similar to the preceding two species, but with a comparatively
longer head.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-fourths
or four times. There are two series of scales between the lateral line
and the elongate scale at the root of the ventral fin. The upper jaw
with six teeth on each side, the lower with five. Silvery ; each series
of scales above the lateral line and the nearest below with a black
longitudinal streak.

East and West Africa.

a-b. Skins, 15 and 1\ inches long. Unguezi, River Shire. Presented

by Dr. Kirk and Ch. Livingstone, Esq.
c. Adult. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

36. SARCODACES.

Xiphorhamphus, sp., Midi. 8f Trosch.

Dorsal fin placed behind the middle of the length of the body,
between ventrals and anal ; anal rather short. Head and body elon-
gate, covered with scales of moderate size. Belly rounded. Cleft
of the mouth very wide ; teeth conical, in a single series in the in-
termaxillary and maxillary, larger canines being mixed with smaller
teeth ; there is a series of small teeth on each side of the palate, but
they are implanted on a process of the intermaxillary bone, which
extends far backwards along the inner side of the maxillary. Man-
dible with two series of teeth, the inner being formed by very small
teeth implanted on the edge of the inner lamella of the bone.
Nostrils lateral, close together, separated by a membrane only, and
situated immediately before the eye. Gill-openings wide, the gill-
membranes being free and separate ; gill-rakers slender, lanceolate,
widely set.

West Africa.

1. Sarcodaces odoe.

Salmo odoe, Bloch, taf. 386.

Xiphorhamphus odoe, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 18.

Xiphorhynchus odoe, Cuv. 8r Vol. xxii. p. 345.

B. 4. D. 9. A. 11. V. 9. L. lat. 60.
Vertical and ventral fins with black spots.
West Africa.

a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

b. Adult : skull. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

38. XIPHORHAMPHUS. 353

37. OLIGOSARCUS.

Dorsal fin placed in the middle of the length of the body, above
the space between ventrals and anal ; anal long. Head and body
compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ; lateral
line complete; belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth wide; teeth
conical, in a single series in the intermaxillary, maxillary, mandible,
and on the palatine bones ; some of the teeth in the intermaxillary
and mandible are canine teeth. Nostrils close together. Gill-
openings very wide, the gill-membranes not attached to the isthmus ;
gill-rakers slender, lanceolate.

Brazil.

1. Oligosarcus argenteus.
D. 11. A. 25. V. 8. L. lat. 43. L. transv. 9/7.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
which* is two-sevenths of the total (the caudal fin not included) ; the
depth of the head equals its length without snout ; -the width of the
interorbital space is a little less than the diameter of the eye, which
is one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal to the extent of
the snout. Cleft of the mouth wide, the maxillary extending some-
what behind the vertical from the centre of the eye ; the intermax-
illary has two or three feeble canine teeth on each side, the anterior
pair being received between the front canine teeth of the lower jaw,
which are twice as strong as the upper ones. The lateral teeth of
the mandible and those of the maxillary and of the palatines are
equally small. Nearly the entire cheek is covered by the infraorbital
bones, only a narrow space above the prseopercular limb remaining
naked. The operculum is slightly emarginate behind, and twice as
high as long. The origin of the dorsal fin is exactly in the middle
between the end of the snout and the root of the caudal fin, and a
little behind the insertion of the ventrals ; its last rays are opposite
to those of the anal. Caudal deeply forked, shorter than the head ;
the pectoral extends to, or somewhat beyond, the root of the ventral
fins ; the ventral is shorter than the pectoral, rather more than half
as long as the head, and extending to the vent.

The two specimens, which have been preserved in spirit for a long
time, are light brownish, shining silvery. A silvery band runs along
the middle of the body, and terminates in an oblong black spot be-
fore the root of the caudal.

Brazil.

a-b. Three and a half inches long.

38. XIPHORHAMPHUS.

Xiphorhamphus, sp., Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 32.
Xiphorhynchus; sp., Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 336.

Dorsal fin placed behind the middle of the length of the body,
between ventrals and anal ; anal long. Head and body more or less
elongate, covered with small scales ; lateral line complete. Belly

vol. v. 2 a

354 chahactnid-e.

rounded. Cleft of the mouth wide ; teeth conical, in a single series,
smaller ones being intermixed with strong canine teeth ; palatine
with a series of small teeth. Nostrils close together, separated by a
membrane only. Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes being free
and separate; gill-rakers very short. Intestinal tract with a single
circumvolution ; caecal sac of stomach very long.
South America, east of the Andes.

The species may be referred to two groups : —
a. Maxillary with canine teeth, p. 354.
/3. All the maxillary teeth of equal length, p. 355.

a. Maxillary with canine teeth.

1. Xiphotfhainphus falcirostris.

Hydrocyon falcirostris, Cuv. M6m. Mm. v. p. 361. pi. 27. fig. 3.
Xiphorhamphiis falcirostris, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 18 ; Kner,
Denksehr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 58.

D. 11. A. 22-25. V. 3. L. lat. 160.

The height of the body is two-elevenths, one-sixth or one-seventh
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-
sevenths. Snout much elongate, its length being equal to the dis-
tance between the anterior margin of the orbit and the posterior
of the praeoperculum ; the entire dorsal fin is in the hinder third of
the total length (without caudal). A round deep-black spot on the
root of the caudal fin, none on the shoulder.

Brazil, Guianas.
a. Adult : stuffed. Demerara. From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society,
o. Half-grown. Kiver Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

It is very improbable that the description given by Valenciennes
in the 22nd volume, p. 341, is taken from the typical specimen as
he asserts. Cuvier says distinctly that his specimen was 20 inches
long, that it had more than 100 scales in a longitudinal line, and 25
anal rays. Valenciennes, however, describes his specimen as being
17 inches long, and as having 200 scales in a longitudinal line, and
30 anal rays.

2. Xiphorhaniphus falcatus.

Salmo falcatus, Bloch, taf. 385.

Xiphorhamphus falcatus, Mull, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 17; Kner,

i>e?ikschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 57.
Xiphorhynchus falcatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 337.

B. 4. D. 11. A. 28-30. V. 8. L. lat. 100-120*

The height of the body is one-fifth or two-elevenths of the total

* M tiller and Troschel say that the lateral line is composed of " about " 80 scales,
whilst a higher number has been found by Valenciennes and Kner.

38. XIPHORHAMPHTTS; 355

length (with the caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; the
length of the cleft of the mouth is nearly one-half of that of the
head. The origin of the dorsal fin is in the second third of the total
length (without caudal). A black humeral and caudal spot.
Brazil, Guiana.

3. Xiphorhaniphus microlepis.

Hydrocyon microlepis, Schomb. Fish. Guian. i, p. 247. pi. 24 (25 a,

Hydrocyon ? armatus).
Xiphorhamphus microlepis, Mull. § Trosch. Hor. Ichth, i. p. 18.

D. 11. A. 31-33. L. lat. 100-110.

The height of the body is one-sixth or one-seventh of the tow.
length (with the caudal), the length of the head somewhat less than
one-fourth ; the length of the cleft of the mouth is more than one-
half of that of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is in the second
third of the total length (without caudal). A black spot on the base
of the caudal fin.

Guiana.

a-6. Young. British Guiana. Presented by Sir B. Schomburgk.
c. Adult. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

4. Xiphorhamphus feroz.

Gilnth. Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xii. p. 443.

D. 11. A. 25-26. V. 8. L. lat. 95.

Maxillary with two distant canine teeth in its upper portion. The
height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a half;
the length of the snout is equal to the distance of the posterior pra>
opercular margin from the middle of the eye. The diameter of the
eye is more than one-half of the length of the snout, and one-fifth
of that of the head. The maxillary extends a little beyond the hind
margin of the orbit. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between
occiput and base of the caudal ; the anal fin commences immediately
behind the dorsal ; caudal deeply forked. The pectoral does not
extend to the ventral. A large blackish blotch behind the gill-
opening ; the middle caudal rays orange-coloured, with a round black
spot at the base.

Essequibo.

a-b. From 6 to 7 inches long : types of the species. From Mr.
Ehrhardt's Collection.

/3. All the maxillary teeth of equal length.

5. Xiphorhamphus pericoptes.

Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 32. taf. 5. fig. 1.

D. 11. A. 33. V. 9. L. lat. 74.

All the maxillary teeth are equally small. The height of the. body

2 A 2

356 characinid-e:.

is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-third. The length of
the snout is two -fifths of that of the head, and the maxillary extends
co behind the eye. The anal fin commences below the last dorsal
rays, and the pectoral does not extend to the ventral. Greenish,
with/metallic reflexions. (M, Sf T.)
Brazil.

6. Xiphorhamphus hepsetus.

Hydrocyon hepsetus, Cuv. BJegne Anim. ; Z)' Orb. Voy. Amer. Sud,
Poiss. pi. 9. fig. 2.

falcatus, Quoy Sf Gaim. Voy. JJran. Zool. p. 221. pi. 48. fig. 2

Xiphorhynchus hepsetus, Cuv. ty Vol. xxii. p. 343.

D. 11. A. 30. L. lat. 72.

All the maxillary teeth are equally small. The height of the body
is nearly equal to the length of the head, and about two-sevenths of
the total (without caudal). The pectoral fin extends to the middle
of the ventral. A silvery band along the side ; generally a blackish
humeral spot and caudal band.

Eio Janeiro.

7. Xiphorhamphus jenynsii.

Hydrocyon hepsetus, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fish. p. 129 (not Cuv.).
D. 11. A. 29. V. 8. L. lat. 57-58. L. transv. 16.

All the maxillary teeth are equally small. The height of the body
is equal to the length of the head, and two-sevenths of the total
(without caudal). The maxillary extends to the vertical from the
posterior margin of the orbit ; the diameter of the eye is four-fifths
of the length of the snout, and not quite one-fourth of that of the
head. The anal fin commences below the last dorsal ray ; the pec-
toral extends to the ventral. Bluish silvery, with an indistinct band
along the middle of the caudal. {Jenyns.)

Freshwater lake of Maldonado. •

39. XIPH0ST0MA.

Xiphostoma, Spice, Pise. Bras. p. 78.

Dorsal fin placed behind the middle of the length of the body,
behind the ventrals ; anal short ; caudal fin emarginate. Head and
body elongate, the latter covered with small scales ; belly rounded ;
head osseous ; snout produced, conical ; intermaxillary and mandi-
bulary bones very long, armed with a single series of very small
teeth, the point of which is directed backwards ; maxillary short,
toothed ; palatine bones with numerous granular minute teeth. Gill-
openings very wide, the gill-membranes not united below the throat.
Intestines with a single circumvolution.

Tropical America, east of the Andes.

39. XIPHOSTOMA. 357

1. Xiphostoma lucius.

Hydrocyon lucius, Cuv. Mem. Mus. v. p. 359. pi. 26. fig. 3.
Xiphostoma lucius, Cuv. <$• Val. xxii. p. 350.

B. 5. D. 9. A. 10. V. 8. L. lat. 106.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal) ;
the upper jaw is not produced into a cartilaginous appendage ; the
anterior margin of the orbit occupies the middle of the length of the
head. The dorsal fin corresponds to the middle of the interspace
between ventrals and anal. ( Val.)

Hah. ?

2. Xiphostoma cuvieri.

Xiphostoma cuvieri, Spiv, Pise. Bras. p. 79. tab. 42 ; MiiU. Sf Trosch.
Hor. Ichth. i. p. 20. tab. 3. fig. 3 ; Cuv. # Val. xxii. p. 355 ; Xner,
Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wkn, 1860, xviii. p. 60. taf. 8. fig. 17.

oseryi, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 76. pi. 40. fig. 1.

D. 10. A. 11. V. 8. L. lat. 105. L. transv. 24.

The length of the head is one-fourth, or more than one-fourth, of
the total (without caudal) ; the upper jaw is produced into a carti-
laginous appendage ; the toothed portion of the intermaxillary is
more than half as long as the head ; the anterior margin of the orbit
occupies the middle of the length of the head, the nasal appendage
not included. The ventral is inserted immediately before the dorsal.
A round black spot at the root of the caudal fin.

Brazil.

3. Xiphostoma ocellatum.

Schomburgk, Fish. Guiana, i. p. 245. tab. 23 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 355 ;
Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 61 . taf. 8. fig. 18
(head).

D. 10. A. 11. V. 9. L. lat. 106-110. L. transv ^

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal) ;
extremity of the upper jaw with a short cartilaginous appendage ;
the entire intermaxillary bone is only half as long as the head ; an-
terior margin of the orbit somewhat before the middle of the length
of the head. Dorsal fin nearer to the ventrals than to the anal. A
black ocellus on the base of the caudal fin.

Brazil, Guiana.

4. Xiphostoma maculatum.

Cuv. ty Val. xxii. p. 357 ; Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 76. pi. 40.
fig. 2.

D. 10. A. 11. L. lat. 88.

Snout narrow, pointed, the upper jaw being produced into an ap-
pendage ; the hmd part of the dorsal fin is above the anterior anal
rays. Vertical fins with blackish spots.

Amazons.
a. River Cupai Vurchased of Mr. Stevens.

358 chakaciwid^:.

5. Xiphostoma hujeta.
Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 358.

D. 10. A. 10.

Snout rather broad and obtuse, curved at its extremity ; the hind
part of the dorsal fin is above the origin of the anal. A black, yellow-
edged ocellus at the base of the caudal. ( Vol.)

Maracaibo.

40. CYNODON.

Cynodon, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 76 ; Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 323.

Raphiodon, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 76.

Hydrolycus et Raphiodon, Mull. Sf Trosck. Hor. Ichth. i. pp. 18, 19.

Dorsal fin placed behind, or nearly in, the middle of the length of
the body, behind the ventrals; anal long. Head and body com-
pressed, oblong, the latter covered with very small scales ; belly com-
pressed, keeled. Teeth in the intermaxillary, maxillary, and man-
dible in a single series, conical, widely set, of unequal size ; a pair
of very large canine teeth anteriorly in the lower jaw, received in
two grooves on the palate ; palate with patches of minute granulated
teeth. Gill-openings very wide, the gill-membranes not united below
the throat. The outer branchial arch without gill-rakers, but with
very short tubercles.

Brazil, Guianas.

a. The dorsal fin is between ventral and anal : Hydrolycus, M. & T.

1. Cynodon scomberoides.

Hydrocyon scomberoides, Cuv. Mem. Mus. v. p. 357. pi. 27. fig. 2.
Hydrolycus scomberoides, Mull. fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 19. tab. 5.

fig. 2 (dentition).
Oynodon scomberoides, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 324 ; Kner, Denkschr.

Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 52; Casteln. Anim. AmSr. Sud,

Poiss. p. 75. pi. 39. fig. 2.

B. 5. D. 12. A. 33-40. P. 17. V. 9.

The height of the body is one-fourth or two-sevenths of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head sometimes more and
sometimes less than two-ninths. Dorsal fin exactly in the middle
between ventrals and anal. Silvery ; humerus blackish.

Brazil, Guiana.

a. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

b. Half-grown. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

41. DISTICHODTTS. 359

0. The dorsal fin commences above the anal : Cynodoti, Spix.

2. Cynodon vulpinus.

Cynodon vulpinus, Spix, Pise. Bras. tab. 26 ; Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 329 ;

Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 55; Casteln. Anim.

Amer. Sud, Poiss. pi. 39. fig. 1.
Raphiodon vulpinus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 76.
Hydropardus . Reinh. Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kjobenh.

1849, p.

B. 5. D. 12. A. 48. P. 17. V. 8.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, with or
without the caudal. Dorsal fin commencing behind the origin of the
anal ; ventrals very small*. Uniform silvery.

Brazil.

3. Cynodon gibbus.

Cynodon gibbus, Spix, Pise. Bras. tab. 27 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 333 ;

Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 54.
Raph'odon gibbus, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 77.

B. 5. D. 12. A. 82. P. 17. V. 8.

The greatest depth of the body is one-fourth of the total length
(with the caudal) ; the profile above the eyes is concave. The dorsal
and anal fins commence nearly in the same vertical ; ventrals small.
A round black spot behind the gill-opening.

Brazil.

Seventh Group. DISTICHODONTINA.

Characinidae with an adipose fin and with the dorsal rather
elongate, with the gill-membranes attached to the isthmus, and
with the beUy rounded.

Tropical Africa.

41. DISTICHODUS.

Distichodus, Mull, ty Trosch. Jfor. Ichth. i. p. 12.

Dorsal fin rather long, placed in the middle of the length of the
body, above the ventrals ; anal of moderate length ; caudal and adi-
pose fins covered with small scales. Body oblong, covered with
small scales. Belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth transverse, small ;
intermaxillary and mandible with a series of flattish bicuspid in-
cisors ; there is generally another series of smaller similar teeth
behind the front series ; palate toothless. Nostrils close together,
with a valve between them, overlapping the posterior. Gill-openings
of moderate width, the gill-membranes being attached to the isthmus,
having a free hinder edge along nearly their entire extent.

Tropical Africa.

* One or two are accidentally entirely absent.

360 charactnid^:.

a. Each jaw with two series of teeth.

1 . Distichodus niloticus.

Salmo ni1 jticus, Hasselq. Reise, p. 422.
Nefasch, Forsk. Descript. Anim. p. 66.
Salmo aegyptiacus, L. Gm. i. p. 1386.

aegyptius, Bl. Schn. p. 418.

Characinus nefasch, Lacep. v. pp. 272, 274 ; Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss.

pi. 5. fig. 1.
Distichodus niloticus, Mull. § Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 12. tab. 1. fig. 3

(dentition).
nefasch, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 175.

B. 4. D. 24-26. A. 14-15. Y. 11. L. lat. 103-105.
L. transv. 20/19.

The height of the body is two-fifths or less than two-fifths of the
total length (without caudal) in mature specimens, and only one-
third in young ones. The length of the head is contained four times
and two-thirds or four times and three-fourths in that of the body
in mature specimens, but it is one-fourth of it in young ones. Snout
obtuse ; interorbital space broad, depressed, not very convex. The
lower jaw with about thirty-six teeth in the front series; young in-
dividuals have less. The anal fin extends backwards to, or nearly
to, the root of the caudal, if laid backwards. Silvery, back greenish ;
dorsal fin with short, oblique, narrow blackish streaks on the inter-
radial membrane. Young specimens with a blackish spot behind
the head, between the lateral line and the gill-opening, and with
several indistinct transverse blackish blotches on the body.

Upper and Lower Nile.
a. Fine specimen, 30 inches long. Lower Nile. From Consul

Petherick's Collection.
b-d. Young. Lower Nile. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
e-m. Adult, half-grown, and young. Upper Nile. From Consul

Petherick's Collection.
n. Half-grown : skin, in spirits. Egypt. Presented by J. Burton,

Esq.

2. Distichodus rostratus.

D. 23-25. A. 14. Y. 11. L. lat. 89-98. L. transv. 16/16.

The height of the body is contained thrice and one-fourth in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and
three-fourths. Snout rather pointed ; in a specimen 14 inches long
it is more than twice as long as the eye ; interorbital space broad,
convex, its width: being contained twice and one-third in the length
of the head. The lower jaw with about twenty-eight teeth. The
anal fin extends somewhat beyond the root of the caudal, if laid
backwards. Silvery, back greenish, sides clouded with blackish;
dorsal fin with small blackish spots.

This species is otherwise similar to D. niloticus, from which it will
be readily distinguished by its prominent nose, fewer scales on the
back, and long anal fin; we are not quite certain whether the sped-

41. DISTICHODUS. 361

men from "West Africa belongs to the present species, as it has been
much injured.

Nile. West Africa.

a. Fine specimen, 14 inches long. Lower Nile. From Consul

Petherick's Collection.

b, Stuffed : 32 inches long. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

3. Distichodus engycephalus.
D. 24. A. 13. V. 11. L. lat. 80. L. transv. 14/13.

The height of the body is contained thrice, or twice and three-
fourths, in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
four times and one-third or four times and one-fourth. Snout
pointed, compressed ; head compressed ; the interorbital space is very
convex, its width being contained twice and two -thirds in the length
of the head. The lower jaw with about twenty teeth. The anal
fin does not extend to the root of the caudal, if laid backwards.
Silvery ; sides with four irregular series of round blackish spots, each
as large as, or smaller than, the eye. Dorsal fin with veiy indistinct
spots, which are partly confluent.

This species will be easily recognized by its compressed head.

Upper Nile.

a-b. From 5-6^ inches long. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.

4. Distichodus brevipinnis.
D. 20. A. 15. Y. 11. L. lat. 90. L. transv. 17/23.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and
three-fourths. Snout as broad as, or even broader than, long, ob-
tuse in front ; lips thick ; interorbital space very convex, its width
being contained twice and one-fifth in the length of the head.
The lower jaw with twenty or twenty-two teeth. The length of
the base of the dorsal fin is only three-fourths of that of the head ;
the distance between the two dorsal fins equals the length of the
base of the adipose fin. The anal extends to the root of the caudal,
if laid backwards. Body with large rounded blackish spots, each
being twice as large as the eye. Dorsal fin with subquadrangular
blackish spots, irregularly arranged.

Upper Nile.

a-c. Five and six inches long. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's
Collection.

5. Distichodus schenga.
Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Bert 1852, p. 276.

D. 26. A. 15-16. L. lat. 67-69. L. transv. 13/13.
The height of the body is one -third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head nearly one-fifth. Snout compressed,
somewhat pointed ; interorbital space very cony ex, its width being a

362 CHABACINID.E.

little more than one-third of the length of the head. The lower jaw
with about sixteen teeth ; the posterior series of the upper jaw is
immediately behind the anterior. The fifth infraorbital bone much
smaller than the sixth. Body uniformly coloured (in a dried state) ;
dorsal with numerous blackish spots.

Mozambique.
a-b. Adult: skins. River Shire. Presented by Ch. Livingstone,
Esq., and Dr. Kirk.

6. Distichodus mossambicus.
Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berl. 1852, p. 275.

D. 26-27. A. 15-16. V. 12. L. lat- 68.
The length of the head is one-fifth of the total (with the caudal).
The fifth and sixth infraorbital bones are equal in extent. The outer
series of incisors is composed of eighteen teeth. Snout subcylin-
drical. Body with dark cross-bands ; fins blackish. (Pet.)
Mozambique.

/3. Only one series of teeth in the jaws.

7. Distichodus macrolepis.

D. 26. A. 14. L. lat. 67. L. transv. 14/12.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head rather more than one-fourth. The
upper jaw does not project much beyond the lower ; interorbital
space convex, its width being one-third of the length of the head.
The lower jaw with about sixteen teeth ; there is only one series of
teeth in each jaw. Coloration uniform (in a dried state).

Eastern Africa.
a. Skin, 14 inches long. River Shire, near the island of Dakana-
moie. Presented by Dr. Kirk.

Eighth Group. ICHTHYBORINA.

Characinidae with an adipose fin and with the dorsal rays in-
creased in number, with the gill-membranes free from the isthmus,
with the belly rounded, and with canine teeth.

Africa.

42. ICHTHYBORUS.

Dorsal fin somewhat behind the middle of the length of the body,
with fourteen or seventeen rays ; anal of moderate length ; ventrals
a little in advance of the dorsal ; caudal scaly, forked. Body com-
pressed, elongate, covered with small scales ; lateral line complete.
Cheeks naked. Cleft of the mouth wide: the intermaxillaries of
both sides coalesce, forming a very moveable flattish bone, which is
armed with a pair of canine teeth anteriorly, and with a series of

42. ICHTHYBORUS. 363

compressed triangular teeth laterally ; its inner surface, which forms
the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, is covered with minute
pointed teeth. The dentaries of the mandible also are coalescent
into a single bone, without median suture ; their dentition is the
same as that of the upper jaw, but there are three canine teeth, the
central tooth standing in front of the jaw and fitting between the
upper canines. The maxillary is very small, attached to the extre-
mity of the intermaxillary. Palate toothless. Nostrils in front of
the eye, close together, the posterior wide, open. Gill-openings wide,
the gill-membranes being separate ; gill-rakers short, lanceolate.
Nile.

For our first acquaintance with the fishes of this genus we are
indebted to Joannis, who gives a description and figure which do not
leave any doubt as to the generic affinity of the fishes found by him,
and rediscoverd by Mr. Petherick on his last expedition to the Upper
Nile. I have long hesitated to separate them specifically, but as
Joannis says that there are only fifteen scales in a transverse row,
and as he represents in the figure the scales of»a corresponding size,
it appears probable that the Nile is inhabited by two distinct species.
They must be very scarce, as Joannis and Petherick are the only
traveLers who had the good fortune of meeting with them. It is
also worthy of notice that only two examples were in the extensive
collections made by Mr. Petherick, which appears to confirm the
remark made by Joannis that these fishes are always found in pairs.

1. lchthyborus microlepis.

B. 4. D. 15-17. A. 15-16. P. 14-15. V. 10. L. lat. 100.
L. transv. 12/14.

The height of the body is contained four times and three-fourths
or five times and one-fourth in the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head thrice and one-fourth or thrice and two-thirds ;
the diameter of the eye is somewhat less than the width of the
interorbital space, one-half of the length of the snout, and two-fifths
of that of the postorbital portion of the head. Intermaxillary with
nineteen, mandible with fourteen teeth on each side. Cheek quite
naked, the suborbital ring being narrow. Operculum with radiating
striae, twice as high as long. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer
to the root of the caudal than to the extremity of the snout; it is
higher than long. Anal fin somewhat longer than high; caudal
with the lobes rounded, two-thirds as long as the head. Pectoral as
long as the ventral, rather more than half as long as the head ; the
pectoral does not extend to the ventral, which terminates at a great
distance from the vent. Uniform silvery ; dorsal rays with some
faint dots ; caudal with five or six rather irregular transverse series
of round black spots.

Upper Nile.

a-b. Six and a half inches long. Chartoum. From Consul Pethe-
rick's Collection.

364 CHAEACINID^E.

2. Ichtnyborus besse.
Characinus besse, Joannis, Guer. Mag. Zool. 1835, pi. 10.
D. 14. A. 17. P. 12. V. 10. L. transv. 15.
The following is an abstract from Joannis's description : —
" La tete est a peu pres le quart de la longueur totale du corps ;
elle est cuneiforme. CEil assez grand, situe tout au baut de la tete,
et a peu pres a moitie de sa longueur. Bouche fendue du quart de
la longueur de la tete ; les levres sont bordees de noir. La machoire
inferieure, garnie de cbaque cote de quatorze dents courtes, aigues,
assez fortes, legerement coucbees en arriere, porte a son extremite
anterieure trois forts crocbets ; celui du milieu se loge dans une
cavite de la levre superieure ; les deux lateraux remontent de cbaque
cote du museau. La machoire superieure, recourbee en arriere, et
garnie de cbaque cote de dix-neuf dents semblables aux precedentes,
est egalement terminee en avant par deux forts crochets, recouvrant le
bout de la machoire inferieure, quand la bouche est fermee. Dans Petal
de repos, le museau est pointu. L'opercule est tres ouvert ; sa pente
posterieure se prolonge plus haut que le niveau superieur de l'oeil.
La membrane brancbiostege est soutenue par quatre rayons lamelleux.
Les narines sont au bout du museau. Corps mince et tres allonge ;
sa plus grande hauteur, qui est a la base de la dorsale, ne forme que
les |- de la longueur totale. Anus un peu en arriere du tiers poste-
rieur du corps. Ecailles tres fines ; on en compte quinze sur une
rangee oblique. Ventrales de dix rayons articules, a peu pres de
meme" longueur et de meme largeur que les pectorales ; elles sont
inserees un peu en avant de la moitie du corps, et peu elevees au-dessus
de la hgne du ventre. Dorsale de quatorze rayons articules, pointue,
rhomboidale, et un peu courbee en avant; elle est implantee a la
moitie du longueur du corps, sur le point le plus eleve du dos. Anale
de dix-sept rayons articules, inseree au tiers posterieur de la distance
qui existe du bout de la queue jusqu'a l'oeil. Caudale profondement
echancree en deux lobes arrondis & la pointe. La caudale est mar-
quetee de cinq bandes de taches brun-noir, suivant la direction des
rayons de cette nageoire. On retrouve encore quelques taches plus
legeres a la dorsale et a l'anale, et meme aux ventrales. Les habi-
tudes de ce poisson me sont tout-a-fait inconnues. Son extreme
rarete a Thebes, ou je ne m'en suis procure que deux du meme coup
de filet, m'a empeche de pouvoir rien recueillir a cet egard. Le vieux
pecheur dont je me servais, m'a assure qu'on n'en pechait pas to us
les ans, et que lorsqu'il tombait dans les filets, c'etait toujours deux
a la fois. Ce fait semblerait etablir que ce poisson quitte le Nile
superieur a l'epoque des amours, et s'accouple pour descendre. Ceux
que je me suis procures furent pris au mois de mai.
" Les Arabes le nomment Besse."

43. CKENUOHTTS. 365

Ninth Group. CRENUCHINA.

Characinida with an adipose fin and with the dorsal rather
elongate, with the gill-membranes free from the isthmus, with
the belly rounded, and without canine teeth.

South America.

43. CRENUCHUS.

Crenuchus, Giinth. Ann. fy Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863, xii. p. 443.

Dorsal fin rather long, placed somewhat behind the middle of the
length of the body, above the space between <the ventrals and the
anal fin. Anal of moderate length. Caudal and adipose* fins with-
out scales. Body oblong, compressed, covered with scales of mode-
rate size ; lateral line none ; belly rounded. Cleft of the mouth
rather wide : intermaxillary and mandible with a single series of
small tricuspid teeth ; maxillary and palate without teeth. Nostrils
close together. Gill-openings wide, the gill-membranes not attached
to the isthmus ; gill-rakers elongate, lanceolate

British Guiana.

I. Crenuchus spilurus.

Giinth. I. c

D. 17. A. 11. V. 8. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 10

Head and body much compressed ; the depth of the body is less
than the length of the head, which is contained thrice and one-third
in the total length, the caudal fin not included. The eye is situated
in the anterior half of the length of the head, its diameter being
equal to the extent of the snout, and to the width of the interorbital
space, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The cleft of
the mouth is rather wide, the maxillary extending somewhat beyond
the vertical from the centre of the eye ; jaws equal in length ante-
riorly. The infraorbital bones are not much dilated, their greatest
width being equal to that of the orbit ; a great part of the cheek
remains naked. The dorsal fin commences a little nearer to the ex-
tremity of the snout than to the root of ^the caudal fin, somewhat in
front of the root of the ventral ; its last ray is opposite to the origin
of the anal fin ; the middle rays are as high as, or even higher than,
the body, equal in length to the longest anal rays. Caudal fin emar-
ginate ; pectoral rather small, not extending to the root of the ven-
tral ; ventrals longer than pectoral, reaching to the vent.

Brownish, each scale with the margin darker. A round black
spot' on the end of the tail. Vertical fins black, with regular, round
white spots.

Essequibo

a. Two and a quarter inches long. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.

* In the original description the adipose fin, which is extremely small, has
been overlooked.

366 CHARA.CINTD-.aE.

Tenth Group. SERBASALMONINA.

CharacinidaB with an adipose fin and with the dorsal rather
elongate, with the gill-membranes free from the isthmus, and
with the belly serrated.

South America.

44. MYLESINUS.

Mylesinus, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 234.

Dorsal fin rather elongate, placed behind the middle of the length
of the body, above the inf erspace between ventrals and anal ; anal
fin long. Head and body compressed, elevated, covered with very
small scales ; belly rounded in front of the ventrals, keeled and ser-
rated behind them. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width : teeth
large, compressed, three-lobed : those of the intermaxillary in two
series which are close together, those of the mandible in a single
series, without a pair of posterior conical teeth.

Guiana, Brazil.

1. Mylesinus schomburgkii.

Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 235. pi. 644 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien,
1860, xviii. p. 32. taf. 3. fig. 7.

Valenciennes describes this species from a head and from a drawing,
both having been given to him by Schomburgk. According to the
drawing, the principal specific characters would be : a body the depth
of which is rather more than one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included), a short adipose fin, and an anal fin the posterior
half of which is produced into a lobe.

If this drawing be correct, the fish described and figured by Kner,
from specimens from the Rio Vaupe, cannot be identical with that
found by Schomburgk, the lobe of the anal fin being formed by the
middle rays. Kner adds other characters : D. 21-22. A. 32-35.
V. 8. The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; the abdominal serrature
behind the ventrals is formed by from eight to ten osseous plates ;
each of the fifteen or sixteen posterior anal rays terminates in two
branches, one being bent towards the right, the other to the left.

45. SERRASALMO*.

Serrasalmus, Lacep. v. p. 283.

Pygocentrus, Pygopristis," et Serrasalmo, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth.
i. pp. 20 & 21.
Dorsal fin rather elongate, placed behind the middle of the length

* 1 . Pygocentrus palometa, C. $ V. xxii. p. 296. — Mouth extremely small ; eyes
very large ; dorsal fin falciform, opposed to the ventrals ; pectorals and
ventrals very small. — Brazil.

2. Serrasalmo, Hwmb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 173. pi. 47. fig. 1 ; Serrasalmus

caribe, 0. 8f V. xxii. p. 279. — Orinoco.

3. Serrasalmo gibbus, Casteln. Anim. Amir. Sud, Poiss. p. 71. pi. 38. fig. 1.

— Araguay.

45. 8ERHASALM0. 867

of the body, between ventrals and anal ; anal long. Head and body
compressed, more or less elevated, covered with very small scales ;
belly keeled, serrated. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width : teeth
large, compressed, sharp, pointed, with more or less lateral lobes^ in
a single series in the intermaxillary and mandible ; none in the
maxillary, which is short. Gill-openings very wide, the gill-mem-
branes being slightly united below the throat. Intestinal tract with
a single circumvolution.
Brazil, Guianas.

The species have been referred to the following subgeneric groups :

* No teeth on the palate ; teeth in the jaws serrated : Pygopristis,
M. & T., p. 367.

** No teeth on the palate ; teeth in the-jawa simply cutting : Pygocen-
trus, M. & T., p. 368.

*** A more or less complete series of teeth on each side of the palate :
Serrasalmo, Lac6p., p. 369. .

* No teeth on the palate ; teeth in the .jaws serrated : Pygopristis, M. & T.

1. Serrasalmo denticulatus.

Serrasalmo denticulatus, Cuv. Mem. Mus. v. p. 371.

punctatus, Schomburgk, Fish. Guiana, l. p. 223. taf. 17.

Pygopristis denticulatus, Midi. iSf Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 34. tab. 9.

tig. 1 (young) ; Cuv. Sf Val. xxii. p. 297.
fumarius, Mull. $• Trosch. I. c. p. 35. tab. 9. tig. 54; Kner, Denkschr.

Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 35.

B. 4. D. 19. A. 35. V. 7.

The height of the body is contained once and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly four
times ; snout obtuse, about as long as the eye. The second infra-
orbital bone is separated from the praeopercular limb by a naked
space, which is nearly as wide as the infraorbital. Abdominal ser-
rature composed of from thirty to thirty-four spinous plates. The
length of the adipose fin is two-sevenths of that of the dorsal ; none
of the fin-rays prolonged.

Guiana.

a, b, c. Adult and half-grown. British Guiana* Presented by Sir
R. Schomburgk and Dr. Hancock.

2. Serrasalmo serrulatus.

Pygopristis serrulatus, Cuv . §• Val. xxii. p. 300 ; Casteln, Anitn. Amer.
Sud, Poiss. pi. 38. fig. 3.

D. 16. A. 33.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length, the caudal
included. Adipose fin Bmall; none of the fin-rays are prolonged.
Vertical fins with blackish margins.

Araguay, Amazons.

368 CHARACINID.2E.

** Wo teeth on tne palate ; teeth in the jaws simply cutting :
Pygocentrus, M. & 1.

3. Serrasalmo piraya.

Piraya, Marcgr. Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 164.

Serrasalmo piraya, Cuv. Mem. Mus. v. p. 368. pi. 28. fig. 4 (had).

piranha, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 71. tab. 28.

? Serrasalmo nigricans, Spix, I. c. p. 72. tab. 30 (young ?).
Pygocentrus piraya, Mull. Sf Trosch. Hor. Ichth. l. p. 20 ; Cuv. 8f Vol.

xxii. p. 291 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 36 ;

(? Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 72. pi. 38. fig. 2.)
? Pygocentrus nigricans, Mull. Sr Trosch. I. c. p. 21.

D. 17-18. A. 30-33. V. 7- L. lat. 95-100.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the^ total length
(without caudal) ; snout very obtuse, short ; the width of the inter-
orbital space is only a little less than one-half of the length of the
head. The second infraorbital bone touches, or nearly touches, the
praeopercular limb. The origin of the dorsal fin is considerably
nearer to the root of the caudal fin than to the end of the snout.
Abdominal serrature composed of from twenty -four to twenty-seven
spinous plates. Adipose fin in old specimens rayed. Gill- rakers of
the outer branchial arch lanceolate.

Brazil, Guiana.

a. Adult : stuffed. Brazil. Purchased of Mr. Parreys.

b. Fine specimen. River Cupai. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

c. Adult : skin. Demerara. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.

d. e-f. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

4. Serrasalmo scapularis.
D. 15-16. A. 32-34. V. 7. L. lat. 95.

The height of the body is contained once and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
eighth; nape ot the neck much elevated, the upper profile of the
head, above the eye, a little concave. Snout very obtuse, and short,
with the mandible prominent ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth,
the width of the interorbital space two-fifths of the length of the
head. There is a stripe of naked skin between the second infraorbital
bone and the limb of the praeoperculum. The. origin of the dorsal fin
is considerably nearer to the root of the caudal fin than to the end
of the snout. Abdominal serrature composed of twenty-seven or
twenty- eight spinous plates, the spines being not very prominent.
Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch short, with broad base and
with a slender iip. Silvery, iridescent, sometimes with small blackish
spots ; a large blackish blotch behind the gill-opening ; vertical fins
blackish .

Essequibo River.

a-c. Fine specimens, from 6 to 8 inches long. From Mr. Ehrhardt's
Collection.
Half-grown. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomourgk.

45. SERRASALMO. 309

5. Serrasalmo niger.

Serrasalmo niger, Schomburak, Fish. Brit. Guiana, i. p. 225. tab. 18.
Pygocentrus niger, Mutt, fy Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 21. tab. 2. fig. 3
(dentition) ; Cuv. ty Val. xxii. p. 286.

D. 18. A. 33-35. L. lat. 105.

The height of the body is contained twice and one-ninth in the
total length (the caudal included); snout very obtuse, short; the
width of the interorbital space is only a little less than one-half of
the length of the head. The second infraorbital bone touches the
praeopercular limb. Abdominal serrature composed of forty spinous
plates. Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch very short and broad.

Guiana.

6. Serrasalmo nattereri.

Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 36. taf. 3. fig. 8.
D. 16-18. A. 27-30.

The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length (with-
out caudal) ; snout very obtuse and short ; the width of the inter-
orbitai space is a little more than one-half of the length of the head.
The second infraorbital bone nearly touches the praeopercular limb.
The origin of the dorsal fin is considerably nearer to the root of the
caudal fin than to the end of the snout. Abdominal serrature com-
posed of from twenty-two to twenty-rive spinous plates. Gill-rakers
of the outer branchial arch elongate, hooklike. {Kner.)

Matogrosso and Cujaba.

* * * A more or less complete series of teeth on each side of the palate :
Serrasalmo, Lace"p.

7. Serrasalmo rhombeus.

Salmo . rhombeus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 514; Block, taf. 383; Bl. Schn.

p. 404 ; Pall. Spicil. Zool. fasc. viii. p. 57. tab. 5. fig. 3.
Serrasalmo rhombeus, Lacep. v. p. 284 ; Cuv. Mem. Mus. v. p. 367 ;

Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 272 ; Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. pi. 37.

fig. 3 fbad).

D. 18. A. 34. V. 7. L. lat. 100.

The height of the bodyis one-half or somewhat less than one-half
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-third ;
snout subcorneal, much longer than the eye. The second infraorbital
is nearly as high as long, and more or less in contact with the prae-
opercular limb. Abdominal serrature composed of from twenty-nine
to thirty spinous plates. Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch very
short, terminating in a small point. Body with small blackish spots ;
an indistinct blackish blotch behind the gill- opening ; caudal fin
with the posterior margin black.

Guianas, Brazil.
a. Fine specimen. Essequibo. Purchased of Mr. Ehrhardt.
b-c. Adult. Surinam. From the Stuttgart Museum.

d. Half-grown. Surinam. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

e. Adult : stuffed. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

2u

370 CHAKACINID^:.

8. Serrasalmo margiaatus.

Valenc. in _D' Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. Poiss. pi. 10. fig. 1 ; C'uv. 8f Val.
xxii. p. 277 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 40.

D. 17. A. 34-36. V. 7.

Tvhe height of the body is contained once and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice ; snout
rather pointed. The second infraorbital is separated from the prae-
opercular limb by a narrow strip of naked skin. Abdominal serra-
ture composed of from twenty-six to thirty-two spinous plates.
Caudal fin without black margin ; anal black-edged.

Brazil.

9. Serrasalmo spilopleura.

? Serrasalmo aureus, Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 72. tab. 29 ; Cur. 8f Val. xxii.

p. 282 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 43.
Serrasalmo spilopleura, Kner, I. c. taf. 5. fig. 11.

D. 16. A. 33. V. 7. L. lat. 95.

The height of the body is contained once and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
third ; snout obtuse, much longer than the eye. The second infra-
orbital is subtriangular, nearly as high as long, and separated from
the praeopercular limb by a narrow strip of skin. Abdominal ser-
rature composed of from thirty-two to thirty-three spinous plates.
Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch short. An indistinct blackish
blotch behind the gill-opening ; caudal fin with a black transverse
marginal band and with a whitish hinder edge.

Brazil.

a. Adidt. From the Haslar Collection.

6. Young. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

10. Serrasalmo humeralis.

Cur. 4" Val. xxii. p. 279; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860,
xv^i. d. 38 taf. 4. fig. 9.

D. 16. A. 33-34. V. 7.

The height of the body is contained once and five-sixths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice. The
second infraorbital is considerably longer than high, and separated
from the praeopercular limb by a strip of naked skin. Abdominal
serraturo composed of from twenty-six to twenty-eight spinous plates.
Body with round blackish spots ; a large blackish blotch behind the
gill-opening ; caudal with the margin black.

Brazil.

45. SERRASALMO. 371

11. Serrasalmo gymnogenys.

PSerrasalmus humeralis, Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. pi. 37. fig. 2 *
D. 16. A. 33-36. V. 7. L. lat. 95.

The height of the body is contained once and two- thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
half ; the abdominal profile is very convex, the upper profile of the
head, above the eyes, concave. Snout obtuse, the length of the
upper jaw, before the eye, being equal to that of the orbit. The
second infraorbital is longer than high, and separated from the prae-
opercular limb by a broadish strip of naked skin, which is half as
wide as the infraorbital itself. The origin of the dorsal fin is mid-
way between the extremity of the snout and the posterior end of the
lateral line. Pectoral extending to the root of the ventral. Abdo-
minal serrature composed of thirty or thirty-one spinous plates.
Gill-rakers short, lanceolate. Body with small blackish spots ; an
indistinct blackish blotch behind the gill-opening ; caudal fin dark
on its base, with a light posterior margin.

Brazil, Guiana.

a-b. Adult (8 inches long) and young. River Capin. Purchased

of Mr. Stevens.
c. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

12. Serrasalmo maculatus.

Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, I860, xviii. p. 41. taf. 4. fig. 10.
D. 15-16. A. 32-36. V. 6-7.

The height of the body is contained once and four-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
fourth ; snout obtuse, longer than the eye. The second infraorbital
bone is separated from the prseopercular limb by a narrow strip of
skin. Abdominal serrature composed of from twenty-nine to thirty-
three spinous plates. Body with rounded blackish spots ; an indis-
tinct blackish blotch behind the gill-opening ; caudal and anal fins
with the margin black, without white edge. {Kner.)

Bio Guapore.

13. Serrasalmo elongatus.

Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 44. taf. 5. fig. 12.

D. 15. A. 32-33. V. 7.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
fifth ; snout pointed. The second infraorbital bone is longer than

* It is not improbable that Castelnau has figured a speciet iiffierent from the
S. humeralis of Valenciennes ; the latter describes the caudal fin as broadly
edged with black, whilst in the figure given by Castelnau this fin has a light
margin, as in S. gymnogenys. At all events it is almost certain that the two
fishes figured by Kner and Castelnau under the name of *S'. humeralis, belong to
two distinct species.

2b2.

372 chaeacinid^;.

high, and separated from the praeopercular limb by a narrow strip of
skin. Abdominal serratnre composed of from thirty-two to thirty-
five spinous plates. An indistinct roundish blackish blotch on the
commencement of the lateral line ; lower parts of the body with
numerous small, round, light dots. (Kner.)
Rio Guapore.

46. MYLETES*.

Myletes, sp., Cuv. Mem. Mm. iv. p. 444.

Myletes et Myleus, Mull, tf Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. pp. 22, 24.

Myletes, Tometes, et Myleus, Cuv. fy Val.

Dorsal fin rather elongate, placed behind the middle of the length
of the body, between ventrals and anal ; anal long. Head and body
compressed, elevated, covered with very small scales ; belly keeled,
serrated. Cleft of the mouth rather narrow : teeth large, compressed,
with a more or less oblique cutting edge ; those of the intermaxillary
are in a double series, those of the mandible in a single, but there is
a pair of conical teeth in the middle behind the front series of cutting
teeth ; maxillary without teeth. Gill- openings very wide.

Continental tropical America, east of the Andes.

The species may be referred to two groups : —

* The posterior series of intermaxillary teetli separated from the an-
terior by an interspace : Myletes, M. & T., p. 373.

* * Both series of intermaxillary teeth close together : Myleus t, M. & T.,
p. 377.

* 1. Myletes acanthogaster. Cuv. <$- Val. xxii. p. 209. — Lake of Maracaibo.

2. lobatus, Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. Iil2. — River Amazons.

.3. Tetragonopterus scbomburgkii, Jardine, in Schomb. Fish. Guian. i. p. 243.

pi. 22 ; Myletes scbomburgkii, M. Sf T. Hor. Ichth. p. 37 ; C. $ V. xxii.

p. 212. — Gruianas.

4. Palometa du baut Orenoque. Humb. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 177. — Myletes

palometa, C. 8f V. xxii. p. 214. — Orinoco.

5. Myletes luna, C Sf V. xxii. p. 221.— Cayenne.

6. rhomboidalis, Kner, Benkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 22

(not synon.). — Rio Parana.

7. Tometes unilobatus, C. tf V. xxii. p. 229. — Cayenne.

8. Myletes bidens, C. Sf V. xxii. p. 201 ; Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss.

p. 68. pi. 35 (skull) (not Spix). — Rio Paraguay.

9. torquatus, Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 24. taf. 1.

fig. 4. — Rio Branco.

t Kner has shown that the character on which Miiller and Troschel have
founded the genus Myleus, viz. the absence of conical posterior mandibulary teeth,
is so far from being constant, that it appears rather to have been an accidentally
or temporarily abnormal state of the specimens examined by them.

46. MYLETES. 373

* The posterior series of intermaxillary teeth separated from
the anterior by an interspace.

1. Myletes asterias.

Mull. Sf Trosch. Hor% Ichth. i. p. 36. taf. 10. fig. 2 ; Cuv. Sr Val. xxii.
p. 217. *

D. 29-31. A. 39-40. V. 8.

The height of the body is contained once and two-thirds in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and four-
fifths. Abdominal serrature composed of from thirty-six to thirty-
eight simple spinous plates. Anterior dorsal rays not prolonged;
the third anal ray very long and strong, cartilaginous, the other rays
gradually decreasing in length. Adipose fin short. Gill-rakers of
the outer branchial arch lanceolate, but rather short. Body with
more or less distinct round orange-coloured spots.

Guiana.

a-b. Two of the typical specimens. British Guiana. Presented by

Sir R. Schomburgk.
c-d. Fine specimens. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

2. Myletes rubripimiis.
MM. $ Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p 38. taf. 9. fig. 3.
D. 26-27. A. 38-42. V 7-8.

The height of the body is contained once and two-fiftha in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-
thirds. Abdominal serrature composed of from thirty-three to thirty-
six simple spinous plates. Anterior dorsal rays not prolonged ; the
third anal ray long and strong, cartilagin6us, the other rays gra-
dually decreasing in length. Adipose fin short. Gill-rakers of the
outer branchial arch lanceolate, but rather short. Coloration uni-
form ; anal fin red anteriorly, with a broad black margin.

Essequibo.

a. One of the typical specimens. Presented by Sir K,. Schomburgk.
b-c. Fine specimens. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

This species is very distinct from M. asterias, and may be readily
recognized by the number of dorsal rays and by its more elevated
body.

3. Myletes rhomboidalis.

Myletes rhomboidalis, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iv. p. 449. pi. 22. fig. 3 ; Cuv.

Sf Val. xxii. p. 210.
Tetragonopterus latus, Schomb. Fish. Guian. i. p. 241.
Myletes latus, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 37.

D. 23. A. 33-36. V. 9. L. lat. 105.

The height of the body is two-thirds of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Abdominal serrature
composed of from thirty-two to thirty-six spinous plates. The length
of the adipose fin is equal to, or nearly equal to, its distance from the

374 characinidj:.

dorsal fin. Anterior dorsal rays rather prolonged ; anterior anal rays
produced into a lobe, the other rays gradually decreasing in length.
Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch lanceolate. Coloration uniform .
Brazil, Guianas.

a. Fine specimen. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

b. Young. Guiana. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

4. Myletes parma.
D. 23-24. A. 38. V. 7-8.

The height of the body is three-fourths of the total length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. The upper and lower
profiles Strongly arched, subsemicircular. Snout obtuse, as long as
the diameter of the eye, which is one-third of the length of the head,
and two-thirds of the width of the interorbital space. Dentition as
normally in this genus. The naked space on the cheek 4s as high as
the second infraorbital bone. The abdominal serrature is composed
of thirty-six simple spinous plates, the spines being rather prominent.
Anterior part of the dorsal fin rather high ; it commences a little
nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the end of the lateral
line, and the length of its base is exactly one-third of the total (with-
out caudal). Adipose fin well developed, its length being more than
one-half of its distance from the dorsal fin. Anal fin with the third
ray strong, cartilaginous, not quite as long as the head ; the middle
and the hinder portion of this fin are rather low, the margin being
nearly straight. Caudal fin emarginate, with the lobes pointed.
Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch lanceolate, of moderate length.
Coloration uniform ; vertical fins with a broad blackish margin.

Para.
a-b. Eight inches long. River Capin. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

5. Myletes macropomus.

Cuv. Mem. Mas. iv. p. 453. pi. 21. fig. 3: Cuv. $■ Val. xxii. p. 195;
Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wtss. Wicn, 1860, xviii. p. 20.

B. 5. D. 16. A. 25. V. 8. L. lat. 80.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (with the
caudal), the length of the head one- fourth. None of the fin-rays
prolonged ; adipose fin small, rayed. Operculum large, its width
being contained only once and two-thirds in its depth. The infra-
orbital ring covers the cheek entirely. Coloration uniform.

Brazil.

6. Myletes brachypomus.

Myletes brachypomus, Cuv. Mem. Mas. iv. p. 452. pi. 22. fig. 1 ; Cuv.

<5r Val. xxii. p. 199 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii.

p. 21.
? Myletes pacu, Hunib. Observ. Zool. ii. p. 175. pi. 47. fig. 2 (very bad).

B. 5. D. 16. A. 26. V. 8. L. lat. 105.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (the caudal

46. MYLETES. 375

included), the length of the head one-tilth ; operculum about thrice
as high as long ; infraorbital ring separated from the praeopercular
limb by a strip of naked skin. Adipose fin short, rayed ; none of
the fin -rays are prolonged.
Brazil.

7. Myletes orbignyanus.
Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 220.

D. 14. A. 32.

Body elevated, with the lower profile subsemicircular ; upper pro-
file of the head concave above the eyes. Anal fin not very high,
without lobe in the middle. Scales very small. ( Val.)

Parana.

8. Myletes duriventris.

Myletes duriventris, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iv. p. 451. pi. 22. fig. 2 ; Cuv. fy
Val. xxii. p. 206; Casteln. Anim. Amer. Sud, Poiss. pi. 34. fig. 2 ;
Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 21.
Tetragonop terns aureus, Spix, Pise. Bras. tab. 31.
Myletes aureus, Ayass. in Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 74.

D. 15. A. 33. V. 8. L. lat. 150.

The height of the body is contained once and five-sixths in the
total length (with the caudal), the length of the head five times.
Abdominal serrature composed of thirty-nine simple spinous plates.
Dorsal rays not prolonged ; the rays towards the posterior third of
the anal fin are longer than the others, forming an obtuse lobe.
Adipose fin short. The infraorbital ring is separated from the prae-
opercular limb by a strip of naked skin.

Brazil.

9. Myletes bidens.
Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 75. tab. 32.

D. 16-17. A. 26-28. V. 9. L. lat. 95.

The height of the body is contained once and three-foarths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-
sixth ; operculum thrice as high as long. Abdominal serrature com-
posed of fifty-four spinous plates. Adipose fin very short. The
outer profiles of the dorsal and anal fins convex. Coloration uniform.

Northern Brazil.
a. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

10. Myletes ellipticus.

D. 27-29. A. 39. V. 7.

The height of the body is contained once and three-fifths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and
one-third or thrice and two-thirds. The upper and lower pro-
files are nearly equally curved, the outlines of the body forming an

376 CHARACINID.E.

almost regular ellipse. Snout obtuse, rather shorter than the eye,
the diameter of which is two-sevenths of the length of the head ; the
width of the interorbital space is not quite twice the diameter of the
eye. Dentition as normally in this genus. The naked space on the
cheek is higher than the second infraorbital bone. The abdominal
serrature is composed of from forty-one to fifty-one closely-set spinous
plates. Dorsal fin with the anterior rays not prolonged ; it com-
mences midway between the extremity of the snout and the end of
the lateral line, and the length of its base is a little more than one-
third of the total (without caudal). Adipose fin very short, its length
being only one-half of its distance from the dorsal fin. Anal fin
obtusely bilobate : the third ray is rather broad, cartilaginous, and
about half as long as the head ; the point of the second lobe corre-
sponds to about the twenty-first ray. Caudal slightly emarginate.
Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch short, lanceolate. Coloration
uniform, or body with scattered round rose-coloured spots.
British Guiana.

a. Nine and a half inches long. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.
6. Fine specimen. Essequibo. From Mr. Ehrhardt's Collection.

11. Myletes divaricatus.

Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 215 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860,
xviii. p. 23.

D. 23. A. 33.

Rays of the dorsal fin produced into filaments ; anal fin bilobed,
the second lobe being formed by the prolongation of the fourteenth
to twenty-fourth rays. (The anal rays are bifid at their extremity,
one part being bent outwards to the right-hand side, the other to
the left*.) {Val.)

Essequibo.

12. Myletes hypsauchen.

Midi. 8,- Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 38. tab. 10. fig. 1 ; Cuv. fy Val. xxii.
p. 219 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 26.

D. 19.r A. 39-43. V. 7.

The height of the body is four-fifths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Abdominal serrature
composed of twenty-nine or thirty spinous plates. Anterior dorsal
rays rather high ; anal fin with the margin undulated, its anterior
rays not prolonged. Adipose fin long, the length of its base being
three-fourths of that of the dorsal fin. Gill-rakers of the outer bran-
chial arch long, setiform. Coloration uniform.

Essequibo River.

a. One of the typical specimens. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

b. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Societv.

* It is probable that this peculiarity is found only in some individuals.

46. MYLETES. 377

13. Myletes maculatus.

Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wus. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 26. taf. 2. fig. 5.
D. 17-18. A. 37-39. V. 7.

The height of the body is three-fourths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head a little more than one-fourth. Abdo-
minal serrature composed of from thirty -three to thirty-five spinous
plates. Anterior dorsal rays rather high ; none of the anal rays pro-
duced. Adipose fin rather long, its length being more than one-half
of that of the base of the dorsal fin. A large black spot behind the
shoulder ; body with rounded dark spots ; anal and caudal fins with
blackish margins. {Kner.)

Rio Guapore.

** Both series of intermaxillary teeth close together.

14. Myletes altipinnis.

Tometes altipinnis, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 230. pi. 643.
D. 24-25. A. 38. V. 8.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without
caudal) , the length of the head nearly one-fifth. Abdominal serrature
composed of fifty spinous plates. The posterior dorsal rays are rather
longer than the middle ones. The sixteen anterior anal rays rather
long. Adipose fin small. Coloration uniform.

San Francisco, Rio Cipo.

a. Twenty inches long : skin. Rio Cipo. Presented by Ch. Cum-
berland, Esq.

15. Myletes discoideus.
Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. p. 30.

D. 23. A. 34. V. 8.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
included), the length of the head rather less than one-fourth. Ab-
dominal serrature composed of twenty-seven spinous plates. None
of the dorsal rays prolonged ; only the seven or eight first branched
anal rays are produced into a lobe, the others being short and sub-
equal in length. Adipose fin well developed. Sides with small brown
spots. {Kner.)

Brazil.

16. Myletes trilobatus.

Tometes trilobatus, Cuv. § Val. xxii. p. 226.

D. 23. A. 39. V. 8. L. lat. 90.
The length of the head is one-half of the height of the body, which
is two-fifths of the total length (with the caudal). Abdominal ser-
rature composed of twenty- eight simple spinous plates. The origin
of the dorsal fin is midway between the extremity of the snout and

378 characinid^:.

the root of the caudal fin. Anal fin with a lobe formed by its middle
rays. (Val.)
Cayenne.

17. Myletes setiger.

Myleus setiger, Mull. Sf Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 39. taf. 11. fig. 1.
Myletes doidyxodon, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 222 ; Casteln. Anim. Amer.

Sud, Poiss. pi. 34. fig. 1 (bad).
setiger, Kner, Denkschr.Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xviii. taf. 2. fig. 6.

D. 21-22. A. 36-39. V. 8.

The height of the body is contained once and two-thirds in the total
length (without caudal), or twice (the caudal included) ; the length
of the head is one -fourth of the total (without caudal). Abdominal
serrature composed of from *wenty-eight to thirty-three simple spinous
plates. Anterior dorsal rays filiform ; anal bilobed, the point of the
second lobe corresponding to the sixteenth ray. Adipose fin small.
Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch short, lanceolate. Coloration
uniform.

Guianas.

a. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk. — One

of the typical specimens.

b. Adult : skin. British Guiana.

18. Myletes oligacanthus.

Myleus oligacanthus, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 40. taf. 8. fig. 4
(young).

D. 18-19. A. 36-37. V. 9.

The height of the body is rather less than one-half of the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head somewhat less than
one-fourth. There are no prominent spines in front of the ventral,
but there is a series of eight or nine strong ones between ventral and
vent. Dorsal fin elevated anteriorly. Anal bilobed ; the second lobe
is short, and its point is formed by the twenty-seventh ray. Adipose
fin small. Gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch soft, filamentous.
Scales extremely small. Coloration uniform.

Guianas.

a-d. From 7 to 8 inches long : skins. Demerara. Purchased of Mr.
Scrivener.

I have no doubt that our specimens are specifically identical with
that described by Miiller and Troschel, although they do not mention
the second posterior lobe of the anal fin. The absence of this lobe,
which, moreover, is short, may be accounted for by the youth of the
specimen in the Berlin Museum. Whether the posterior mandibulary
teeth are really absent, or whether they have been only overlooked as
in M. setiger, I cannot say, as the greater part of the dentition of our
specimens has been taken off by the knife of the collector.

47. catoprion. 379

47. CATOPRION.

Catoprion, Mull. Sf Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 22.

Dorsal fin rather elongate, placed somewhat behind the mir'dle of
the length of the body, between ventrals and anal ; anal long. Head
and body compressed, elevated, covered with very small scales ; belly
keeled, serrated. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width : teeth of
the intermaxillary conical, in a double series ; those of the mandible
triangular, cutting, in a simple series ; palatine teeth none. Gill-
openings very wide ; gill-rakers of the outer branchial arch long.

Guiana; Brazil.

1. Catoprion mento.

Serrasalmo mento, Cuv. Mem. Mm. v. p. 369. pi. 28. fig. 3.
Catoprion mento, Mull. 8f Trosch. Hor. Ichth. i. p. 22. tab. 2. fig. 5 ; Cuv.
Sf Vol. xxii. p. 304 ; Kner, Denkschr. Acad. Wtss. Wien, 1860, xviii.
p. 34.

B. 4. D. 16. A. 36-40. V. 7.
The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
included), the length of the head two-ninths ; cleft of the mouth
directed upwards, chin prominent ; the second infraorbital covers the
cheek nearly entirely. Abdominal serrature composed of thirty-three
or thirty-four simple osseous plates. Adipose fin well developed.
Anterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins prolonged. A blackish
blotch behind the shoulder ; the long anal ray white.
Guiana; Brazil.

Appendix to the Family of Characinoids.

1. De Joannis has described and figured a small fish from the
Nile, which is evidently distinct from all the other known species of
tropical Africa. His description is sufficiently detailed to ensure the
identification of the fish when it shall be rediscovered ; but it does
not contain those characters whereby its systematic position can be
fixed, and therefore we prefer to subjoin an abstract of the original
description, to the doubtful merit of giving a generic name to a
species, to the knowledge of which we are not able to add anything.

Coregonus niloticus, Joannis, in Guer. Mag. Zool. 1835. — " La tete
de cette jolie petite espece est a peu pres le cinquieme de la longiteur
du corps. Bouche petite et un peu proboscidiforme ; elle est fort peu
fendue ; la levre superieure est un peu plus longue que Pinferieure ;
la tete est de forme conique ; les dents sont nulles ; les oui'es sont
assez ouvertes ; l'ceil touche presque le sommet de la tete. Corps
fusiforme, chair transparente ; la courbure du dos est tres faible, et
la ligne inferieure tout-a-fait droite jusqu'au dessous de l'ouverture
operculaire, ou elle devient courbe, et se releve pour former la partie
inferieure de la tete. Le rapport de la hauteur la plus grandc du

380

CHARACINlD.t;.

corps a sa longueur est comme 1 est a 6 ; Fanus est a peu pres au
milieu de la longueur du corps, et environ a egale distance des ven-
trales et de l'anale. Ecailles tres fines. Ventrales de neuf rayons ;
le troisieme est le plus long : ces nageoires sont sous le ventre et
opposees a la dorsale anterieure. Dorsale anterieure de treize rayons ;
le troisieme est le plus long : cette nageoire est triangulaire, trans-
parente, et inseree a un peu plus du tiers de la longueur totale, a
partir du bout du museau. L'anale a dix rayons, le troisieme et le
quatrieme etant egaux et le plus longs ; elle est a une distance de
l'anus egale a la distance qui separe ce dernier des ventrales. La
couleur du corps est d'un gris jaunatre ; le ventre argente, ainsi que
les joues. Le dessus et la base de la tete sont d'un rouge fauve. On
voit dix losanges verdatres a cheval sur le dos, et six taches quadri-
lateres sur le milieu de chaque cote, reparties depuis la dorsale jusqu'au
bout de la queue, et de meme couleur que les losanges. Ce petit
poisson, qui passe pour delicieux a manger, ce dont on ne peut guere
juger, a cause de sa petitesse, se prend sur les rivages avec les autres
petites especes. II n'est pas tres commun. C'est a Thebes que je
me le suis procure ; on le prend l'hiver surtout. Les Arabes le nom-
ment Samak-el-maleh.

" La longueur de l'individu observe est de deux pouces."

2. Baird and Girard describe a species from Texas, which is said
to be the type of a new genus (Astyanax argentatus). In the first
description (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. p. 27) the teeth are said
to be in a double series above and below, whilst afterwards (U. S. &
Mex. Bound. Surv. Ichth. p. 74. pi. 8. figs. 5-9) the dentition of the
lower jaw is not mentioned. We are also left in doubt as to whether
the belly is comjjressed or rounded. It is not improbable that this
fish is only a species of Tetragonopterus.

IIAPLOCHTTON. 381

Fam. 3. HAPLOCHITONID^.

Body naked or scaly. Margin of the upper jaw
formed by the intermaxillary; opercular apparatus
complete. Barbels none. Gill-opening wide ; pseudo-
branchiae well developed. Air-bladder simple. Adi-
pose fin present. Ovaries laminated ; the eggs fall
into the cavity of the abdomen, there being no ovi-
duct. Pyloric appendages none.

Freshwater fish from the temperate parts of South America and
South Australia, representing the Salmonoids of the northern hemi-
sphere.

Only two genera are known, which, perhaps, will become the types
of two distinct groups when we shall be better acquainted with the
Australian form.

Body naked 1. Haplochiton, p. 381*.

Bqdy scaly 2. Prototroctes, p. 382.

1. HAPLOCHITON.

Aplochiton, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish. p. 130.
Farionella, Cuv. Sf Vol. xxii. p. 507.

This genus has the general habit of the Trout, but is completely
naked. The dorsal fin occupies a position somewhat posterior to
that of the ventrals, which are in the middle of the length of the
body, and composed of seven rays. Adipose fin small ; caudal forked ;
anal of moderate length. The nostrils are somewhat remote from
each other. Eye of moderate size. Teeth small, curved, in a single
series, in the upper and lower jaw and on the palatine bones.
Tongue broad, with a series of curved teeth on each side. Gill-
openings rather wide, the gill-membranes not attached to the
isthmus ; the outer branchial arch with lanceolate gill-rakers. Pseudo-
branchiae well developed. Air-bladder simple, grown to the walls
of the abdomen. Stomach thick "and muscular ; pyloric appendages
none. The urogenital orifice of both sexes is produced into a cylin-
drical tube, which lies concealed in a groove before the anal fin.

Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands.

1. Haplochiton zebra.

Aplochiton zebra, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish. p. 131. pi. 24. rig. 1.
Farionella gayii, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 508. pi. 649 (not good).

B. 3. D. 12-13. A. 15-16. V. 7. Vert. 45/22.

The height of the body is somewhat more than one-fifth of the

382 HAPLOCHITONID-aJ.

total length (without caudal), the length of the head is contained in
it four times and one-third. Snout longer than the eye, its extent
being equal to the width of the interorbital space. Jaws equal in
length anteriorly ; the cleft of the mouth extends somewhat behind
the anterior margin of the orbit. Erownish yellow, with numerous
brown dots and vertical stripes.

Tierra del Fuego and Falkland Islands.

a. Adult. Port Louis (Cape Horn). Presented by Sir John Rich-

ardson.

b, c-d. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
e—f. Adult. Presented by the Royal College of Surgeons.

2. Haplochitou tseniatus.
Aplochiton taeniatus, Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish. p. 132. pi. 24. fig. 2.
B. 3. D. 12. A. 15. Y. 7.

The height of the body is one-fifth or one-sixth of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head rather more than one-fifth.
Snout longer than the eye. Cleft of the mouth extending behind
the anterior margin of the orbit. Lower jaw rather longer than the
upper. Uniform greenish, with a pale silvery band along the middle
of the side of the body.

Tierra del Fuego.

a. One of the typical specimens. Goree Sound.

2. PROTOTROCTES.

This genus has the general habit of a Corec/onus ; however, the
scales on the front part of the body are rather irregularly arranged
in series descending obliquely forward. The dorsal fin occupies a
position somewhat posterior to that of the ventrals, which are in the
middle of the length of the body, and composed of seven rays. Adi-
pose fin small ; caudal emarginate ; anal of moderate length. Eye
of moderate size. Teeth minute, in a single series in the jaws, on
the vomer, and on the palatine bones. Gill-openings rather wide,
the gill- membranes not attached to the isthmus. Branchiostegals
six.

Southern Australia.

1. Prototroctes maraena.

B. 6. D. 10. A. 19. P. 13. V. 7. L. lat. 78. L. transv. 19.

The body of this singular fish is compressed, its height being about
one-fourth of the total length (without caudal) ; the belly appears to
have been strongly compressed, as the scales of one side do not extend
on to the other, leaving a naked groove along the entire median line
from the ventrals to the anal. The head is remarkably small, its
length being one-sixth of the total without caudal ; it terminates in a

2. PROTOTROCTES. 383

conical snout, with the upper jaw longest ; the snout is rather longer
than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of
the head, and equal to the width of the convex interorbital space.
The cleft of the mouth extends to below the anterior margin of the
orbit ; the intermaxillary and maxillary are very solid bones, firmly
adherent to each other, and extending equally far backwards. The
intermaxillary alone is toothed, the minute teeth forming a single
series ; a similar series of teeth runs across the vomer and along each
palatine bone. The cheek and the opercular apparatus are naked.
Operculum quadrangular, as long as deep ; suboperculum well deve-
loped ; interoperculum hidden beneath the praeoperculum. Bran-
chiostegals rather broad and short. The origin of the dorsal fin is
exactly midway between the end of the snout and the end of the
caudal, ana its base corresponds to the middle of the interspace be-
tween the anal and ventrals ; it is rather higher than long. Anal
considerably longer than high. Caudal emarginate, with the lobes
equal in length, somewhat shorter than the head. The pectorals are
rather longer than the ventrals, two-thirds of the length of the head.
The scales are of moderate size, but rather irregularly arranged, thin,
and cycloiu ; there is no lateral line. Back greenish olive ; sides
and belly silvery.
Southern Australia.

.t. Ten and a half inches long. From the International Exhibition,
1862.

384 STKRNOPTYCHID^i.

Fam. 4. STERNOPTYCHID^.

Scopelini, part., Mull. Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 184.

Body naked or with very thin, deciduous scales;
barbels none. Margin of the upper jaw formed by
the maxillary and intermaxillary, both of which are
toothed ; opercular apparatus not completely deve-
loped. Gill-opening very wide ; pseudobranchiae ab-
sent or present ; air-bladder simple, if present. Adi-
pose fin present, but generally rudimentary. Series
of phosphorescent bodies along the lower parts. The
eggs are enclosed in the sacs of the ovarium, and ex-
cluded by oviducts.

Pelagic or deep-sea fishes from the Mediterranean and Atlantic.

I divide the fishes oi tnis family into the following groups and
genera : —

A. Body without scales ; pseudobranchiae present ; a rudimentary spinous

dorsal fin : Stemoptychina.

Teeth in the jaws in a single series 1 . Argyropelecus, p. 384.

Teeth in the jaws in several series 2. Sternoptyx, p. 886.

B. Body without scales; pseudobranchiae present; no rudimentary spi-

nous dorsal : Cocciina.

The entire lower jaw is received between the dilated maxillary bones.

3. Coccia. p. 387.
Lower jaw rather prominent 4. Maueolicus, p. 388.

C. Body with deciduous scales ; pseudobranchiae none : Chauliodontina.

Dorsal fin opposite the anal 5. Gonostoma, p. 391.

Dorsal fin before the ventrals 6. Chauliodus, p. 392.

First Group. STERNOPTYCHINA.

Sternoptychoids with the body scaleless, with pseudobranchiae
and a rudimentary spinous dorsal fin.

1. ARGYROPELECUS.

Argyropelecus, Cocco; Cuv. ty Val. xxii. p. 392.
Pleurothysis, Lowe, Fish. Madeira, p. 64.

Trunk much elevated and compressed, passing abruptly into the
tail, which is narrow : body covered with a silvery pigment, without

1. ARGTBOl'ELECUS. 385

regular scales ; . series of luminous (phosphorescent) spots run along
the lower side of the head, body, and tail. Head large, compressed,
and elevated, with the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of the mouth
wide, vertical, with the lower jaw prominent. The margin of the
upper jaw is formed by the intermaxillary and maxillary*, both
these bones having a sharp edge, which is beset with a single series
of minute teeth ; lower jaw and palatine bones with a series of small
curved teeth. Eyes rather large, and, although lateral, directed up-
wards and very close together. Pectorals well developed ; ventrals
very small. The humeral arch and the pubic bones are prolonged
into flat pointed processes, which project in the median line of
the belly; a series of imbricate scutes runs from the humeral to
the pubic spine, forming a sort of serrature along the belly. The
dorsal fin is short, and occupies about the middle of the length of
the fish ; it is preceded by the first commencement of the formation
of a spinous dorsal, several neural spines being prolonged beyond the
muscles, forming a triangular osseous plate. Adipose fin rudimen-
tary ; anal fin short ; caudal forked. Gill-opening very wide, the
outer branchial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis of
the lower jaw, and beset with veiw long gill-rakers; branchiostegals
nine ; pseudobranchiae present ; air-bladder present. Pyloric ap-
pendages four.

Mediterranean and Atlantic.

1. Argyropelecus hemigymnus.

Argyropelecus hemigymnus, Cocco, in Giorn. Sc. Sic. 1829, fasc. 77.

p. 146 ; Bonap. Faun. Pal. Pesc. text ; Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 398.
Sternoptyx mediterranea, Cncco, in Giorn. il Faro, 1838, iv. p. 7. fig. 2 ;

Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. fig.
hemigymnus, Valenc. in Cuv. Regne Anim. 111. Poiss. pi. 103. fig. 3.

B. 9. D. 7-8. A. 11. P. 9. V. 5.

The height of the body equals the distance between the gill-
opening and the root of the caudal ; tail slender ; posterior corner
of the mandible and angle of the praeoperculum, each with a small
triangular spine; tail without spines. The pectoral fin extends
nearly to the origin of the anal.

Mediterranean and Atlantic.
a-b, c-f. Two inches long. Messina.
g, h-i. One inch and a half long. Mediterranean.
k. Many specimens.

* Valenciennes's descriptions are rather confused as regards the relal ive length
of the intermaxillary of these fishes : at p. 394 he compares the upper jaw of
the Mediterranean species (A. hemigymnus) with that of Gonosfoma on account
of the long intermaxillaries, whilst in reality Gonosfoma is distinguished by the
shortness of these bones ; and in the description of A. hemigymnus he calls the
intermaxillaries short. In all these fishes the intermaxillaries taper into a fine
fibrous point, and it is impossible to fix upon the exact spot where the bone ceases ;
the essential point is, that the maxillary is tothed in such a manner that its den-
tition is merely the continuation of that of the intermaxillary ; whether the inter-
maxillary extends a little more or less downwards towards the commissure, is of
very subordinate importance.

vol. v. 2 c

3^0 STERNOPTYCHID^:.

2. Argyropelecus olfersii.

Sternoptyx olfersii, Cuv. Regne Anim. 2nd edit. ii. p. 316. pi. 18. fig. 2 ;

Duben 8r Koren, in Vet. Acad. Handl. 1844, p. 80. tab. 3. fig. 6.
Argyropelecus olfersii, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 408 ; Loioe, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1850. p. 247.

B. 9. D. 9. A. 11. P. 10. V. 6.

The height of the body is equal to, or rather less than, the distance
between the shoulder and the root of the caudal fin ; the tail at its
base, below the end of the dorsal fin, is as high as long. Mandible
with a short flat spine at its posterior corner ; angle of the preeoper-
culum with a spine directed downwards ; tail without spines. The
pectoral fin extends to the ventral.

Atlantic ; coast of Xorwav.

3. Argyropelecus durvillii.
Cuv. $ Val. xxii. p. 405.

B. 9. D. 9. A. 10. P. 10. V. 6.

The height of the body equals the distance between the gill-opening
and the root of the caudal ; tail much higher at its base than in A.
hemigymnus ; mandible without prominent spine at its posterior
corner ; angle of the prseoperculum with a spine directed downwards ;
tail without spines. The pectoral fin does not extend to the hind
margin of the trunk. (Val.)

Atlantic.

4. Argyropelecus aculeatus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xxii. p. 406*.

B. 9. D. 9. A. 14. P. 10. V. 7.

The height of the body equals the distance between the posterior
margin of the praeoperculum and the root of the caudal ; tail very
slender. Mandible with a very obtuse spine at its posterior corner ;
praeoperculum with a spine directed downwards. A double row of
spines along the lower side of the tail. ( Val.)

Azores.

2. STERNOPTYX.

Sternoptyx, Hermann ; Cuv. Sf Val. xxii. p. 412.

Trunk much elevated and compressed, with the contracted portion
of the tail very short. The teeth in the jaws form several series, so
that the largest teeth are in the inner row. In other respects this
genus agrees with Argyropelecus.

Atlantic.

* This is the same species which is named A. acanthurus on p. 408.

3. coccia. 387

I. Sternoptyx diaphana.

Sternoptyx diaphana, Hermann, in Naturforscher, 1781, xvi. p. 8.
taf. 1. figs. 1 & 2 (bad), and xvii. p. 249 (cop. by Walbaum, Artedi,
iii. tab. 1. figs. 1 & 2 ; and by Bl. Schn. p. 494. pi. 35) ; Cuv. Regne
Anim. 2nd edit. pi. 13. fig. 1 ; Cuv. § Val. xxii. p. 415 ; Loive, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 85.

hermanni, Lacep. v. p. 613.

B. 5. D. 9. A. 13. P, 10. V. 3?

The height of the body equals the distance between the extremity
of the snout and the commencement of the tail ; tail very short.
Interorbital space slightly concave ; the posterior limb of the prse-
operculum borders the hind part of the orbit, and descends in a very
oblique line, terminating in two points. Pectoral fin scarcely reach-
ing to the ventrals, which are very small.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic.

Second Group. COCCIINA.

Sternoptychoids with the body scaleless, with pseudobranchise,
and without rudimentary spinous dorsal iin.

3. COCCIA.

Ichthyococcus *, sp., Bonap. Faun. Ital. Peso.

Head and body strongly compressed, rather elevated, covered with
a silvery pigment, there being no regular scales. Series of luminous
(phosphorescent) spots run along the lower side of the head, body, and
tail. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width, the entire lower jaw
being received between the dilated maxillary bones, which form nearly
the whole margin of the upper jaw ; intermaxillaries very small ;
the maxillary has a sharp and minutely serrated edge ; a few minute
teeth near the symphysis of the lower jaw. Palate apparently tooth-
less. Eye of moderate size, and, although lateral, directed upwards,
the space between the eyes being an exceedingly narrow ridge.
Pectorals and ventrals developed, the former quite at the lower side
of the body. Dorsal fin nearly in the middle of the length of the
body, above the ventrals ; adipose, fin rudimentary. Anal fin of
moderate length. Caudal forked. Gill-opening very wide, the outer
branchial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis of the
lower jaw, and beset with very short gill-rakers ; branchiostegals
about ten ; pseudobranchiae present. Air-bladder none.

Mediterranean.

* This word is formed to designate a fish dedicated to the memory of Cocco !
Similar generic names, created and introduced by Bonaparte into the ornitholo-
gical system, have always been considered as a nuisance, although ornithologists
submitted to it. Fortunately they are not so frequent in Ichthyology that their
rejection would be accompanied with inconvenience, and therefore I do not
hesitate to substitute for it a name more in accordance with the rules of nomen-
clature.

■> ,• o

38S STERNOPTYCHID.E.

1 . Coccia ovata.

Gonostoinus ovatus, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, p. 9. tab. 1. fig. 3.
Ichthyococcus ovatus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig.
Scopelus ovatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 453.

D. 11. A. 12. P. 6. V. 6. Vert. 24/14.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head a little more
than thrice. There are twenty-five phosphorescent spots in one of
the series running from the chin to the base of the ventral ; they
appear as small pearl-coloured disks, each of which sits upon a black
globular body.

Mediterranean.

a-cl, e-7c. From one to one inch and a half long. Messina.

The stomach consists of two elongate branches, one descending to
the posterior third of the abdominal cavity, and the other reascending
to the thoracic cavity. There is a very distinct contraction at the
curvature where the upper portion passes into the lower. Three
short pyloric appendages at the commencement of the intestinal tract,
wliieh makes only a few short bends, and terminates immediately
before the origin of the anal fin. Testicles paired, extending nearly
the whole length of the abdominal cavity.

The abdominal portion of the vertebral column is composed of
twenty-four vertebrae, the caudal of fourteen, the former being not
quite twice as long as the latter.

4. MAUROLICUS.

Maurolicus et Gonostomus, sp., Cocco.
Maurolicus et Ichthyococcus, sp., Bonap.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with a silvery pigment, there
being no regular scales. Series of luminous (phosphorescent) spots
run along the lower side of the head, body, and tail. Head com-
pressed, with the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of the mouth rather
wide, obliquely ascending, with the lower jaw slightly prominent ;
the maxillary is large, broad, and much produced backwards, receiv-
ing the slender intermaxillary in the upper concave part of its margin ;
both these bones have a sharp edge, which is beset with a single
series of minute teeth. Lower jaw with a few minute teeth. Teeth
on the palate invisible. Eye of moderate size. Pectoral and ven-
tral fins developed. Dorsal fin on the hinder half of the body, but
before the anal ; adipose fin rudimentary. Anal fin rather long, but
the rays of its posterior half are so minute, and hidden in the skin
and muscles, that it is extremely difficult to ascertain their true
number. Caudal forked. Gill-opening very wide, the outer bran-
chial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis of the lower
jaw, and Deset with very long gill-rakers. Branchiostegals eight or
nine. Pseudobranchise well developed. Air-bladder none.

Mediterranean ; North Atlantic.

Miillcr maintains that the structure of the jaws of this genus is

4. MAUROLICUS. 380

truly Seopeloid, the intermaxillary reaching " to the angle of the
mouth," and the maxillary being prolonged beyond it. It will be dif-
ficult to say "where the angle of the mouth is situated in this genus,
the lower jaw being received between the very broad lateral branches
of the upper. However, when the mouth is opened to its full extent,
it may be seen that the maxillary actually forms a part of the margin
of the cleft of the mouth ; it is toothed in the same manner as the
intermaxillary, and the whole structure is the same as in many Clu-
peoids and as in Oonostoma, a fish which does not appear to have
been known to Miiller. Even some of the teeth of Maurolicus are a
little larger than the others, reminding us of the canine teeth of
Gonostoma.

The species may be referred to two divisions : —

a. Phosphorescent organs appearing as impressions in the skin, p. 389'.

/3. Phosphorescent organs slightly prominent, sitting on black globular
bodies, p. 390.

a. Phosphorescent organs appearing as impressions in the skin.

1. Maurolicus borealis.

Argentine, Pennant, Brit. Zool. iii. p. 286. pi. 65. no. 156 ; Lozc, Faun.

Oread, p. 225.
Scopelus humboldtii, Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 1st ed. ii. p. 94 , and 2nd ed.

ii. p. 161 ; Clarke, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1838, January ; JDekay, Fauna

New York, Fish. p. 246. pi. 38. fig. 121 (very bad, probably copied

from Yarrell).
borealis, Nilss. Observ. Zool. p. 9, and Shand. Faun. Fisk. p. 479;

Cuv. $ Val. xxii. p. 438.
pennantii, Cuv. $• Val. xxii. p. 436 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish. 3rd ed. i.

p. 330.
Maurolicus mulleri, Krbyer, Danmarks Fisk. iii. p. 113.

D. 11-12. A. 10-12 + 18. V. 7.

The height of the body is contained four times and four-fifths in
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and
a half or thrice and two-thirds. The origin of the dorsal fin is con-
siderably nearer to the root of the tail than to the extremity of the
snout, above the base of the ventral ; its last ray is in the vertical
from the origin of the anal. The luminous spots appear as mere
impressions, and do not sit upon a black globular body ; there are
twelve pairs between the throat and the ventral fins, without those of
the isthmus.

North Atlantic.

a. Many specimens, from 1 to 2| inches long. Redcar. Presented
by the Rev. T. S. Rudd.

390 STERNOPTYCHID^i.

2. Maurolicus amethystino-punctatus.

Maurolicus amethystino-punctatus, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, p. 32. tab. 4.

fig. 12 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Peso. c. fig.
Scopelus maurolici, Cuv. $■ Vol. xxii. p. 439.

D. 10. A. 10 + 12? V. 6.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head one-third or a little less than one-
third. The origin of the dorsal fin is considerably nearer to the root
of the tail than to the extremity of the snout, immediately behind
the base of the ventral ; its last ray is in the vertical from the second
or third anal ray. The luminous spots appear as mere impressions,
and do not sit upon a black globular body ; there are twelve pairs
between the throat and the ventral fins, without those of the isthmus.

Mediterranean.

a. Two inches long. Mediterranean.

This species is extremely similar to Maurolicus borealis, but has
the body comparatively shorter and the head longer.

j3. Phosphorescent organs slightly prominent, sittiug on black globular

bodies.

3. Maurolicus poweriae.

Gonostomus powerise, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, p. 7. tab. 2. fig. 2.
Ichthyococcus poweriae, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig.
Scopelus poweriae, Cuv. Sf Val. xxii. p. 441.

D. 11. A. 13? V. 3.

The height of the body is two- ninths of the total iength (without
caudal), the length of the head rather less than one-third. The
origin of the dorsal fin is considerably nearer to the root of the tail
than to the extremity of the snout, behind the base of the ventral ;
its last ray is in the vertical from the origin of the anal. The lumi-
nous spots appear as convex pearls, each sitting on a black globular
body ; there are twenty-five pairs between the throat and the ven-
tral fins, those of the isthmus included.

Mediterranean.
a-b. One inch and one-third long Sicily.

4. Maurolicus attenuatus.

Maurolicus attenuatus, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, p. 33. tab. 4. fig. 13 ;

Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig.
Scopelus tenorei, Cuv. $ Val. xxii. p. 440.

D. 12. A. 15. V. 6.

The height of the body is contained five tunes and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-
thirds. The origin of the dorsal is considerably nearer to the root
of the tail than to the extremity of the snout, behind the base of the
ventral ; its last ray is above the fourth or fifth of the anal. The
luminous spots appear as convex pearls, each sitting on a black

5. GONOSTOMA. 391

globular body ; there are twenty-three pairs between the throat and
the ventral fins, those of the isthmus included.

Mediterranean.
a—b. One inch and a half long.
c-d. One inch and a half long. From the Haslar Hospital.

Third Group. CHAULIODONTINA.

Sternoptychoids with thin, deciduous scales, and without pseudo-
branchiae.

5. GONOSTOMA.

Gonostonia {Hq/in.), Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, subequal in
size. Series of luminous (phosphorescent) spots run along the bran-
chiostegous membrane and along the lower side of the body and tail.
Head much compressed, with the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of
the mouth very wide ; intermaxillary short, not extending far below
the level of the eye ; maxillary much longer, forming nearly the
entire margin of the jaw : both jaws armed with a single series of
teeth unequal in size, minute ones alternating with long pointed
teeth. A band of minute teeth on the palatine and pterygoid bones ;
palatine with a few conical teeth in front. Eye of moderate size.
Pectoral and ventral fins well developed. Dorsal fin on the hinder
half of the body, opposite the anal ; adipose fin small, sometimes
fimbriated. Anal long. Caudal forked. Gill-opening very wide,
the outer branchial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis
of the lower jaw, and beset with very long gill-rakers. Branchio-
stegals thirteen or fourteen. Pseudobranchiae none. Air-bladder
none.

Pelagic fishes, inhabiting the Mediterranean and the neighbouring
parts of the Atlantic.

1. Gonostoma denudatum.

Gonostoma denudata (Rqfin.), Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig ; Cuv.

$ Vol. xxii. p. 376 ; Johnson, Ann. $■ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1862, x. p. 279.
Gasteropelecus acanthurus, Cocco, Giorn. Sc. Sic. 1829, fasc. 77. p. 145.
Gonostomus acanthurus, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, in N. Ann. Sc. Nat.

Bol. fasc. 9. p. 3. tab. 1. fig. 1.

D. 14-15. A. 30-31. V. 8. L. lat. ca 32.
The cheek is entirely covered by the exceedingly broad infraorbital
bone. Each intermaxillary with two, each maxillary with twelve or
thirteen long pointed teeth.

Mediterranean. Sea of Madeira.
a. Five inches and two-thirds long. Madeira. Presented by J. Y.

Johnson, Esq.
b-c. Five inches long. Sicily.

d-e. From three to four inches long. Messina. Presented by Dr.
Ruppell.

392 STERNOPTrCHID^:.

6. CHAULIODUS.
Chauliodus, Bl. Schn. p. 430.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with exceedingly thin ard
deciduous scales ; series of luminous (phosphorescent) spots run along
the lower side of the head, body, and tail. Head much compressed
and elevated, with the bones thin, but ossified, and with the oper-
cular portion very narrow, the interoperculum being rudimentary.
Cleft of the mouth exceedingly wide, the intermaxillary forming one-
half of the margin of the upper jaw. Each intermaxillary with four
long canine teeth ; edge of the maxillary finely denticulated ; man-
dible with pointed, widely set teeth, the anterior of which are ex-
ceedingly long ; none of the large teeth are received within the
mouth. Palatine with a single series of small pointed teeth ; no
teeth on the tongue. Eye of moderate size. Pectoral and ventral
fins well developed. Dorsal fin anteriorly on the trunk, before the
ventrals ; adipose fin small, sometimes fimbriated ; anal short, rather
close to the caudal, which is forked. Gill-opening very wide, the
outer branchial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis of
the lower jaw; it has no gill-rakers. Branchiostegals numerous;
pseudobranchiae none.

Mediterranean.

1. Chauliodus sloanii. <

Catesby, Carol., Suppl. p. 9. pi. 9.

Chauliodus sloani, Bl. Schn. p. 430 ; Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 383.
Choliodus setinotus, Bl. Schn. tab. 85.
Esox stomias, Shaw, Zool. v. p. 120. tab. 3.
Chauliodes schneideri, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 442. fig. 37.
Chauliodus setinotus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig.
Stomias schneideri (Stomias boa), Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 97.
fig. 3 (incorrect).

B. 16-18. D. 6. A. 12. V. 7. L. lat. 55-57.

Head not much longer than high, its length being one-seventh of
the totab(with the caudal), and equal to the distance between the
vent and the root of the caudal. The distance of the dorsal from
the occiput is less than the length of the head, and its first ray is
produced into a long filament. Ventral fins prolonged, much longer
than the pectorals. There are thirty phosphorescent dots in a series
running from the chin to the root of the ventral fin. The scales
along the belly are of a subhexagonal shape.

Mediterranean.

a. Type of the species : 10 inches long. Straits of Gibraltar.
b-e. Half -grown and young. Messina.

BCOPELID.E. 393

Fam. 5. SCOPELIDjE.

Scopelini, part., Midi. Berl. Abhandl. 1§44, p. 184.

Body naked or scaly. Margin of the upper jaw
formed by the intermaxillary only; opercular appa-
ratus sometimes incompletely developed. Barbels
none. Gill-opening very wide ; pseudobranchise well
developed. Air-bladder none. Adipose fin present.
The eggs are enclosed in the sacs of the ovarium, and
excluded by oviducts. Pyloric appendages few in
number or absent. Intestinal tract very short.

Pelagic or deep-sea fishes.

These fishes show a great resemblance in their family characters
to the Siluroids ; they might be called the marine Siluroids, as I
have formerly shown in a paper on Alepidosaurus. Further re-
searches in this and other families have convinced me that I have
laid too much value on the character of the absence of scales in that
genus, and that it is hardly entitled to form a family by itself.

I divide the fishes of this family into the following groups and
genera : —

A Dorsal fin in, or nearly in the middle of the length of the body,
short or of moderate length : Satteina.

a. Body scaly,, without phosphorescent spots.

Maxillary narrow behind ; none of the teeth are barbed ; teeth on the palate in a
single band on each side 1. Saurus, p. 394.

Maxillary narrow behind ; none of the teeth are barbed ; teeth on the palate in a
double band on each side 2. Saurida, p. 399.

Canine teeth of the lower jaw barbed at the point.

3. JEarpodon, p. 401.
Maxillary dilated behind ; dorsal fin with fifteen or more rays.

4. Aulopus, p. 402.

Maxillary dilated behind ; dorsal fin witn less than fifteen rays.

5. Chlorophthalmus, p. 403.

/3. Body scaly, with phosphorescent spots.

Body rather compressed, covered with large scales : 1. lat. 30-40.

6. Scopelus, p. 404.

Body elongate, cylindrical, covered with scales of moderate size : 1. lat. ca 60

7. Scopelosaurus, p. 417.
y. Body naked.

Teeth unequal in size, some being long, lance-shaped.

8. Odontostomub> p. 417.

394 SC0PELIDJ5.

B. Dorsal fin on the hind part of the body : Paralepidina.
None of the mandibulary teeth are very large . 9. Paralepis, p. 418.
Mandible with four or five very long fangs ... 10. Sudis, p. 419.

C. Dorsal fin occupying nearly the entire length of the back : Alepido-

saurina.

Teeth of the palatines and mandible very long and strong.

11. Alepidosaurub, p. 420.

First Group. SAURINA.

Scopeloids with the dorsal fin short or of moderate size, situated
in, or nearly in the middle of the length of the body.

1. SAURUS*.

Saurus, sp., Cuv. Regne Anim.
Saurus, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 457.

Body subcylindrical, rather elongate, covered with scales of mode-
rate size ; head oblong ; cleft of the mouth very wide ; intermax-
illary very long, styliform, tapering ; maxillary thin, long, closely
adherent to the intermaxillary. Teeth cardiform, some being elon-
gate, slender ; all can be laid downwards and inwards ; teeth in the
jaws, on the tongue, and on the palatine bones ; those on the palate
form a single band on each side. Eye of moderate size. Pectoral
short. Ventral eight-rayed, the inner rays being much longer than
the outer ones ; this fin is inserted before the dorsal, not far behind
the pectorals. Dorsal fin nearly in the middle of the length of the
body, with thirteen or less rays ; adipose fin small ; anal short or of
moderate length ; caudal forked. Gill-opening very wide, the gill-
membranes not attached to the isthmus ; branchiostegals numerous.
Pyloric appendages few in number.

Mediterranean ; tropical parts of the Atlantic and Pacific.

1. Saurus griseus.

Saurus, Salviani, De Aquat. p. 242. pi. 99 ; Jonston, i. tit. 3. art. 1.

tab. 21, fig. infima.
Tarantola Roma?, Willughby, App. p. 29.
Osmerus no. 2, Artedi, Synon. p. 22 ; Genera, p. 10.
Salmo saurus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 511; Bloch, xi. p. 115 (descript. part. ;

not fig.).

* 1. Synodus, Gronov. Mus. Ichfh. ii. no. 151. tab. 7. fig. 1 ; Esox synodus, L.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 516 ; Synodus fasciatus, Lacep. v. p. 321 ; Synodus
synodus, Bl. Schn. p. 396.— Hab. ?

2. Saurus meleagrides, Valenc. in D' Orb. Voy. Amer. Sud, Poiss. pi. 11. fig. 3 ;

Saurus meleagris, Cuv. 4" Vol. xxii. p. 484. — Buenos Ayres.

3. Lagarto, Parra, p. 36. lam. 18. fig. 2 ; Poey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

1863, p. 178.— Cuba.
1. Saurus a galon rouge, Lienard, Bix. Bapp. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maurit. 1839,
p. 41. — Mauritius. D. 14. A. 9. — This species may belong to the
jrenus Sanrida.

1. saurus. 395

POsmerus fasciatus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 326.
? Saurus fasciatus, Risso, Eur. Merid. hi. p. 464.
Saurus lacerta, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 463 (not Risso).

griseus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 188.

trivirgatus, Valenc. in Webb fy Berthel. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 72.

pi. 15. fig. 1.

B. 15-16. D. 11-12. A. 11-12. L.lat. 58-62. L.transv.^.

0

The length of the head is one-fourth or a little more than one-
fourth of the total (without caudal). The entire upper surface of
the head from the supraorbital is corrugated. Snout broader than
long, pointed, with the jaws equal anteriorly, or with the upper jaw
a little longer than the lower. Dorsal fin scarcely higher than long ;
the pectoral extends to the ninth or tenth scale of the lateral line,
the ventral to the fifteenth of the median series commencing behind
its base. The series of scales on the tail with a scarcely perceptible
obtuse longitudinal keel

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

a. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

b. Half-grown. St. Vincent. Presented by the Lords of the Ad-

miralty.

c. Adult. Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.

d. Adult. Mediterranean.

e. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

2. Saurus atlanticus.
Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 41.
B. 15-16. D. 13. A. 9. V. 8. P. 12. L. lat. 59. L. transv. 4/7.

Body cylindrical, tapering in front and behind ; its greatest depth
equals its width, and is one-half of the length of the head, which is
one-fourth of the total (without caudal). The hinder half of the
frontal bones and the occipitals corrugated, with smooth interspaces
between the groups of radiating striae. Tnterorbital space concave.
Snout a little broader than long, pointed, with the jaws equal ante-
riorly. There are sixteen or seventeen scales between the occiput
and the origin of the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin longer than high ; the
pectoral extends to the eleventh scale of the lateral line, the ventral
to the seventeenth of the median series commencing behind its base.
The series of scales on the tail not keeled. Vertical fins without
brown dots.

Madeira.

a. Adult : type of the species : not good state. Madeira. Presented

by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

b. Half-grown. Madeira. Presented by the Bcv. 11. T. Lowe.

3. Saurus varius.

? Salmo saurus, Block, xi. p. 115 (descript. part.), tab. 334. fig. 1.

Salmo varius, Lacep. v. p. 224. pi. 3. fig. 3.

Saurus variegatus, Quoy fy Gaim. Voy. Uran. Poiss. p. 223. pi. 48. fig.

396 SCOPELID^.

Saurus minutus, Lesueur, Jburn. Acad. Sc. Philad. 1825, v. p. 118. pi. 5.

synodus, Cuv. <$• Val. xxii. p. 477 (not synon.) ; Bleek. Nat.

Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 257.
lucius, Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 232. pi. 100. fig. 1.

B. 15-16. D. 12-13. A. 8-9. L. lat. 60-64. L. transv. ~.

The length of the head is one-fourth or rather more than one-
fourth of the total (without caudal). The hinder half of the frontal
bones and the occipitals with numerous fine, smooth striae ; inter-
orbital space slightly concave. Snout rather broader than long,
pointed, with the jaws equal anteriorly. There are twenty-one
scales between the occiput and the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin longer
than high ; the pectoral extends to the tenth scale of the lateral
line, the ventral to the fifteenth or seventeenth of the median series
commencing behind its base. The series of scales on the tail not
keeled. Vertical fins with brown dots, forming transverse streaks.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America ? Indian and Pacific Oceans.

a,b-c. Adult and half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d, e. Adult and half-grown. China.

/. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
g. Half-grown: stuffed.

4. Saurus intermedius.

Saurus intermedius, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 81. tab. 44.
auolis, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 483.

D. 11-12. A. 11-12. L. lat. 50-52. L. transv. ^.

The length of the head is a little more than one-fourth of the total
(without caudal). The hinder half of the frontal bones with a few
inconspicuous striae ; interorbital space concave. Snout broader than
long, pointed, with the upper jaw scarcely longer than the lower.
Dorsal fin somewhat longer than high ; the pectoral extends to the
ninth or tenth scale of the lateral line, the ventral to the eleventh
of the median series commencing behind its base. An obtuse keel
along the caudal portion of the lateral line. A black blotch on the
scapulary part of the gill-opening. Dorsal and caudal 'fins with
brownish transverse bands.

Atlantic coasts of tropical America.

a-d. Adult and half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's
Collection.

e. Adult. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

/. Fine specimen. Bahia From Dr. Wucherer's Collection.

g. Fine specimen. S. America. Presented by Sir R. Schomburgk.

h. Adult. Old Collection.

5. Saurus fcetens.

Saurus, sp., Catesby, South Carolina, ii. p. 2. tab. 2. fig. 2; Sloanc,

Jamaica, tab. 251. fig. 1.
Salmo fa-tens, L. St/st. Xat. i. p. 513.
Coregonus ruber, Laccp. v. pp. 244, 263.

1. SAURUS. 397

Saurus longirostris, Spix, IHsc. Bras. p. 80. tab. 43.
fcetens, Cuv. &>• Pal. xxii. p. 471.

B. 16. D. 11-12. A. 13-14. L. lat. 65. L. transv. ^.

The length of the head is one-loux th of the total (without caudal) ;
crown of the head with a few smooth striae, radiating from the hind
part of the orbit. Interorbital space slightly concave. Snout as
long as broad, or a little longer, pointed, the upper jaw being some-
what the longer. Dorsal fin higher than long. The pectoral ex-
tends to the twelfth scale of the lateral line, the ventral to the
twelfth or fourteenth of the median scries commencing behind its
base. The series of scales on the tail with a scarcely perceptible
obtuse longitudinal keel.

Atlantic and Pacific coasts of tropical America.

a. Fine specimen. Pacific coast of Panama. From the Collection

of Messrs. Dow and Salvin.
6. Adult. New Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Saurus spixianus, Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii. p. 304, appears
to be allied to the above species ; but it is said to have twelve anal
rays only.

6. Saurus lucioceps.
Ai/res, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1855, p. GG.

D. 11. A. 15. L. lat. 75. L. transv. 11/?.

The height of the body is about one-ninth of the total length
(with the caudal) ; head pointed in front, its length equal to twice
the height of the body. Lower jaw the longer. Eyes large, their
longitudinal diameter one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal
to the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal fin half as long as
the head, highest anteriorly, the length of the third ray being a little
more than one-eighth of the total. Ventrals extending nearly to
the termination of the dorsal fin. (Ayres.)

san Francisco.

7. Saurus brevirostris.
Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii. p. 305.

D. 11. A. 10. Vert. 58. Csec. pyl. 25.

The length of the head is rnthei more than one-fifth of the total
(with the caudal) ; upper surface of the head rugose. The point of
the dorsal fin corresponds to the vent, if laid backwards. Snout
short, black at its extremity ; scapula with a blackish spot. (Poey.)

Cuba.

8. Saurus altipinnis.
B. 16-17. D. 11. A. 12. V. 8. P 13. L. lat. 59.
L. transv. ^-.
Body rather depressed, its greatest depth being equal to its width,

398 . SCOPELIM!.

which is one-seventh of the total length (without caudal); the length
of the head is contained four times and oue-third in the total (without
caudal). Snout depressed, pointed, rather broader than long, with the
upper jaw a little longer than the lower. Interorbital space slightly
concave, equal in width to the horizontal diameter of the eye. Each
frontal bone with fine, inconspicuous, radiating striae. There are
twenty-one scales between the occiput and the dorsal fin. Dorsal
fin considerably higher than long ; anterior anal rays somewhat
longer than posterior. The pectoral fin extends to the eleventh scale
of the lateral line, the ventral to the thirteenth or fourteenth of the
median series commencing behind its base. The series of scales on
the tail without keel. A silvery band runs along the side of the
body and tail, below the lateral line ; it is as broad as a scale.
China.

a. Ten inches long : bleached. China. Presented by Sir J. Rich-

ardson.

b. Young. China.

9. Saurus myops.

Salmo fcetens, Bl. taf. 384. fig. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 404 (not L.).

myops (Forster), Bl. Schn. p. 421 ; Forst. Descript. Anim. ed.

Lichtenst. p. 412.
Osmerus lemniscatus, Lacep. v. p. 236. pi. 6. fig. 1.
Saurus fasciolatus, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. (according

to Valenciennes).

elegans, Gray.

truncatus, Spix, Pise. Bras. p. 82. tab. 45.

limbatus, Eyd. c}- Soul. Voy. Bonite, Poiss. p. 199. pi. 7. fig. 3.

myops, C'uv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 485 ; Bleek. Nat.

Tydschr. Nederl. Ltd. iii. p. 291.
' trachinus, Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 231. pi. 106. fig. 2 ; Cant.

Mai. Fish. p. 271.

B. 16. D. 12. A. 15-16. L. lat. 56-58. L. transv. 3|/7.

The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total (without cau-
dal) ; crown of the head and occiput finely corrugated ; interorbital
space deeply concave. Snout rather obtuse, short, shorter than the
eye, with the lower jaw a little projecting beyond the upper. Dorsal
fin as high as long ; the pectoral extends to the tenth scale of the
lateral line, the ventral to, or nearly to, the vent. Tail compressed.
Scapula black.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.

a. Adult. West Indies. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

b. Half-grown. Cuba. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

c. Half-grown : skin. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

d. Adult. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

e. f. Adult and half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g-h. Half-grown : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
i. Adult : stuffed. Mauritius.

h, I. Fine specimens. Port Jackson. From Mr. K^cfFt's Collection.

2. SAURIDA 399

2. SAURIDA*.

Saurida, Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 499

Body subcylindrical, rather elongate, covered with scales of mode-
rate size ; head oblong, cleft of the mouth very wide ; intermaxillary
very long, styliform, tapering ; maxillary thin, long, closely ad-
herent to the intermaxillary. Teeth cardiform, those in the inner
series being longest, slender ; all can be laid downwards and inwards ;
teeth in the jaws, on the tongue, and on the palatine bones; those
on the palate form a double band on each side, the inner band being
much shorter than the outer. Eye of moderate size. Pectoral
short or of moderate length. Ventral nine-rayed, the inner rays not
much longer than the outer ones ; this fin is inserted before the
dorsal, not far behind the pectorals. Dorsal fin nearly in the middle
of the length of the body, with thirteen or less rays ; adipose fin
small ; anal short ; caudal forked. Gill-opening very wide, the gill
membranes not attached to the isthmus ; branchiostegals numerous.

Indian Ocean ; "Western Pacific.

1. Saurida tumbil.

Roover, Valent. fig. 131 ; Renard, i. fig. 149.

Lacertus peregrinus, Rondel. De Pise. xv. cap. 9. p. 428.

Badi mottah, Russell, tab. 172. t

Sahno tumbil, Block, ix. p. 112. taf. 430 ; Bl. Schn. p. 405.

Saurus badimottah, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Ruppell, Neue Wirbelth. Fische.

p. 77; Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 270.
Saurida tombil, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 500 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch.

xxiv. Chir. p. 20.

B. 16. D. 11. A. 10. Y. 9. L. lat. 60-62. L. transv. 4f/7.
Vert. 53.

Snout rather obtuse ; orbit with broad adipose eyelids. The pec-
toral fin extends to the tenth scale of the lateral line, but not to the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. A conspicuous ridgeralong
the caudal portion of the lateral line.

Bed Sea, Indian Ocean, Western Pacific.

a-b. Adult : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

2. Saurida nebulosa.

? Saurus gracilis, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. XJran. Zool. p. 224.

Saurus a bandes et taches, Liinard, Dix. Rapp. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maurit.

1839, p. 41.
Saurida nebulosa, Cuv. 8f Val. xxii. p. 504. pi. 649; Bleek. Nat.

Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1852, iii. p. 292.

B. 13. D. 11. A. 9. V. 9. L. lat. 52. L. transv. ^.

Snout somewhat pointed ; orbit with the adipose eyelids mode-
rately developed. The pectoral fin extends to the ninth scale of the

* 1. Saurus ferox, Eydoux § Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Poiss. p. 197. pi. 7. fig. 2. —

Hob. ?

2. Saurus a galou rouge. Lienard : see p. 394, note.

400 scopelid^;.

lateral line. A rather inconspicuous ridge along the caudal portion
of the lateral line. Dorsal and caudal fins with brownish-black dots ;
the brown spots on the side of the body extend to below the lateral
line.

Indian Ocean ; Western Jf acific.

a. Adult. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

b. Half-grown. Araboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. ? Adult : not good state. Sandwich Islands. Presented by Lieut.

Strickland.

3. Saurida argyrophanes.

Saurus argyrophanes, Richards. Ichth. CJiin. p. 302.

Aulopus elongatus, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Pise. p. 233. pi. 105. fig. 2.

D. 11. A. 10. V. 9. L. lat. 54. L. transv. f.

Snout somewhat pointed ; orbit with broad adipose eyelids. - The
pectoral fin extends to the eleventh scaie of the lateral linb, but not
to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin. A conspicuous
ridge along the caudal portion of the lateral line. Body and tail
below the lateral line silvery.

Chinese and Japanese Seas.

a-b. Adult :- not good state. Nojth China. Purchased of Mr. Jam-

rach.
c, d. Half-grown and young. China.
e. Adult. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.
/. Adult.
y. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Beeves, Esq.

4. Saurida undosquamis.

Saurus undosquamis, Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Ichthyol. p. 138.
pi. 51. figs. 1-6.

B. 15. D. 11. A. 11. V. 0. L. lat. 57-58. L. transv. f.

Snoiit broad and obtuse ; orbit with the adipose eyelids mode-
rately developed. The pectoral fin extends to the eleventh scale of
the lateral line, and nearly to the vertical from the origin of the
dorsal fin. A conspicuous ridge along the caudal portion of the
lateral line.

North- west coast of Australia.

a. Type of the species. N.W. Australia.
b-c. Adult and half-grown. Old Collection.

5. Saurida grandisquamis.

B. 15. D. 12-13. A. 11. V. 9. L. lat. 49. L. transv. 4/6-7.

The length of the head is contained four times and one-third in

the total (without caudal) ; snout broad, obtuse, a little longer than

the diameter of the eye, which is contained five times and a half in

the length of the head ; orbit with the adipose eyelids moderately

3. HARPODON. 401

developed. Dorsal fin much higher than long, the third (longest) ray-
being not much shorter than the head. The pectoral fin extends to
the twelfth scale of the lateral line, and nearly to the vertical from
the origin of the dorsal. A conspicuous ridge runs along the caudal
portion of the lateral line.' Blackish olive above, silvery beneath ;
the anterior rays of the dorsal and the upper ones of the caudal with
brown dots.

Louisiade Archipelago.

a. Seven and a half inches long. Australia? From Mr. Macgilli-

vray's Collection.
b-c. Ten and a half inches long : stuffed. Louisiade Archipelago.

From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

3. HARPODON.

Harpodon, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. v. p. 50.

Body elongate, rather compressed, with diaphanous, very thin and
deciduous scales ; ou!y those on the hind part of the body and of the
lateral line are adherent to the skin. Head thick, with very short
snout; its bones are very soft, and partly modified into wide muci-
ferous channels ; the lateral canal of the body is very wide also,' and
a pair of pores corresponds to each scale of the lateral line, one being
above, the other below the scale. Cleft of the mouth very wide ;
intermaxillary very long, styliform, tapering ; maxillary absent *.
Teeth cardi^orm, recurved, in bands, unequal in size, some being
enlarged ; the largest are in the lower jaw, and provided with a single
barb at the posterior margin of the point. There are teeth in the
jaws, on the palatine bones, on the small tongue, and on the hyoid ;
the anterior teeth of the palatine band are large, and can be laid
downwards ; there are two or three small teeth separate from, and
within, each band of palatine teeth. Eye small. Pectoral and
ventral fins long ; the latter are nine-rayed, inserted below the an-
terior dorsal rays, at some distance behind the base of the pectoral.
Dorsal fin in the middle of the length of the body ; adipose fin small ;
anal of moderate length ; caudal three-lobed, the lateral line being
continued along the central lobe. Gill-opening very wide, covered
by the membranaceous confluent opercles ; branchiostegals very nu-
merous ; pseudobranchiae small ; air-bladder none. Pyloric appen-
dages numerous. Vertebrae soft, slightly contracted in the middle,
perforated by an uninterrupted channel.

Indian and Chinese Seas.

1. Harpodon nehereus.

Bummaloh or Bombay Duck.

Russell, ii. p. 55. tab. 171.

Osmerus nehereus, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. p. 209.

* Valenciennes mentions a rudimentary maxillary, but I am unable to find it.
VOL. V. 2d

402 8COPELID2E.

Salmo (Harpadon) micTop*, Lesueur, Journ. Aead. Nat. &. l&ilad.

1825, v. p. 48. pi. 3.
Saurus ophiodon, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 490.
■ nehareus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 301; Cant. Mai. Kept. p. 273.

B. 23-25. D. 12-13. A. 15. Y. 9. Vert. 38. Caec. pyl. 22.
The scales commence between dorsal and ventral fins. The pec-
toral extends to, or somewhat beyond, the base of the ventrals.
Indian and Chinese Seas.

a, b, c. Adult. China.

d. Head of an adult. China.

e. Young. Chu-san. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

/. Half-grown. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

g-h. Fine specimens. Ganges. Presented by G. R. "Waterhouse, Esq.

i. Adult : skeleton (in spirits). Gauges. Presented by G. R. Water-
house, Esq.

h. Dried specimen, prepared for eating. Presented by G. R. Gray,
Esq.

4. AULOPUS.

Aulopus, Cuv. Rkgne Anim.

Head and body rather elongate, slightly compressed, covered with
scales of moderate size. Cleft of the mouth very wide ; maxillary
well developed, dilated behind. Teeth small, cardiform, in bands,
in the jaws, on the vomer, palatine and pterygoid bones, and on the
tongue. Eye of moderate size. Pectoral and ventral fins well deve-
loped; the latter nine-rayed, inserted close behind the pectorals, below
the anterior dorsal rays. Dorsal fin in the middle of the length of
the body, rather elongate, with fifteen or more rays ; adipose fin
small ; anal of moderate length ; caudal forked. Gill-opening very
wide ; branchiostegals numerous ; pseudobranchiae well developed.
Pyloric appendages few in number. Air-bladder none.

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parte of the Atlantic ; Aus-
tralian Seas.

1. Aulopus filamentosus.

Salmo filamentosus, Bloch, Schrift. Naturforsch. Freund. Berl. x. taf. 9.

fig. 2.

tirus, Rqfinesque.

Osmerus saurus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 325.

Aulopus filamentosus, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; JBonap. Faun. Ital. Peso, c

fig. ; Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 513.
Saurus lacerta, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 463 ; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii.

p. 188, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 88.
Aulopus filifer, Valenc. in Webb 8f Berthel. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 78.

pi. 15. fig. 2.
maeulatus, Valenc. I. c. p. 74. pi. 15. fig. 3.

B. 16. D. 15. A. 11-12. V. 9. L. lat. 54. L. transv. 5/6.

Vert. 30/21. Caec. pyl. 5-6.
The length of the head is contained thrice and one-third in the
total (without caudal) ; the second and third dorsal rays produced

5. CHL0R0PHTHALMTTS. 403

into a long filament in the male. Female with a black blotch at the
top of the dorsal fin.

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

a. Adult: female: stuffed. Mediterranean. From Dr. RiippeU's

Collection.

b, c-d. Fine specimens. Madeira . Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.
e. Adult : female : skeleton. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. John-
son, Esq.

The entire skeleton is perfectly ossified, and especially the oper-
cular apparatus is completely developed, the suboperculum being
very large, rather larger than the operculum, and forming the en-
tire posterior margin of the gill-opening. Interoperculum aa wide
and as long as the lower limb of the praeoperculum. The cubital
bone is long and styliform, leaving a very wide free space between
it and the humerus. The length of the abdominal portion of the
vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1-6 : 1. The vertebrae
are as wide as long, contracted in the middle ; each abdominal ver-
tebra is provided with a pair of slender ribs on each side of its ven-
tral surface, and with another single one at the base of each neural
spine. The pubic bones are very broad, confluent, so as to leave
scarcely any free space between them ; they form a rather convex
triangular lamella in front, and are produced into a long styliform
process behind.

2. Aulopus purpurissatus.

Aulopus purpurissatus, Richards. Ic. Pise. p. 6. pi. 2. fig. 3 (very bad).
milesii, Cuv. Sf Vol. xxii. p. 519. pi. 650.

D. 19-22. A. 13-14. V. 9. L. lat. 51. L. transv. 6/9.

The length of the head is contained thrice and one-fourth in the
total (without caudal) ; the second and third dorsal rays produced into
a long filament in the male. Dorsal and anal fins with several series
of round purple spots.

Australia.

a. Adult : stuffed. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr. Gould.

b. Adult : stuffed. Hobson Bay. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

c. Adult : stuffed. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

5. CHLOROPHTHALMUS.

Chlorophthabnus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Peso.

Head and body rather elongate, rather compressed behind, covered
with scales of moderate size. Cleft of the mouth wide ; maxillary
well developed, dilated behind. Teeth minute, in narrow bands, in
the jaws, on the vomer, the palatine bones, and the tongue. Eye
]arge. Pectoral and ventral fins well developed ; the latter nine-rayed,
inserted at no great distance behind the pectorals, somewhat behind
the origin of the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin somewhat before the middle
of the length of the body, short, with eleven or twelve rays ; adipose

2i)2

404 SCOPELID.E.

fin small; anal short; caudal forked. Gill-opening very wide;
branchiostegals ten ; pseudobranchiee well developed.
Mediterranean.

1. Chlorophthalmus agaesizii.

Chlorophthalmus agassizi, Bonap. Faun. Itai. Peso. c. fig.
Aulopus agassizi, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 521.

B. 10. D. 11-12. A. 9. P. 16. V. 9. L.lat.53. L. transv. 4/6.

The lower jaw projects beyond the upper. The length of the head
is rather less than one-third of the total (without caudal). Pectoral
fin long, extending beyond the root of the ventral. Scales with the
margin denticulated.

Mediterranean.

a-b. Prom 2 to 2£ inches long. Messina.

6. SCOPELUS*.

Scopelus, sp., Cuv. Regne Anim.

Scopelus, Myctophum (Nyctophus), Lampanyctus, Cocco.
Alysia, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 14.
Neoscopelus, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 44.

Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with large scales,
those of the lateral line being generally the largest. Series of lumi-
nous (phosphorescent) spots run along the lower side of the head,
body, and tail, and a similar substance sometimes occupies the front of
the snout and the back of the tail. Head generally compressed, with
the bones thin, but ossified. Cleft of the mouth very wide. Inter-
maxillary very long, styliform, tapering ; maxillary well developed.
Teeth villiform, in bands, in both jaws, on the palatine and ptery-
goid bones, and on the tongue. The vomer bears small teeth in the
larger species, but none are visible in the small species or in young
specimens. Eye large. Pectoral and ventral fins well developed;
the latter are eight-rayed, inserted immediately in front of the
dorsal or below its anterior portion, at some distance behind the base
of the pectoral. Dorsal fin in, or nearly in, the middle of the length
of the body ; adipose fin small, sometimes fimbriated. Anal gene-
rally long. Caudal forked. Gill-opening very wide, the outer
branchial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis >f the
lower jaw, and beset with very long gill-racers. Branchiostegals
from eight to ten. Pseud obranchiae well developed. Air-bladder
small. Pyloric appendages in small number.

Pelagic fishes, inhabiting the temperate and tropical seas.

* 1. Scopelus coruscans, C. 8{ V. xxii. p. 454 (not Richards.). — Seychelles.

2. brachygnathos, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl.i. Manado Sf Makassar ;

p. 65. — Manado.

3. Grasteropelecus crocodilua, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 357 ; Scopelus crocodilus,

Risso, in Memor. Accad. Sc. Torino, 1820, xxv. p. 265. pi. 10. fig. 1 (bad),
and Enr. Merid. iii. p. 466. — Nice.

4. Scopelus angustidens, Risso, in Memor. Accad. Sc. Torino, 1820, xxv.

p. 267. — Nice.

6. SCOPELUS. 405

The species may be referred to the following subgenera : —

A. The anal fin has more rays than, or as many as, the dorsal.

a. Eye large, one-third or more than one-third of the length of the

head ; no spine above the orbit.
a. Scales smooth : Myctophum, m., p. 405.
/3. Scales denticulated : Dasyscopelus, m., p. 411.

b. Eye large ; a horizontal spine above the orbit : Ceratoscopelus, m.,

p. 412.

c. Eye of moderate size, less than one-third of the length of the head.

a. Scales smooth, those of the lateral line much larger than the

others : Alysia, Lowe, p. 413.
/3. Scales smooth, subequal in size : Larnpanyctm, Cocco, p. 414.
y. Scales covered with minute spines : Neoscopelus, Johnson, p. 414.

B. The dorsal fiu has more rays than the anal.

a. Scales of the lateral line considerably larger than the others, p. 415.

b. Scales of the lateral line not much larger than the others : Not<s-

scopefus, m., p. 415.

A. The anal fin has more rays than, or as many as, the dorsal.

a. Eye large, one-third or more than one-third of the length of the head;
no spine above the orbit.

a. Scales smooth.

1. Scopelus rissoi.

Scopelus rissoi, Cocco, in Giorn. Sicil. fasc. 77. p. 144, and Lett. s.
Salmon, p. 15. tab. 2. fig. 5 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig. ; Cuv.
fy Val xxii. p. 446.

D. 13-14. A. 17-18. V. 8. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 2/4.

The height of the body is contained thrice in the tota\length (with-
out caudal), the length of the head twice and two-thirds ; the least
depth of the tail is one-third of the height of the body ; the depth
of the head equals the distance between the anterior margin of the
orbit and the end of the gill-opening. Eye very large, its diameter
being contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the head ;
the distance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the praa-
opercular edge is one-fourth of the diameter of the eye. Snout very
short and obtuse, its upper and lower profiles being nearly equally
curved. Cleft of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw scarcely
prominent beyond the upper ; the maxillary reaches to the angle of
the praeoperculum and terminates in a triangular dilatation. The
origin of the dorsal fin is a little nearer to the root of the caudal than
to the extremity of the snout, and behind the base of the ventral ; its
last ray is in the vertical from the fourth or fifth anal ray. The
pectoral fin extends to the anal. Scales smooth, those of the lateral
line being nmch elevated, but short : there are six scales between the
adipose and caudal fins. No pearl-coloured spot on the back of the tail.

Mediterranean ; Madeira.

a-b. From one to two inches long. Mediterranean.

406 scopelid^:.

c. One inch long. Messina.

d. Three inches long. Madeira. From the Collection of the Rev.

R. T. Lowe.

2. Scopelus benoiti.

Scopelus benoiti, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, p. 12. tab. 2. fig. 4 ; Bonap.
Faun. Ital. Peso. c. fig.

V. 12-13. A. 17. V. 7. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 3/4.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal the length of the head thrice and one-fourth ; the
least depth of the tail is two-fifths of the height of the body ; the
depth of the head is contained once and two-fifths in its length. Eye
very large, its diameter being two-fifths of the length of the head ;
the distance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the prae-
opercular edge is one-fourth of the diameter of the eye. Snout short,
obtusely conical, its upper and lower profiles being nearly equally
curved. Cleft of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw prominent ;
the maxillary reaches to the angle of the praeoperculum, and termi-
nates in a triangular dilatation. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearly
midway between the extremity of the snout and the root of the caudal,
immediately behind the base of the ventral ; its last ray is in the ver-
tical from the third or fourth anal ray. The pectoral fin extends
nearly as far backwards as the ventral. Scales smooth, those of the
lateral line not larger than the others ; there are nine scales between
the adipose and caudal fins. Most of the specimens have an ellip-
tical, bright, pearl-coloured patch on the back of the tail.

Mediterranean ; coasts of Norway and Greenland.
a, b-d. From two to three inches long. Mediterranean.
e-k. Messina. Presented by Dr. Riippell.

3. Scopelus parvimanus.

D. 12. A. 19.' L. lat. 34.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and
two-thirds ; the least depth of the tail is two-fifths of the height of
the body ; the depth of the head is contained once and two-fifths in
its length. Eye large, its diameter being contained twice and two-
thirds in the length of the head ; the distance between the posterior
margin of the orbit and the praeopercular edge is one -third of the
diameter of the eye. Snout short, obtusely conical, its upper and
lower profiles being nearly equally curved. Cleft of the mouth
oblique, with the lower jaw prominent; the maxillary reaches to the
angle of the praeoperculum, and terminates in a triangular dilatation.
The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the extremity of the
snout and the root of the caudal, above the middle of the distance
between the bases of the ventral and anal fins ; its last ray is in the
vertical from the sixth of the anal fin. Pectoral fin very small,
scarcely extending to the root of the ventral. Scales smooth, those
of the lateral line elevated and larger than the others. There are five

6. scopelus. 407

phosphorescent dots in a series running from the isthmus to the ven-
tral ; an elliptical pearl- coloured patch on the back of the tail.

South Pacific.
a. Three inches long. Presented by Mrs. Wormold.

4. Scopelus glacialis.

Strom, Skrivt. Naturhist. Selsk. ii. p. 15. tab. i. fig. 2.

Scopelus glacialis, JReinh. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. 1838, vii. pp. 115, 126 ;

Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 483 ; Krbyer, Naturhist. Tidssk. 1847, ii.

p. 230, and in Gaim. Voy. Scand. Poiss. Atl. pi. 16. fig. 2.

D. 12-14. A. 16-18. V. 8. L. lat. 36.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; the least depth of the
tail is two-fifths of the height of the body ; head nearly as high
as long ; eye very large, its diameter being more than one-third of
the length of the head. Snout very short and obtuse, with the
upper profile descending in a very strong curve. Cleft of the mouth
oblique ; maxillary reaching to the angle of the praeoperculum and
terminating in a triangular dilatation. Scales smooth, those of the
lateral line enlarged.

Coasts of Greenland and Scandinavia.

Nilsson compares this species with Scopelus rissoi, but this has the
body much more elevated.

5. Scopelus humboldti.

Gasteropelecus humbolti, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 358. pi. 10. fig. 38 (very
bad).

Scopelus humboldti, Risso, in Memor. Accad. Sc. Torino, 1820, xxv.
p. 266. pi. 10. fig. 2 (very bad), and Eur. Mend. iii. p. 467 ; Cuv. # Val
xxii. p. 431 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 103. fig. 2 (not good).

? Myctophum punctatum, Rajinesque.

B. 10. D. 13. A. 22. V. 8. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 2/4.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths ; the least depth of the
tail is two-fifths of the height of the body ; the depth of the head
contained once and three-fifths in its length ; diameter of the eye
a little less than one-third of the length of the head ; distance
between the posterior margin of the orbit and the praeopercular edge
one-half of the diameter of the eye. Snout short, obtuse, with its
upper profile descending in a strong curve, and with the jaws equal
anteriorly. The maxillary reaches nearly to the angle of the prae-
operculum, and is slightly and gradually dilated behind. The origin
of the dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to the end of the snout than to
the root of the caudal, above the root of the inner ventral rays ; its last
ray is before the vertical from the origin of the anal. The pectoral
extends to the posterior third of the ventral. Scales smooth, stiff.

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.
a, b-d. Adult (41 inches long) and half-grown. Atlantic. Pre-
sented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq.

408 SCOPELID-E.

6. Scopelus boops.

Mvctophum boops, Richards. Zool. Ereb. ty Terr. Fish. p. 39. pi. 27.

"figs. 6-12.
Scopelus boops, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 451.

Very similar to S. humboldti, but with fewer scales in the lateral
line.

D. 14. A. 20-22. V. 8. L. lat. 37-39. L. transv. 3/5.

The height of the body is one-fifth or a little more than one-fifth
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-
sevenths ; the least depth of fche tail is two-fifths of the height of
the body ; the depth of the head is contained once and three-fifths
in its length ; the diameter of the eye is a little less than one-third
of the length of the head ; distance between the posterior margin
of the orbit and the prseopercular edge one-half of the diameter
of the eye. Snout short, obtuse, with its upper profile descending
in a strong curve, and with the jaws equal anteriorly. The maxil-
lary reaches nearly to the angle of the prasoperculum, and is slightly
and gradually dilated behind. Cleft of the mouth very slightly
oblique. The origin of the dorsal fin is considerably nearer to the
end of the snout than to the root of the caudal, above the root of the
inner ventral rays ; its last ray is before the vertical from the origin
of the anal fin. The pectoral extends to the vent. Scales smooth,
thin, and deciduous.

Pacific.

a. Four and a half inches long. Type of the species. Presented by

Sir J. Richardson.

b. Four inches long. Vancouver Islands.

7. Scopelus macrochir.

D. 13. A. 21. V. 8. L. lat. 31.
The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-third ; the
least depth of the tail is two-fifths of the height of the body ; the
depth of the head is two-thirds of its length. %e very large, its
diameter being nearly twice the width of the" interorbital space, and
rather more than one- third of the length of the head ; the distance
between the posterior margin of the orbit and the praeopercular edge
is one-third of the diameter of the eye. Posterior margin of the
praeoperculuni subvertical. Snout short, obtusely conical, its upper
and lower profiles being nearly equally curved. Cleft of the mouth
oblique, with the lower jaw somewhat projecting beyond the upper.
The maxillary reaches to below the posterior margin of the orbit,
and terminates in a triangular dilatation, resting upon the angle of
the prseoperculum. The origin of tho dorsal fin is somewhat nearer
to the extremity of the snout than *o the root of the caudal, imme-
diately behind the base of the ventral ; its last ray is just before the
vertical from the origin of the anal fin. Pectoral very long, extending
to the anal. Scales smooth, those of the lateral line somewhat larger

6. scopelus. 409

than the others. Lower parts with the pearl-coloured dots usually
found in this genus ; an elliptical pearl-coloured patch sometimes
on the back of the tail, and sometimes at its lower side.
Hah. ?

a—b. Two and a half inches long. Old Collection.
c. Two inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

8. Scopelus caninianus.

? Myctophum punctatum, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig. (not Rafin.).
? Scopelus caninianus, Cuv. Sf Vai. xxii. p. 445.

D. 12. A. 19. V. 8. L. lat. 40.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths ; the least depth of
the tail is two-fifths of the height of the body ; the depth of the
head is contained once and one-third in its length ; diameter of the
eye one-third of the length of the head ; distance between the
posterior margin of the orbit and the praeopercular edge one-half
of the diameter of the eye. Snout short and obtuse, with its upper
profile abruptly bent downwards. Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique,
with the jaws equal in front. The maxillary reaches to the angle
of the praeoperculum, and is gradually and slightly dilated behind ;
posterior margin of the praeoperculum subvertical. The origin of
the dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to the extremity of the snout than
to the root of the caudal, and immediately behind the base of the
ventral; its last ray is immediately before the vertical from the
origin of the anal. The pectoral fin extends to the middle of the
ventral. Scales perfectly smooth, those of the lateral line larger
than the others. No luminous substance below the eye.

Mediterranean and neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

a-b. Three inches long. Presented by E. P. Webb, Esq.

9. Scopelus metopoclampus.

Myctophum metopoclampum, Cocco, in Giorn. Lett. Sc. <SVc. fasc. 77.

p. 144; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig.
Nyctophus metopoclampus, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, p. 24. tab. 3. fig. 8.
Scopelus metopoclampum, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 442.

D. 15. A. 15.

The height of the body is contained thrice and one-third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-
thirds ; the least depth of the tail is two-fifths of the height of the
body; head rather higher than long; eye large, one-third of the
length of the head. Snout extremely short and obtuse, with its upper
profile abruptly bent downwards, and with the pearl-coloured lumi-
nous apparatus occupying nearly its whole front and extending
backwards over the infraorbital bone. Cleft of the mouth slightly
oblique. The maxillary reaches nearly to the angle of the praeoper-
culum, and is not dilated behind. The origins of the dorsal and

410 scopelid^:.

ventral fins are midway between the extremity of the snout and the
adipose fin ; the last dorsal ray immediately ,ja front of the origin
of the anal. Pectoral shorter than ventral. Scales smooth, those
of the lateral line the largest. (Botuip.)
Coasts of Sicily.

10. Scopelus rafinesquiL

Myctophus-rafinesquii, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, p. 20. tab. 3. fig. 7;
Bonap. Faun. Ital. Peso. c. fig.*

D. 12. A. 11-12. V. 8. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 2/4.

The height of the body is contained nearly four times in the total
length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and three-
fourths ; the least depth of the tail is one-half of the height of the
body ; the depth of the head is contained once and two-fifths in its
length. Eye very large, its diameter being contained twice and one-
third in the length of the head ; distance between the posterior
margin of the orbit and the prseopercular edge three-fifths of the
diameter of the eye. Snout extremely short and obtuse, with its
upper profile abruptly bent downwards in front. Cleft of the mouth
slightly oblique, with the lower jaw received within the upper. The
maxillary reaches to the angle of the prseoperculum, and is not dilated
behind. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the extre-
mity of the snout and the root of the caudal, and above the base of
the ventral ; its last ray is a little before the vertical from the origin
of the anal. Pectoral fin short, extending to the ventral, which is
much the longer. Scales perfectly smooth, those of the lateral line
being elevated. There are six scales between the adipose and caudal
fins. No pearl-coloured spot on the back of the tail, but a similar
luminous substance in the hollow of the first infraorbital bone.

Mediterranean.

a-c. Two inches long. Mediterranean.

d-g. One inch and a half long. Messina. Presented by Dr. Riippell.

11. Scopelus dumerilii.

Scopelus dumerilii, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. i. Manado 8f
Makassar, p. 66.

D. 14-15. A. 14-15. V. 9.

The height of the body is contained five times and one-third in the
total length (with the caudal), the length of the head four times and
three-fourths ; head longer than high ; the diameter of the eye is
contained thrice or thrice and one-third in the length of the head ;
prajoperculum with the posterior margin oblique. The origin of the
dorsal fin is above the root of the ventrals, and its end before the
vertical from the first anal ray ; pectoral somewhat shorter than
ventral. (BleeJc.)

Manado.

* It must be remarked that two of the figures on this plate arc erroneously
numbered ; M. rafiyiesquii ought to bear no. 2, and not no. 4.

6. SCOPELUS. 411

/3. Scales denticulated.
12. Scopelus asper.

Mvctophum asperum, Richards. Voy. Ereb. fy Terr. Ichth. p. 41 . pi. 27.

figs. 13-15.
Scopelus asper, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 454.

D. 13. A. 20. V. 8. L. lat. 37. L. transv. 2/3.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without'
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths ; the least depth of
thp tail is one-third of the height of the body ; the depth of the head
contained once and one-third in its length. Eye very large, two-
fifths of the length of the head ; distance between the posterior
margin of the orbit and the praeopercular edge one-third of the
diameter of the eye ; postei-ior margin of the prseoperculum vertical.
Snout extremely short and obtuse, with its upper profile abruptly
bent downwards. Cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, with the
lower jaw received within the upper. The maxillary reaches nearly
to the angle of the praeoperculum, and is gradually and slightly
dilated behind. The origin of the dorsal fin is considerably nearer
to the extremity of the snout than to the root of the caudal, and
immediately behind the base of the ventral ; its last ray is a little
before the origin of the anal. The pectoral extends to the middle of
the ventral, which is the shorter. Scales with the margins strongly
serrated ; those of the lateral line are much larger than the others.
Some of the adult specimens have a pearl-coloured matter imbedded
in the substance of the scales on the back of the tail.

Gulf of Guinea ; New Ireland.

a-b. From one to two inches long. Types of the species. From the

Haslar Collection.
c—e. Three inches long. Gulf of Guinea.

13. Scopelus subasper.
D. 14. A. 21. Y. 8. L. lat. 39. L. transv. 2/4.
The height of the body is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds ; the
least depth of the tail is one-third of the height of the body ; head
but little longer than high. Eye very large, its diameter being more
than the width of the interorbital space, and contained twice and
one-third in the length of the head. The posterior margin of the
orbit and the praeopercular edge are separated by a groove only;
posterior margin of the praeoperculum subvertical. Snout extremely
short and obtuse, with the upper profile abruptly bent downwards.
The maxillary is comparatively short, three-fifths of the length of
the head ; it terminates in a triangular dilatation behind, and reaches
to the angle of the praeoperculum. The origin of the dorsal fin is
nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the root of the caudal,
and behind the base of the ventrals ; its last ray is vertically above
the fourth or fifth of the anal. The pectoral does not extend quite
as far backwards as the ventral, which is considerably the shorter.
Scales coarsely denticulated, each having only from two to four

412 6C0PELID.E.

spines ; those of the lateral line are much elevated, twice or thrice
the size of the others. A short, elliptical, pearl- coloured patch on
the back of the tail, close to the root of the caudal fin ; lower parts
with the pearl-coloured dots usually found in this genus.

Pacific Ocean.
a. Four and a half inches long. Collected by Dr. Robertson in
lat. 43° 30' S. and long. 123° E.

This is perhaps the same species as that found by Bennett, and
described as Scopelus stellatus (Whaling Voy. ii. p. 288). However, I
infer this more from the identity of the locality where these fishes have
been found, than from the very defective description and rude figure.

b. Eye large ; a horizontal spine above the orbit.
14. Scopelus maderensis.

Scopelus maderensis, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 87, and 1850,

p. 250 ; Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 14.
bonapartii, Cuv. $ Val. xxii. p. 449 (not synon.) ; Johnson, Ann.

8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1862, x. p. 281.

D. 13-14. A. 13. V. 8. L. lat. 34.

The height of the body is nearly one-fifth of the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head nearly one-third ; the
least depth of the tail is one-half of the height of the body ; the
depth of the head contained once and two-thirds in its length ;
eye large, but a little less than one-third of the length of the head,
and more than the width of the interorbital space. A horizontal
spine projects forward from each superciliary edge. The distance
between the posterior margin of the orbit and the praeopercular edge
is one-half of the diameter of the eye, the posterior margin of the
praeoperculum being oblique. Snout obtusely conical, not very short,
more than half as long as the orbit. Cleft of the mouth oblique,
with the lower jaw received within the upper. The maxillary
reaches to the angle of the prseoperculum, and is gradually and
slightly dilated behind. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway be-
tween the extremity of the snout and the root of the caudal fin, above
the base of the inner ventral rays ; its last ray is in the vertical
from the origin of the anal fin. A series of three or four small spines
bent backwards, above and below, before the root of the caudal.
Pectoral fin very long, extending to, or nearly to, the vent. Scales
smooth, very thin , deciduous, those of the lateral line being the largest.

This species has the pearl- coloured dots on the lower parts as
usual in this genus, but there is no glandular apparatus on the back
of the tail, and only a very small round patch near the nostril.

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.
a-c. From 3 to 3| inches long. Mediterranean.
d-e. Three inches long. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.
/. Type of the species. Madeira. From the Collection of the Rev.

"R. T. Lowe.
<j. Three inches; long: bad slate. Presented by K. P. Webb, Esq.

6. 8C0PELU8. 413

e. Eye of moderate size, less than one-third of the length of the head.
a. Scales smooth, those of the lateral line much larger than the others.

15. Scopelus coccoi.

Scopelus coccoi, Cocco, in Giorn. Sicil. fasc. 77. p. 143, and Lett. s.

Salmon, p. 18. tah. 2. fig. 6 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Peso. c. fig.
Alysia loricata, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 87, and Trans. Zool.

Soc. iii. p. 14.
Myctophum hians, Richards, yoy. Ereb. ty Terr. Ichth. p. 41 . pi. 27.

figs. 19-21 (eye too large).
? Scopelus jagorii, Peters, Monatsber. Perl. Acad. 1859, p. 411.

D. 10-12. A. 20-21. V. 8. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 1/3.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and rather more than one-fifth of the total (without caudal) ; tail
slender and elongate, its least depth being one-fourth of the height
of the body ; the depth of the head is contained once and three-fifths
in its length ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth or somewhat less
than one-fourth of the length of the head ; the distance between the
posterior margin of the orbit and the praeopercular edge is two-thirds
of the diameter of the eye. Praeopercular edge obliquely descending
backwards. Snout conical, with the upper part projecting beyond the
lower, and with the upper and lower profiles nearly equally curved.
The maxillary reaches to the angle of the praeoperculum, and is
scarcely dilated. The origin of the dorsal fin is much nearer to the
end of the snout than to the root of the caudal, behind the base of
the ventral ; its last ray is in the vertical from the second or third
anal ray. The pectoral extends to the middle of the ventral. Scales
smooth, stiff; there are nine or ten scales between the adipose and
caudal fins ; and in some specimens each of the scales on the back of
the tail has a pearl-coloured dot.

Mediterranean and Atlantic.

The largest of our specimens are 2 inches long.

a. Gulf of Guinea.

b-c. Congo Expedition.

d-e, f-g. North Atlantic. Presented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq.

h-l. Atlantic. Erom Mr. Rouse's Collection. — (Caught plentifully at

night throughout the Tropic of Cancer.)
m-n, o-s. Within the tropics. Presented by Lieutenant A. Smith.
t-u. Types of Myctophum hians. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
v, w, x-z. Adult and half- grown.

Having seen the typical example of Alysia loricata, Lowe, in the
Museum of the Philosophical Society of the University of Cambridge,
I cannot doubt its specific identity with Sc. coccoi. As regards the
serrature of the ventral and dorsal lines, Mr. Lowe justly remarks,
in a letter to me, that this character is due merely tc the accidental
protrusion of the tips of the bones through the flesh, as frequently
observed in subdecomposed examples of Scopelus. The scales also
of Alysia appeared to me to be as smooth as in Sc. coccoi.

Myctophum coruscam (Richards. Voy. Ereb. & Terr. Fish. p. 40,

414 8COPELID.2B.

pi. 27. figs. 1-5) is extremely similar to this species, but it is de-
scribed as having the scales very irregularly and sparingly toothed
on the free edge, and the back of the tail, behind the« adipose fin,
covered by six convex scales. From the Southern Atlantic and the
Australian Oceans. The typical specimens appear to be lost.

Valenciennes (p. 456 ) identifies the Myctophum hians, Richards.,
with Scopelus notatus, Lesueur. I do not know whether this is
correct, as I am unable to find the original description of the latter
in the journal quoted by Valenciennes, viz. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philad. torn. i.

#. Scales smooth, subequal in size.

16. Scopelus bonapartii.

Nyctophus bonapartii, Cocco, Lett. s. Sainton, p. 29. tab. 3. fig. 10.
Lampanyctus bonapartii, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig.
Scopelus rafinesquii, Cuv. 8f Vol. xxii. p. 444.

D. 13. A. 15. V. 8. L. lat. 32. L. transv. 3/4.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths ; the least depth of
the tail is more than one-half of the height of the body ; the depth
of the head is three-fifths of its length ; eye of moderate size, one-
fifth of the length of the head ; the distance between the posterior
margin of the orbit and the praeopercular edge is more than the
diameter of the eye. Posterior margin of the preeoperculum obliquely
descending backwards. Snout obtusely conical, with the lpwer jaw
rather the longer. Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique. The max-
illary reaches to the angle of the prseoperculum, and is scarcely
dilated behind. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the
extremity of the snout and the root of the caudal, and above the
base of the inner ventral rays ; its last ray is above the fourth or
fifth of the anal fin. Pectoral fin very long, extending nearly to the
middle of the anal. Scales perfectly smooth, those of the lateral line
scarcely larger than the others.

Mediterranean.

a. One inch and three-quarters long. Mediterranean.

It appears that Valenciennes has described this species under the
name of Scopelus rafinesquii ; and this supposition becomes almost
a certainty when we find that the description given by him for
Scopelus bonapartii does not agree in the least with the species so
called by Cocco.

y. Scales covered with minute spines.

17. Scopelus macrolepidotus.

Neoscopelus macrolepidotus, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 44. pi. 7.
B. 9. D. 13. A. 13. V. 8. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 3/5.
The height of the body is a little more than one-fourth of the total

6. SCOPELUS. 415

length (without caudal), the length of the head one-third ; eye of
moderate size, one-fifth of the length of the head, and equal to the
width of the interorhital space, and to the distance between its
posterior margin and the praeopercuiar edge. Snout conical, longer
than the eye, with the lower jaw rather prominent. The maxillary
reaches only to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye,
and is much dilated behind. The origin of the dorsal fin is before
the root of the ventral, nearer to the extremity of the snout than to
the root of the caudal. Pectoral fin long, extending nearly to the
vent. The posterior margin of each scale is covered with minute
spines, but the margin itself is not serrated.
Madeira.

a. Nine and a half inches long. Type of the species. Presented by
J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

B. The dorsal fin has more rays than the anal.
a. Scales of the lateral line considerably larger than the others.

18. Scopelus gemellarii.

Nyctophus gemellarii, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, p. 26. tab. 3. fig. 9.
Myctophum gemellarii, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig.*
Scopelns gemellari, Cuv. fy Vol. xxii. p. 445.

D. 17. A. 15.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths ; the least depth of
the tail is two-fifths of the height of the body ; depth of the head
contained once and two-fifths in its length ; eye of moderate size,
one-fourth of the length of the head ; the distance between the
posterior margin of the orbit and the prteopercular edge equals the
diameter of the eye. Snout short, obtuse, with its upper profile
descending in a strong curve. Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique.
Maxillary reaching to the angle of the praeoperculum, and not dilated
behind. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the extremity of
the snout than to the adipose fin, and vertically before the root of
the ventral ; its last ray is in the vertical from the origin of the anal.
Pectoral and ventral fins equal in length. Scales smooth, those of
the lateral line being the largest. (Bonap.)

Mediterranean.

b. Scales of the lateral line not much larger than the others.

19. Scopelus resplendens.

Lampanyctus resplendens, Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sr Terr. Ichth. p. 42.

pi. 27. figs. 16-18.
Scopelus crocodilus, Cuv. 8c Val. xxii. p. 447 (not Risso).
resplendens, Cuv. ty Val. xxii. p. 452.

* The figure of this fish is marked with the no. 2 ; it ought to be no. 4.

410 SCOPELID.E.

? Scopelus Kroyeri, Malm, Furhandl. Skand.Naturf.Ott. Mod. Kjbbenh.
1861, p. 617.

B. 8. D. 21-24. A. 18. V. 8. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 3/5.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length
(without caudal), the length of the head thrice and a half or thrice
and three-fifths ; the least depth of the tail is more than one-half
of the height of the body ; depth of the head three-fifths of its
length : eye of moderate size, two-ninths of the length of the head ;
the distance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the
prseopercular edge is less than the diame'ter of the eye ; posterior
margin of the preeoperculum descending obliquely backwards. Snout
obtusely conical, with the jaws equal in front. Cleft of the mouth
nearly horizontal. The maxillary reaches to the angle of the prae-
operculum, and is scarcely dilated behind. The origin of the dorsal
fin is midway between the extremity of the snout and the adipose
fin, and above the root of the ventral ; its last ray is above the
middle of the anal. Pectoral fin shorter than the ventral, and not
extending beyond its root. Scales perfectly smooth, those of the
lateral line rather larger than the others.

Gulf of Guinea. Bohusliin ?

a-c. Four inches long. Types of the species. Presented by Sir

J. liichardson.
d-e. Four inches long. Gulf of Guinea.
f. Five inches long. Presented by the Royal College of Surgeons.

20. Scopelus caudispinosus.
Scopelus caudispinosus, Johnson, Proc. 7ool. Soc. 1863, p. 42.
D. 20. A. 18. V. 8. L. lat. 36.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and
two-thirds ; the least depth of the tail is one-half of the height of
the body ; depth of the head three-fifths of its length ; eye of mode-
rate size, two-ninths of the length of the head; the distance between
the posterior margin of the orbit and the praoopercular edge is less
than the diameter of the eye ; posterior margin of the preeoperculuni
descending obliquely backwards. Snout obtusely conical, with the
jaws equal in front. Cleft of the mouth rather oblique. The
maxillary reaches to the praeoperculum, and is not dilated behind.
The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the extremity of the
snout and the adipose fin, and above the base of the outer ventral
rays ; its last ray is behind the vertical from the middle of the anal.
A series of from six to nine small spines bent backwards, above and
below, before the root of the caudal. Pectoral fins shorter than the
ventral, and not extending beyond its root.

Madeira.
a. Type of the species: not good state: 63 inches long. Presented
by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

8. ODONTOSTOMUS. 417

7. SCOPELOSAURUS.

Scopelosaurus, Bleek. Amboina, xi. p. 12.

Body elongate, cylindrical, covered with cycloid scales of moderate
size, there heing about sixty in the lateral line ; series of luminous
(phosphorescent) spots run along the lower side of the body. Cleft of
the mouth wide ; intermaxillary tapering ; maxillary well developed.
Teeth small, in a single series in the intermaxillary, on the vomer
and the palatines, and in several series in the lower jaw ; tongue
without teeth. Eye large. Dorsal fin nearly in the middle of the
length of the body, behind the ventrals, which are ten-rayed. Bran-
chiostegals nine; pseudobranchise well developed.

Amboyna.

1. Scopelosaurus hoedti.

Sleeker, I. c. p. 13.

D. 10. A. 17. P. 13. V. 10. L. lat. 61.

The height of the body is contained eleven times and three-quarters
in the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head four
times and three-fifths; the depth of the head is two-fifths of its
length ; the diameter of the eye is contained thrice and one-third in
the length of the head, and rather less than the extent of the snout.
Upper jaw shorter than the lower, and extending to below the hind
part of the orbit. (Blhr.)

Amboyna.

8. ODONTOSTOMUS.
Odontostomus, Cocco.

Body oblong, compressed, naked ; head large and thick ; snout
short ; cleft of the mouth very wide ; intermaxillary and maxillary
bones very slender, the former with small curved teeth of equal size ;
the lower jaw, the vomer, and the palatine bones armed with long
moveable teeth, the points of which are lance-shaped. Eye large.
Pectoral and ventral fins well developed ; the iatter are inserted
below the dorsal, at some distance behind the base of the pectoral.
Dorsal fin in the middle of the length of the body ; adipose fin small ;
anal long ; caudal forked. Branchiostegals eight ; pseudobranchiae
small.

Mediterranean.

1. Odontostomus hyalinus.

Odontostomus hyalinus, Cocco, Lett. s. Salmon, p. 32. tab. 4. fig. 2 ;

Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig. minus bona ; Ciw. fy Val. xxii. p. 424.
Scopelus balbo, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iii. p. 466, and Mem.

Accad. Sc. Torino, xxv. p. 268. pi. 10. fig. 3.

D. 14. A. 28. P. 9. V. 8. {Bonap.)
B. 8. D. 12. A. 34. P. 10. V. 8. (Risso.)
B. 8. D. 12. A. 35. P. 12. V. 9. (Valenc.)
The length of the head is a little more than one-fifth of the total
vol. v. 2 E

418 scoPELina:.

(with the caudal), the height of the body one-sixth. The eyes,
although lateral, are directed upwards and close together, the inter-
orbital space being very narrow; their vertical diameter is longer
than the horizontal one, and they rest upon an adipose eyelid.
Mediterranean.

Second Group. PARALEPIDINA.

Scopeloids with the dorsal fin on the hind part of the body.

9. PAKALEPIS.

Paralepis, Risso, Eur. Merid. ill. p. 472.

Head and body elongate, compressed, covered with deciduous
scales, those of the lateral line being the largest. Cleft of the mouth
very wide ; maxillary developed, closely adherent to the intermax-
illary. Teeth unequal in size, some in the mandible and on the
palatine bones being rather larger than the others ; they are arranged
in single series, in the intermaxillary, mandible, on the palatine and
pterygoid bones. Eye large. Pectoral fins well developed ; ventrals
small, inserted at a great distance from the pectorals, below or
immediately behind or in front of the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin short,
on the hind part of the body ; adipose fin small ; anal elongate,
occupying the end of the tail ; caudal, emarginate. Gill-opening
very wide, the outer branchial arch beset with short spine-like gill-
rakers ; pseudobranchiae well developed ; branchiostegals seven. Air-
bladder none. Pyloric appendages none.

Mediterranean and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

This genus is evidently closely allied to Alepidosaurus.

1. Paralepis coregonoides.

Coregonus maivenula(!), Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 328.
Paralepis coregonoides, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 472. pi. 7. fig. 15;
C'uv. e)- Val. vii. p. 510 ; Bonap. Faun. ttal. Pesc. c. fig.

D. 10. A. 23. P. 13. V. 9.

The length of the head is nearly one-fourth of the total (without
caudal). Ventral fins very short, inserted below the anterior part of
the dorsal.

Mediterranean.

2. Paralepis sphyraenoides.

Paralepis sphyrsenoides, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 478. pi. 7. fig. 16 ;

C'uv. $■ Val. vii. p. 510.
coregonoides, Cuv. fy Val. iii. p. 357. pi. 66 (not Risso) ; Johnson,

Ann. 8f Mag. Nat, Hist. 1862, x. p. 283.

B. 7. D. 11*. A. 30. P. 13. Y. 9. L. lat. 60.

* Mr. Johnson has counted 14 dorsal rays, but several rays being split to the
base into their lateral halves, he appears to have counted them twice ; the anal

10. sums. 41 y

The length of the head is two-sevenths or one-fourth of the total
(without caudal). Pectoral and ventral fins very short.
Mediterranean ; Madeira.

a. Seven and a half inches long: not good state. Madeira. Pre-
sented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

It is possible that two or three species have been confounded in
the synonymy given above, for whilst Risso figures his specimen with
the ventral fins attached in front of the dorsal, Cuvier and Johnson
represent them as situated below the dorsal fin. Furthermore, the
question arises whether the figure given by Risso is not intended
for Svdis hyalina. It also appears as if the species from Madeira
had the head comparatively longer than the species from the Medi-
terranean. Doubtful points like these are not solved by the practice
of giving a distinct specific name to the types described by the
several authors, but can only be settled by those who have complete
material.

3. Paralepis borealis.

? Clupea encrasicholus, Fabr. Faun. Gronl. no. 130. p. 183.
Paralepis borealis, JReinhardt, Nature . og Mathem. Afkandl.vu. pp. 115

& 125 ; Kroyer, Naturh. Tidssk. 1846, ii. p. 241, and in Gaim. Voy.

Scand. Atl. Poiss. pi. 16 B. fig. 1.

B. 7. D. 8. A. 32. P. 11. V. 9.
The length of the head is two-ninths of the total (without caudal).
Pectoral and ventral fins small, the latter inserted behind the dorsal.
Greenland.

10. SUDIS.

Sudis, Rajvnesque.

Head and body elongate, compressed, covered with very thin and
deciduous scales, only those of the lateral line being adherent. Snout
long, compressed, elevated ; cleft of the mouth very wide ; maxillary
closely adherent to the intermaxillary. Teeth very unequal in size,
arranged in single series : those of the intermaxillary are equally
minute, whilst the mandible is armed with four or five very long,
pointed, widely set canines ; palatine bones with a few pointed teeth
of moderate size anteriorly. Eye of moderate size. Pectoral fins
well developed ; ventrals inserted at a considerable distance from the
root of the pectorals, in front of the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin short,
behind the middle of the length of the body; adipose fin small ; anal
elongate ; caudal emarginate. Gill-opening very wide ; pseudo-
branchiae well developed.

Mediterranean.

This genus is closely allied to Paralepis.

rays are sufficiently preserved to ascertain their number ; whilst the ventrals are
so much destroyed, that even their position, whether below or in front of the
dorsal fin, remains doubtful.

2e2

420 scopelid-s:.

1. Sndis hyaliiia.
Sudis hyalina (Rqfin.), Bonap, Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig.
Paralepis hyalinus, Cuv. fy Vol. iii. p. 361.

D. 10. A. 24. P. 12. V. 9.

The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total (without cau-
dal). Eye situated in the hinder part of the head, the cleft of the
mouth not extending to its anterior margin.

Mediterranean.
a-b. Prom 2^ to 3^- inches long. Messina.

I am not quite certain whether these specimens helong to the
species mentioned, as they have the pectoral fins much more elongate
than is represented in the figure given by Bonaparte. These fins
in our specimens extend to the origin of the dorsal fin ; however,
this may be peculiar to youth.

Third Group. ALEPIDOSAURINA.

Scopeloids with the dorsal fin much elongate, occupying nearly
the entire length of the back.

11. ALEPIDOSAURUS.

Alepisaurus, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 104, and Trans. Zool. Soc.
i. p. 124.

Body elongate, rather compressed, scaleless ; head compressed,
with the snout much produced, and with the cleft of the mouth very
wide ; intermaxillary very long and very slender ; maxillary thin,
needle-like, as long as the intermaxillary, immoveable. Teeth very
unequal in size, immoveable. A series of very small teeth runs
along the entire length of the intermaxillary. Teeth of the palatine
bone compressed, triangular, pointed, the two or three anterior ones
being exceedingly long and strong, and the posterior ones of mode-
rate size. Teeth of the lower jaw similar to those of the palatine
bones, one pair in front and two or three pairs in the middle being-
much enlarged. No teeth on the tongue. Eye large. Pectoral and
ventral fins well developed. The rayed dorsal fin occupies the whole
length of the back from the occiput to the anal fin. Adipose and
anal fins of moderate size. Caudal forked. Gill-open;ng very wid<\
Branchiostegals six or seven. The outer branchial arch with stiff,
shortish, spine-like gill-rakers. Pseudobranchiae well developed.
Air-bladder none.

Deep-sea fishes from the temperate and tropical parts of the
Atlantic and Pacific.

Like most other deep-sea fishes, Alepidosaurus has been found at
widely distant localities, and it is probable that in time it will be
obtained in the intermediate parts of the ocean. Deep-sea fishes
are much less subject to differences of climate than those inhabiting
the coasts or the surface, and therefore we should not be surprised
to find the representatives of one and the same genus, and frequently

11. ALEPIDOSAURUS. 421

even the same species, in high latitudes of the northern and southern
hemispheres.

Every part of the Alepidosauri is so fragile, that it is extremely
difficult to obtain perfect specimens. It is almost impossible to pre-
serve them in spirits without some portion of the dorsal and of the
other fins being broken. The entire structure of the dorsal fin is so
delicate, that it must even be liable to injury and alteration of outline
while the fish is in its native element. The fibrous ligaments con-
necting the vertebrae are very loose and extensible, so that the form
of the fish is easily lengthened when its body is slightly stretched.
Therefore no reliance whatever is to be placed on trivial specific dis-
tinctions founded on the form of the dorsal fin and on the relative
proportions of the head and body. A comparison of the two figures
of A. ferox given by Lowe will show the truth of this observation.

The loose connexion of the single parts of the body is found in
numerous deep-sea fishes, and is merely the consequence of their
withdrawal from the pressure of the water to which they are ex-
posed in the depths inhabited by them. When within the limits of
their natural haunts, the osseous, muscular, and fibrous parts of
the body will have that solidity which is required for the rapid
and powerful movements of a predatory fish. That the fishes of this
genus belong to the most ferocious of the class is proved by their
dentition and the contents of their stomach ; but it is worthy of
notice that although the mouth is so deeply cleft, the lower jaw
cannot be moved from the upper at a greater angle than about 40°.
The teeth are constantly changing, and it is odd that an ichthyo-
logist like Lowe should have had so much difficulty in recognizing
the nature of some immature teeth lying in the gingiva.

1. Alepidosaurus ferox.

Alepisaurus ferox, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. pi. 19, and p. 395. pi. 59 ;
Cuv. Sf Val. xxii. p. 529; Giinth. JVicf/m. Arch. 1860, p. 121; Peters,
Monatsber. Berl. Acad. 1861, p. 901 ; Johnson, Ann. 8c Maq. Nat.
Hist. 1862, x. p. 317.

? Alepisaurus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. &/ Terr. Fish. p. 34. pi. 22. figs. 1-4.

Alepisaurus azureus, Cuv. S\- Val. xxii. p. 530.

B. 6-7. D. 41-44. A. 14-17. P. 14-15. V. 9-10.

The length of the head is twice the height of the body, and rather
less than one-sixth of the total (without caudal). The eye occupies
the middle of the length of the head, of which it is one- sixth ; its
diameter equals the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal fin
much elevated. Pectoral elongate, but terminating at a great dis-
tance from the ventral ; the first ray of the dorsal, pectoral, and ven-
tral fins with the edge slightly serrated. Upper caudal lobe produced
into a long filament.

Atlantic. Van Diemen's Land.

a, b. Types of the species. Madeira. Fr©m the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
c. Young. Taken from the stomach of specimen b.

422 SCOPELID^E.

d. Fine specimen. Madeira. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

e. Contents of the stomach of specimen f: viz. Alepidosaurus ferox

(young), Trachurus trachurus, a dozen of young Capros aper,

one young Brama, and several Octopods, Crustaceans, and

Ascidise.
/. Adult, skeleton. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
g. Front part of a skull. Van Diemen's Land. Presented by Sir

J. Richardson*.

The structure of the intestinal tract is very similar to that of
Paralepis, as described by Cuvier. The stomach forms a very long
sac, the blind end of which extends backwards to the level of the
pubic bones. The membrane between its outer coating and its
inner mucous membrane is of a deep black colour ; the inner sur-
face of its upper portion is longitudinally folded, whilst a number
of transverse folds cross the longitudinal ones in the posterior por-
tion. The pyloric aperture is situated quite at its upper end, be-
hind the humeral arch. The commencement of the intestine has
extremely thick walls, with a great number of cells imbedded in it,
which give a reticulated appearance to its internal surface ; its ap-
pearance recalls the cellular structure of the lung of a reptile.
There is no pyloric appendage. The membranes of the intestine
become gradually thinner on the level of the sixth or seventh ver-
tebra, and the remainder of its course is almost straight to its end,
which is behind the ventral fins

All the bones are extremely thin, light, and flexible, containing
very little earthy matter, with the exception of the palatine and
dentary bones, which, being armed with strong teeth, are firmer and
more solid than the others. Almost all the bones have prominent
ridges radiating from the centre of ossification. The intermaxillary
is very thin, styliform, being only slightly dilated at its anterior
extremity. Maxillary needle-shaped, with an elliptical supplemen-
tary bone at its posterior extremity. The frontal and parietal bones
do not form sutures along the lines of their junction, but are merely
in juxtaposition. The suboperculum is nearly as large as the oper-
culum, whilst the interoperculum is quite rudimentary and situated
behind the angle of the mandible ; the prseorbital is a long, narrow,
tubiform bone, open at its outer surface ; the posterior part of the infra-
orbital ring is formed by a chain of about eight rudimentary bones.
Posterior process of the humerus long, triangular, with the coracoid
attached along its upper margin ; the coracoid is formed of two bones.
The vertebral column consists of forty-two elongate vertebras, each
being very distinctly of an hour-glass shape and provided with four
ridges ; the ribs, neural and haemal spines are very rudimentary,
except those of the last four vertebras, which are dilated, and des-
tined to support the caudal fin. A system of abdominal ribs, sym-
metrically arranged on both sides, runs along the whole length of the
medial line of the abdomen to the origin of the anal fin.

* I cannot confirm the existence of the characters which are said by Sir J.
Richardson lo distinguish this skull from that of a Madeiran specimen.

11. ALEPIDOSAURUS. 423

2. Alepidosaurus altivelis.

Alepisaurus altivelis, Poey, Mem. Cuba, ii. p. 302.

B. 7. D. 40. A. 17. P. 16. V. 13.

The length of the head is more than twice the height of the body,
and contained six times and one-fourth in the total (with the caudal).
Dorsal fin much elevated ; pectoral elongate, but terminating at a
great distance from the ventral ; ventral about half as long as the
head. (Caudal lobes equal in length ?) (Poey.)

Cuba.

Poey had the opportunity of observing a second specimen which
slightly differed from the type of A. altivelis, but not considering his
materials to be sufficient for defining specific characters, he wisely
abstained from creating a nominal species ; whilst Mr. Gill would not
let this opportunity pass of associating his name with a form of which
he had very little knowledge. Accordingly he named it Caulopus
poeyi, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 131. Not satisfied
with this, he forms another species, " at least very nearly related to
C. poeyi," from the mutilated remains of a specimen discovered at
Monterey ; he names it Caulopus serra, Gill.

3. Alepidosaurus borealis.

Caulopus borealis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1862, p. 128.
D. ca 34. V. 13. The ventral fins are said to be at least as long
as the head.

This species is very imperfectly known, being founded on a speci-
men of which the head and a part of the fins only were preserved ;
it was obtained in Puget's Sound. Mr. Gill describes some of the
teeth as " vomerine " teeth, probably taking the anterior palatine
teeth as such.

424 STOMIATID.a:.

Fam. 6. STOMIATIDiE.

Skin naked or with exceedingly fine scales ; a hyoid
barbel. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the in-
termaxillary and maxillary, which are both toothed ;
opercular apparatus but little developed. Gill-opening
very wide; pseudobranchise none. (Air-bladder ab-
sent ?) Adipose fin absent or present. The eggs are
enclosed in the sacs of the ovarium, and excluded by
oviducts.

Pelagic or deep-sea fishes which hitherto have been found in the
Atlantic only.

We divide them into two groups : —

A. Two dorsal fins : the anterior above the interspace between ven-

trals and anal ; the posterior adipose : Astronesthina.

Body scaleless 1. Astronesthes, p. 424.

B. One dorsal fin, opposite to the anal : Stomiatlna.

Body with exceedingly fine and deciduous scales. 2. Stomias, p. 426.

Body scaleless ; teeth on the palate 3. Echiostoma, p. 427.

Body scaleless ; no teeth on the palate 4. Malacosteus, p. 427.

First Group. ASTRONESTHINA.

1. ASTRONESTHES.

Astronesthes, Richards. Ichth. Voy. Sulph. p. 97. .
Phsenodon, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 250.

Body rather elongate and compressed, scaleless, with the vent
situated at no great distance from the caudal fin. Head rather com-
pressed, with the snout short and with the cleft of the mouth wide.
Teeth pointed, unequal in size, two pairs in the upper jaw and one
in the lower being long, curved canine teeth ; maxillary finely and
subequally denticulated ; vomer with a pair of small fangs ; palatines
with a single series of small pointed teeth, similar to those of the
tongue. Eye of moderate size. A fleshy barbel is suspended from
the centre of the hyoid region. Dorsal fin rather long, opposite the
interspace between the ventrals and the anal; caudal forked; pec-
toral and ventral fins well developed. Series of luminous dots run
along the lower side of the head, body, and tail. Gill-opening very
wide, the outer branchial arch with minute gill-rakers; pseudo-
branchiae none ; air-bladder none. Stomach caecal.

Atlantic.

1. ASTRONESTHES. 425

1. Astronesthes niger.

Astronesthes nigra, Richards. Ichth. Voy. Sulph. p. 97. pi. 50. figs. 1-3.
Stomias fieldii, Cuv. 8f Vol. xviii. p. 378.
Chauliodus fieldii, Cuv. fy Val. xxii. p. 389.
Phsenodon ringens, Lowe, Proc. Zoot. Soc. 1850, p. 251.

B. 17. D. 14-16. A. 14. P. 9. V. 7. Vert. 30/15.

The length of the head is contained four times in the total length
(without caudal), its depth five times and a half. Barbel shorter
than the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is midway between the
extremity of the snout and the root of the caudal ; the pectoral ex-
tends nearly to the base of the ventral, whilst the ventral terminates
at some distance from the vent. The lower parts of the body with
numerous minute pearl-coloured granules ; there are twenty-two
luminous dots in a series running from the symphysis of the man-
dible to the root of the ventral. Brownish black ; sometimes with
an oblong bluish spot behind the shoulder.

Atlantic.

None of our specimens exceed a length of four inches.

a, b. Gulf of Guinea.

c-d. Lagos. Presented by Thomas Moore, Esq.

e-f, g-7i. Atlantic.

i. 47° 55' W. long., 22° 15' N. lat. From Mr. Rouse's Collection.

1c. Many specimens. Gulf of Mexico.

l-m. From the Haslar Collection.

n. Type of the species. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

2. Astronesthes richardsonii.

Chauliodus richardsonii, Poey, Mem. Cub. i. lam. 10. fig. 2.
Astronesthes richardsonii, Poey, I. c. p. 176.

Very similar to A. niger, but with only twelve dorsal rays.
Cuba.

3. Astronesthes barbatus.
Kner, Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1860, xxxix. p. 543. fig. 5.
D. 16. A. 16. P. 7. V. 7.
Very similar to Astr mesthes niger, but with the barbel longer, and
nearly equal to one-half of the total length.
Coast of Brazil.

Kner says that this species differs from Astronesthes niger because
the latter has no canine teeth in the lower jaw ; however, these
canine teeth have been described and figured by Sir J. Richardson.

426 stomiatdxe.

Second Group. STOMIATINA.
2. STOMIAS.

Stomias, Cuv. Rhgne Anim.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with exceedingly fine and de-
ciduous scales, which are scarcely imbricate, lying in subhexagonal
impressions ; vent situated at no great distance from the caudal fin.
Head compressed, with the snout very short and with the cleft of the
mouth very wide. Teeth pointed, unequal in size, those of the inter-
maxillaries and of the mandible being the longest ; maxillary finely
denticulated ; vomer with a pair of fangs ; palatine bones and tongue
with smaller pointed teeth. Eye of moderate size. Opercular por-
tion of the head narrow. A fleshy barbel in the centre of the hyoid
region. Dorsal opposite the anal, close to the caudal ; pectoral and
ventral fins feeble, the latter inserted behind the middle of the length
of the body. Series of phosphorescent dots run along the lower side
of the head, body, and tail. Gill-opening very wide. (Air-bladder
present ?) Pyloric appendages none.

Mediterranean, Atlantic.

1. Stomias boa.

Esox boa, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 330. pi. 10. fig. 34 (barbel omitted).
Stomias boa, Risso, Eur. Mind. iii. p. 440. fig. 40 (bad) ; Cuv. Regne
Anim. ; Cuv. ty Vol. xviii. p. 368. fig. 545.

B. 17. D. 18. A. 19. P. 6. V.5.

The height of the body is about one-twelfth of the total length,
the length of the head one-eighth ; barbel shorter than the head, and
fringed at its extremity ; ventrals rather long.

Mediterranean.

2. Stomias barbatus.

? Stomias barbatus, Cuv. Regne Anim. 2nd edit. p. 283.
Stomias barbatus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pec. c. fig.

D. 9. A. 13. P. 6. V. 6.

The height of the body is about one-eleventh of the total length,
the length of the head one-ninth ; barbel twice as long as the head,
and fringed at its extremity. "Ventrals very small. (Bonap.)

Mediterranean.

3. Stomias ferox.

Bernhardt, Vidensk. SelsJc. Naturv. og Math. Afhandl. x. p. lxxviii ;
Kroger, Naturh. Tidssk. 1846, ii. p. 253, and in Gaimard, Vog. Scand.
Atl. Pciss. pi. 16 B. fig. 1.

D. 17. A. 21. P. 6. V. 6.

The height of the body is about one-twelfth of the total length,
the length of the head one-tenth. The barbel is longer than the
head,, tapering, and not fringed at its extremity. Neither the pec-
torals nor the ventrals are produced ; caudal rounded. Black.

Greenland.

4. MALACOSTETTS. 427

3. ECHIOSTOMA.

Echiostoma, Lowe, 1'roc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 87.

Body elongate, compressed, scaleless, with the vent situated at no
great distance from the caudal fin. Head rather compressed, with
the snout short and with the cleft of the mouth very wide. Teeth
pointed, unequal in size, those of the intermaxillary and of the
anterior part of the mandible being the longest ; maxillary teeth in a
.single series, those of its lower two-thirds being very small ; teeth of
the hinder part of the mandible in a double or treble series ; vomer with
a pair of fangs ; palatines with a single series of small pointed teeth ;
two groups of similar teeth on the tongue. Eye of moderate size.
Opercular portion of the head very narrow and flexible. A fleshy
barbel is suspended from the centre of the hyoid region. Dorsal fin
opposite the- anal, close to the caudal ; caudal forked. Pectoral and
ventral fins feeble, the latter inserted behind the middle of the length
of the body. Series of phosphorescent dots run along the lower side
of the head, body, and tail. Gill-openings very wide ; the outer
branchial arch with minute gill-rakers ; pseudobranchine none. Air-
bladder none.

Madeira.

1. Echiostoma barbatum.

Echio9toma barbatum, Lotve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 88 (not Stomias
barbatus, Risso).

B. 12. D. 12-15. A. 16-18. P. 3-5. V. 8.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length
(with the caudal fin), the length of the head six times and three-
fourths ; the barbel is much shorter than the head, and not fringed
at its extremity. The upper pectoral ray is produced into a very
long and fine filament which reaches nearly to the root of the ventral ;
ventral fin narrow, prolonged. Black, with an elongate club-shaped
rose-coloured spot between the maxillary bone and the eye.

Madeira.

a. Fine specimen, 9 inches long. Madeira.

The spot below the eye is of a white colour in the preserved speci-
men, and is the surface of an oblong body imbedded between the
muscles, which probably has phosphorescent properties in the live
fish.

4. MALACOSTEUS.

Malacosteus, Ayres, in Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849, p. 53.
Body elongate, compressed, scaleless, with the vent situated at no
great distance from the caudal fin. Head rather compressed, with
the snout very short and with the cleft of the mouth exceedingly
wide. Teeth pointed, unequal in size, in single series, in the inter-
maxillary, maxillary, mandible, and on the tongue ; none on the
palate. Eye of moderate size ; opercular apparatus membranaceous.
A fleshy barbel is suspended from the hyoid region. Dorsal fin

428 STOMIATID^E.

opposite the anal, at no great distance from the caudal. Pectorals
rudimentary ; ventrals inserted somewhat behind the middle of the
length of the body. Gill-openings very wide. Air-bladder none.
Atlantic.

1. Malacosteus niger.
Ayres, I. c. pi. 5.

D. 19. A. 20. P. 5. V. 6.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head rather more than one-fourth ; snout extremely short,
convex ; cleft of the mouth extending to behind the root of the pec-
toral, the hind limb of the prseoperculum being very oblique. Inter-
maxillary teeth small, but considerably larger than those of the
maxillary ; anterior half of the mandible with very long canine teeth.
Barbel long, slender*. The pectoral rays are coalescent into a thin
and long filament ; some of the ventral rays produced into filaments.
Black, with a white spot between the maxillary and the eye f. (Ai/res.)

A single specimen, 8| inches long, is known ; it was picked up at
sea, in N. lat. 42° and W. long. 50°.

* In consequence of laceration of the lower parts of the head, Dr. Ayres did
not recognize the barbel, representing it as a connecting band between tongue and
symphysis of the mandible.

t This spot is identical with that of Echiostoma.

429

ADDENDA.

Page 16. Clarias macracanthus.
f, g-i. Adult and half-grown. Lake of Galilee. From the Collec-
tion of the Rev. H. B. Tristram.

Page 18. Clarias fuscus.
/•. Half-grown. China. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

Page 24. Plotosus anguillaris.
x. Nine inches long. Purchased.

Page 30. Saccobranchus singio.
Young. Hill-ranges of Travancore. Presented by Dr. F. Day.

m.

Page 31. Saccobranchus fossilis.

Add to the synonymy : —
Silurus singio, Wyllie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 34.

Page 32. Silurus glanis.

f-g. Fine specimens. Lake of Derkos. Purchased of Mr. Millingen.
h. Adult : skeleton. Lake of Derkos. Purchased of Mr. Millingen.

Page 33. Add the following species : —

2 a. Silurus triostegus.
Heckel, in Russegger, Reise, i. p. 1090. pi. 13. fig. 1.
B. 14. D. 3. A. 89. P. 1/11. V. 11.

Lower jaw prominent ; the length of the head is contained five
times and one-fourth in the total. The maxillary barbels reach to
the end, those of the mandible to the middle of the head. Pectoral
spine serrated ; anal and caudal confluent. (Heckel.)

River Tigris.

Page 35. Silurichthys phaiosoma.

b. Another specimen from Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

Page 37. Wallago leerii.

a. Type of the species. From Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

Page 40. Cryptopterus amboinensis.

b. We have received another specimen from Dr. Bleeker's Collection,

under the name of Cryptopterus bicirrhis. It has GO anal rays,

430 ADDENDA.

and a very small slit (porus axillaris) in the axil of the pectoral
fin ; the presence of this porus has heen denied by Dr. Bleeker,
hut he has probably overlooked it. Therefore it seems that
Cryptopterus bicirrhis of Bleeker is identical with my Cr. am-
boinensis, but it remains doubtful whether it is also identical
with the fish described by Valenciennes.

Page 41. Cryptopterus schilbeides.
6. Another specimen from Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

Page 42. Cryptopterus micropus.
Jc. Another specimen from Dr. Bleeker's Collection.

Page 72. Add a new species : —
3 a. Chrysichthys furcatus.

D.l/6. A. 13. P. 1/9. V.6.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without
caudal), the length of the head rather more than one-fourth ; head
much broader than high, its greatest width being contained once and
two-fifths in its length ; its upper surface is covered with a thin skin ;
occipital process longer than the basal bone of the dorsal spine, both
meeting behind the middle of the nape. Snout broad, but scarcely
depressed, its length being more than one-third of the length of the
head ; upper jaw rather longer than the lower. Nasal barbels very
small ; the barbels of the maxillary extend to the end of the head,
the outer ones of the mandible to the gill-opening. The teeth on
the palate form two long and straight bands, convergent in front,
narrowest in the middle and cuneiform at the extremities. The
width of the bony portion of the interorbital space is rather more
than the longitudinal diameter of the eye, which is one-fifth of the
length of the head, and one-half of that of the snout. Dorsal fin
elevated ; its longest rays are one-fourth longer than the spine, which
is as long as the head without snout, and finely serrated behind.
Adipose fin shorter than, and very remote from, the dorsal ; anal
rather high, its longest ray being as long as the dorsal spine. Caudal
fin large, deeply forked, the upper lobe being the longer. Pectoral
spine stronger, but shorter, than that of the dorsal, with strong re-
curved spines along its inner margin. Ventral shorter than pectoral,
not extending to the anal. Uniform brownish above, whitish below.

"West Africa.
a. Fifteen inches long. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.

Page 73. Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus.

Add to the diagnosis : —
The diameter of the eye is contained once and three-fifths in the
extent of the snout (in a specimen 16 inches long). The length of
the dorsal spine is two-thirds, or rather more than two-thirds, of that
of the head, and more than that of the pectoral.

ADDENDA. 431

Page 73. Add a new species : —
6. Chrysichthys acutirostris.

Closely allied to Ch. nigrodigitatus, but with a longer snout,
smaller eye, and shorter dorsal spine.

D. 1/6. A. 13. P. 1/9.

The height of the body is contained five times and one-third in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head thfice and one-
third. Snout long, pointed, the diameter of the eye being one-fifth
of the length of the head, one-half of the extent of the snout, and
rather more than the width of the bony parts between the orbits.
The teeth on the palate form two small groups, separated by an in-
terspace equal in width to that of one of the groups. Barbels and
nuchal cuirass as in Ch. nigrodigitatus. The dorsal fin is higher than
the body, but much lower than the head is long ; its spine is strong,
slightly serrated behind, its length being less than two-thirds of that
of the head, and equal to that of the pectoral. Adipose fin shorter
than dorsal ; caudal deeply forked, with the upper lobe longest.

Angola.
a. 9| inches long. Golungo Alto. Presented by Dr.Welwitsch.

Page 75. Macrones aleppensis.

Synon. : Bagrus halepensis, Heehel, in Russegger, Reise, i. p. 1091.

pi. 13. fig. 2.

On referring to the second edition of Russell's Natural History of

Aleppo (vol. ii. p. 210. pi. 7. fig. 1), I find that this fish had been

named by Solander Silurus pelusius. Therefore the specific name

ought to be Macrones pelusius.

Page 109. Hemisorubim platyrhynchus.
a. Fine specimen. Surinam. From the Stuttgart Museum.

Page 184. Euglyptosternum coum.

Synon. : Arius cous, Heckel, in Russegger, Reise, i. p. 1094. taf. 13.
fig. 3.

Page 192. Ageniosus brevifilis.

Add to the diagnosis : —
The diameter of the eye is nearly one-half of the distance between
orbit and posterior nostril. The porus axillaris a simple" very small
foramen.

Page 192. Add a new species : —

3 a. Ageniosus axillaris.
D. 1/6. A. 38. P. 1/15. V. 8.
This species is very similar to A. brevijilis, but may be readilv
distinguished by its larger eye and by its porus axillaris.

The length of the head is contained thrice and three-fourths in
the total (without caudal) ; it is covered with soft skin above, and

432 ADDENDA.

its greatest width is two-thirds of its length. Snout very obtuse,
subsemicircular, with the upper jaw longer ; the anterior margin of
the eye is nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the end of the
operculum. The styliform maxillary is prolonged into a very small
barbel, not fringed, hidden in a groove, and not extending to the
angle of the mouth. Each band of teeth in the upper jaw is much
broader anteriorly than in the middle of its length. Eye rather
large, its diameter being two-thirds of its distance from the posterior
nostril. Dorsal spine slender, not quite half as long as the head,
finely serrated anteriorly ; pectoral spine flexible ; the porus axil-
laris is wider than the anterior nostril, and closed by a membrane
perforated by many smaller foramina. Caudal fin obliquely emargi-
nate. The pectoral does not extend to the ventral, which reaches
the anal. Upper and lateral parts brownish, with several indistinct
whitish bands along the side. Dorsal fin and upper side of pectoral
with irregular blackish-brown spots ; basal half of the caudal black,
the remainder white.

Surinam.
a. Twelve and a half inches long. From the Stuttgart Museum.

Page 192. Ageniosus dentatus.
Read : ? Silurus inermis, Block, t. 363, instead of t. 366.

Page 248. Chsetostomus calamita.

b-d. Male and females. Rio Apurimac. From Mr. Pentland's
Collection.

The four specimens which we possess of this species are 5 inches
long, two being males and two females ; the former alone have the
snout covered with tentacles, whilst the females have no tentacles
whatever on the soft margin of the snout ; therefore it is evident
that the tentacles are a sexual character, and that great caution is
necessary in determining specimens of this genus.

Page 249. Chaetostomus erinaceus.

Figured in Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 308. lam. 6 bis, fig. 2.

Page 254, note.

Loricaria scolopacina, Filippi, is probably a species of Acestra, perhaps iden-
tical with A. acus, to the synonymy of which it has been referred at p. 261.

Page 308. Leporinus pachyurus.
b. Adult : stuffed. Rio Jocintins. Purchased of Mr. Gardiner.

ADDENDA. 433

Add to p. 19 of Volume I. : —

6 a. MELAMPHAES.
Metopias, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 90.

Head large and thick, with nearly all the superficial hones modified
into wide muciferous channels. Cleft of the mouth of moderate
width, obliquely descending backw* rds, with the jaws nearly equal
in front. Eye small. A narrow band of villiform teeth in both the
jaws ; palate toothless. Eight branchiostegals , pseudobranchiae pre-
sent ; no barbels ; opercles not armed. Scales large, cycloid, rather
irregularly arranged. One dorsal ; ventrals with seven rays ; caudal
forked ; anal spines very feeble.

Deep-sea fishes off the Island of Madeira.

The name Metopias is preoccupied by several genera of insects,
by one of birds, and by one of reptiles.

1. Melamphaes typhlops.

Metopias typhlops, Lowe, L c. and 1850, p. 251.
B. 8. D.£. A.|. P. 15. V. 1/7. L. lat. 25. . L. transv. 7.

The greatest depth of the body, below the origin of the dorsal fin,
equals the depth below the occiput, and is rather more than one-
fourth of the total length (without caudal) ; the length of the head
being one-third. The head is but little compressed, but higher than
broad, and longer than high ; the snout is very obtuse, with the
lower jaw scarcely projecting beyond the upper ; maxillary extending
to behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye ; eye
small, its diameter being one-sixtb of the length of the head, and
two-tlurds of that of the snout ; crown of the head very convex,
divided by ridges (which are angularly bent) into a central rhomboid
portion and into a pair of lateral ones : the skin extending from
ridge to ridge, and covering the muciferous channels, is finely and
longitudinally plaited, and pierced at regular intervals by very small
pores. The operculum has a membranaceous margin ; the gill-
membrane perfectly free from the isthmus, and not united with that
of the other side : there are four perfect gills, but the pseudobranchiae
are small. Head entirely scaleless.

The distance between the origin of the dorsal fin and the end of
the snout is nearly equal to that between the dorsal and caudal fins ;
its spines are very feeble, gradually increasing in length behind, the
second soft rav being the longest, but much shorter than the base of
the fin. The anal fin is small, with the spines very feeble ; and there
are not more than two in the specimen from which this description
is taken, whilst Mr. Lowe says that he has found four spines i*- he
first specimen which was discovered. The base of the anal fin is

vol. v. 2 ¥

434 ADDENDA.

covered with rather large scales. Caudal fin small, forked, covered
with scales at the hase ; pectoral falciform, not quite as long as the
head, and not extending on to the vent ; ventrals much shorter, with
the spine very feeble. The scales are large, especially on the trunk,
with the margin irregularly notched ; they become smaller on the tail ;
but the thoracic region is covered with very large ones, especially one
between the ventrals being not much smaller than the operculum.
Lateral, fine none.

Colour entirely black.

Madeira.

a. From the Collection of the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

lines.

Total length 41

Height of the body 91

Length of the head Ill

Least depth of the tail 3^

Diameter of the eye \\

The first specimen discovered of this species has unfortunately
perished, and this second example is the only one which has been
found since : both were obtained at a place called Magdalena. The
affinities of this fish are unmistakeably Berycoid, and the nearest
genus allied to it is Beryx.

135

Add to p. 370 of Volume IV. :—

The fish described by Johnson as Chiasmodus niger belongs to the
Gadoid family, in which it may form a separate group characterized
by its naked body.

22. CHIASMODTJS.

Chiasmodon, Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 408.

Body elongate, compressed and tapering posteriorly, naked ; belly
pendent, its walls being quite membranaceous. Two dorsal fins and
one anal ; a separate caudal ; ventral fius rather narrow, with flat
base and several rays. Upper and lower jaw with two series of
large pointed teeth, some of the anterior ones being very large and
moveable ; vomerine teeth none ; each palatine bone with a series
of teeth similar to those on the palate. Chin without barbel. Bran-
chiostegals eight.

Deep-sea fishes off the Island of Madeira.

1 . Chiasmodus niger.
Johnson, I. c.

D. 11 j 28. A. 27. P. 13. V. 5.

Head rather compressed, elongate, with the crown flat ;. its length
is two-sevenths of the total (without mdal) ; its depth is rather
less than one-half of its own length ; the cleft of the mouth is ex-
ceedingly wide, the maxillary extending backwards to the angle of
the praeoperculum ; the lower jaw is somewhat longer than the upper,
and both are armed with long, pointed, widely-set teeth, nearly all
of which are moveable and can be laid backwards or inwards ; the
two anterior teeth of the upper jaw are very long, and cross each
other when in rest; the three anterior pairs of the lower jaw are
likewise prolonged, the third pair being the longest ; also the palatine
has a longer tooth in front, but this is fixed and not moveable. The
eye is of moderate size, two-ninths of the length of the head, rather
shorter than the snout, and equal to the width of the interorbital
space ; it is situated above the anterior half of the maxillary bone.
The hind limb of the praeoperculum descends backwards in so oblique
a line as to be nearly parallel to the scapulary. Gill-opening ex-
ceedingly wide, the gill-membranes being joined to the isthmus for
a short distance only ; pseudobranchiae none ; gills four, narrow.

The body and tail are low, but the abdomen is very extensible and
pendent. Lateral line distinct as a longitudinal groove. The first
■ dorsal fin commences above the humerus and is composed of very
delicate rays ; the length of its base is contained twice and one-third
in that of the second dorsal ; the anterior rays of the second dorsal
are well developed, whilst the posterior are very feeble. The anal fin

2 f 2

436 ADDENDA.

commences behind the second dorsal ; the anterior part of it, which
is composed of the strongest rays, is inserted in the abdominal mem-
brane, without being in any connexion with the vertebral column ;
the posterior part, which is inserted between the muscles of the tail,
is composed of feeble rays only. Caudal forked, more than half as
long as the head ; pectoral as long as the head (without snout) ;
ventral only half as long as the pectoral, inserted below the root of
the latter fin.

Entirely black.

Madeira.

a. Type of the species. Presented by J. Y. Johnson, Esq.
h. Two inches and three-quarters long ; taken at a depth of 312
fathoms. From the Collection of the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

lines.

Total length 43

Length of the head 10£

Depth of the head 4^

Diameter of the eye 2f

Length of the upper jaw 8

These two are the only specimens of this species which have ever
been discovered. Mr. Lowe obtained his at Magdalena as far back
as the year 1850, but omitted to give at description of it. The second
specimen was obtained by Mr. Johnson in the course of last year,
who, recognizing in it the type of a new genus, gave a very detailed
account of it, without assigning to it its place in the system. He
appears to have overlooked a part of the fin-rays, the posterior of
which are very small, and easily escape observation.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abbreviates (Bagrus), 80.
abbreviates (Clarias), 19.
abramis (Tetragonopte-

rus), 321.
abramoides (Curimatus),

293.
Abu Mesaeka, 73.
Acanthicus, 253.
acanthicus (Rinelepis),

253.
Acanthodoras, 200.
acanthogaster (Myletes),

372.
acantburus (Argyropele-

cus), 386.
acantburus (Gasteropele-

cus), 391.
acantburus (Gonosto-

mus), 391.
Acestra, 260.
acipenserina (Loricaria),

260.
acipenserinus (Hemi-

odon), 260.
Aclyptosternon, 183.
Acroehordonichthys, 94.
aculeatus (Argyropele-

cus), 386.
acus (Acestra), 261.
acuta (Loricaria), 258.
acutidens (Alestes), 316.
acutidens (Brachyalestes),

acutidens (Curimatus),

306.
acutirostris (Chrysich-

thys), 431.
acutivelis (Arius), 73.
acutus CAriodes), 164.
acutus (Arius), 164.
adansonii (Bagrus), 54.
adansonii (Eutropius),

54.
irgyptiacus (Salmo), 360.
segyptius (Salmo), 360.
iElurichthys, 177.
aeneum (Hoplosoma),230.
aeneus (Callichthys), 230.
ameus (Pimelodus). 101.

a?neus (Tetragonopterus),

326.
tcquibarbis (Arius), 158.
affine (Platystoma), 109.
affinis (Ailia), 56
affinis (Amiurus), 103.
affinis (Batasio), 83.
affinis (Callichthys), 226.
affinis (Doras), 202.
affinis (Leporinus), 308.
affinis (Macrones), 83.
affinis (Malapterurus),

220.
affinis (Pimelodus), 103.
affinis (Tetragonopterus ),

329.
afghana (Silurus), 34.
agassizii ^Aulopus), 404.
agassizii (Chlorophtbal-

mus), 404.
ageneiosus (Batrachoce-

phalus), 182.
Ageniqsus, 191.
Agoniates, 344.
Ailia, 55.
Ailuriehthys, 177.
ailurus (Amiurus), 100.
ailurus (Pimelodus), 100.
aimara (Macrodon), 283.
Akysina, 94.
Akysis, 96.

alatus (Plecostomus), 234
albicans (Arius), 111.
albicans (Bagrus), 150.
albidus (Callichthys),

227.
albidus (Pimelodus), 99,

172.
albilabris (Bagrus), 79.
albilabris (Copidoglanis),

26.
albilabris (Plotosus), 20.
albipinne (Corynopoma),

287.
albipinnis (Stevardia),

287.
alburnoides (Bryconops).

339.
alburnus (Anodus), 289.

alburnus (Bryconops),

339.
alburnus (Chalceus), 338.
alburnus (Chalcinopsis),

338.
alburnus (Curimatus),

289.
Alepidosaurina, 420.
Alepidosaurus, 420.
aleppensis (Macrones), 75,

431.
Aiestes, 312.
allenii (Myletes), 314.
altipinnis (Liposarcus),

239.
altipinnis (Myletes), 377.
altipinnis (Saurus), 397.
altipinnis (Tometes), 377.
altivelis (Alepidosaurus),

423.
Alysia, 404.
amazonica (Loricaria),

257.
amazonicus Chalceus)

334.
amazonicus (Characinus).

334.
amazoniun (Acestra), 261 .
amazonum (Curimatus),

298.
Amblyceps, 190.
Amblydoras, 200.
amboinensis (Cryptopto-

rusj, 40, 429. '
Ameiurus, 98.
americanus (Cataphrac-

tus), 204.
amethystino-pui .(-tatus.

390.
Amiurina, 98.
Amiuris, 98.
Amiurus, 99.
Amphilius, 115.
Anacyrtus, 345.
anastomus (Callichrous),

47.
anastomus (Silurus), 47.
angius (Bagrus). oil.
angius (Pimelodutt). 58.

433

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

angiiillaris (Clarias), 14.
anguillaris (Heterobran-

chus), 14.
anguillaris (Platystacus),

24.
arguillaris (Plotosus), 24,

429.
anguillaris (Silurus), 14,

15.
angulatus (Arius), 167.
angulatus (Chalceus),

340. ' .
angustidens (Scopelus),

404.
anisurus (Bagrus), 81.
anisurus (Pimelodus),

190.
Anodus, 288.
anolis (Saurus), 396.
Anomalopterae ( Siluridag ),

66.
Anostomatina, 303.
Anostamus, 303.
anostomus (Leporinus),

303.
anostomua (Salmo), 303.
anostomus (Wallago), 47.
antoniensis (Pimelodus),

98.
anus (Loricaria), 258.
aor (Bagrus), 78.
aor (Macrones). 78.
aor ^Pimelodus), 69, 78.
aorellus (Bagrus), 78.
aorinus (Bagrus), 75.
Aplochiton, 381.
apogon (Silurus), 43.
arab (Plotosus), 24.
arab (Silurus), 24.
arabi (Synodontis), 212.
araguayensis (Galeich-

thys), 111.
ararapeera (Chalceus),

333.
arekaima (Pimelodus),

136.
arenatus (Arius), 172.
areolatus (Trichomycte-

rus), 274.
argentatus (Astyanax),

380.
argenteo-fuscus (Rhyti-

odus), 306.
argenteus (Anacyrtus),

348.
argenteus (Curimatus),

289.
argenteus(Cyiiopotamus),

348.
argenteus (Hydrocyon),

348.

argenteus (Oligosarcus),

353.
argenteus (Prochilodus),

294.
argenteus (Tetragonopte-

rus), 318.
argentina (Piabuca), 343
Argentine, 389.
argentinus (Characinus\

344.
argentinus (Pimelodus),

114.
argentinus (Salmo), 343.
Arges, 222.
Argyropelecus, 384.
argyrophanes (Saunda),

400.
argyrophanes (Saurus),

400.
argyropleuron (Ariodes),

164.
argyropleuron (Arius),

164.
Ariina, 138.
Ariodes, 138.
arioides (Arius), 143.
arioides 'Bagrus), 143,

173.
Arius, 138.

arius (Arius), 167, 169.
arius (Pimelodus), 167.
arius (Pseudarius), 167.
armatulus (Doras), 201.
armatus (Hydrocyon),

355.
artedii (Platystoma), 106.
artedii (Tetragonopterus),

319.
ascita (Mystus), 115.
ascita (Pseudorhamdia\

115.
asotus ( Silurus), 33, 36.
asper (Callichthys), 204,

226.
asper (Scopelus), 411.
asper a (Hara), 189.
aspera (Rhinelepis), 253.
asperatus (Hypostomus)

234
aspemm (Myctonhum),

411.
asperus (Pimelodus), 189.
Aspidobagrus, 74.
Aspredinichthys, 267.
Aspredinina, 266.
Aspredo, 267.
a^predo (Silurus), 268.
assimilis (Arius), 146.
Astemomycterus, 275.
asterias (Myletes), 373.
asterifrons (Doras). 203.

Asterophysus. 200.
Astroblepus, 224.
Astrodoras, 200.
Astronesthes, 424.
Astronesthina, 424.
Astyanax, 380.
ater (Cossyphus), 21.
atherinoides (Bagrus), 59.
atherinoides (Pseudeutro-

pius), 58.
atherinoides ( Silurus), 5^.
athu (Silurus),. 36.
atlanticus (Saurus), 395.
atrarius (Pimelodus), 99.
atricandatus (Brycon),

336.
aMcaudatus (Chalceus),

336.
attenuatus (Maurolicus),

390.
attu (Wallago), 36.
attu (Wallagoo), 36.
Auchenaspis, 137.
Auchenipterichthys, 194.
Auchenipterus, 194.
Aulopus, 402.
aulopygius (Centromo-

chlus), 198.
aurantiacus (Bagrus), 85.
aurantiacus (Chaetosto-

mus), 246.
aurantiacus (Hyposto-
mus), 246.
aurantiacus (Pseudoba-

grus), 85.
auratus (Bagrus), 71.
auratus (Chrysichthys\

71.
auratus (Pimelodus), 71.
auratus (Schilbe), 50.
aureus (Myletes), 375.
aureus (Serrasalmo), 370.
aureus (Tetragonopterus),

375.
auritus (Chalcinus), 341.
auritus (Macrodon), 281.
auritus (Siluranodon), 55.
auritus (Silurus), 55.
auroguttatus (Hyposto-
mus), 234. '
auroguttatus (Plecosto-

mus), 234.
axillaris (Ageniosus), 431.
azureus (Alepidosaurus),

421.

badimottah (Saurus), 399.
Bagarina, 183.
Bagarius, 183.
bagarius (Pimelodus).
183.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

439

bagre (Silurus), 178.
Bagrichthys, 92.
Bagrina, 69.
Bagroides, 90.
Bagrus, 69, 138.
bahianus (Pimelodus),

114.
bahiensis (Brycon), 334.
babiensis (Galeicbtbys),

178.
bajad (Silurus), 69.
balbo, 417.

bankanensis (Chaca). 29.
barbancho (Pimelodus).

135.
barbata (Loricaria), 257.
barbatula (Trichomycte-

rus), 273.
barbatuni (Echiostoma),

427.
barbatus (Astronesthes),

425.
barbatus (Bagrus), 143.
barbatus (CaUichthys),

barbatus (Plecostomus),

237.
barbatus (Stomias), 426.
i arbus (Pimelodus), 143.
baremoze (Myletes), 313.
batasio (Bagrus), 81.
batasio (Macrones), 83.
batasio (Pimelodus), 83.
batasius (Pimelodus), 81.
batensoda (Synodontis),

215.
Batracbocephalus, 182.
Batrachoglanis, 114.
batrachus (Aspredo),

268.
batrachus (Asterophysus),

200.
batrachus (Clarias), 17.
batrachus (Macroptero-

notus), 17.
batrachus (Silurus), 17
bayad (Bagrus), 69, 70.
bayad (Porcus), 69.
Bayatte, 69.
beadlei (Synechoglanis),

99.
belangerii (Arius), 138.
Belodontichthys, 37.
bengalensis (Ailia), 56.
bengalensis (Malapterus),

56.
beninensis (Malapteru-

rus), 220.
benoiti (Scopelus), 406.
berdmorei (Exostoma),

265.

berdmorei (Silurichthys),

besse (Characinus), 364.
besse (Ichthyborus), 364.
bicirrhis (Cryptopterus),

41,430. ™ P ;
bicirrhis (Kryptopterich-

thys), 41.
bicirrhis (Silurus), 41.
bicirrhosus (Plecostomus),

231.
bicolor (Phractocepha-

lus), 110.
bicolor (Pirarara), 110.
bidens (Myletes), 372,

375.
bidorsalis (Heterobran-

chus), 21.
bilineatus (Bagrus), 139.
bimaculata (Lebiasina),

286.
bimaculatus(Callichrous),

45.
bimaculatus (Charax),

322.
bimaculatus (Leporinus),

308.
bimaculatus (Pseudosilu-

rus), 45.
bimaculatus (Salmo), 321.
bimaculatus (Silurus), 45.
binotatus (Prochilodus),

296.
birmannus (Bagrus), 79.
biscutatus (Auchenaspis),
' 137.
biscutatus (Pimelodus).

137.
bleekeri (Cryptopterus),

44.
bleekeri (Micronema), 44.
blochii (Doras), 204.
blochii (Galeichthys), 178.
blochii i Osteogeneiosus),

181.
blochii (Pimelodus), 111.
blochii (Piramutana), 11 1.
boa (Esox), 426.
boa (Stomias), 392, 426.
boalis (Schilbe), 36.
boalis (Silurus), 36.
Bombay Duck, 401.
bonapartii (Lampanyc-

tus), 414.
bonapartii (Nyctophus),

414.
bonapartii (Scopelus),

412. 414.
Bontael, 20.

boops (Myctophum), 408.
boops (Scopelus), 408.

borealis (Alepidosaurus),

423.
borealis (Amiurus), 100.
borealis (Caulopus), 423.
borealis (Maurolicus),389.
borealis (Paralepis), 419.
borealis (Pimelodus), 100.
borealis (Scopelus), 389.
borneensis (Arius), 167.
borneensis (Hemipimelo

dus), 176.
borneensis (Pimelodus),

176.
bouderius (Bagrus), 85.
brachipomus (Chalcinus),

341.
Brachyalestes, 314.
brachycephalus (Arges),

ajt£k,

brachygnathos (Scopelus),

404.
Brachyplatystoma, 106.
brachypomus (Chalci-
nus), 341.
brachypomus (Myletes), •

374.
brachypopterus (Eutro-

pius), 58.
brachypopterus (Pseudeu-

tropius), 58.
brachysoma (Clarias), 20.
bracliysoma (Pseudoba-

grus), 86.
Brachysynodontis, 210.
brachyurus (Aneistrus),

243.
brachyurus (Chfetosto-

mus), 243.
brama (Prochilodus), 296.
Branchicolae (Siluridse),

276.
Branchiosteus, 98.
brasiliensis (Erythrinus),

281.
brevicauda (Brycon), 335.
brevicauda (Erythrinus),

285.
brevicauda (Plecostomus),

breviceps (Pimelodus),

122.
brevidens (Hydrocyon),

350.
brevidens (Salminus),

350.
brevifilis (Ageniosus),

192, 431.
brevimanus (Tetragono-

pterus), 325.
brevipinnis (Distichodus),

361.

440

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

brevirostris (Chalceus),

321.
brevirostris (Saurus), 397.
brevirostris (Tetragono-

pterus),^21.
brevis (Doras), 207.
brevis (Hydrocyon), 351.
brevis (Oxydoras), 207.
brevitentaculatus (Hypo-

stomus), 251.
brevoortii (Pcecilurich-

thys), 317.
Brontes, 224.
brunnea (Loricaria), 260.
brunnescens (Doras), 200.
Brycinus, 312.
Brycon, 333.
Bryconops, 338
buchanani (Bagarius),

183.
buchanani (Bagrds), 58.
buchanani (Batasio), 83.
buchanani (Chaca), 29.
buchanani (Hara), 189.
buchanani (Pangasius),

(32.
buchanani (Rita), 92.
bufonius (Hypostomus),

240.
bufonius (Pimelodus),133
Buminaloh, 401.
Bunocephalichthys, 267.
Bunoeephalus. 266.

csDCutiens (Amblyceps),

190.
caecutiens (Cetopsis), 199.
cselatus (Alius), 158.
caelatus (Callichthys), 227.
cselatus (Cephalocassis),

159.
Camotropus, 297.
caerulescens (Arius), 149.
caesius (Plotosus), 25.
calamita (Chajtostomus),

248, 432.
calamita (Hypostomus),

248.
callarias (Silurus), 111,

211.
Callichrous, 45.
Callichthys, 225.
callichthys (Cataphrac-

ius), 226.
callichthys (Silurus), 226.
Callomystax, 218.
Callophysus, 136.
calvarius (Silurus), 85.
candira (Cetopsis), 199.
caninianu? (Scopelus),

409.

canio (CalUchrous), 48.
canio (Silurus), 48.
canius (Plotosus), 25.
cantonensis (Amiurus),

100.
cantonensis (Pimelodus),

100.
cantoris (Osteogeneiosus),

181.
caparari (Sorubim), 108,.
capensis (Bagrus), 175.
capensis (Clarias), 14.
capito (Bagrus), 71.
caraeasensis (Hemilori-

caria), 254.
carchariorhynchus (Ba-
grus), 140.
carcio (Pimelodus), 81.
caribe (Serrasalmus), 366.
carinata (Loricaria), 255.
carinatus (Doras), 205,

206.
carinatus (Oxydoras), 206.
carinatus (Silurus), 206.
carolinensis(Mystus),179.
carpophaga (Chalceus),

336.
carpophagus (Brycon),

336.
castanea (Loricaria), 258.
castaneoides (Plotosus),

24.
castaneo-ventris (Doras),

200.
castaneus (Plotosus), 24.
cataphracta (Loricaria), '

255.
cataphractus (Doras), 204.
cataphractus (Plecosto-

mus), 257.
cataphractus (Silurus),

204.
Cat-fishes, 98.
Catoprion, 379.
catulus (Pimelodus), 99.
catus (Amiurus), 99.
catus (Pimelodus), 99.
catus (Silurus), 99.
cauda-furcatus( Amiurus),

102.
cauda-furcatns (Pimelo-
dus), 102.
caudispinosus (Scopelus),

416.
caudomaculatus (Tetra-

gonopterus), 330.
Caulopus, 423.
cavasius (Bagrus), 76.
cavasius (Macrones), 76.
cavasius (Pimelodus), 76.
Centrochii, 200.

Centromochlus, 197.
Centrophorus, 275.
Cephalocassis, 138.
ceratophysus (Aucheni-

pterus), 196.
Ceratorhynchus, 191.
Ceratoscopelus, 405.
Cetopsis, 199.
ceylonensis (Callichrous),

46.
Chaca, 29.

chaca (Platystacus), 29.
Chacina, 29.
Chaetostomus, 240.
chagrensis (Chalcinopsis),

338.
Chalceus, 333, 340.
chalceus (Tetragonopte-

rus), 320.
Chalcinopsis, 336.
Chalcinus, 340.
chandramara, 75.
Characini. 278.
Characinidse, 278.
charus (Pimelodus), 114.
Chauliodontina, 391.
Chauliodus, 392.
chechra (Callichrous), 46.
chechra (Silurus), 46.
Cheirodon, 332.
Chiasmodus, 435.
Chilby, 50.

childreni(Ageneiosus),65
Chilodus, 297.
chilodus (Citharinus),

297.
chinensis (Tachisurus),

168.
chinta (Bagrus), 138.
Chinta-jellah, 138.
chiquitos (Callichthys),

225.
Chirodon, 332.
Chlorophthalmus, 403.
chondropterygioides

(Arius), 167.
chondropterygius (Arius),

159.
chrysargyreus (Tetrago-

nopterus), 328.
Chrysichthys, 70.
ciliatus (Anodus), 292.
ciliatus (Curimatus), 292.
cinerascens (Pimelodus),

130.
cinereus (Erythrinus),283.
cirrhosa (Loricaria), 255.
cirrhosa (Vandellia), 277.
cirrhosus (Ancistrus),247.
cirrhosus (Chajtostomus),

247.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

441

cirrhosus (Hypostomus),

247.
Citharinina, 302.
Citharinus, 302.
citharinus (Serrasalmo),

302.
Clarias, 13.
clarias (Ariodes), 111.
clarias (Pimelodus), 212.
clarias (Pseudariodes),

111.
clarias (Silurus), 111 211.
Clariina. 13.
Clarotes, 73.
clyp°aster (Arius), 158.
clypeastroides (Arius),
* 158.

Cnidoglapii, 2/7.
Coccia, 387.
Cocciina, 387.
coccoi (Scopelus), 413.
cochinchinensis (Arius),

170.
cochinchinensis (Silurus),

34.
Cochliodon, 231.
cochliodon (Hypostomus ),

237 '

cochliodon (Plecostomus),

237.
ccecutiens (Silurus), 199.
calatoides (Arius), 158.
ccelatus (Arius), 158.
coelestinus (Bagrus), 144.
coenosus (Pimelodus), 100.
eoerulescens (Pimelodus),

99.
coila (Malapterurus), 56.
oolymbetes (Euanemus),

193.
commersonii (Arius), 143.
commersonii (Bagrus),

143.
commersonii (Hyposto-
mus), 232.
commersonii(Pimeloaus),

143.
commersonii (Plecosto

mus), 232.
compressus (Tetragono-

pterus), 319.
confinis (Pimelodus), 98.
c/mgensis (Eutropius), 52.
congensis (Silurus), 52.
conirostris (Conorhyn-

chus), 136.
conirostris (Pimelodus),

136
Conorhynchus, 135.
Conostome, 135.
conta (Fara), 1 89.
VOL. V.

conta (Pimelodus), 189.
Copidoglanis, 25.
cor^gonoides (Paralepis),

418.
coriaceus (Tiaehelyopte-

rus), 198.
corsula (Bagrus), 75.
corsula (Pimelodus), 74.
coruscans (Myctophum),

413.
coruscans (Paradiplomy-

stax), 180.
coruscans (Pimelodes;,

180.
coruscans (Platystoma),

108.
coruscans (Scopelus), 404.
Corydoras, 225.
Coiynopoma, 287.
costata (Doras), 202.
costatus (Cataphractus),

201.
costatus (Doras), 201.
costatus (Prochilodus),

294.
costatus (Silurus), 201.
cotylephorus (Aspredo),

269.
cotylephorus (Platysta-

cus), 269.
coum (Euclyptosternum\

184, 431.
couma (Bagrus), l«io.
cous (Arius), 184.
cous < Pimelodus), 184.
cous (Silurus), 184, 431.
cranchii (Chrysichthys),

72.
cranchii (Pimelodus), 72.
crassilabris (Liocassis), 88.
Creagrutus, 339.
Creatochanes, 318.
crenidens (Hemiodus),

299.
Crenuchina, 365.
Crenuchus, 365.
crinalis (Bagrus), 168.
cristatus(Pimplodus),117.
crocodili(Centrochir),200.
crouodili (Doras), 200.
crocodilus (Gasteropele-

cus), 404.
crocodilus (Scopelus), 404,

415.
w ossocheilos (Arius), 164.
crucige>* (Arius), 92.
crucigera (Rita), 92.
Cryptopterus, 38.
cryptopterus (Silurus), 42.
ctenodus (Callophysus),

137.

ctenodus (Pimelodus),

137.
cupreoides (Pimelodus),

98.
cupreus (Pimelodus), 99.
Curimata, 294.
Curimatina, 288.
Curimatus, 288.
cuvieri(Acanthonotus),56.
cuvieri (Grenidens), 175.
cuvieri (Salminus), 350.
cuvieri (Silurus), 56.
cuvieri (Xiphostoma),357.
cyanochlorus CPimelo-

dus), 187.
cyclopum (Arges), 224.
cyclopum (Pimelodus),

224
cyclopum (Stygogenes),

224.
Cynodon, 358, 35k
Cynopotamus, 345, 348.
cyprinoides( Anodus),291 .
cyprinoides (Characinus),

290.
cyprinoides (Curimatus),

290.
cyprinoides (Salmo), 290.

daoycephalus ( Arius), 157.
Dasy scopelus, 405.
dauricua (Silurus), 33.
davalla (Hypothalmus),

191.
Deddijella, 139.
dekayi (Pimelodus), 99.
dekkanense (Glyptoster-

num), 187.
delicatissimus (Panga-

sius) 61.
dentata (Trutta), 343.
dentatus (Ageneiosus),

192
dentatus (Ageaiosus), 192,

432.
dentatus (Auchenipterus),

193.
dentatus (Doras), 201.
dentex (Alestes), 312.
dentex (Brycon), 337.
dentex( Chalcinopsis),337.
dentex (Characinus), 351.
dentex (Cyprinus), 313.
dentex (Salmo), 312, 351
denticulatus(Pygopristis),

367.
denticulatus ( Serrasalmo),

367.
denudatum (Gonostoma),

391.
deppii (Pimelodus). 133.
2g

442

ALPHABETICAL 1XDLX.

depressa (Loricaria), 250.
depressirostris (Bagrus),

54.
u* pressirostris (Eutro-

pius), 54.
depressus (Hemiodon),

259.
devillei (Chalceus), 333.
•diaphana ( Sternoptyx),

387.
dichrourus (Tetragonopte-

rus), 324.
dieperinki (Arius), 156.
dinema (Wallago), 37-
Diplomystax, 180.
Diplomystes, 180.
disa ideus (Myletes), 377.
dispar (Pygidium), 27">.
dispar (Trichomycterus),

273.
ilispila (Schilbc), 51
Distichodontina, 350.
Distichodus, 359.
divaricatus (Myletes), 376.
djambal (Pangasius), 02.
dobulinus (Prochilodus ),

296.
docmac (Bagrus), 70.
docmac | Silurus :, 70.
doidvxodon (Myletes >.

37*8.
dolichopterus ( Ancistrus),

249.
dolichopterus (( Ihoetosto-

mus), 240.
Doradina, 101.
Doras, 200, 206.
d'Orbignii (Doras). 209.
d'Orbigny ( Oxydoras I,

209.
doroides | Arius;. 1 12.
doroides I Bagrus |, 142.
dorsal is (Doras), 205.
dowii (Leptarius |, L38.
dubia (Netuma), 144.
dubius (Arius), 14-1.
duda (Silurus., 48.
dumerilii (Scopelus), 410.
duodecimalis | Ancistrus ),

251.
duodecimalis (Byposto-

mus ), 251.
duodecimalis (Pterygo-

plichthys), 251.
dura (Loricaria), 255.
duriventris | Myletes),

375.
durvillii (Argyropelecus),

386.
dussumierii (Arius). 163.
dussumicri (Clarias), 13.

Ecliiostoma, 427.
edentatus (Hypophthal-

mus), 67.
edentulus (Corvdoras),

200.
edentulus (Salmo). 290.
elect ricus (Malaptcrurus),

219
electricus (Silurus), 219.
elegans (Saurus), 398.
ellendriederi (Leiocassis),

90.
ellipticus (Myletes), 375.
elongatus (Anodus), 293.
elongatus (Aulopus), 400.
elongatus(Chalcmus),342
elongatus (Curimatus),

293.
elongatus (Lcporinus),

300.
elongatus (Macrones), 77.
elongatus (Pimelodus),

lis.
elongatus iSerrasalmo),

371.
emarginatum (Platy-

stoma), 106.
emarginatus (Hyposto-

rnus), 232.
emarginatus (Plecosto-

imts |, 233.
emphysetus (Arius), 150.
empbysetus( Bagrus),150.
eniph\ setus (Sciades i, 1 50.
encrasicholus (Clupea ),

419.
engycepbalus (Disticho-
dus), 361.
Epicyrtus, 345.
cques (Pimelodus), 116.
equestris ( Arius i, 173.
Eremopbilus, 275.
Eretbistes, 263.
erinaceus (Chaetostomus),

240, 432.
erinaceus (Hypostomus),

240, 250.
Ervthrinina, 281.
erytbrinoides(Piabucina),

311.
Erythrinus, 283.
erythrinus ( Synodus 1,284.
erythropterus (Silurus),

75.
essequibensis(Curimatus),

291.
eteutaculatum (Hypo-

stoma), 251.
Euanemus, 193.
Euclyptostemum, 183.
Eutropiichthys, 38.

Eutropius, 52.

exaratus (Callichthys),

22:..
Exodon, 349.
exodon (Bagrus), 59, 61.
exodon (Epicyrtus), 349.
Exostoma, 264.
Exostomatina, 264.
exsudans (Pimelodus),

132.
eydouxii (Galeichthys),
* 179.

falcarius (Arius), 168.
falcatus (Brycon), 334.
falcatus: Hydrocyon),356.
falcatus (Salmo), 354.
falcatus (Xiphorham-

phus). 354.
falcatus (Xiphorhynchus),

354.
falcirostris (Hydrocyon),

354.
falcirostris (Xiphorham-

phns), 354.
Farionella, 381.
fasciatum (Platystoma),

107.
fasciatus (Anostomus),

304.
fasciatus (Chalceus), 322.
fasciatus (Curimata |, -'1114.
fasciatus ( Leporinus >.•">< 18.
fasciatus (Osmerus), 395.
fasciatus (Salmo), 308.
fasciatus (Saums), 305.
fasciatus (Schizodon),304.
fasciatus (Silurus), 107.
fasciatus (Synodus), 394.
fasciatus ( Tetragonopte-

rus), 322.
fasciolatus (Saurus), 308.
feliceps(Galeicbthys),175.
felinus (Pimelodus), 100.
felis (Pimelodus), 98.
ferox (Alepidosaurus),

420.
ferox (Macrodon), 281.
ferox (Saurus), 309.
ferox (Stomias), 426.
ferox (Xiphorhamphus),

355.
fieldii (C'hauliodus), 425.
fieldii (Stomias), 425.
filamentosa (Hara), 189.
filamentosa (Piratinga),

112.
filamentosa (Pyrrhulina).

286.
filamentosus (Asprcdo),

270.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

443

filamentosus (Aulopus),

402.
filamentosus (Pimelodes),

112.
filamentosus (Salmo), 402.
filifer (Aulopus), 402
fimbriatus (Doras). 207.
fimbriatus (Hypopnthal-

mus), 68
fimbriatus ^Oxydoras),

207.
fissus (Arms), 172.
ilagellaris (Plecostomus),

255.
flava (Loricaria), 231.
flavescens (Arius), 151.
flavescens (Bagrus), 151.
flavicans (Bagrus), 112.
flavns (Bagrus). 81.
flav»s (Noturus I, 104.
feetens (Salmo), 306, 398.
fcetens (Saurus), 396.
foina (Pimelodus), 130.
forskalii (Hydrocyon),

351.
fossilis (Saccobranchus),

31, 429.
fossilis (Silurus), 31.
frederici (Leporinus),306.
frederici (Salmo), 306.
fulvi-draco (Pimelodus).

85.
lulwdraco (Pseudoba-

grus), 85.
fumarius (Pygopristis),

367.
t'urcatus (Amiurus), 103.
fur^^tus (Auchenipterus),

194.
furcatut (Chrysichthys),

430.
furcatus (Pimelodus),103.
furcifer (Pimelodus), 102.
fusco-auratus (Tetrago-

nopterus), 323.
fuscus (Bagrus), 79.
fuscus (Clarias), 13, 18,

429.
fuscus (Macropteionotus |,

18.

gagata (Callomystax), 218.
gagata (Pimelodus), 218.
gagora (Arius), 168.
gagora (Pimelodus), 168.
gagorides (Arius), 140, 167.
gagorides (Bagrus), 140.
galeatus (Auchenipte>,iiN,l,

196
galeatus (Silurus), 196.
Galeichthys, 174.

gambiensis (Synodontis).

214.
gangetica (Pterocryptis),

44.
6angetica (Silondia). 65.
gangetica (Silundia), 65.
gangeticus (Cryptopte-

rus), 44.
gariepinus, 14.
Grarmoot, 22.
garua ^Schilbe), 57.
garua (Schilbichthys), 57.
garua (Silurus), 57.
Gastropelecus, 342
gastropelecus(Salmo),343.
gayii (Farionella), 381.
gemellarii (Nyctopuus),

415.
gemellarii (Scopelus).415.
genibarbis (Acanthicus),

253.
genibarbis ^Rinelepis),

253.
Genidens, 175.
geniaens (Bagrus), 175.
geoffroyi (Citharinus),

302.'
geoffroyi (Coiydoras),229.
geoffroyi ^Heterobran-

chus), 21.
gibbiceps (Anci8tnis),i:o2.
gibbiceps (Pterygoplich-

thys), 252.
gibbosus (Anacyrtus),346.
gibbosus ( Cynopotamus),

346.
gibbosus ^Epicyrtus),346,

347.
gibbosus (Salmo), 346.
gibbus (Cynodon), 359.
gibbus (Raphiodon), 359.
gibbus (Serrasalmo), 366.
gilberti (Curimatus), 289.
glacialis (Scopelus), 407.
gladioluf (Acestra), 261.
glanis (Silurus), 32, 429.
Glyptosternon, 185.
Glyptosternum, 185.
Glyptothorax, 185.
gobioides (Cetopsis), 199.
godmanni (Pimelodus),

124.
goliath (Bagrus\ 113.
goliath (Piratinga), 113.
goniaspis (Ariodes), 166.
goniaspis (Arius), 166.
Gonostoma, 391.
Gonostomus, 388.
goongwartt,, 61.
gracile ( Glyptosternum \

186.

gracilis (Anostooiusi,

304.
gracilis (Hemiorlus), 299.
gracilis ( Osteogeneiosus),

181.
gracilis (Pimelodus), 99,

121, 128.
gracilis (Saui-us), 399.
gracilis (Schizodon),304.
gracilis (Trichomycterus),

273.
graciosus (Pimelodus),

102.
grandicassis (Arius), 153.
grandisquamis ^Saurida\

400.
grandisquamis (Tetrago-

nopterus), 328.
granosus (Arius), 158.
granosus (Plecostomus),

237.
granulosus (Doras), 202.
granulosus (Genidens;,

175.
griseus (Saurus),394, 395.
grixalvii (Astroblepus),

225.
gronom (yElunchthys),

178.
gronoyii (Bimocephalus),

266.
gronovii (.tirythrinus),

284.
gronovii (Galeichthys),

179.
gronoyii (Tetragonopte-

rus), 322.
guacharote (Ancistrus),

246.
guacharote (Cluetosto-

mus), 245
guacharote (Hyposto-

mus), 245.
guatemalensis (Anacyr-

tus), 347.
guatemalensis (Arius),

145
guatemalensis (Pimelo-
dus), 122.
guavina (Macrodon), 281.
guile (Chalceus), 314
guile (Myletes), 314.
Guiritinga, 138.
gulio (Aspidobagrus), 80.
gulio (Bagrus), 79.
gulio (Macrones), 79.
gulio (Pimelodus), 79.
gulioides (Bagrus), 80.
guttatus (Pimelodus), 99.
guttatus (Plecostomus).

2J17.

2a 2

444

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

gymnogenys(Serrasalmo),

371.
gymnorhynchus (Ancis-

trus) 249.
gymnorhynchus (Clieto-

stotnus), 249.
gyrinus (Silurus), 104.

halecinus (Agoniates),

344.
halepensis (Bagrus), 75,

431.
hamiltonis (Arius), 164.
hamrnoudii (Pimelodus),

102.
hancockii (Doras), 202.
Haplochiton, 381.
Haplochitonidae, 381.
Hara, 189.

hara (Pimelodus), 189.
Harpodon, 401.
hasselquistii (Alestes), .

312.
hasselquistii (Clarias), 13.
hasselquistii (Myletes)

312, 313.
hasselquistii (Schilbe), 51 .
hasseltii (Silurichthys),

35.
hastate (Rita), 93.
hastatus (Arius), 93.
heckelii (Arius), 167.
heckelii (Auchenipterus),

197.
heckelii (Centromqcblus),

197.
heckelii (Doras), 204.
Helicophagus, 64.
Helogenes, 66.
Hemiancistrus, 240.
Hemiarius, 138.
Hemibagrus, 74.
Hemibrycon, 318, 330.
Hemicetopsis, 199.
hemigymnus (Argyropele-

cus), 385. ..
hemigymnus(Sternoptyx),

385.
hemiliopterus (Phractoce-

phalus), 110.
hemiliopterus (Silurus),

Hemiloricaria, 254.
Hemiodon, 254.
Hemiotlontichthys, 254.
Hemiodus, 298.
Hemipimelodus, 176.
Hemiplatystoma, 106.
Hemisilurus, 38, 54.
Hemisorubiia, 109.
Hemisynodontis, 210.

hepsetus (Hydrocyon),

356.
hepsetus (Xiphorham-

phus), 356.
hepsetus (Xiphorhyn-

chus), 356.
Heptapterus, 271.
hermanni (Sternoptyx),

387.
herzbergii (Arius), 144.
herzbergii (Bagrus), 144.
herzbergii (Silurus), 144.
Hetererythrinus, 283.
Heterobranchus, 21.
Heteropneustes, 30.
Heteropteraj (Silurida?),

30.
heterorhynehus (Hemi-
silurus), 54.
heterorhynehus (Walla-

go), 54.
heterurus (Bagrus), 77.
heudelotii (Arius), 154.
heuglinii (C'larotes), 74.
hexadactylus (Silurus),

269.
hexanema (Lais), 57.
hexanema (Pangasius),

57.
Hexanematichthys, 138.
hexapterus (Cryptopte-

rus), 43.
hexapterus (Micronema),

43.
hexapterus (Silurus), 43.
hians (Myctophum), 413.
hilarii (Brycon), 336.
hilarii (Chalceas), 336.
hilarii (Pimelodus), 132.
hilarii (Salminus), 349.
hoedtii (Scopelosaurus),

417.
hoevenii (Bagrus), 81.
holomelas (Pimelodus),

120.
Homalopterae CSiluridjE),

13.
Hopladelus, 103.
hoplogenys (Chaptosto-

mus), 247.
Hoplosoma, 225.
Hoplosternum, 225.
horridus (Hypostomus),

232.
horridus (Plecostomus),

232.
horridus (Plotosus), 25.
houghi (Pimelodus), 99.
hoyi (Pimelodus), 98.
hujeta (Xiphostoma),

humboldti (Doras), 209.
humboldti (Gasteropele-

cus), 407.
humboldtii (Prochilodus),

298.
humboldtii (Scopelus),

389, 407.
humboldtii (Stygogenes),

humboldtii (Zungaro),

114,
humeralis (Anacyrtus),

348.
humeralis (Cynopota-

mus), 348.
humeralis (Doras), 206.
humeralis (Hydrocyon),

348.
humeralis (Oxydoras),

206.
humeralis (Prochilodus),

294.
humeralis (Serrasalmo),

370.
humeralis (Serrasalmus),

371.
humeratus (Synodontis),

214.
humilis (Pimelodus),

129.
humilis (Tetragonopte-

rus), 327.
hyahna (Sudis), 420.
hyalinus (Odontostomus),

417.
hyalinus (Paralepis), 420.
Hydrocyon, 350.
Hydrocyonina, 345.
Hydrolycus, 358.
Hydropardus, 359.
hymenorrhinos (Hexane-
matichthys), 146.
Hypophthalmina, 66.
Hypophthalmus, 67.
hjpophthalmus (Calh-

chrous), 48.
hypophthalmus (SiluK)-

dus), 48.
Hypostomatina, 221.
Hypostomus, 230, 240.
hypostomus (Cochliotion),

237.
hvpsauchen (Myletes),

"376.
Hypselobagrus, 74.
hypselopterus (Bagrich-

thys), 92.
liypseiopterus (Bagrus),
* 92.
hypselurus (Pimelodus).

126.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

445

hypsiurus (Bunocephal-

ichthys), 267.
hypsiurus (Bunocepha-

lus), 267.
Hystricodon, 349.
hystrix (Acanthicus), 241,

253.
hystrix (Rineiepis), 253.

Ichthyborina, 362.
Ichthyborus, 362.
Ichthyococcus, 387, 388.
Ictalurus, 98.
ikapor, 24.
Ilictis, 103.
imberi (Alestes). 316.
imberi (Brachyalestes),

316.
immaculatus (Aucheni-

pterus), 196.
immaculatus (Hemiodus),

300.
incae (Trichomycterus),

272.
indicus (Pimelodus), 190.
indicns (Silurus), 46.
inermis(Ageneiosus), 192.
inermis (Nematogenys),

272.
inermis (Silurus). 192,

432.
inermis (Trichomycterus),

272.
infraocularis (Sorubim),

105.
ingluvies (Osteogenei-

osus), 182.
insidiosus (Stegophilus),

276.
insignis (Pimelodus),

114.
insignis (Prochilodus),

296.
intermedius (Heterobran-

chus , 22.
intermedius (Macrodon),

282.
intermedius (Saurus),

396.
intermedius (Schilbe), 50.
interruptus (Chirodon),

332.
interruptus (Tetragono-

pterus), 332.
ischnosoma (Acrochor-

donichthys), 96.
isidori (Schilbe), 49.
isognathus (Anostomus),

305.
isognathus (Schizocton),

305.

isopterus (Heterobran-

chus), 23.
itaoua (ChaDtostomus),

243.
itacua (Hypostomus),243.
itchkeea (Macrones), 84.
itchkeea (Phractoceoha-

lus), 84.

jagorii (Seopelus), 413.

jagur (Clarias , 21.

j agur ( A tacropteronotus ) ,

21.
jandia (Sorubim), 106.
japonicus (Silurus), 33.
jatius (Arius), 138.
jatius (Pimelodus), 138.
javensis (Bagrus), 141.
javus (Pimelodus), 133.
jenynsii (Pimelodus), 128.
jenynsii (Xiphorham-

phus), 356.
juaro (Pangasius), 64.

Karmouth, 14.
Kelb el bahr, 351.
Kelb el moyeh, 351.
keletius (Bagrus), 84.
keletius (Macrones), 84.
Ketengus, 177.
kirkii (Arius), 163.
knerii (Callichthys), 227.
knerii (Oxydoras), 209.
knerii (Rhmodoras), 209.
kotschyi (Alestes), 313.
Kroyeri (Scopelus), 416.
Kryptopterichthys, 38.
Kryptopterus, 38.
kuturnee (Phi-actooepha-

liia), 93.
kuturnee (Rita), 93.

labiatum (Exostoma),

265.
labiatus (Glyptosternon),

265.
labyrinthicus (Csenotro-

pus), 297.
labyrinthicus (Chilodus),

297.
lacerta (Saurus), 395, 402.
laeviceps (Arius), 159.
lasviceps (Callichthys),

226.
lai'viceps (Clarias), 13.
lavigatum (Hoploster-

num), 227.
hevigatus (Bagrus), 140.
lasvigatus (Callichthys),

227.
laevis (Asp redo), 268.

Isevis (Platystacus), 268.
laviuscula (Loricaria),

256.
Lagarto, 394.
Lais, 57.

lais (Cryptopterus), 42.
lais (Kryptopterichthys),

lais (Silurus), 42.
lamarrii (Bagrus), 79.
lamarrii (Macrones), 79.
lamghur (Silurichthys),

36.
lamghur (Silurus), 36.
Lampanyctus, 404.
lateralis (Callophysus).

136.
lateralis (Pimeletropis ),

136.
lateristriga (Pimelodus),

118.
laticauda (Pimelodus),

127.
laticeps (Arius), 171.
laticeps (Branchiosteus),

98.
laticeps (Clarotes), 73.
laticeps (Curimatus),293.
laticeps (Heterobranchus\

23.
laticeps (Olyra), 98.
laticeps (Pimelodus), 73.
laticeps (Trichomycterup),

274.
latior (Anodus), 293.
latior (Curimatus), 293.
latiscutatus (Arius), 151.
latus (Citharinus), 302.
latus (Myletes), 373.
latus (Tetragonopterus),

373.
Laukidi, 114.
lazera (Clarias), 76.
Lebiasina, 285.
leerii (Wallago), 37, 429.
leiacanthus (Callichrous),

47.
leiacanthus (Pseudosilu-

rus), 47.
leiacanthus (Wallago), 47.
Leiarius, 113.
Leiocassis, 86.
leiocephalus (Ariodes),

165.
Leiosynodontis, 210.
leiotetocephalu's (Arius),

165.
lemniscatus (Noturus),

104.
lemniscatus (Osmerus),

398.

446

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

Iemni9catus (Pimelodu9),

104.
lepidurus (Tetragonopte-

rua), 328.
Leporinus, 806.
leptaspis (Anus), 142.
leptaspis (Hexaneniatich-

thys), 142.
leptonema(C ry ptopterus) ,

44.
leptomma (Phalacrono-

tus), 44.
leptonema (Silurus), 44.
leptonotacanthus (Arius),

161.
leptonotacanthus (Cepha-

locassis). 161.
Leptops, 103.
lepturus (Cnidoglanis),

28
leschenaultii (Leporinus)

307.
leucophasia (Bagrus), 78.
leucophasia (Macrones),

78. _
leucostictus (Chaetosto-

mus), 248.
liacanthus (Callichrous),

47.
liacanthus (Clarias), 20.
lima (Loricaria), 260.
lima (Platystoma), 105.
lima (Silurus), 105.
lima (Sorubim), 105.
limbatus (Bagr"s), 75.
limbatus (Plotosus), 25.
limbatus (Saurus), 398.
limosus (Hopladelus),

104.
limpok (Cryptop^rus),

39.
limpok (Silurus), 39.
lineatus (Hydrocyon),

352.
lineatus (Paca\ 295.
lineatus (Plotosus), 24.
lineatus (Prochilodus),

295.
lineatus (Pseudochalceus),

332.
linnaei (Tetragonopterus),

322.
Liocassis, 86.
liocephalus (Arius), 165.
lipophthalmus (Oxy-

doras), 208.
Lipo.sarcus, 237.
Lithodoras, 200.
lithogaster (Doras), 205.
littoralis (Callichthys .

227

lituratub (Ancistrus), 252.
lituratus (Pterygoplich-

thys), 252
lobatus (Myletes), 372.
loborhynchus (Chaetosto-

mus), 250.
bnah (Bagrus), 187.
lonab (Glyptosternum),

187.
longibarbis (Arius), 114.
longibarbis (Sciades),114.
longicaudata (Olyra), 98.
longiceps (Hemiodus),

300.
longiceps (Osteogenei-

osus), 182.
longifilis (Callichthys),

228.
longifilis (Heterobran-

chus), 22.
longifilis (Hypopbthal-

mus), 68.
longimanus (Ancistrus),

251.
longimanus (Aucheni-

pterus), 195.
longimanus (Pseudeutro-

pius), 60.
longipinnis (Brachy-

alestes), 315.
longipinnis (Erythrinus),

285.
longirostris (Liocassis),

87.
longirostris (Saurus),

397.
longispinis(jElurichthys),

178.
lophioides (Chaca), 29.
Loricaria, 254.
Loricariichthys, 2 04.
Loricarina, 225.
loricata (Alysia), 413.
loricatus (Callichthys),

226.
lucidus (Bryconops),

339.
lucioceps (Saurus), 397.
lucius (Hydrocyon), 357.
lucius (Saurus), 396.
lucius (Xiphostoma), 357.
luna (Myletes), 372.
luniscutis (Arius), 152.
lupus (Amiurus), 101.
lupus (Pimelodus) 101.
lynx (Pimelodus), 98.

macracanthus (Arius),

167.
uiacracanthus'Bagroides).

91, 42'. >.

macracanthus (Clarias),

16.
macracanthus (Pseudo-

bagnchthys), 91.
maoraei (Thrichoniycte-

rus), 273.
macrocephxlus (Ariodes),

165.
macrocephalus (Anus;,

165.
macrocephalus (Clarias),

18.
macrocephalus (Crypto-

pterus), 41.
macrocephalus (Hemipi-

melodus), 176.
macrocephalus (Erypto-

pterichthys), 41.
macrocephalus (Osteoge-

niosus), 182.
macrocepnalus (Plotosus),

27.
macrocephalus (Scissor),

331.
macrochir (Belodontich-

thys), 37.
macrochir (Scopelus), 403.
Macrodon, 281.
macrodon (Erythrinus),

281, 283.
macrodon (Loricaria),

255.
macrodon (Synodontis),

211.
macrolepidotus (Alestes),

313.
macrolepidotus (Bryci-

nus), 313.
macrolepidotus (Brycon),

333.
macrolepidotus (Chal-

ceus), 333.
macrolepidotus (Neosco-

pelus), 414.
macrolepidotus (Scope-
lus), 414.
macrolepis (Distichodus),

362.
macrolepis (Epicyrtus),

346.
macromystax(Clarias), 17.
macronema (Akysis), 97.
macronema (Bagrus), 77.
macronema (Callichrous),

49.
macronema (Heterobran-

chus), 23.
macronema (Hypseloba-

grus), 77
macronema (Pangasius\

62.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

447

macronema (Silurodes),

49.
macronema (Silurus), 49.
macronemus (Bagrus),

179.
Macrones, 74.
macronotacanthus (Ari-

us), 169.
macronotacanthus (Ce-

phalocassis), 169.
lnacrophthalmus (Eutro-

pius), 58.
macrophthalmus (Ploto-

sus), 27.
macrophthalmus (Pseudo-

silurus), 45.
macropomus (Myletes),

374.
macrops (Chrysichthys),

71.
Macropteronotus, 13, 21.
macropterus (Bagroides),

91.
macropterus (Callophy-

sus), 137.
macropterus (Pimelodus),

137.
macropterus (Pseudoba-

gricbthys), 91.
macruropterygius ( Arius),

159.
maculata (Albula), 321.
maculata (Loricaria),

257.
maeulatum (Xiphostoma),

357.
maculatus (Arius), 166.
maculatus (Aulopus),

402.
maculatus (Doras), 202.
maculatus (Leporinus),

306.
maculatus (Myletes), 377.
maculatus(Pimelodus),99,

114, 115.
maculatus (Serrasalmo)

371.
maculatus (Silurus), 166.
maculatus (Telragono-

pterus), 321 .
maculatus (Thrichomyc-

terus), 274.
maculatus (Trichomyc-

terus), 273.
maculosus (Aucheni-

pterus), 196
maculosus (Syuodontis),

212.
maderensis (Scopelus),

412.
rnagur (Clarias), 17.

magur( Macropteronotus),

17.
Mai, 32.

malabaricus (Esox), 281.
malabaricus (Silurus), 34.
malabaricus (Synodus),

281.
Malacobagrus, 112.
Malacosteus, 427.
Malapterurina, 219.
Malapterurus, 219.
mangois (Amblyceps),

190.
mangois (Pimelodus),190.
mangurus (Pimelodus),

134.
maiu'llensis (Arius), 94.
manillensis (Pimelodus),

176.
manillensis (Rita), 94.
manjong (Arius), 159.
maraena (Prototroctes),

382.
mara3nula (Coregonus),

418.
margaritaceus (Lepori-
nus), 309.
marginatus (Hypophthal-

mus), 68.
marginatus (Notophthal-

mus), 68.
marginatus (Plotosus), 24.
marginatus (Serrasalmo),

370.
marinus (iElurichthys),

178.
marinus (Ailurichthys),

178.
marinus (Oaleichthys),

178.
marinus (Silurus), 178.
marmoratus (Helogenes),

66.
Marpoo, 17.
marpus (Clarias), 17.
Matbemeg, 100.
Maturaque, 283.
mauro ici (Scopelus), 390.
Maurolicus, 388.
maurus (Bagrus), 72.
maurus (Chrysichthys),

72.
maxillosus (Salminus),

350.
medians (Ancistrus). 242.
medians (Chactostomus),

242.
nuditerranea (Sterno-

ptyx),385.
incgalepis (Leporinus),

:;<»7.

megalops (Centromo-

cblus), 197.
megalops (Pimelodus),

98.
megalops (Pseudeutro-

pius), 60.
megastoma (Cnidoglanis),

27.
megastomus (Plotosus),

27.
Melamphaes, 433.
melanochir (Arius), 161.
melanochir (Cephalocas-

sis), 161.
Melanodactylus, 70.
melanoderma (Clarias),

19.
melanogaster (Acrochor-

donichthys), 94.
melanogaster( Pimelodus),

94.
melanopleura( Leporinus),

310.
melanopterus (Bagroides),

90.
melanopterygius (Arius),

159.
melanopus (Arius), 172.
melanosoma (Clarias), 19.
melanurus (Salmo), 329.
melanurus (Tetragono-

pterus), 329.
melas (Bagrus), 80.
melasoma (Clarias), 19.
meleagrides (Saurus), 394.
meleagris (Saurus), 394.
membranaceus (Pimelo-
dus), 215.
membranaceus (Synodon-

tis), 215.
menoda (Pimelodus), 74.
mento (Catoprion), 379.
mento (Serrasalmo), 379.
meridionalis (Amiurus),

102.
mesops (Arius), 145.
mesops (Bagrus), 144,145.
Metopias, 433.
mctopoclampum (Mycto-

phum), 409.
metopoclampus (Scope-
lus), 409.
mexicanus (Tetragono-

ptcrus), 3 17.
meyenii (Ariodes), 165.
micracanthus (Bagrus),

76.
micracanthus (Hypscloba-

grus), 76.
micracanthus (Macrones)

7H.

448

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

microcephalus (Arius),

170.
microcephalus (Cnidogla-

nis), 28.
microcephalus (Erythri-

nus), 281 .
microcephalus (Hemi-

odus), 298.
microcephalus (Pseud-

arius), 170.
microcephalus(Saccooran-

chus), 31.
microcephalus (Silurus),

46.
microcephalus (Wallago),

46.
microceps (Plotosus), 28.
Microdus. 297.
microgastropterygius

(Arius), 158
microlepis (Anacyrtus),

347.
microlepi" (Epicyrtus),

347.
microlepis (ilemiodus),

300.
microlepis (Hydrocyon),

355.
microlepis (Ichthyborus),

363.
microlepis (Macrodon),

282.
microlepis (Rhytiodus),

305.
microlepis (Xiphorham-

phus), 355.
Micronema, 38.
micronema (Cryptopte-

rus), 43.
micronema (Pangasius),

63.
micronemus (Silurus), 43.
microrotacanthus ( Arius),

159.
micropb* halmus (Tetrago-

nopterus), 324.
micropogon (Bagrus), 89.
micropogon (Batrachoce-

phalus), 182.
micropogon '(Cryptopte-

rus), 43.
micropogon (Leiocassis),

89.
micropogon (Liocassis),

89.
micropogon (Phalacrono-

tus), 43.
microps (Chsetostomus),

250.
microps (Harpadon),

402.

microps (Pariodon), 275.
microps (Saccobranchus),

31.
microps (Salmo), 402.
micropterus (Pimelodus)

124.
micropus (Cryptopterus),

42, 430.
microstoma (Tetragono-

pterus), 323.
micruropteru? (Phalacro-

notus), 43.
micruropterygius (AWus),

159.
milberti (Arius), 155.
milesii (Aulopus), 403.
militaris (Ageniosus), 191.
militaris (Arius), 181.
militaris (Osteogeniosus),

181.
militaris (Silurus) 181,

191.
mino (Ageneiosus), 182.
mino (Batrachocephalus),

182.
minutus (Saurus), 396.
mitchelli (Pseudeutro-

pius), 59.
Mochocus, 217.
modestus (Pimelodus),

117.
molliceps (Arius), 138.
molossus (Anacyrtus),

347.
molossus (Cynopotamus),

347.
mong (Pimelodus), 168.
mononema (Cryptopte-
rus), 39.
mononema (Silurus), 39.
mossambicus (Clarias), 14.
mossambicus (Disticho-

dus), 362.
motaguensis (Pimelodus),

127.
mulleri (ChalcinusK 341.
miilleri (Creagrutus), 339.
midleri (Leporinus), 339.
miilleri (Maurolicus), 389.
mulleri (Pimelodus), 119.
miilleri (Silurus), 36.
miilleri (Wallagoo), 36.
multiradiatus (Arius), 173.
multi^adiatus (Hyposto-

mus), 238.
multiradiatus (Liposar-

cus), 237.
muHiradiatus (Notogla-

nis), 136.
multiradiatus (Pimelo-
dus), 136.

multiradiatus (Plotosus)

25.
muricus (Doras), 202.
murius (Eutropius), 54.
murius (Pimelodus), 54.
musculus (Pimelodus),

119.
mustelinus (Heptapterus),

271.
mustelinus (Pimelodus),

271.
mutisii (Eremophiius),

275.
Myctophum, 404.
Mylesinus, 3G6.
Myletes, 372.
Myleus, 372.
myops (Salmo), 398.
my.ips < Saurus), 398.
mysoricus (Silurus), 48.
mystacinus (Ancistrus),

244.
mystacinus (Chsetosto-
mus), 244.
Mystus, 75, 178.
mystus (Schilbe), 49, 50.
mystus (Silurus), 50.

Nalla-jellah, 176.
nasus (Parodon), 301.
nasuta (Netuma), 140.
nasutus(Anostomus), 305.
nasutus (Arius), 140.
nasutus (Pangasius) 63.
nasutus (Pseudopanga-

sius), 63.
nasutus (Schizodon), 305.
natalis (Amiurus), 101.
natalis (Pimelodus), 101.
nattereri (Brycon), 334.
nattereri (Serrasalmo),

369.
nebulosa (Saurida), 399.
nebuiosus (Amiurus), 101.
nebulosus (Hopladelus),

104.
nebulosus (Pimelodus),

101.
nebidosus (Synoctonus),

213.
Nefasch. 360.
nefasch (Characinus), 360.
nefasch (Distichodus),

360.
nehsreus (Saurus), 402.
nehereus, 401.
nella (Pimelodus), 176.
Nematogenyina, 271.
Nematogenys, 272.
nematophorus (Aspredo),

270.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

4-10

nematophorus (Platysta-

cus), 270.
Nematopoma, 287.
-nematurus (Chalcinus),

340.
nemurus (Bagrus), 80.
neniurus (Hernibagrus),

80.
nemurus (Macrones), 80.
Neoscopelus, 404.
Netuma, 138.
netuma (Bagrus), 140.
nicaraguensis (Pimelo-

dus), 125.
nieuhofii (Clarias), 20.
niger (Astronestlies), 425.
niger (Chiasmodus), 435.
niger (Doras), 209.
niger (Malacosteus), 428.
niger (Oxydoras), 209.
niger (Pygocentrus), 369.
niger (Rhinodoras), 209.
niger (Serrasalmo), 369.
nigra (Astronesthes), 425.
nigrescens (Pimelodus),

100.
nigricans (Amiurus), 100.
nigricans (Arius), 138.
nigricans (Chaetostomus),

246.
nigricans (Hypostomus),

246.
nigricans (Pacu), 295.
nigricans (Pimelodus),

100.
nigricans (Prochilodus),

295.
nigricans (Pygocentrus),

368.
nigricans (Serrasalmo),

368.
nigricans (Trichomycte-

rus), 274.
nigriceps (Bagrus), 77.
nigriceps (Macrones), 77.
nigrita (Bagrus), 72.
nigritus (Synodontis),

214.
nigrodigitatus (Chrysich-

thys), 73, 430.
nigi'odigitatus (Melano-

dactylus), 73.
nigrodigitatus (Pimelo-
dus), 73.
nigro-punctatus (Bagrus),

112.
nigro-t«>niatus(Clialceus),

309.
nigro-tseniatus (Lepori-

nus), 309.
niloticus(Characinus),312.
VOL. T.

niloticus (Coregomis),

379.
niloticus (Distichodus),

360.
niloticus (Eutropius), 52.
niloticus (Hypophthal-

mus), 52.
niloticus (Mochocus), 217.
niloticus (Sahno), 312,

313, 360.
niloticus (Schilbe), 51.
niloticus (Silurus), 51.
niveatus (Chaetostomus),

243.
niveatus (Hypostomus),

243.
nodosus (Arius), 194.
nodosus (Auchenipterus),

194.
nodosus (Silurus), 194.
notatus (Anoclus), 298.
notatus (Hemiodus), 298.
notatus (Pimelodus), 98,

131.
notatus (Scopelus), 414.
Notoglanis, 136.
Notoscopelus, 405.
Noturus, 104.
novem-fasciatus (Lepori-

nus), 308.
nuchalis ( iElurichthys),

179.
nuchalis (Arius), 171.
nuchalis (Auchenipterus),

193.
nuchalis (Euanemus), 193.
nuchalis (Hypophthal-

mus), 193.
nudiceps (ChaBtostomus),

249.
nudiceps (Hypostomus),

249.
nudirostris (Loricaria),

259.
nudiventris (Loricaria),

256.
nurse (Alestes), 314.
nurse (Brachyalestes),

314.
nurse (MyletesJ, 314.
Nyctophus, 404.

obesus (Amiurus), 99.
obscurus (Auchenipterus),

195.
obscurus (Copidoglanis),

26.
obtusidens (Curimatus),

306.
obtusidens (Leporinus).

306.

obtusirostris (Eutropius\

53.

occidentalis (Noturus).

105.
occidentalis (Pimelodus),

137.
ocellatum (Xipliostoma),

357.
ocellatus (Silurus), 167.
Octonematichthys, 70.
ocvdatus (Bagrus), 75.
odoe, 352.
Odontostomus, 417.
olfersii (Argyropelecus),

386.
olfersii (Sternoptyx), 386.
oligacanthus (Myletes),

378.
oligacanthus (Myleus\

378.
oligolepis (Prochilodus),

295.
oligolepis (Tetragonopte-

rus), 327.
Oligosarcus, 353.
oligospilus (Chaetosto-

mus), 244.
oli vaceus(Pimelodus), 1 02
olivaris (Hopladelus),

104.
Olyra, 97, 98.
omias (Synodontis), 213.
Ompok, 45.
oncina (Arius), 194.
opalinus (Brycon), 384.
opalinus (Chalceus), 334.
ophiodon (Saurus), 402.
Opisthopterffi (Siluridaa),

271.
Opladelus, 103.
orbicidaris (Tetragono-

pterus), 320.
orbignianum (Platysto-

ma), 107.
orbignyanus (Chalceus),

333.
orbignyanus (Myletes),

375.
orbignyanus (Salminus),

350.
orbignyanus (Tetragono-

pterus), 317.
orbignyi (Rhinodoras),

209.
ornatus (Pimelodus), 116.
orontis (Clarias), 15.
orthotamia (Brycon), 335.
oseryi (Xiphostoma), 357
Osteogeniosus, 181.
Oued denne, 55.
Oxvdoras. 206, 209.
2 H

450

ALPHABETICAL TJfDEX.

ovata (Coccia),' 388.
'ovatus(Gonostomus), 388.
ovatus (Ichthyococcus),

388.
ovatus (Scopelus), 388.
Oxyloricaria, 254.
oxyrhyncha (Acestra),

261.
oxyrhynchus (Doras),206.

pabda (Callichrous), 47.
pabda (Silurus), 47.
pabo (Callichrous), 48.
pabo (Schilbe), 46.
pabo (Silurus), 48.
pachyurus (Leporimis),

308, 432.
Pacu, 294.
pacu (Myletes), 374.
paleatus (Callichthys),

230.
palembangensis (Crypto-

pterus), 40.
palembangensis (Krypto-

pterichthys), 40.
palembangensis (Silurus),

40.
pallidas (Pimelodus), 99.
palometa (Myletes), 372.
palometa (Pygocentrus),

366.
Palometa du haut Ore-

noque, 372.
palustris (Synodus), 283.
panamensis (Tetragono-

pterus), 324.
Pangasius, 61.
panga.sius (Pimelodus), 62.
pantherinus (Plecosto-

mus), 231.
papilionatus (Doras), 20.3.
papillosus (Arius), ISO
papillosus (Diplomystax).

180.
Parabagrus, 96.
Paradiplomystax, 180.
Paradiplomystes, 180.
paradoxus (Epicyrtus).

349.
paradoxus (E^odon), 349.
paradoxus (Hystricodon),

349.
Parahemiodon. 254.
parahemiodon (Loincaria),

258.
Paralepidina, 418.
Paralepis, 418.
Parancistrus, 240.
Parasilurus, 32.
Parauchenipterus, 194.
pardale (Platystoma), 108.

pardalis (ITypostomus),

239.
pardalis (Liposarcus),

239.
Pareiodon, 275.
Pariodon, 275.
parkeri (Arius), 153.
parkeri (Silurus), 153.
parkii (Arius), 154.
parma (Myletes), 374.
parmocassis (Arius), 154.
Parodon, 301.
parraj (Galeichthys), 178.
parvimanus (Clarias), 15.
parvimanus (Scopelus),

406.
passany, 149.
patana (Macrodon), 281.
pati (Pimelodus), 128.
pauciradiatus(Anacyrtus),

346.
pavimentata (Rita), 93.
pavimentatus (Arius), 93.
pectinidens (Pimelodus).

177.
pectinopterum (Glypto-

sternum), 188.
pelusius (Macro nes), 431.
pelusius (Silurus), 431.
pemecus (Bagrus), 138.
pennantii (Scopelus),

389.
Penne visch, 79.
pentapterus (Clarias), 20.
pentlandii (Pimelodus),

129.
pentlandii ( Trichomycte-

rus), 272'.
pericoptes (Xiphorham-

phus), 355.
peronii (Hemipimelodus),

177.
peronii (Pimelodus), 177.
personatus (Callichthys),

228.
peruanus (Tetragonopte-

rus), 327.
peruvirvius (Tetragono-

pterus), 327.
pesu (Brycon), 336.
petenensis (Pimelodus).

126.
petenensis (Tetragono-

pterus), 326.
Phajnodon, 424.
Pliagorus, 21.
phaiosoma (Siluriclithys).

35, 429.
Phalacronotus, 38.
phalacronotus (Microne-

ma), 43.

phalacronotus (Silurus),

43.
Phractocephalus, 110.
phrygiatus (Arius), 156.
Physostomi, 1.
Piabuca, 343.
Piabucina, 311.
pictus (Ancistrus), 242.
pictus (Callichthys), 228.
pictus (Chaitostomus),

242.
pictus (Hypostomus), 243.
pictus (Leporinus), 310.
pictus (Sciades), 113.
pictus (Trichomycterus),

273.
pidada (Arius), 167.
pidada (Pseudarius), 167.
Pimeletropis, 136.
Pimelodina, 105.
Pimelodus, 114.
Pimelonotus, 114.
Piniramphus, 135.
piramuta (Bagrus), 111.
piramuta (Piramutana),

111.
Piramutana, 110.
piranha (Serrasalmo),

368.
Piratinga, 112.
pirauaca (Sorubim), 106.
Piraya, 368.

piraya (Serrasalmo), 368.
Pirinampus, 135.
pirinampus (Pimelodus),

135.
pisciculus(Chirodon),332.
planiceps (Bagrus), 81.
planiceps (Hemibagrus),

81.
planiceps (Macrones), 81.
planiceps (Platystoma),

100.
planirostris (Charax), 293.
planirostris (Curimatus),

293.
platycephala (Loricaria),

258.
platycephalus (Acrochor-

donichthys), 94.
platycephalus (Hemi-

oclon), 258.
platyc- ". lus (Kcturus),

104/
platycephalus (Pimelo-
dus), 98.
platychir (Pimelodus),

134.
Platydoras, 200.
Platynematiclithys, 111.
platypogon (Arius), 147.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

45 J

platypogon (G-lyptoster-

non), 187.
platypogon (Glyptoster-

num), 187.
platypogon (Glyptotho-

rax), 187.
platypogon (Phnelodus),

187.
platypogonides (Grlypto-

sternon), 186.
platypogonides (Grlypto-

thorax), 186.
platypogonides (Pimelo-

dus), 186.
platypogonoides (Glypto-

sternum), 186.
platyrhynchos (Platy-

stoma), 109.
platyrhynchus (Heraiso-

rubim), 109, 431.
Platystacus, 267.
Platystoma, 106.
Platystomatichthys, 109.
platyura (Loricaria), 254.
plazae (Vandellia), 277.
Plecostomus, 230.
plecostoinus (Hyposto-

mus), 231.
plecostomus (Loricaria),

231.
pleurostigma (Acrochor-

donichthys), 95.
pleurostigma(Pimelodus),

95.
Pleurothysis, 384.
Plotosina, 23.
Plotosus, 23.
pcecilopterus (Bagrus),

89.
poec;lopterus (Leiocassis).

89.
pcecilopterus (Liocassis),

89.
poeyi (Caulopus), 423.
poly caul us (Pimelodus),

131.
polylepis (Tetragonopte-

rus), 320.
polyodon (Tetragonopte-

rus), 330.
polystaphylodon (An-
odes), 166.
polystaphylodon (Arius),

166.
polyuranodon (Panga-

sius), 64.
polyuranodon (Pseudo-

pangasius), 64.
poweriae, 390.
prenadilla (Brontes), 224.
Prochilorlus, 294.

proops (Arius), 148.
proops (Bagrus), 148.
Proteropodes (Siluridas),

221.
Proteropterse (Siluridae),

69.
Prototroctes, 382.
Pseudacanthicus, 240.
Pseudageneiosus, 191.
Pseudancistrus, 230.
Pseudariodes, 1 10.
Pseudarius, 138.
Pseudauchenipterus, 194.
Pseudecheneis, 264.
Pseudeutropius, 58.
Pseudobagrichthys, 90, 91.
Pseudobagrus, 84.
Pseudocallophysus, 136.
Pseudocetopsis, 199.
Pseudochalceus, 331.
Pseudohemiodon, 254.
Pseudohypophthalnius,

67.
Pseudoloricaria, 254.
Pseudopangasius, 61.
Pseudopimelodus, 114.
Pseudoplatystoma, 106.
Pseurlorhamdia, 114.
Pseudosilurus, 45.
Pseudosynodontis, 210.
Pterocryptis, 39.
Pterodoras, 200.
Pterygoplichthys, 251.
pulcher (Pcecilurichthys),

317.
pulicaris (Clarias), 18.
pullus (Pimelodus), 98.
puma (Pimelodus), 98.
pumilus (Arius), 93.
punctata (Loricaria), 251.
punctatissimus (Tricho-

mycterus), 272.
punctatum (Myctophum),

407, 409.
punctatus (Auchenipte-

rus), 196.
punctatus (Caenotropus),

297.
punctatus (Callichthys),

229.
punctatus (Cataphractus),

229.
punctatus (Chilodus), 297.
punctatus (Clarias), 17.
punctatus (Corydoras),

207.
punctatus (Doras), 207.
punctatus (Hypostomus\

233.
pmictatus (Oxydoras),

207.

punctatus (Plecostomus),

233.
punctatus (Pterygoplich-
thys), 251.
punctatus (Serrasalmo),

367.
punctatus (Silurus), 33.
puncticulatus (Arius),

138.
punetifer (Platystoma),

107.
punctulatus (Amiurus),

101.
punctulatus (Bagrus), 112.
punctulatus (Pimelodus),

101.
punctulatus (Platynemat-

ichthys), 111.
punctulatus (Trichomyc-

terus), 273.
purpurissatus (Aulopus),

403.
pusillus (Akysis), 97.
pusillu? (Erethistes), 264.
pusillus (Pimelodus), 97.
pusillus (Trichomycte-

rus), 275.
Pygidiur . 272.
Pygocentrus, 366, 368.
Pygopristis, 366.
Pylodictis, 103.
Pyrrhulina, 286.

quadrifilis (Ageneiosus),
193.

quadrifilis (Tetranemat-
ichthys), 193.

quadrimaculatus (Pime-
lodus), 138.

quadrimaculatus(Silurus),

138.
quadriscutis (Arius), 1 53.
queleni (Pimelodus), 123.

Raches, 312.
rafinesquii (Myctophus),

410.
rafinesquii (Scopi.lus),

410, 414.
rama (Pimelodus), 92.
ramentosus (Bagrus), 89.
raninus (Pimelodus), 133.
Raphiodon, 358.
resplendens (Lampanyc-

tus), 415.
resplendens (Soopelus),

415.
reticulata (Piratinga), 1 13.
reticulatus (Bagrus), 113.
reticulatus (Grlypfostcr-

non), 188.

2 n 2

452

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

reticulatus (Prochilodus),

295.
rhabdophorus (Sisor).

2(32.
Rhamdia, 114.
Rliinelepis, 252.
Rhinodoras, 209.
Rhinoglanina, 216.
Rhinoglanis, 216.
rhodonotus (Bagrus),

140.
rhodopterygius, 80.
rhombeus (Salmo), 369.
rhombeus (Serrasalmo).

369.
rhomboidalis (Myletes),

372, 373.
Rhytiodus, 305.
richardsonii (Astrones-

thes). 425.
richardsonii (Cauliodus),

425.
riisei (Corynopoma), 287.
Rineloricaria, 254.
ringens, 425.
rios (Pangasius), 63.
rissoi (Scopelus), 405.
Rita, 92.
rita ( Arius), 92.
rita (Pimelodus), 92.
ritoides (Arius), 93.
rivulatus (Triehomycte-

rus), 274.
robinii (Plecostomus),

236.
robustus (Auchenipterus),

197.
rodopterus (Chalceus),

GOO.

Rceboides, 345, 347.
Rcestes, 345, 347.
Roover, 399.
rostrata (Loricaria), 256.
ro.stratus (Arius), i38.
rostratus (Distichodus),

360.
ratundatus (Clialceus),

341.
rousseauxii (Bagrus), 112.
ruber (Coregonus), 396.
rubripinnis(Myletes), 373.
rubro-tseniatus (Proclnlo-

dus), 295.
rufipes (Tetragonopterus),

318.
rugispinis (Arius), 156.
rugosus (Acrochordonieh-

thys), 95.
rugosus (Pimelodus), 95.
ruppellii (Brachvalestes),

315.

russellii (Wallagoo), 36.
rutiloides (Curimatus),

290.
rutilus (Tetragonopterus),

322.

sabalo (Arges), 222.
Saccobranchus, 30.
Saccodon, 301.
sagor (Arius), 141.
sagor (Bagrus), 141.
sagor (Pimelodus), 141.
Salminus, 349.
salmoneus (Anostomus),

303.
salmoneus (Erythrinus),

284.
salvini (Pimelodus), 130.
salrus (Ervthrinus), 284.
Samak-el-maleh, 380.
sapo (Pimelodus), 132.
Sarcodaces, 352.
Saurida, 399.
Saurina, 394.
Saurus, 394.
saurus < Osmerus), 402.
saurus (Salmo), 394, 395.
sawa (Tetragonopterus),

317.
scabripinnis (Tetragono-
pterus), 325.
scaphirhynchus (Ancis-

trus), 244.
scaphirhynchus (Chasto-

stomus), 244.
scapularis (Serrasalmo),

368.
schal (Synodontis), 212.
Schal-Abou-Real, 71.
schall (Silurus), 212.
schenga (Distichodus),

361.
Schilbe, 49.
Schilbeichthys, 56.
scliilbeides (Bagrus), 52.
schilbeides (Cryptopte-

rus), 41, 430.
scliilbeides (Hemisilurus),

41.
Schilbeoides, 104.
Schilbichthys, 56.
Schizodon, 303.
schizodon (Piabuca), 304.
schlegelii, 80.
schlegelii (Arius), 168-.
schneideri (Chauliodes),

392.
schneideri (Stomias),

392.
schombiugkii (Brycon),

333.

schomburgkii (Clneto-

stomus), 245.
schomburgkii (Curima-
tus), 291.
schomburgkii (Mylesi-

nus), 366.
schomburgkii (Mylefces),

372.
schomburgkii (Rhamdia),

114.
schomburgkii (Tetragono-
pterus), 320, 372.
Sciadeichthys, 113.
Sciades, 113, 138.
Scissor, 331.
Scleromystax, 225.
scleronema (Hemisilurus),

55.
scolopacina (Loricaria),

261.
scomberoides (Cynodon),

358.
scomberoides (Hydro-

cyon), 358.
scomberoides (Hydro-

lycus), 358.
Scopelidse, 393.
Scopelosaurus, 417.
Scopelus, 404.
searlesii (Corynopoma),

288.
searlesii (Nematopoma),

288.
sebae (Ageniosus), 192.
sebse (Pimelodus), 119.
securis (Gastropelecus),

343.
seemanni (Arius), 147.
seenghala (Platystoma),

78.
seengtce ^ Pimelodus),

76.
sellonis (Pimelodus), 123.
semitseniatus (Hemiodus),

299.
senegalensis (Clarias), 13.
senegalensis (Heterobran-

chus), 21.
senegalensis (Scliilbe), 51.
senegallus (Schilbe), 51.
serra (Caulopus), 423.
Serrasalmo, 366.
Serrasalmonina, 366.
Serrasalmus, 366.
serratus (Chtetostomus),

241.
serratus (Hypostomus),

241.
serratus (Pseudacan-

thicus), 241.
serratus (Synodontis), 212.

ALPHABETICAL INDTX.

453

serrulatus (Pygopristis),

367.
serrulatus (Serrasalmo),

367.
sethente (Alestes), 313.
setiger (Myletes), 378.
setiger (Myleus), 378.
setinotus (Choliodus),

392.
sex-cirrhis (Aspredo), 269.
sex-ten taculatus (Hetero-

branchus), 121.
sicuephorus (Aspredo),

269.
sicyephorus (Aspredo),

269.
sieboldii (Bagrus), 80.
Silondia, 65.

silondia (Pimelodus), 65.
Siluranodon, 55.
Silurichthys, 35.
Siluridas, 1.
Silurina, 30.
Silurodes, 45.
Siluroidei, 1.
siluroides (Ompok), 45.
siluroides (Phalacrono-

tus), 45.
Silurus, 32.

simpsonii (Ictalurus),102.
sinensis (Arius), 159.
sinensis (Silurus), 33, 35.
singaringan (Bagrus), 77.
singio (Saccobranchus),

30, 429.
singio (Silurus), 30.
Sisor, 262.
Sisorina, 262.
sloanii (Chauliodus), 392.
sona (Pipielodus), 143.
sondaicus (Bagrus), 141.
sorex (Synodontis), 211.
Sorubira, 105.
Sorubimicbthys, 106.
spatula (Platystoma), 106.
spectrum (Aspredo), 269.
sphyraanoides (Paralepis),

418.
spilopleura (Serrasalmo),

370.
spilurus (Crenucbus), 365.
spilurus (Curimatus), 288.
spilurus (Piabuca), 344.
spilurus (Tetragonopte-

rus), 318.
spinosus (Chaetostomus),

241.
spinosus (Hypostomus),

241.
spixianus (Saurus), 397.
spixii (Arius), 172.

spixii (Hypopbtbaimus),

67.
spixii (Pimelodus), 172.
splendens (Callichthys),

225.
squalinum (Hypostoma),

240.
stanneus (G-aleicbtbys),

182.
stegelicbii (Pimelodus),

121.
Stegopbilina, 276.
Stegopbilus, 276.
stellatus (Grastropelecus),

343.
stellatus (Scopelus), 412.
Stenobrancbiae ( Silurida?) ,

191.
stenomus (Bagrus), 90.
stenomus (Leiocassis), 90.
stenomus (Liocassis), 90.
stenopeltis (Oxydoras),

208.
sternicla (Clupea), 342.
sternicla (Grastropelecus),

342.
Sternoptyx, 386.
Sternoptychidae, 384.
Sternoptychina, 384.
Stevardia, 287.
stevardii (Hoplosternum),

227.
stomias (Esox), 392.
Stomias, 426.
Stomiatidas, 424.
Stomiatina, 426.
stormii (Arius), 162.
stormii (Cephalocassis),

162.
stormii (Hemiarius),

162.
striatulus (Chalcinopsis),

337.
striatum (Glyptoster-

num), 188.
striatus (Leporinus), 310.
stricticassis (Arius), 154.
strigatus (Gastropelecus),

343.
strigosa (Rhinelepis), 252.
sturio (Platystoma), 110.
sturio (Platystomatich-

thys), 110.
Sturisoma, 254.
Stygogenes, 223.
suba.sper (Scopelus), 411.
subcarinatus (Hyposto-
mus), 232.
suborbitalis (Parodon),

301.
subrostratus (Arius), 138.

subulatus (Callichthys),

227.
Sudis, 419.

6ulcatus(Callichthy8),228.
sulcatus (Glyptosternon),

264.
sulcatus (Pseudecheneis),

264.
sumatranus (Arius), 162.
sumatranus (Bagrus), 162.
sundaicus (Hexanemat-

ichtbys), 141.
surinamensis (Arius), 148.
surinamensis (Hexane-

matichthys), 148.
surinamensis (Heptapte-

rus), 271.
Synechoglanis, 99.
Synodontis, 210.
synodontis (Pimelodus),

211.
Synodus, 394.
synodus (Esox), 394.
synodus (Saurus), 396.
synodus (Synodus), 394.
syriacus (Clarias), 17.

taakree(Hypophtbalmus),

52.
tacbisurus (Pimelodus),

168.
taenia (Trichomycterus),

274.
tfeniatus (Anostomus),

304.
taeniatus (Aplochiton),

382.
taeniatus (BTaplocliiton),

382.
toeniatus (Schizodon),

304.
tadniatus (Tetragonopte-

rus), 329.
ta?niatus (Trachelyopte-

rus), 198.
taaniurus (Curimatus),

297.
tamiurus (Pcecilurich-

tbys), 317.
taeniurus (Procbilodus),

297.
taiosh (Callichthys), 225.
Tamoata, 226.
tandanus (Copidoglanis),

26.
tandanus (Plotosus), 26.
tapeinopterus (Hetero-

branchus), 22.
Tareira, 281.
tafeira (Macrodon), 281.
tareira (Synodus), 281.

454

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

telchitta (Pimelodus),

185.
temminckianus (Bagrus),

151.
temminckii (Arius), 151.
temminckii (Hyposto-

mus), 240.
tengana (Bagrus), 84.
tengana (Macrones), 84.
tengana (Pimelodus), 84.
tengara (Macrones), 81.
tengara (Pimelodus), 81.
tenggara (Bagrus), 81.
tenorei (Scopelus), 390.
tenuispim's (Amblyceps),

190.
teres (Macrodon), 281.
Tetragonopterina, 311.
Tetragonopterus. 317.
Tetranematichthys, 192.
teysmanni (Clarias), 19.
thalassina (Netuma), 140.
thalassinus (Arius), 139.
thalassinus (Bagrus), 139.
thoracatus (Auchempte-

rus), 194.
thoracatus (Callichthys),

228.
thoracicus (Auchenipte-

rus\ 194.
tibicen (Aspredo), 270.
tigrinum (Platystoma),

107.
tirus (Salmo), 402.
tombil (Saurida), 399.
Tometes, 372.
tonggol (Anodes), 164.
tonggol (Arius), 164.
Torpedo, 219.
torpedo (Raja), 219.
torquatus (Myletes), 372.
trachacanthus (Bagrus),

75.
Trachelyopterichthys, 198.
Trachelyopterus, 198.
trachinus (Saurus), 398.
trachipomus (Bagrus),

138 140.
Trachycorystes, 194.
trachycorystes (Aucheni-

pterus), 195.
trahira (Erythrinus), 281.
trahira (Macrodon), 281.
Trichomycterina, 272.
Trichomycterus, 272.
trifurcatus (Chalcinus),

341.
trilineatum (Glyptoster-

num), 185.
trilineatus(Glyptothorax),

185.

trilobatus (Myletes), 377.
trilobatus (Tometes), 377.
trimaculatus( Anostomus ),

304.
trimaculatus (Schizodon),

304.
trinitatis (Chietostomus),

246.
triostegus (Silurus), 429.
trivirgatus (Saurus), 395.
troschelii (Anodus), 290.
troschelii (Arius), 150.
troschelii (Curimatus),

290.
troschelii (Sciades), 150.
truncatum (Platystoma),

108.
truncatus (Amblydoras),

203.
truncatus (Arius), 158.
truncatus (Cephalocassis),

158.
truncatus (Saurus), 398.
tumbil (Salmo), 399.
tuinbil (Saurida), 399.
typhlops (Melamphaes),

433.
typhlops (Metopias), 433.
typus (Gagata), 218.
typus (Helicophagus), 64.
typus (Ketengus), 177.
typus (Micronema), 43.
typus (Parahemiodon),

258.
typus (Pinirampus), 135.
typus (Pirinampus), 135.
typus (Ehinoglanis), 216.

undosquamis (Saurida),

400.
undosquamis (Saurus),

400.
unicolor (Plotosus), 25.
unilineatus (Hemigram-

mus), 317.
unilineatus (Pcecilurich-

thys), 317.
unilobatus (Tometes),

372.
unimaculatus (Hemi-

odus), 299.
imimaculatus (Salmo),

299.
unitfeniata (Piabucina),

311.
unitseniatua (Erythrinus),

283.
uracantha (Loricaria),

254.
uranoseopus (Schilbe),

49.

urua (Bagrus), 59.
urua (Pimelodus), 59.
utik, 160.

vacha (Bagrus), 38.
vacha (Eutropiichthys),

38.
yacha (Pimelodus), 38.
vachellii (Bagrus), 85.
vachellii (Pseudobagrus);

85.
vaillantii (Platystoma),

108. V '
valenciennei (Bagrus),

150, 154.
valenciennesii (Arius),

150.
yalenciennesii (Osteogeni-

osus), 181.
Vandellia, 276.
variegatus (Akysis), 96.
variegatus (Pimelodus),

96.
variegatus (Saurus), 395.
variolosus (Arius), 173.
varius (Salmo), 395.
varius (Saurus), 395.
veedonii (Corynopoma),

287.
velifer (Pimelodus), 114.
venations (Arius), 174.
venaticus (Bagrus), 174.
venosus (Arius), 159.
venosus (Cephalocassis),

159.
verres (Hypostomus),

230.
verrucosa (Aspredo), 266.
verrucosus (Bunocepha-

lus), 266.
verrucosus (Platystacus),

verrucosus (Silurus), 266.
versicolor (Pimelodus),

143.
vertagus (Arius), 174.
vertagus (Bagrus), 174.
vetula (Loricaria), 256.
vicinus (Hypostomus),

253.
viejita (Tetragonopterus),

317.
vilsoni( Pimelonotus), 1 22.
vimboides (Prochilodus),

294.
viscosus (Hopladelus),

104.
vittata (Piabuca), 303.
vittatus (Anostomus),

303.
vittatus (Bagrus), 75.

vittatus (Curimatus),

292.
vittatus (Erytbrinus),

283.
vittatus (Leporinus), 310.
vittatus (Silurus), 75.
vittatus (Tetragonopte-

rus), 322.
viviparus (Arius), 167.
viviparus (Plotosus), 25.
vulpeculus (Pimelodus),

98.
vulpes (Pimelodus), 98.
vulpinus (Cynodon),

359.
vulpinus (Eaphiodon),

359.

waandersii (Helicopha-

gus), 65.
wagneri (Saccodon), 301.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Wallago, 36.
wallagoo (Silurus), 36.
wappi (Tetragonopterus),

326.
watwata (Hypostomus),

230.
weddellii (Doras), 203.
Wels, 32.

wilsoni (Pimelodus), 122.
Witvisch, 45.
wolffi (Hypselobagrus),

wolfRi (Macrones), 82.
wuchereri (Pimelodus),

123.
wuchereri (Plecostomus),

235.
wyckii (Bagrus), 83.
wyckii (Hemibagrus),

83.
wyckii (Macrones), 83.

455

xanthocephalus (Pime-
lodus), 99.
xanthosteus (Silurus), 33.
Xaxoug-roumi, 71.
xenodon (Clarias), 16.
xenodon (Epicyrtus), 345.
xiphias (Synodontis), 215.
Xiphorhamphus, 353.
Xiphostoma, 356. .

yarrellii (Bagarius), 183.
yarrellii (Bagrus), 183.

Zamar, 71.

zambesensis (Synodontis),

214.
zebra (Haplochiton), 381.
zonatus (Aerochordonich-

thys), 95.
zonatus (Pimelodus), 95.
zungaro (Pimelodus), 114.

EXD OF THE FIFTH VOLUME.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS-
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

C AT ALOGUES

THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION

THE BRITISH MUSEUM

I. VERTEBRATA.

List of Mammalia. By Dr. J.E. Gray,F.R.S., F.L.S. &c. 1843. 2s. Gd.
Catalogue of the Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
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List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaul, presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.,
to the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., and G. R. Gray,
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Catalogue of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Fish of Nepaul, presented by
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Catalogue of Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
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List of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific. By G. R. Gray,
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Catalogue of Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
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List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 12mo.
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List of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S. &c.

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Catalogue of Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c.

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Catalogue of Bones of Mammalia. By Edwapd'Gerrard, A.L.S. 8vo.
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II. ANNULOSA.

Catalogue of Lepidoptera. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

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List of Lepidopterous Insects. 12mo.

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Part 4. Cleridae. 1849. Is. Sd. By A. White, F.L.S.
Part 5. Cucujidse. 1851. 6d. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 6. Passalidffi. 1852. 8c?. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 7. Longicornia. By A. White, F.L.S. With Plates. Part 1.

1853. 2s.6rf. Part 2. 1855. 3s. 6rf.
Part 8. Cassididae. By A. White, F.L.S. 1856. 3s.

List of Myriapoda. By G. Newport, F.R.S. &c. 12mo. 1844. Ad.

Catalogue of Myriapoda. By G. Newport, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Chilopoda. 12mo. 1856. Is. 9d.

List of 'British Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects; with Synonyma. By
H. Denny, F.L.S. 12mo. Is.

List of Crustacea ; with Synonyma. By A. White, F.L.S. 1847. 2s.

List of British Crustacea ; with Synonyma. By A. White, F.L.S. 12mo.
1850. 2s. 6rf.

Catalogue of Crustacea. By A. White, F.L.S. 12mo. Part I. Leuco-
siadse. 1855. 6d.

Catalogue of Amphipodous Crustacea. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S. 8vo.
1863. 25s. With Plates.

Catalogue of Entozoa j with Plates. By W. Baird, M.D., J.L.S. 12mo.

1853. 2s.

III. MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Collection of Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c. 8vo.
Part 1. 1856. 5s.

Catalogue of the Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Parti. Cephalopoda Antepedia. 12mo. 1849. 4s.
Part 2. Pteropoda. 1850. Is.

Catalogue of Bivalve Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Parti. Placuniadee and Anomiadae. 12mo. 1850. Ad.
Part 2. Brachiopoda Ancylopoda. 1853. 3s. Figures of genera.

Containing the characters of the recent and fossil genera, and the
descriptions of all the recent species at present known.

Catalogue of Phaneropneumona or Operculated Terrestrial Mollusca. By
Dr. Louis Pfeiffer and Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 1852. 5s.

Catalogue of Conchifera. By M. Deshayes.
Part 1. Veneridae, &c. 12mo. 1853. 3s.
Part 2. Petricolidae. 6d.

List of British Mollusca and Shells; with Synonyma. By Dr. J E
Gray, F.R.S.

Parti. Acephala and Brachiopoda. 12mo. 1851. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of Pulmonata. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer and Dr. J. E. Gray
F.R.S.

Part 1. 12mo. 1855. 2s. 6d.

Catalogue of Auriculidee, &c. By Dr. J E. Gray, F.R.S. 12mo. 1857
Is. 9d.

List of the Shells of the Canaries, described by M. D'Orbigny. 12mo.

1854. Is.

List of the Shells of Cuba, described by M. D'Orbigny. 12mo. 1854. Is.

List of the Shells of South America, uescribed by M. D'Orbigny. 12mo
1854. 2s.

List of the Mollusca and Shells collected and described by MM. Eydoux
and Souleyet. 12mo. 1855. 8d.

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells. By P. P. Carpenter
12mo. 1857. 8s.

List of Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.

Part 1. Volutidae. 12mo. 1858. 6d.

Nomenclature of Mollusca. By Dr. W. Baird, F.L.S. &c.
Part 1. Cyclophoridse. 12mo. 1851. Is. 6d.

IV. RADIATA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. By G. Busk, F.R.S., Sec. L.S.
Part 1. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1852. 17*. With Plates.
Part 2. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1854. 15s. With Plates.

List of British Radiata ; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
12mo. 1848. 4s.

List of British Sponges; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
12mo. 1848. lOd.

Catalogue of the Recent Echinida, By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Echinida irregularia. 12mo. 3s. 6d. With Plates.

V. BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

List of the British Animals; with Synonyma and references to figures.
Part 1. Radiata. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 1848. 4s.
Part 2. Sponges. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 1848. lOd.
Part 3. Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 1850. 4s.
Part 4. Crustacea. By A. White, F.L.S. 1850. 2s. 6d.
Part 5. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S. 1850. Ed. 2. 1856.

Is. 9d.
Part 6. Hymenoptera. By F. Smith, M.E.S. 1851. 2s.
Part 7. Mollusca Acephala and Brachiopoda. By Dr. J. E. Gray,

F.R.S. 1851. 3s. 6d.
Part 8. Fish. By A. White, F.L.S. 1851. 3s.
Part 9. Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 1852. 2s. 6d.
Part 10. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S.

1852. 2s.
Part 11. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny. Is.
Part 12. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S.

1852. 9d.
Part 13. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith, M.E.S. 1853.

\s.4d.
Part 14. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By A. White, F.L.S. 1853.

6d.
Part 15. Nomenclature of Diptera. By A. White, F.L.S. 1853. Is.
Part' 16. Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. Stainton, M.E.S.

1854. 3s.
Part 17- Nomenclature of Anoplura. By H.Denny. 1855. 12mo. 8d.
Catalogue of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.Z.S. 8vo. 1863.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera^, By F.Smith. 12mo. With Plates.

Parti. Bees. 1855. 6s. Part 2. Forraicidae, &c. 1858. 8s.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonidae. By Thomas Desvignes, M.E.S.

12mo. 1856. Is. 9d.
List of British Bruchidse, Curculionidae, &c. By John Walton, F.L.S.
12mo. 1856. Is.

N.B. — These Catalogues can be obtained at the Secretary's Office in the
British Museum ; or through any Bookseller.

VI. Books illustrating or describing parts of the
Zoological Collections.

The Illustrated Natural History. By the Rev. J. G. Wood, M.A., F.L.S. &c.
New edition. 12mo. 1855.

Illustrations of Indian Zoology, from the Collection of Major-General
Thomas Hardwicke. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Folio. 2 vols.
1830-1835.

Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Edited by Charles Darwin,
F.R.S. 4to. 1840-1844.

Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.SS. Erebus and Terror. Edited by Sir
John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., and Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
4to. 1844-1845.

British Museum — Historical and Descriptive. 12mo. 1855.

Natural History of the Animal Kingdom. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. &c.
Post 8vo. 1855.

Zoological Miscellany. By W. E. Leach, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 3 vols.

Spicilegia Zoologica. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1829-1830.

Zoological Miscellany. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.

Knowsley Menagerie. Part 2. Hoofed Animals. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. Folio. 1850.

A Monograph of the Macropodidse. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio.
1841-1844.

Mammals of Australia. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1845.

Popular History of Mammalia. By A. "White, F.L.S.

Popular History of Birds. By A. White, F.L.S.

Genera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. Illustrated by Plates by D. W.
Mitchell, Sec. Z.S. Folio. 3 vols. 1844-1849.

The Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse, F.R.S. 8vo. 1847.

Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse, F.R.S. 8vo. 1849.

Monograph of Ramphastidae. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio.

Birds of Australia. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1848.

Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan. By Sir John
Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1846.

Fauna BoreaH- Americana. The Fish. By Sir John Richardson, M.D.,
F.R.S. &c. 4to. 1836. With Plates.

Synopsis Reptilium. Part 1. Cataphracta. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.

8vo. 1831.

Illustrations of British Entomology. By James F. Stephens, F.L.S.
10 vols. 8vo. 1827-1835.

A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S.
8vo. 1829.

The Nomenclature of British Insects. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S. 8vo.
1829 & 1833.

A Manual of British Coleoptera. By J. F. Stephens, F.L.S. 12mo. 1839.

Insecta Britannica. Diptera. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 8vo. 1851-1856.

Monographia Chalciditum. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 8vo. 1839.

Entomology of Australia. Part 1. Phasmidae. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 4to.

Synopsis of Species of Phasmidae. By G. R. <jray, F.L.S. 8vo. 1835.

Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday, F.L.S.,
and J O. Westwood, F.L.S. Illustrated by W. C. Hewitson. 4to.
2 vols. 1846-1850.

Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniae, or British species of Parasitic
Insects. By Henry Denny, A.L.S. 8vo. With Plates.

Fauna Boreali- Americana. The Insects. By W. Kirby, F.R.S. 4to. 1837-
With Coloured Plates.

Insecta Maderensia. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. 4to.
1854. With Plates.

Malacostraca Podophthalmia Britanniae. By W. E. Leach, M.D., F.R.S.
4to. 1817-1821.

A Monograph of the Subclass Cirripedia. By Charles Darwin, F.R.S.
8vo. 2 vols. 1854.

Natural History of the British Entomostraca. By W. Baird, M.D., F.L.S.
&c. 8vo. 1850.

Figures of Molluscous Animals, for the use of Students. By Maria
Emma Gray. 5 vols. 8vo. 1850-1857.

A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain. By W. E. Leach, M.D.,
F.R.S. 8vo. 1852.

Catalogue of the Land Shells of Jamaica. By C. B. Adams. 8vo. 1851.

Catalogue of Testaceous Mollusca of the North-east Atlantic and neigh-
bouring Seas. By R. MacAndrew, F.R.S. 8vo. 1850.

Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. By John Phillips, F.R.S.
4to. 1836.

A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. By Searles V. Wood, F.G.S.
4to. 1850.

A History of British Starfishes. By Edward Forbes, F.R.S. 8vo.

A History of the* British Zoophytes. By George Johnston, M.D
8vo. 1838.— Ed. .2. 8vo. 1847.

A History of British 'Sponges and Lithophytes. By George Johnston,
M.D. 8vo. 1842.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Series 1 and 2.

Transactions of the Entomological Society.

December 1864.

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