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FOR THE PEOPLE
FOR EDVCATION
FORSCIENCE
LIBRARY
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
CATALOGUE
OF THE
FISHES
IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
ALBERT GUNTHER,
.A.. JJ.D.. PH.D.. F.Z.S., ETC., ETC
VOLUME FIFTH.
LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1864.
Hi
CATALOGUE
OF THE
PHYSOSTOMI,
CONTAINING THE FAMILIES
SILURID.E, CHARACTNIDiE, HAPLOCHITONID^E, STERNO- PTYCHID^, SCOPELID^E, STOMIATID^E,
IN THE
COLLECTION
OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1864.
PRINTED BY TAYLOK AND FRANCTS, RED LION COURT, FLEJBT STREET
PREFACE.
Dh. Gunther observes, — " This volume contains the Siluroid fishes, and those families which, being provided with an adipose fin, were formerly associated with the Salmonoids. Miiller proved them to be distinct families, separating the Characinoids and Scopeloids : however, natural as is the former of these families, very hetero- geneous forms are included in the latter. The genus Salanx, which we shall treat of in the sixth volume, is the type of a distinct family.
" The publication of the present volume has been much delayed in consequence of a thorough re-examination of the large family of Siluroid fishes ; the manuscript was finished, when the Trustees of the British Museum acquired the unique collection of Dr. Bleeker's Siluroids, thus rendering necessary a revision of the descriptions and of the systematic arrangement.
" If we compare the number of species known at present with that
contained in the corresponding parts of Cuvier and Valenciennes'a
Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,' we find it nearly doubled, viz. : —
Total number of species in Cuv. & Val 492
Total number of species in this volume 1005
Species apparently well characterized in Cuv. & Val 400
Species apparently well characterized in this volume .... 849
" More than 170 have been added from the Collection of the British Museum, which again has been much enriched by numerous acquisi- tions, of which the following are the more important : —
" l.r The typical specimens of Siluroids described by Dr. P. Bleeker.
" 2. The remainder of the typical specimens of Pharyngognaths, de- scribed by the same author, and not contained in the fourth volume of this work.
" 3. A Collection of the Fishes of the Essequibo River, made by H. Ehrhardt.
VI PREFACE.
" 4. A second Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Guatemala, from 0. Salvin, Esq.
" 5. A Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Nicaragua, presented by Captain Dow, Corr. M. Zool. Soc.
" 6. Several smaller Collections from the Upper Nile, made by J. Petherick, Esq.
" 7. A Collection of the Freshwater Fishes trom Palestine, made by the Rev. H. B. Tristram.
"8. A Collection of Indian Fishes, presented by Captain Mitchell of the Madras Museum.
" 9. Further Collections of Fishes from Australia and New Zea- land, sent by Mr. G. KrefFt.
"10. Numerous small Collections of West-African Freshwater Fishes, received from various sources.
"11. A Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Eastern Tropical Africa, presented by Dr. Kirk and Ch. Livingstone, Esq.
" 12. A large Collection of Freshwater and Marine Fishes from Constantinople, made by Dr. Millingen."
JOHN EDWARD GRAY.
British Museum, Feb. 28, 1864.
ADDITIONS
TO THE
INDEX OF THE WORKS
QUOTED IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES.
1820. Rafinesque, C. S. Ichthyologia Ohiensis. Lexington, 8vo.
1829-32. Ruppell, E. Beschreibung und Abbildung neuer Fische im Nil. Frankf., 4to.
1835. . Neuer Nachtrag von neuen Nil-Fischen. In Mus. Senckenb. ii.
1830-36. Rifaud, J. J. Voyage en Egypte, en Nubie et lieux circonvoisins. Paris, fol.
1835. De Joannis. Observations sur les Poissons du Nil. In Guenn, Mag. Zool.
1838. Heckel, J. Fiscbe aus Caschmir. Wien, bvo.
1841-43. . Ichthyologie, in Russegger, Reisen in Europa, Asien
und Africa. Vols. i. & ii. Stuttg., 8vo.
1840. Ranzani, C. De novis speciebus Piscium. Dissert, i. In Nov. Comm. Acad. Scient. Instit. Bonon. vol. iv.
1842. . Dissert, ii.-iv. Ibid, vol. v.
1842. Alcssandrini, A. De Branchiis Heterobranchi. In Nov. Comm. Acad. Scient. Instit. Bonon. vol. v.
1844. Valenciennes, in Jacqucmont, V. Voyage dans lTnde. Poiss. Atl. Paris, 4to.
1849. Reinhardt, J. Nye sydamerikanske Ferskvandsfiske. In Vidensk. Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kjobenh.
1854. . Notits om Slaegten Pachyunis og de dertil horende Arter.
Ibid.
1853-54. Kner, R. Panzerwelse des Hofnaturalien-Kabinets zu Wien. Denkwiird. Acad. Wien. Vol. vi. Loricarinse. Vol. vii. Hyposto- miden.
1858. . Icbthyologische Beitrage. In Sitzungsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien,
vol. xxvi.
. Kritische Bemerkungen iiber Oastelnau's Siluroiden. In
Wiegm. Arch.
1864. . Specielles Verzeichniss der wahrendder Reiseder 'Novara'
gesammeljten Fische. In Sitigsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, vol. xlix.
1855. Basileivsky, 6t. Iehthyographia Chinae borealis. In Nouv. M(5m.
Soc. Nat. Mosc. x.
Vlll INDEX OF THE WOEKS QUOTED
1858. Bleeker, P. Ichthyologue Arciiipelagi Indici Prodromus. I. Silu- roidei. Batav., 4to.
1862. . Memoire sur les Poissons de la cote de Guine"e. Harlem, 4to.
. Neuvieme article sur la faune ichthyologique de Tile de
Ternate. Versl. en Mededeel. Akad. Wet. Amsterd. xiv.
. Sixieme memoire sur la faune ichthyologique de l'ile de
Batjan. Ibid.
. Notice sur le genre Trachinus et ses especes. Ibid.
. Notices Ichthyologiques (i.-x.). Ibid.
. Descriptions de quelques especes nouvelles de Silures. Ibid.
1863. . Deuxieme notice sur la faune ichthyologique de File d'Obi.
In Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk.
. Septieme memoire sur la faune ichthyologique de l'ile de
Timor. Ibid.
. Onzieme notice sur la faune ichthyologique de File de
Ternate. Ibid. . Sur quelques nouveaux genres du groupe des Svnodontis.
Ibid.
. Troisieme memoire sur la faune ichthyologique de 1'ila.de
Halmahera. Ibid.
. Descriptions de quelques especes de Poissons de la Chine.
Ibid.
. Systema Silurorum revisum. Ibid.
. Notices Ichthyologiques (i.-x.). Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc.
Amsterd. xiv.
. Descriptions de quelques especes nouvelles de Silures de
Suriname. Ibid.
. Treizieme memoire sur la faune ichthyologique de l'ile
d'Amboine. Ibid. xv.
1858. Canestrini, G. Ueber die Stellung von Ophiccj)haIus im Systeme. In Verb, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien.
1860. . Zur Systematik der Percoiden. Ibid.
. Zur Systematik und Characteristik der Anabatinen. Ibid.
1862. . Sopra alcuni Pesci del Mediterraneo. In Memor. Accad. Sc.
Torin. ser. 2. xxi.
1863. . I Gadidi e Macrouridi del Golfo di Genova. Arch. Zool.
Anat. ii.
. I Blennini, Anarrhichadini e Callionimini del Golfo di
Genova. Arch, per la Zool. ii.
1864. . Studi sui Lepadogaster del Mediterraneo. Ibid. iii.
1860. Steindachner, F, U eber Amphisile. InVerhand. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien.
1863. . Ueber eine neue Gobius-A.rt aus dem Adriatischen Meere.
Arch, per la Zool. ii.
. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Sciaenoiden Brasiliens und der
Cyprinodontcn Mexico's. In Sitzgsber. Acad. Wiss. Wien, \ol. xlviii.
IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES. IX
1862. Ciinther, A. Descriptions of new species of Reptiles and Fishes.
In Proc. Zool. Soc.
. Some remarks on the genus Trachinus. In Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. October.
1863. . On new species of Fishes from Victoria, South Australia.
Ibid. February.
. On the European species of the genus Labrax, Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. September.
1864. . On some new species of Central-American Fishes. In Proc.
Zool. Soc.
. Report of a Collection of Fishes from Guatemala. Ibid.
. On a Poison-organ in a genus of Batrachoid Fishes. Ibid.
1862. Kroyer, H. Nogle Bidrag til nordisk Ichthyologi. In Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidssk. Kjobenh.
1862. Ayres, W. O. On the Californian species of Sebastes. In Proc.
Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. p. 207.
1863. . Notes on Sebastoid Fishes occurring on the coast of Cali- fornia. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1862. Costa, A. Annuario del Museo zoologico della Universita di Napoli. Napoli, 8vo.
1862. Chill, Th. On a new genus Aidichthys (Fistularidae). In Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sc. Philad.
. Remarks on the relations of genera and other groups of
Cuban Fishes. Ibid.
. Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California, collected by
Mr. Xantus. Parts 2 & 3. Ibid.
. Descriptions of new species of Pimclodince. In Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist.
. Synopsis of tne genera of Pimelodince. Ibid.
. Note on the family of Scombroids. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil.
. Note on some genera of Fishes of Western North America.
Ibid, . Synopsis of the Carangoids of the Eastern coast of North
America. Ibid.
. On the synonymy of Etelis. Ibid.
. Notice of a Collection of Fishes from California. Ibid.
. On the limits and affinity of the family of Leptoscopoids.
Ibid.
1863. . Catalogue of the North American Scisenoid Fishes. Ibid.
. Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California. Part 4. Ibid.
. Descriptions of some new species of Pediculati. Ibid.
• . Descriptive enumeration of a Collection of Fishes from the
"Western coast of Central America. Ibid.
. On an unnamed generic type allied to Sebastes. Ibid.
. Description of a new generic type of Ophidioids. Ibid,
. Synopsis of the Pomacentroids of the Western coast of
North and Central America. Ibid.
X WORKS QUOTED IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES.
1863. Gill, Th. Notes on the Labroids of the Western coast of North America. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad.
. Synopsis of the family of Lepturoids. Ibid.
. Synopsis of the North American Gadoid fishes. Ibid.
. Descriptions of the genera of Gadoid fish of Western North
America. Ibid.
. Descriptions of the Gobioid genera of the Western coast of
temperate North America. Ibid.
. On the Gobioids of the Eastern coast of the United States.
Ibid.
1862. Cleland, J. Description of several Fishes from Old Calabar. In
Edinb. New Phil. Journ. April.
1863. Filippi, F. Nuove specie di Animali raccolte in un viaggio in
Persia. Arch, per la Zool. ii.
1863. Kaup. Bemerkungen fiber Caprodon, etc. In Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. i.
. Ueber einige Arten der Gattung Chcetodon. Ibid.
. Ueber einige japanische Fische. Ibid.
1863. Johnson, J. Y. Descriptions of five new species of Fishes obtained at Madeira. Proc. Zool. Soc.
. Descriptions of three new genera of Fishes obtained at
Madeira. Ibid.
1863. Poey, F. Enumeration of the Fish described and figured by Parra, scientifically named. In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
. Descriptions des Poissons nouvelles ou peu connues. Ibid.
1863. Cooper, J. G. On new genera and species of Californian Fishes. No. 3. In Proc. Calif! Acad. Nat. bcienc.
1863. Garrett, A. Descriptions of new species of Fishes from the Sand- wich Islands. Ibid.
1863. Siebold, C. Th. E. v. Die Susswasserfische von Mittel-Europa.
Leipzig, 8vo.
1864. Jacket, A. J. Die Fische Bayerns. In Abhandl. zool. -mineral.
Verein. Regensb.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Order IV. PHYSOSTOMI.
Fam. 1. Silurid^;.
First Subfamily.
■SlLURID^; HOMALOPTERJE.
First Group. Clariina.
Page
1. Clarias, Gronov 13
1. anguillaris, L 14
2. gariepinus, Burchell .... 14 (capensis, C.et V. 15)
3. parvimanus, Gthr 15
4. orontis, Gthr 15
5. lazera, C.et V. 16
6. macracanthus, Gthr. . . 16, 429
7. xenodon, Gthr 16
8. macrornystax, Gthr 17
9. syriacus, C. et V. 17
10. magur, Ham. JBuch 17
11. macrocephalus, Gthr. . . 18
12. fuscus, Lacep 18, 429
13. abbreviatus, C. et V. . . . . 19
14. melanoderma, Blkr 19
15. teysmanni, Blkr 19
16. liacanthus, Blkr 20
17. brachysoma, Gthr 20
18. nieuhofii, C.etV. 20
19. jagur, Ham. Bitch 21
hasselquistii, C. et V. . . 13
dussumieri, C.et V. .... 13
fuscus, C.etV. 13
senegalensis, C.etV.. .. . 13
lseviceps, Gill 13
2. Heterobranchus, Geoffr. . . 21
1. bidorsalis, Geoffr 21
2. intermedius, Gthr 22
3. tapeinopterus, Blkr 22
4. longifilis, C.etV. 22
5. isopterus, Blkr 23
6. laticeps, Peters 23
senegalensis, C. et V. . . 21
Second Group. Plotosina.
Page
3. Plotosus, Lacep 23
1. anguillaris, Bl. 24, 429
2. canius, Hani. Buch 25
3. limbatus, C.etV. 25
4. Copidoglanis, Gthr 25
1. tandanus, Mitch 26
2. obscurus, Gthr 26
3. albilabris, C.etV. 26
5. Cnidoglanis, Gthr 27
1. megastoma, Bichards. . . 27
2. lepturus, Gthr 28
3. microcephalus, Bichards.. 28 macrocepbalus, C. et V. . ., 27
Tbird Group. Chacina.
6. Chaca, C.etV. 29
1. lophioides, C.etV. 29
2. bankanensis, Blkr 29
3. bucbanani, Gthr 29
Second Subfamily.
SlLURUXS HETEROPTER^!.
Fourth Group. Silurina.
7. Saccobranchus, C. et V. . . 30
1. singio, Ham. Buch. . . 30, 429
2. fossilis, Bl. 31, 429
3. microps, Gthr. 31
4. microcephalus, Gthr 31
8. Silurus, Artedi 32
1. glanis, L 32, 429
2. dauricus, Pall. 33
2a. triostegus, Heck 429
3. asotus, L 33
4. afghana, Gthr 34
5. cochinchinensis, C. et V. . 34 (berdmorei, Blyth 34)
6. malabaricus, C. et V. . . 34
9. Silurichthys, Blkr 35
1. phaiosoma, Blkr 35, 429
2. hasseltii, Blkr 35
3. lamghur, Heck 36
sinensis, M'Clcll 35
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
10. Wallago, Blkr %
1. attu, Schn 36
2. leerii, Blkr 37, 429
11. Belodontichthys, Blkr. . . 37 1. macrochir, Blkr 37
12. Eutropiichthys, Blkr 38
1. vacha, Ham. Buck 38
13. Cryptopterus, Gthr 38
1. mononema, Blkr 39
2. limpok, Blkr 39
3. amboinensis, Gthr. . . 40, 429
4. palembangensis, Blkr. . . 40
5. sckilbeides, Blkr 41, 429
6. bicirrhis, C.etY. 41
7. macrocephalus, Blkr. . . 41
8. lais, Blkr 42
9. micropus, Blkr 42, 429
10. micronema, Blkr 43
11. hexapterus, Blkr 43
12. micropogon, Blkr 43
13. bleekeri, Bocourt 44
14. lcptonema, Blkr 44
15. gangeticus, Peters 44
14. Callicbrous, Gthr 45
1. bimaculatus, Bl 45
2. ceylonensis, Gthr 46
3. checbra, Ham. Bitch 46
4. pabda, Ham. Buch 47
5. anastomus, C. et V. . . . . 47
6. liaeantbits, Blkr 47
7. canio, Ham. Buch 48
8. pabo, Ham. Buch 48
9. hypophthalmus, Blkr. . . 48 10. macronema, Blkr 49
macropbthalmus, Blyth. . 45
15. Scbilbe, Blkr 49
1. uranoscopus, Rilpp 49
2. mystus, C. et V. 50
3. dispila, Gthr 51
4. basselquistii, C. et V. . . 51
5. senegalensis, C. et V. . . 51
16. Eutropius, Mull, et Trosch, 52
1. niloticu?, Rilpp 52
2. congensis, Leach 52
3. obtu3irostris, Gthr 53
4. f lansonii, C.etV. 54
5. murius, Ham. Buch 54
6. depressirostris, Pet 54
taakree, Sykes 52
17. Hemisilurus, Blkr 54
1. heterorbynehus, Blkr. . 54
2. scleronema, Blkr 55
18. Siluranodon, Blkr 55
1. auritus, Geoffr 55
19. Ailia, C.etV. 55
1. bengalensis, Gray 56
2. affiois, Gthr. ..." 56
Page
20. Sehilbichthys, Blkr 56
1. garua, Ham. Buch 57
21. Lais, Blkr. . 57
1. hexanema, Blkr 57
22. Pseudeutropius, Blkr 58
1. brachypopterus, Blkr. . . 58
2. atherinoides, Bl. 58
3. mitchelli, Gthr 59
4. megalops, Gthr 60
5. longimanus, Gthr 60
6. goongwaree, Sukes 61
(exodon, C. etV. 61)
macropbtbalmus, Blyth. . 5o
bucbanani, Vol. 58
23. Pangasius, C.etV. 61
1. bucbanani, C. et V. .... 62
2. djambal, Blkr 62
3. macronema, Blkr 62
4. rios, Blkr 63
5. micronema, Blkr 63
6. nasutus, Blkr 63
7. juaio, Blkr 64
delicatissimus, Blkr 61
24. Helicophagus, Blkr 64
1. typus, Blkr 64
2. waandersii, Blkr 65
25. Silondia, C.etV. 65
1. gangetica, C.etV. 65
Third Subfamily.
Slluridje anomaeopter^:.
Fifth Gr. Hypophthalmina.
26. Helogenes, Gthr 66
1. marmoratus, Gthr 66
27. Hypophthalmus, C. et V. . 67
1. edentatus, Spix 67
2. longifilis, C.etV. 68
3. marginatus, C.etV. .... 68
4. fimbriatus, Kner 68
Fourth Subfamily.
SlLURID^E PROTEROPTER^.
Sixth Group. B a grin a.
28. Bagrus, Blkr 69
1. bayad, Forsk 69
2. docmac, Forsk 70
29. Chrysichthys, Gthr 71
1. auratus, Geoffr 71
2. macrops, Gthr 71
3. maurus, C.etV. 72
3a. furcatus, Gthr 430
4.» cranchii, Leach 72
5. nigrodigitatus, Lacep. . . 73
6. acutirostris, Gthr 431
30. Clarotes, Kner 73
1. laticeps, Riipp 73
31. Macrones, Dum 74
1. pelusius, C. et V. .... 75, 431
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
_ Page
2. cavasius, Ham. Buck. . . 76
3. micracanthus, Blkr 76
4. elongatus, Gthr 77
5. nigriceps, C. et V 77
6. leucophasis, Blyth 78
7. aor, Ham. Buch 78
8. lamarrii, C.etV. 79
9. gulio, Ham. Buck 79
10. nemurus, C.etV. 80
hoevenii, Blkr 81
11. planiceps, K. et v. H. . . 81
12. tengara, Ham. Buch 81
13. wolffii, Blkr 82
14. wyckii, Blkr 83
15. batasio, Ham. Buch 83
16. affinis, Blyth 83
17. tengana, Ham. Buch 84
18. keletius, C.etV. 84
19. itchkeea, Sykes 84
menoda, Ham. Buch 74
erythropterus, Bl. 75
vittatus, Bl. 75
trachacanthus, C. et V. . . 75
oculatus, C.etV. 75
limbatus, Richards 75
aorinus, Val. 75
chandramara, Ham. Buch. 75
32. Pseudobagrus, Blkr 84
1. aurantiacus, Schley 85
2. vachellii, Richards 85
3. fulvi-draco, Richards. . . 85
4. brachysoma, Gthr 86
33. Liocassis, Blkr 86
1. longirostris, Gthr 87
2. crassilabris, Gthr 88
3. poecilopterus, K. et v. H. . 89
4. micropogon, Blkr 89
5. stenomus, K. et v. H ... . 90
34. Bagroidf>s, Blkr 90
1. melanopterus, Blkr 90
2. macropterus, Blkr 91
3. macracanthus, Blkr. .... 91
35. Bagrichthys, Blkr 92
1. bypselopterus, Blkr 92
36. Rita, Blkr 92
1. crucigera, Owen 92
2. pavimentata, Val. 93
3. hastata, Val. 93
4. kuturnee, Sykes 93
5. manillensis, C. et V. . . . . 94 rarna, Ham. Buch 92
37. Acrochordonickthys, Blkr. 94
1. platycepbalus, Blkr 94
2. melanogaster, Blkr 94
3. rugosus, Blkr 95
4. pleurostigma, Blkr 95
5. zonatus, Blkr 95
Page
6. ischnosoma, Blkr 96
38. Akysis, Blkr 96
1. variegatus, Blkr 96
2. pusillus, Ranzani 97
3. macronema, Blkr 97
39. 0\yr&, M< CM 97
1. longicaudata, M' Clell. .. 98
40. Branchiosteus, Gill 98
1. laticeps, M' Clell. 98
41. Amiurus, Gthr 98
1. catus, L 99
2. cantonensis, C. et V. . . . . 100
3. nigricans, Lesueur 100
4. borealis, Richards 100
5. ailurus, Girard 100
6. punctulatus, C. et V. .... 101
7. natalis, Lesueur 101
8; nebulosus, Lesueur 101
9. lupus; Girard 101
hammondii, Abbott .... 102
10. cauda-furcatus, Lesueur . . 102
11. meridionalis, Gthr 102
12. furcatus, C.etV. 103
13. affinis, Baird et Gir 103
pullus, Dekay 98
felis, Agass 98
vulpes, Girard 98
antoniensis, Girard .... 98
boyi, Girard 08
confinis, Girard 08
cupreoides. Girard 98
lynx, Girard 98
puma, Girard 98
vulpeculus, Girard 98
platycephalus, Girard . . 98
megalops, Girard 98
notatus, Abbott 98
guttatus, Lacep 99
gracilis, Hough 99
beadlei, Gill 99
obesus, Gill 99
maculatus, Rajin 99
cupreus, Rajin 99
42. Hopladelus, Gill 103
43. Noturus, Rajin 104
1. lemniscatus, C.etV. ... . 104
2. flavus, Rajin 104
3. platycephalus, Gthr 104
4. occidentalis, Gill 105
gyrinus, Mitch 104
Seventh Group. Pimelodina.
44. Sorubim, Blkr 105
1. lima, Schn 105
45. Platystonia, Agass 106
1. planiceps, Agass 106
2. spatula, Agass 106
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page i
3. artedii, Gthr 106
4. fasciatum, L 107
5. tigrinum, C.etV. 107
6. orbignianum, Vol 107
7. coruscans, Agass 108
8. pardale, Valenc 108
9. truncatum, Agass 108
10. vaillantii, C.etV. 1C8
11. affine, C.etV. 109
emarginatum, C. et V. . . 106
46. Hemisorubim, Blkr 109
1. platyrhynchus, C.et V. 109, 431
47. Platystomatichthys,.B/&/\. 109 1. sturio, Kner 110
48. Phractocephalus, Agass. . . 110 1. hemiliopterus, Schn 110
49. Piramutana, Gthr 110
1. pirainuta, Kner Ill
2. blochii, C.etV. Ill
50. Platynematichthys, Blkr. . 1 11 1. punctulatus, Kner 112
araguayensis, Casteln. . . Ill
51. Piratfoga, Gthr 112
1. filamentosa, Licht 112
2. reticulata, Kner 113
3. goliath, Kner 113
flavicans, Casteln 112
rousseauxii, Casteln 112
punctulata, Casteln 112
52/ Sciades, Gthr 113
1. pictus, M.etT. 113
2. longibarbis, Casteln 1 14
53. Pimelodus, Gthr 114
1. maculatus, Lacep 115
2. oraatus, Kner 116
3. eques, M.etT. 116
4. cristatus, M.etT. 117
5. modestus, Gthr 117
6. elongatus, Gthr 1 18
7. latenstriga, M.etT. ... . 118
8. sebse, C.etV. 119
9. miilleri, Gthr ; . . . 119
10. holomelas, Gthr 120
11. stegelicbii, M.etT. . ... 121
12. gracilis, Valenc 121
13. guatemalensis, Gthr 122
14. breviceps, Kner 122
15. wilsoni, Gill 122
16. queleni, Q. et G 123
17. wucbereri, Gthr 123
18. godmanni, Gthr 124
19. micropterus, Gthr 124
20. nicaraguensis, Gthr 125
21. petenensis, Gthr 126
22. hypselurus, Gthr 126
23. motaguensis, Gthr 127
24. laticauda, Heck 127
Page
25. pati, Valenc 128
26. jenynsii, Gthr 128
27. pentlandii, C.etV. 129
28. humilis, Gthr 129
29. cinerascens, Gthr 130
30. foina, M.etT. 130
31. salvini, Gthr. , 130
32. notatus, Schomb 131
33. polycaulus, Gthr 131
34. exsudans, Jenyns 132
35. sapo, Vol. 132
36. hilarii, C.etV 132
37. deppii, M.etT. 133
38. iavus, C.etV. 133
39. bufonius, C.etV. 133
40. raninus, C.etV. 133
41. mangurus, Valenc 134
42. platycbir, Gthr 134
cbarus, C.etV. 114
zungaro, Humb 114
argentinus, Humb 114
velifer, Humb 114
maculatus, Schomb 114
laukidi, Blkr 114
insignis, Schomb 114
babianus, Casteln 114
54'. Pirinampus, Blkr 135
1. typus, Blkr 135
55. Conorhynchus, Blkr 135
1. conirostris, C. et V. .... 136
56. Notoglanis, Gthr 136
1. multiradiatus, Kner .... 136
arekaima, Schomb 136
57. CaUophysus, M. et T. 136
1. lateralis, Gill 136
2. macropterus, Licht 137
3. ctenodus, Agass 137
58. Auchenaspia, Blkr 137
1. biscutatus, Geoffr 137
Eighth Group. A run a.
59. Arius, Gthr 138
1. thalassinus, Riipp 139
2. gagorides, C. et V> .... 140
3. sagor, Ham. Buch 141
4. doroides, C.etV. 142
5. leptaspis, Blkr 142
6. arioides, C.etV. 143
sona, Ham. Buch 143
7. commersonii, Lacep 143
8. berzbergii, Bl 144
9. dubius, Blkr. . 144
10. mesops, C.etV. 145
11. guatemalensis, Gthr 145
12. assimilis, Gthr 146
hymenorrbinos, Blkr. . . 146
13. platypogon, Gthr ... 147
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
14. 15. 16. 17.
18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
28. 29. 30. 31.
32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.
seemanni, Gthr 147
surinamensis, Blkr 148
proops, C. etV. 148
passany, C. etV. 149
cserulescens, Gthr 149
troschelii, Gill 150
empliysetus, M.etT.. . . . 150 valenciennesii, Cast. 150, 154 flavescens, C. et V. .... 151 temminckii, C. et V. . . . . 151
latiscutatus, Gthr 151
luniscutis, C. et V. 152
parkeri, Traill 153
grandicassis, C. et V. . . . . 153 stricticassis, C. et V..... 154 pannoeassis, C. et V. . . . . 154
heudelotii, C.etV. 154
parkii, Gthr 154
milberti, C.etV. 155
rugispinis, C. et V. .... 156
dieperinki, Blkr 156
phrygiatus, C. et V. .... 156
dasycephalus, Gthr 157
truncatus, C. et V. 158
cselatus, C. et V. 158
sinensis, C. et V. 159
venosus, C. et V. 159
utik, Blkr 160
leptonotacanthus, Blkr. 161
melanochir, Blkr 161
stormii, Blkr 162
sumatranus, Benn 162
dussumierii, C. et V. . . . . 163
kirkii, Gthr 163
tonggol, Blkr 164
argyropleuron, K. et v. H. 164 macrocephalus, Blkr. . . 165
liocephalus, Blkr 165
polystaphylodon, Blkr. . . 166
goniaspis, Blkr 166
maculatus, Thimb 166
pidada, Blkr 167
macracanthus, Gthr 167
gagora, Ham. Bueh 168
falcarius, Richards 168
macronotacanthus, Blkr. 169 cochinchinensis, Gthr. . . 170
microcephalus, Blkr 170
ntichalis, Gthr 171
laticeps, Gthr 171
melanopus, Gthr 172
arenatus, C.etV. 172
fissus, C.etV. 172
variolosus, C.etV. .... 173
multiradiatus, Gthr 173
equestris, Baird et Gir. . . 173
venaticus, Richards 174
1 vol. v.
Page
68. vertagite, Richards 174
trachipomus, C. et V. . . 138
chinta, C.etV. 138
pemecus, C.etV. 138
couma, C.etV. 138
subrostratus, C. et V. . ■ ■ ■ 138
rostratus, C.etV. 138
belangerii, C.etV. 138
dowii, GUI 138
nigricans, Valenc 138
quadrimaculatus, Bl..... 138
jatius, Ham. Buch 138
molliceps, C.etV. 138
puncticulatus, C. et V. . . 138
60. Galeicbthys, Blkr 174
1. feliceps, C.etV 175
61. Genidens, Casteln 175
1. cuvieri, Casteln 175
62. Hemipimelodus, Blkr. . . 176
1. borneensis, Blkr 176
2. macrocephalus, Blkr. . . 176
3. peronii, C.etV. 177
neUa, C.etV. 176
manillensis, C. et V. . . . . 176
63. Ketengus, Blkr 177
1. typus. Blkr 177
64. yElurichthys, Baird et Gir. 177
1. longispinis, Gthr 178
2. marinus, Mitch 178
3. gronovii, C. et V. 178
4. nuchalis, Gthr 179
panamensis, Gill 179
65. Paradiplomystax, Blkr. . . 180 1. coruscans, Licht. ..... 180
66. Diplomystax, Dum 180
1. papillosum C.etV. 180
67. Osteogeniosus, Blkr 181
1. militaris, L 181
2. valenciennesii, Blkr 181
3. macrocephalus, Blkr. . . 182
68. Batrachocephalus, Blkr. . . 182 1. mino, Ham. Buch 1^2
Ninth Group. Bagabina.
69. Bagarius, Blkr 183
1. yarrellii, Sykes 183
70. Euglyptosternum, Gthr. . . 183 1. coum, L 184, 431
71. Glyptostemum, Gthr 185
1. trilineatum, Blyth 185
2. gracile, Gthr 186
3. platypogonoides; Blkr. . . 186
4. lonah, Sykes 187
5. dekkanense, Gthr 187
6. platypogon, K. et v. H. . . 187
7. striatum, M'Clell. 188
reticulatum, M' CM 188
b
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
8. pectinopterum, M'C'lell. . 188
telchitta, Ham. Buch. . . 185
Hara, Blyth 189
1. aspera, M'Clell 189
2. buchanani, Blyth 189
3. conta, Ham. Buch 189
Amblyceps, Blyth 190
1. caecutiens, Blyth 190
2. tenuispinis, Blyth 190
3. mangois, Ham. Buch .... 190
anisurus, M' Clell. 190
indicus, M'Clell. 190
Fifth Subfamily.
SlLURID^) STENOBRANCHI^E.
Tenth Group. Doeadina.
72. Ageniosus, Lacep 191
1. militaris, Bl 191
2. sebae, Gthr 192
3. brevifilis, C. etV. . . 192, 431 3a. axillaris, Gthr 431
4. dentatus, Kner .... 192, 432 davalla, Schomb 191
73. Tetraneniatichthys, Blkr. 192 1. quadrifilis, Kner 193
74. Euanemus, M.etT. 193
1. nuchalis, Spix 193
75. Aucheuipterus, C. et V. . . 194
1. nodosus, Bl 194
2. thoracicus, Kner ....... 194
3. trachycorystes, C. et V... 195
4. obscurus, Gthr 195
5. longimanus, Gthr 195
6. ceratophysus, Kner .... 196
7. maculosus, C.etV. .... 196
8. galeatus, L 196
9. robustus, Gthr 197
oncina, Schomb 194
6. Centromochlus, Kner .... 197
1. heckelii, Filippi 197
2. aulopygius, Kner 198
77. Trachelyopterus, C. et V. . . 198
1. coriaceus, C.etV. 198
2. taeniatus, Kier 198
78. Cetopsis, Agass 199
1. caecutiens, Licht 199
2. candira, Agass 199
3. gobioides, Kner 199
79. Asterophysus, Kner 200
] . batrachus, Kner 200
80. Doras, Gthr 200
1. costatus, L 201
2. armatulus, C.etV. 201
3. dentatus, Kner 201
4. hancockii, C.etV. .... 202
5. muricus, Kner 202
6. affinis, Kner 202
Page
truncatus, Blkr 203
7. weddellii, Casteln 203
8. asterifrons, Heck 203
9. heckelii, Kner 204
10. cataphractus, L 204
11. dorsalis, C.etV. 205
12. lithogaster, Heck 205
13. papilionatus, Fil 205
crocodili, Humb 200
castaneo-ventris, Schomb. 200
brunnescens, Schomb 200
81. Oxydoras, Gthr 206
1. carinatus, L 206
2. humeralis, Heck 206
3. punctatus, Kner 207
4. brevis, Heck 207
5. finibriatus, Kner , 207
6. stenopeltis, Heck 208
7. lipophthalmus, Kner. . . . 208
82. Khinodoras, Gthr 209
1. niger, Valenc 209
2. knerii, Blkr.- 209
3. orbignyi, Kroyer 209
83. Synodontis, C.etV. 210
1. sorex, Gthr 211
2. macrodon, Geoffr 211
3. serratus, Riipp 212
4. schal, Schn 212
5. nebulosus, Pet 213
6. omias, Gthr 213
7. nigritus, C. et V. 214
8. hurneratus, C.etV. 214
9. gambiensis, Gthr 214
10. zambesensis, Pet 214
11. xiphias, Gthr 215
12. membranaceus, Geoffr. . . 215
Eleventh Gr. Rhinoglanina.
84. Rhinoglanis, Gthr. 216
1. typus, Gthr 216
85. Mochocus, Joa7inis 217
1. niloticus, Joannis 217
86. Callomystax, Gthr 218
1. gagata, Ham. Buch 218
Twelfth Gr. Malaptebuhina,
87. Malapterurus, Lacep 219
1. electricus, Gm 219
2. beninensis, Murray .... 220
3. affinis, Gthr 220
Sixth Subfamily.
SlLURIDJE PHOTEROPODES.
13th Group. Hypostomatina.
88. Arges, C.etV. 222
1. sabalo, C.etV. 222
2. brachycephalus, Gthr. . . 222
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
89. Stygogenes, Gthr 223
1. humboldtii, Gthr 223
2. cvclopum, Htimb 224
90. Brontes, C.etV. 224
1. prenadilla, C.etV. 224
91. Astroblepus, Humb 224
1. grixalvii, Humb 225
92. Callichthys, L 225
1. asper, Q. et G 226
2. affinis, Gthr 226
3. knerii, Gill 227
4. cadatus, C.etV. 227
5. littoralis, Hancock 227
6. thoracatus, C.etV. 228
7. longifilis, C.etV. 228
8. barbatus, Q. et G 229
9. punctatus, Bl 229
10. paleatus, Jenyns 230
11. ameus, Gill 230
exaratus, M.etT. 225
cbiquitos, Casteln 225
splendens, Casteln 225
taiosh, Casteln 225
93. Plecostomus, Gthr 230
1. bicirrhosus, Gronov 231
2. pantherinus, Kner 231
3. horridus, Kner 232
4. commersonii, Vol. 232
5. punctatus, C. et V. 233
6. emarginatus, C. et V. . . . . 233
7. alatus, Casteln 234
8. auroguttatus, Kner .... 234
9. wucbereri, Gthr 235
10. brevicauda, Gthr 235
11. robinii, C.etV. 236
12. granosus, C.etV. 237
13. barbatus, C.etV. 237
14. guttatus, C.etV. 237
15. cocbliodon, Kner 238
verres, C.etV. 230
watwata, Hancock 230
94. Liposarcus, Gthr 238
1. multiradiatus, Hanc 238
2. altipinnis, Gthr 239
3. pardalis, Casteln 239
95. Chsetostomus, Heck 240
1. serratus, C.etV. 241
2. spinosus, Casteln 241
3. medians, Kner 242
4. pictus, Kner 242
5. bracbyurus, Kner 243
6. itacua, Valenc 243
7. niveatus, Casteln 243
8. scaphirhynchus, Kner . . 244
9. mystacinus, Kner 244
10. oligospilus, Gthr 244
11. schomburgkii, Gthr 245
Page
12. guacharote, C.etV. 245
13. trinitatis, Gthr 246
14. aurantiacus, Casteln 246
15. nigricans, Casteln 246
16. cirrhosus, Vol 247
17. hoplogenys, Gthr 247
18. leucostictus, Gthr 248
19. calamita, C. et V. . . 248, 432
20. gymnorhynchus, Kner . . 249
21. nudiceps, M.etT. 249
22. erinaceus, C. etV... 249, 432
23. dolichopterus, Kner .... 249
24. microps, Gthr 250
25. loborbynchus, Heck 250
bufonius, C.etV. 240
temminckii, C.etV. .... 240
squalinum, Schomb 240
96. Pterygoplichthys, Gill . . 251
1. duodecimalis, C. et V. . . 251
2. punctatus, Natterer .... 251
3. gibbiceps, Kner 252
4. lituratus, Kner 252
97. Khinelepis, Spix 252
1. aspera, Spix 253
strigosa, C.etV. 252
98. Acantbicus, Spix 253
1. genibarbis, C.etV. 253
2. hystrix, Spix 253
bystrix, C.etV. 253
99. Loricaria, L 254
1. catapbracta, L 255
2. macrodon, Kner 255
3. lasviuscula, C.etV. 256
4. vetula, Vol. 256
5. nudiventris, C.etV. ... . 256
6. rostrata, Spix 256
7. barbata, Kner 257
8. maculata, Bl. 257
9. anus, Vol. 258
10. parahemiodon, Blkr 258
11. platycepbala, Kner .... 258
12. acuta, C.etV. 258
13. nudirostris, Kner 259
14. depressa, Kner 259
15. acipenserina, Kner .... 260
16. lima, Kner 260
17. brunnea, Hancock 260
platyura, M.etT. 254
caracasensis, Blkr 254
uracantha, Kner 254
100. Acestra, Kner 260
1. acus, Kner 261
2. oxyrhynchus, Kner .... 261
3. amazonum, Gthr 261
4. gladiolus, Gthr 261
101. Sisor, Ham. Buch 262
1. rhabdopborus. H. B 262
62
xvm
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
102. Erethistes, M.etT. .... 263 1. pusillus, M.etT. 264
103. Pseudecheneis, Blyth . . 264 1. sulcatus, MClell. 264
104. Exostoma, Blyth 264
1. labiatum, MClell 265
2. berdmorei, Blyth 265
Fourteenth Gr. Aspeedinina,
105. Bunocephalus, Kner .... 266
1. verrucosus, Bl. 266
2. gronovii, Blkr 266
106. Bunocephalichthys, Blkr. 267 1. hypsiurus, Kner 267
107. Aspredo, L 267
1. batrachus, L 268
2. sicyephorus, C.etV. 269
3. cotylophorus, Bl. 269
4. nematophorus, Blkr 270
5. filanientosus, QetV..... 270
6. tibicen, C.etV. 270
Seventh Subfamily.
SlLTJRIDJE OPISTHOPTEB^!.
Fifteenth Group. Nematogenyina.
108. Heptapterus, Blkr 271
1. sunnamensis, Blkr 271
2. mustelinus, Val 271
109. Nematogenys, Girard . . 272 1. inermis, Guich 272
Sixteenth Group. Tkichomy cteeina.
110. Trichomycterus, Val. ... 272
1. dispar, Tschudi 273
2. nicculatus, C.etV. 273
3. areolatus, C.etV. 274
4. nigricans, C. et V. 2 4
6. rivulatus, C.etV. 274
6. taenia, Kner 274
7. laticeps, Kner 274
incse, C.etV. 272
pentlandii, Casteln 272
punctatissimus, Casteln. . . 272
111. Eremophilus, Humb. . . 275 1. mutisii, Humb 275
112. Pariodon, Kner 275
1. microps. Kner 275
Eighth Subfamily.
SlXURIDiE BRANCHICOL^.
17th Group. Stegophilina.
113. Stegophilus, Reinh 276
1. insidiosus, Reinh 276
114. Vandellia, C.etV. 276
Page
1. cirrhosa, C.etV. 277
2. plazse, Casteln 277
Family 2. Characinid^;. First Group. Erythbinina.
1. Macrodon, M.etT. 281
1. trahira, Spix . 281
2. intermedius; Gthr 282
3. microlepis, Gthr 282
4. aimara, C.etV. 283
auritus, C.etV. 281
patana, C. et V. 281
guavina, Val 281
microcephalus, Agass .... 281
teres, C.etV. 281
2. Erythrinus, Gronov 283
1. unitaeniatus, Spix 283
2. gronovii, C.etV. 284
3. salmoneus, Gronov 284
4. longipinnis, Gthr 285
5. brevicauda, Gthr 285
palustris, Schn 283
cinereus, Gill 283
3. Lebiasina, C.etV. 285
1. bimaculata, C.etV. 286
4. Pyrrhulina, C.etV. 286
1. filamentosa, C.etV. .... 286
5. Corynopoma, Gthr 287
1. albipinne, Gill 287
2. riisei, Gill 287
3. veedonii, Gill 287
4. searlesii, Gill 288
Second Group. Curimatina.
6. Curimatus, Gthr. . .• 288
1. spilurus, Gthr 288
2. alburnus, M.etT. 289
3. argenteus, Gill 289
4. gilbeiti, Q.etG 289
5. troschelii, Gthr 29Q
6. rutiloides, Kner 290
7. cyprinoides, L 290
8. essequibensis, Gthr 291
9. schomburgkii, Gthr 291
10. ciliatus, M.etT. 292
11. vittatus, Kner 292
12. planirostris, Gronov 293
13. latior, Spix 293
14. laticeps, C.etV. 293
15. elongatus, Spix 293
7. Prochilodus, Agass 294
1. humeralis, Gthr 294
2. vimboides, Kner 294
3. argenteus, Agass 294
4. nigricans, Agass 295
5. oligolepis, Gthr 295
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
6. reticulars, C.etV. 295
7. lineatus, Valeric 295
8. dobulinus, C.etV. 296
9. brama, C.etV. 296
10. insignia, Schomb 296
11. binotatus, Schomb 296
12. tseniurus, Valeric 297
8. Caenotropus, Gthr 297
1. labyrinthicus, Kner .... 297
2. punctatus, M. etT. 297
9. Hemiodus, M.etT. 298
1. notatus, Schomb 298
2. inicrocepbalus, Gthr 298
3. unimaculatus, Bl 299
4. gracilis, Gthr 299
5. semitseniatus, Kner .... 299
6. immaculatus, Kner .... 300
7. longiceps, Kner 300
8. microlepis, Kner 300
amazonum, Humb 298
10. Saccodon, Kner 301
1. wagneri, Kner 301
11. Parodon, C.etV. 301
1. suborbitalis, C. etV. 301
nasus, Kner 301
Tbird Group. Cithaeinina.
12. Citharinus, M. etT. 302
1. geoffrovi, Cuv 302
2. latus, M.etT. 302
Fourth Group. Anostomatina.
13. Anostomus, Gronov 303
1. salmoneus, Gronov 303
2. vittatus, C.etV. 303
3. gracilis, Kner 304
4. trimaculatus, Kner .... 304
5. fasciatus, Spix 304
6. tseniatus, Kner 304
7. isognathus, Kner 305
8. nasutus, Kner 305
14. Rhvtiodus, Kner 305
1. microlSjjis. Kner 305
2. argenteo-fuscus, Kner . . 306
15. Leporinus, Spix 306
1. frederici, Bl 306
2. obtusidens, Valenc 306
3. megalepis, Gthr 307
4. lescbenaultii, C. etV. . . 307
5. bimaculatus, Casteln. . . 308
6. fasciatus, Bl. 308
7. affinis, Gthr 308
8. pachyurws, C. etV... 308, 432
9. margaritaceus,. Gthr 309
10. elongatus, C.etV. 309
11. nigro-tfeniatus, Schomb. . 309
12. melanopleura, Gthr 310
13. striatus, Kner 310
14. vittatus, C.etV. 310
maculatus, M.etT. 306
Fifth Group. Teteagonopterina.
16. Piabucina, C.etV. 311
1. erythrinoides, C. etV. . . 311
2. unitseniata, Gthr 311
17. Alestes, Gthr 312
1. dentex, Hasselq 312
2. sethente, C.etV. 313
3. kotschyi, Heck 313
4. macrolepidotus, C. et V. . 313
18. Brachyalestes, Gthr 314
1. nurse, Riipp 314
2. riippellii, Gthr 315
3. longipinnis, Gthr 315
4. imberi, Peters 316
5. acutidens, Peters 316
allenii, Benn 314
19. Tetragonopterus, Cuv 317
1. spilurus, C.etV. 318
2. argenteus, Cuv 318
3. rufipes, Valenc 318
4. artedii, C.etV. 319
5. compressus, Gthr 319
6. polylepis, Gthr 320
7. chalceus, Agass 320
8. orbicularis, C. et V. 320
9. brevirostris, Gthr 321
10. abramis, Jenyns 321
11. maculatus, L 321
12. fasciatus, Cuv 322
13. microstoma, Gthr 323
14. microphthalmus, Gthr. . . 324
15. panamensis, Gthr 324
16. dichrourus, Kner 324
17. brevimanus, Gthr 325
18. scabripinnis, Jenyns .... 325
19. petenensis, Gthr 326
20. eeneus, Gthr 326
21. wappi, C.etV. 326
22. peruvianus, M.etT. 327
23. humilis, Gthr 327
24. oligolepis, Gthr 327
25. chrysargyreus, Gthr 328
26. grandisquamis, M. etT... 328
27. lepidurus, Kner 328
28. tseniatus, Jenyns 329
29. melanurus, Bl. 329
30. affinis, Gthr 329
31. caudomaculatus, Gthr. . . 330
32. polyodon, Gthr 330
orbignyanus, C.etV. ... . 317
viejita, C.etV. 317
sawa, Casteln 317
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Paee
mexicanus, Filippi .... 317
brevoortii, Gill 317
tseniurus, Gill 317
pulcher, Gill 317
20. Scissor, Gthr 331
1. niacrocephalus, Gthr. . . 331
21. Pseudochalceus, Kner . . 331 1. lineatus, Kner 332
22. Chirodon, Girard 332
1. interruptus, Jenyns .... 332
2. pisciculus, Girard 332
23. Chalceus, Cuv 333
1. macrolepidotus, Cuv 333
24. Brycon, M.etT. 333
1. opalinus, Cuv 334
2. nattereri, Gthr 334
3. bahiensis, Gthr 334
4. falcatus, M.etT. 334
5. orthotsenia, Gthr 335
6. brevicauda, Gthr 335
7. atricaudatus, Kner 330
8. carpophagus, C. et V. . . 336
9. hilarii, C.etV. 336
10. pesu, M.etT. 336
schomburgkii, M. et T. . . 333
orbignyanus, C. et V. . . . . 333
rhodopterus, ( '. et V. .... 333
devillei, Cakeln 333
25. Chalcinopsis, Kner 336
1. dentex, Gthr 337
2. striatulus, Kner 337
3. cbagrensis, Kner 338
4. alburnus, Gthr 338
26. Bryconops, Kner 338
1. alburnus, Kner 339
2. lucidus, Kner 339
27. Creagrutus, Gthr 339
1. mulleri, Gthr 339
28. Cbalcinus, C. et V. 340
1. nematurus, Kner 340
2. brachypomus, C. et V. . . 341
3. auritus, C. et V. 341
4. elougatus, Gthr 342
29. Gastropelecus, Gronov. . . 342
1. sternicla, L 342
2. stellatus, Kner 343
3. strigatus, Gthr 343
30. Piabuca, M.etT. 343
1. argentina, L 343
2. spikujffl-, Gthr 344
31. Agouiates, M.etT. 344
1. halecinus, M.etT. 344
Sixth Group. Hydroc yonina.
32. Anacyrtus, Gthr 345
1. gibbosus, L 346
2. pauciradiatus, Gthr 346
3. molossus, Kner 347
4. microlepis, Reinh 347
5. guatemalensis, Gthr 347
6. argenteus, Valenc 348
7. humeralib, Valenc 348
xenodon, Reinh 345
33. Hystricodon, Gthr 349
1. paradoxus, M.etT. .... 349
34. Salminus, M.etT. 349
1. hilarii, C.etV. 349
2. brevidens, Cuv 350
3. raaxillosus, C.etV. 350
35. Hydrocyon, M. et T. .... 350
1. forskalii, Cuv 351
2. brevis, Gthr 351
3. lineatus, Schleg 352
36. Sarcodaces, Gthr 352
1. odoe, Bl. 352
37. Oligosarcus, Gthr 353
1. argenteus, Gthr 353
38. Xiphorhamphus, M. ei T. . 353
1. falcirostris, Cuv 354
2. falcatus, Bl. 354
3. microlepis, Schomb 355
4. ferox, Gthr 355
5. pericoptes, M. et T. 355
6. hepsetus, Cuv 356
7. jenynsii, Gthr 356
39. Xiphostoma, Spix 356
1. lucius, Cuv 357
2. cuvieri, Spix 357
3. ocellatuni, Schomb 357
4. maculatum, C. et V. .... 357
5. hujeta, C.etV. 358
40. Cynodon, Spix 358
1. scomberoides, Cuv 358
2. vulpinus, Spix 359
3. gibbus, Spix 359
Seventh Group.
DlSTICHODONTINA.
41. Distichodus, M. et T. 359
1. niloticus, Hasselq 360
2. rostratus, Gthr 360
3. engycephalus, Gthr 361
4. brevipinnis, Gthr 361
5. schenga, Peters 361
6. mossambicus, Pet 362
7. macrolepis, Gthr 362
Eighth Gr. Ichthybohina.
42. Ichthyborus, Gthr 362
1. microlepis, Gthr 363
2. besse, Joannis 364
Ninth Group. Crenuchina.
43. Crenuchus, Gthr 365
1. spilurus, Gthr 365
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
XXI
Tenth Group. Serrasalmonina.
44. Mylesinus, C. et V. 36G
1. schomburgkii, C. et V. . . 366
45. Serrasalmo, Lacep 366
1. dentieulatus, Cuv 367
2. serrulatus, C. et V. 367
3. piraya, Cuv 368
4. scapularis, Gthr 368
5. niger, Schomb 369
6. nattereri, Kner 369
7. rhombeus, L 369
8. niarginatus, Vol. 370
9. spilopleura, Kner 370
10. humeralis, C.etV. 370
11. gymnogenys, Gthr 371
12. maculatus, Kner 371
13. elongatus, Kner 371
palometa, C.etV. 366
caribe, C.etV. 366
gibbus, Casteln 366
46. Myletes, Gthr 372
1. asterias, M.etT. 373
2. rubripiimis, M. et T. 373
3. rhomboidalis, Cuv 373
4. parma, Gthr 374
5. macropomus, Cuv 374
6. brachypomus, Cuv 374
7. orbignyanus, C. et V. . . . . 375
8. duriventris, Cuv 375
9. bidens, Spix 375
10. elliptieus, Gthr 375
11. divaricatus, C.etV. 376
12. hypsauchen, M.etT. 376
13. maculatus, Kner 377
14.\altipimris, C.etV. ., 377
15. discoideus, Kner 377
16. trilobatus, C.etV. 377
17. setiger, M.etT. 378
18. oligacanthus, M. et T. . . 378 acanthogaster, C. et V. . . 372
lobatus, C.etV. 372
schomburgkii, Jardine . . 372
palometa, C.etV. 372
luna, C.etV. 372
rhomboidalis, Kner .... 372
unilobatus, C. et V. 372
bidens, C.etV. 372
torquatus, Kner 372
47. Catoprion, M.etT. 379
1. mento, Cuv 379
Appendix.
Coregonus niloticus, Joannis . . 379 Astyanax argentatus, B. et G. . 380
Page
Fam. 3. Haplochitonid^e.
1. Haplochiton, Jenyns 381
1. zebra, Jenyns 381
2. tjeniatus, Jenyns 381
2. Prototroctes. Gthr 382
1. maraena, Gthr 882
Fam. 4. Sternoptychid^;. First Gr. Sternoptychina.
1. Argyropelecus, Cocco .... 384
1. hemigymnus, Cocco .... 385
2. olfersii, Cuv 386
3. durvillii, C.etV. 386
%. aculeatus, C.etV. 386
2. Sternoptyx, Hermann 386
1. diaphana, Herm 387
Second Group. Cocciina.
3. Coccia, Gthr 387
1. ovata, Cocco 388
4. Maurolicus, Gthr 388
1. borealis, Niks 389
2. amethystino-punctatus,
Cocco 390
3. poweriae, Cocco 390
4. attenuatus, Cocco 390
Third Group. Chauliodontina.
5. Gonostoma, Rqfin 391
1. denudatum, Rqfin 391
6. Chauliodus, Schn 392
1. sloanii, Schn 392
Fam. 5. Scopelid^.
First Group. Saurina.
1. Saurus, C. et V. 394
1. griseus, Lowe 394
2. atlanticus, Johnson .... 395
3. varius, Lacep 395
4. intermedius, Spix 396
5. fcetens, L 396
(spixianus, Pocy 397)
6. lucioceps, Ayres ........ 397
7. brevirostris, Poey 397
8. altipinnis, Gthr 397
9. myops, Forster 398
synodus, L 394
meleagrides, Val. 394
sp. Parrse 394
sp. Lienardi 394
2. Saurida, C.etV. 399
1. tumbil, Bl. 399
2. nebulosa, C.etV. 399
3. argyrophanes, Rich 400
4. undosquamis, Rich 400
xxu
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
6. grandisquamis, Gthr. . . 400 ferox, Eyd. et Soul. 399
3. Harpodon, Lesucur 401
1. nehereus, Ham. Buch. . . 401
4. Aulopus, Cuv. 402
1. filamentosus, Bl. 402
2. purpurissatus, Rich 403
5. Cbloropbthalmus, Bonap. . , 403 1. agassizii, Bonap. 404
6. Scopelus, Gthr 404
1. rissoi, Cocco . 405
2. benoiti, Cocco 406
3. parvirnanus, Gthr 406
4. glacialis, Reinh. 407
5. bumboldti, Risso 407
6. boops, Richards 408
7. macrochir, Gthr 408
8. caninianus, C.etV. .... 409
9. metopoclampus, Cocco . . 409
10. rafinesquii, Cocco 410
11. dumerilii, Blkr 410
12. asper, Richards 411
13. subasper, Gthr 411
(stellatus, Benn 412)
14. maderensis, Lowe 412
15. coccoi, Cocco 413
Tcoruscans, Richards. . . 413) (notatus, Lesueur 414)
16. bonapartii, Cocco 414
17. macrolepidotus, Johns, . . 414
18. gemellarii, Cocco 415
19. resplendens, Richards. . . 415
20. caudispinosus, Johns 416
coruscans, C.etV. 404
brachygnatbus, Blkr. . . 404
crocodilus, Risso 404
angustidens, Risso 404
7. Scopelosaurus, Blkr 417
1. hoedti, Blkr 417
8. Odontostomus, Cocco .... 417 1. hyalimis, Cocco 417
Second Group. Paralepidina.
9. Paralepis, Risso 418
1. coregonoides, Risso .... 418
2. spbyrsenoides, Risso .... 418
3. borealis, Reinh 419
10. Sudis, Rafin 419
1. byalina, Rafin 420
Tbird Group.
Alepibosaueina.
11. Alepidosaurus, Lowe .... 420
1. ferox, Lowe 421
2. altivelis, Poet/ 423
3. borealis, Gill 423
Fam. 6. Stomiatid^. First Group. Asteonesthina.
1. Astronesthes, Richards. . . 424
1. niger, Richards 425
2. Ricbardsonii, Poey .... 425
3. barbatus, Kner 425
Second Group. Stomiatina.
2. Stomias, Cuv 426
1. boa, Risso 426
2. barbatus, Cuv 426
3. ferox, Reinh 426
3. Echiostoma, Lowe 427
1. barbatum, Lowe 427
4. Malacosteus, Ayres 427
1. niger, Ayres 428
Addenda to preceding Volumes. Melamphaes typhlops, Lo we. . 433 | Chiasmodns niger, Johns 435
CATALOGUE
PI'SHE S.
Subclass I. TELEOSTEI.
(CONTINUED.)
Order IV. PHYSOSTOMI.
All the fin-rays are articulated ; only the first of the dorsal and pectoral fins is sometimes more or less ossified. The ventral fins, if present, are abdominal, without spine. Air-bladder, if present, with a pneu- matic duct.
Cfr. Miiller, in Abhandl. Berl. Acad. 1844, p. 174.
Fam. 1. SILURIDiE.
Siluroidei, Cuv. I&gne Anim.
Skin naked or with osseous scutes, but without scales. Barbels always present ; maxillary bone rudi- mentary, almost always forming the base of a maxil- lary barbel. Margin of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries only. Suboperculum absent. Air-
SILURID E.
bladder generally present, communicating with the organ of hearing by means of the auditory ossicles. Adipose fin present or absent.
Inhabitants of the fresh waters of all the temperate and tropical regions, some entering the salt water, but keeping near the coast.
We give first a synopsis of the Groups, and then one of the Genera.
Synopsis of the Groups.
First Subfamily. SILURID M HOMALOPTER.E.
The dorsal and anal fins are very long, nearly equal in extent to the corresponding parts of the vertebral column.
Group A. The gill -membranes are not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, remaining separate to the chin. The dorsal is uni- formly composed of feeble rays, or its posterior portion is modified into an adipose fin Clariina, p. 13.
Group B. The gill-membranes -are not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, or United with it by a narrow strip only, remaining more or less separate. The dorsal is divided into two portions : a short anterior with a strong spine, and a long posterior which, like the anal, is confluent with the caudal. Ventrals many- rayed Plotosina, p. 23.
Group C. The gill-membranes are confluent with the skin of the broad isthmus, the gill-openings being thereby reduced in extent. The dorsal and anal are divided into two portions : the anterior of the former fin with a strong spine, whilst the posterior of both fins are united with the caudal. Ventrals six-rayed.
Chacina, p. 29.
Second Subfamily.
SILURIDiE HETEROPTER.E.
The rayed dorsal fin is very little developed, and if it is present, it belongs to the abdominal portion of the vertebral column ; the adipose fin is exceedingly small or absent. The extent of the anal is not much inferior to that of the caudal vertebral column. The gill-membranes overlap the isthmus, remaining more or less sepa- rate.
Group D. Ventral fins below or behind the dorsal. The abdominal portion of the vertebral column is much shorter than the caudal, and the anterior vertebrae are confluent into one of large size.
Silurina, p. 30.
SILTJRTD.E. J
Third Subfamily. SILURID^E ANOMALOPTER.E.
The rayed dorsal fin is present, bnt little developed, and belongs to the caudal portion of the vertebral column ; adipose fin exceed ingly small. The extent of the anal is not much inferior to that of the caudal vertebral column. The gill-membranes overlap the isthmus, remaining separate to the chin.
Group E. Ventral fins in front of the dorsal. The abdominal por- tion of the vertebral column is much shorter than the caudal, and the anterior vertebrae remain separate. Hypophthalmina, p. 66.
Fourth Subfamily. SILURID.E PROTEROPTERtE.
The rayed dorsal fin is always present, short, with not more than twelve soft rays, and belongs to the abdominal portion of the vertebral column, being placed in advance of the ventrals ; the adipose fin is always present and well developed, although frequently short. The extent of the anal is much inferior to that of the caudal vertebral column. The gill-membranes are not con- fluent with the skin of the isthmus, their posterior margin always remaining free, even if they are united with each other. When- ever the nasal barbel is present, it belongs to the posterior nostril.
Group F. The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other, and the posterior is provided with a barbel.
Bagrina, p. 69. Group G. The anterior and posterior nostrils arc remote from each other, none being provided with a barbel.
Fimelodina, p. 105.
Group H. The anterior and posterior nostrils are placed close to- gether, without barbel, the posterior with a valve.
Ariina, p. 138.
Group I. The anterior and posterior nostrils are placed close to- gether ; a barbel between them .... Bagarina, p. 1 83.
Fifth Subfamily.
SILURID.E STENOBRANCHIiE.
The rayed dorsal fin is short, if present, belonging to the abdo- minal portion of the vertebral column, the ventrals being inserted
4 SILTTRIDjE.
behind it (except in Khinoglanis). The gill-membranes are con- fluent with the skin of the isthmus.
Group K. Rayed dorsal fin present. The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other. . Doradina, p. 191.
Group L. The anterior and posterior nostrils are close together.
Khinoglanina, p. 216.
Group M. Rayed dorsal fin none .... Malapterurina, p. 219.
Sixth Subfamily.
SILURID^E PROTEROPODES.
The rayed dorsal fin is always present and rather short ; the ventrals are inserted below or in front of the dorsal. The gill- membranes are confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Vent be- fore or not much behind the middle of the length of the body.
Group N. The anterior and posterior nostrils are close together, and there is generally a short flap or barbel between them. The lower lip is reverted, and much dilated, forming a broad flap, more or less deeply notched in the middle Hypostomatina, p. 221.
Group 0. The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other, without barbels. Lower lip not reverted ; humero- cubital process much developed and prolonged. Aspredinina, p. 265.
Seventh Subfamily. SILURID^ OPISTHOPTER.E.
The rayed dorsal fin is always present, short, being placed above or behind the ventrals, which, however, in one genus are absent ; anal short. Nostrils remote from each other ; if a nasal barbel is developed, it belongs to the anterior nostril. Lower lip not reverted. The gill-membranes are not confluent with the skin of the isthmus.
Group P. Dorsal fin above the ventrals. Nematogenyina, p. 271. Group Q. Dorsal fin behind the ventrals, if the latter are present.
Trichomycterina, p. 272.
Eighth Subfamily.
SILURLD,E BRANCHICOL.E.
The rayed dorsal fin is always present and short, placed behind . the ventrals ; anal short. Vent far behind the middle of the
SILURID^E.
length of the hody. Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus.
Group R. A single maxillary barbel on each side.
Stegophilina, p. 276.
Synopsis of the Genera.
First Subfamily. SILURID^E HOMALOPTER.E.
The dorsal and anal fins are very long, nearly equal in extent to the corresponding parts of the vertebral column.
Group A. Clariina.
Gill-membranes entirely separate and free ; the dorsal is uniformly composed of feeble rays, or its posterior portion is adipose.
Dorsal fin without adipose portion 1. Clarias, p. 13.
Two dorsal fins, the posterior adipose 2. Heterobranciius, p. 21.
Group B. Flotosina.
Gill-membranes free from the skin of the isthmus, or united with it by a narrow strip only ; dorsal divided into two portions, the ante- rior with a spine ; the posterior and the anal united with the caudal.
Gill-membranes entirely separate and free from the isthmus ; head depressed.
3. Plotosus, p. 23.
Gill-membranes united anteriorly, but free from the isthmus ; head rather com- pressed .: 4. COPIDOGLANIS, p. 25.
Gill-membranes attached to the isthmus ... 5. Cnidoglanis, p. 27.
Group C. Chacina.
Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the broad isthmus. Two dorsal and two anal fins.
Nostril without barbel G. Chaca, p. 29.
Second Subfamily.
SILURID.E HETEROPTER.E.
Dorsal and adipose fins very short, if present ; anal very long ; ventrals below or behind the dorsal; gill-membranes entirely separate, overlapping the isthmus.
Group D. Silurina.
a. Gill-c(ivity with an accessory sac posteriorly. Adipose fin none 7. Saccobranchis, p. 30.
6 Sn.UMD.3S.
b. Gill-cavity without accessory sac.
a a. The eye is situated above the level of the angle of the mouth, a. Caudal fin rounded. Adipose fin none 8. Silurus, p. 32.
j3. Caudal fin obliquely emarginate. Adipose fin none 9. Silurichtiiys, p. 35.
y. Caudal fin forked.
Adipose fin none ; teeth villiforin 10. Wallago, p. 36.
Adipose fin none ; teeth long, widely set-.. 11. Belodontichthys, p. 37.
Adipose fin present 12. Eutropiichthys, p. 38.
bb. The eye is situated behind, and partly even below the level of the angle of the mouth.
a. The mandibulary barbels are placed at some distance behind the sym- physis ; or if they are absent, the posterior nostrils are neither wide, nor placed more closely together than the anterior.
* Mandibles without enlarged muciferous cavities.
No adipose fin ; dorsal quite rudimentary or entirely absent.
13. Cryptopterus, p. 38.
No adipose fin ; dorsal fin with several rays, but without pungent spine.
14. Callichrous, p. 45.
No adipose fin ; dorsal fin with a pungent spine.
15. Schilbe, p. 49.
Adipose fin present ; dorsal with a pungent spine.
16. Eutropius, p. 52.
** Mandibles with the muciferous cavities enlarged. No adipose fin 17. Hemisilurus, p. 54.
j8. The mandibulary barbels, if present, are placed immediately behind the symphysis ; the nostrils are more or less wide, and the anterior are always open, placed quite in front of the snout, and generally more remote from each other than the posterior.
* Four mandibulary barbels placed in a straight line immediately behind the symphysis of the lower jaw ; nostrils rather wide, espe- cially the hinder ones, which are close together on the top of the snout.
Adipose fin none ; dorsal fin without pungent spine.
18. SlLURANODON, p. 55.
Adipose fin present ; no other dorsal 19. Ailia, p. 55.
Adipose fin none ; dorsal fin with a pungent spine.
20. SCHILBICHTHYS, p. 56.
Adipose fin, present; dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; nasal barbels none.
21. Lais, p. 57.
Adipose fin present ; dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; a pair of nasal barbels.
22. PsEUDElTROriUS, p. 58.
** Two mandibulary barbels, placed immediately behind the symphysis of the lower jaw ; nostrils rather wide, the anterior being quite in front of the snout.
Palatine teeth separate from those of the vomer.
23. Pangasius, p. 61.
SILURIDJi.
Teeth on the palate reduced to two small patches, if present.
24. Helicophagus, p. 64.
*** Mandibulary barbels none ; nostrils open : the posterior are closer together than the anterior, which are quite in front of the snout.
Adipose fin present ; maxillary barbels minute.
25. Silondia, p. 65.
Third Subfamily.
SILURID.E ANOMALOPTEILE.
Dorsal and adipose fins very short, the former belonging to the caudal vertebral column; anal very long. Ventrals in front of the dorsal. Gill-membranes entirely separate, overlapping the isthmus.
Group E. Hypophthalmina.
The ventral fins are in front of the dorsal.
a. The eye is small, situated above the level of the angle of the mouth. Teeth in the jaws, 26. Helogenes, p. 66.
b. The eye is situated behind, and partly even below the level of, the angle of the
mouth.
Teeth none 27. Hypophthalmus, p. 67.
Fourth Subfamily.
SILURLD^J PROTEROPTEILE.
Dorsal fin short, placed anteriorly on the trunk, in advance of the ventrals ; adipose fin well developed, sometimes short ; anal short, or of moderate length. Gill-membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus, with free posterior margin.
Group F. Bagrina.
The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other, and the posterior is provided with a barbel.
a. Teeth on the palate present : Old World.
* Four mandibulary barbels.
Dorsal with 9-10 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ■ teeth on the jmlate con- tinuous 28. Bagrus, p. 69.
Dorsal with 6 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ; the teeth on the palate form two groups 29. Chrysichthys, p. 70.
Dorsal with 6 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ; the teeth on the palate form four groups 30. Clarotes, p. 73.
Dorsal with 7 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ■ teeth on the palate continuous ; no moveable labial teeth ; orbital margin free.
31. Mackones. p. 74.
8 SILUEID^I.
Dorsal with 5-7 soft rays, anal with 20 or more.
32. PSEUDOBAGRUS, p. 84.
Dorsal with 7 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ; the teeth of the dorsal spine are not directed upwards ; no moveable labial teeth ; orbital margin not free.
33. Liocassis, p. 86.
Dorsal with 7 soft rays, anal with less than 20 ; the teeth of the dorsal spine are directed upwards ; no moveable labial teeth ; orbital margin not free.
34. Bagroides, p. 90.
The lower jaw with long, moveable teeth in front.
35. Bagrichthys, p. 92. ** Two mandibular?/ barbels.
Teeth on the palate molar-like 36. Eita, p. 92.
b. Palate toothless. Ventral rays six : East Indies.
Caudal not emarginate 37, Acrochordonichthys, p. 94.
Caudal emarginate 38. Akysis, p. 96.
39. Olyra, p. 97.
Doubtful genera . .
1_40. Branchiosteus, p. 98,
o. Palate toothless. Ventral rays eight or nine : North America.
V. 8. Adipose fin of moderate length 41. Amiurus p. 98.
V. 9. Adipose fin short and thick 42. Hopladelus, p. 103.
V. 9. Adipose fin low, long, subcontiguous or contiguous with the caudal.
43. Notdrus, p. 104,
Group G. Pimelodina.
The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other, none being provided with a barbel. Tropical America (Africa).
a. Teeth on palate present.
* Snout muck prolonged, spatulate.
The upper jaw is the longer ; eyes partly directed downwards.
44. Sorubim, p. 105.
The upper jaw is the longer ; eyes lateral or directed upwards.
45. Platystoma, p. 106.
The lower jaw is the longer 46. Hemisorubim, p. 109.
Upper jaw very long ; ventral below the last dorsal rays.
47. Platystomatichthys, p. 109. ** Snout not prolonged.
Adipose fin rayed 48. Phractocephalus, p. 1 10.
Adipose fin not rayed ; head granulated above. D. 1/6.
49. PlRAMUTANA, p. 110.
Adipose fin not rayed ; head covered with skin above. D. 1/6. Barbels band- like 50. Platynematichthys, p. 111.
Adipose fin not rayed ; head covered with skin above. D. 1/6. Barbels fili- form 51. Piratinga, p. 112.
Dorsal witr 10 or 11 soft rays 52. Sciades, p. 1 13.
b. Palate toothless.
* The gill-membranes are separated from each other by a deep notch.
Dorsal with less than 9 soft rays ; broad bands of villiform teeth in both jaws • barbels filiform or slightly impressed ... 53. Pimelodus, p. 114.
silurid^;. 9
Barbels long, band-like 54. Pirinampus, p. 135.
Snout pointed ; villifonn teeth in the upper jaw only.
55. CONORHYNCHUS, p. 135.
Dorsal with 10 soft rays 56. Notoglanis, p. 136.
Each jaw with one or two series of small flattish teeth.
57. Callophysus, p. 136.
** The gill-membranes are united below the throat, scarcely notched in the middle: African.
Snout pointed 58. Auchenaspis, p. 137.
Group H. Ariina.
The anterior and posterior nostrils are placed close together, none being provided with a barbel, but the posterior with a valve. Tropics.
a. Maxillary and mandibulary barbels present. * Mandibulary barbels four.
Head osseous above ; teeth on the palate present and fixed.
59. Arius, p. 138.
Head and nape covered entirely with soft skin ; dorsal with 7 soft rays.
60. Galeichthys, p. 174.
Teeth on the palate moveable, in two patches. 61. Q-enidens, p. 175. Palatine teeth none ; teeth in the jaws villifonn.
62. Hemipimelodus, p. 176. Palatine teeth none ; teeth in the jaws in a single series.
63. Ketengus, p. 177. ** Mandibulary barbels two.
Adipose fin short 64. ./Elurichthys, p. 177.
b. Maxillary barbels only.
Barbels compressed, band-like 65. Paradiplomystax, p. 180.
Barbels fleshy, thick 66. Diplomystax, p. 180.
Barbels osseous 67. Osteogeniosus, p. 181.
c. Mandibulary barbels only.
The cleft of the mouth extends to below the eye.
68. Batrachocephalus, p. 182.
Group I. Bagarina.
The anterior and posterior nostrils are placed close together ; a barbel between tbem. Indian.
Thorax without longitudinal- plaits 69. Bagarius, p. 183.
Thorax with longitudinal plaits ; teeth on the palate.
70. EUCLYPTOSTERNUM, p. 183.
Thorax with longitudinal plaits ; palate toothless.
71. Gxyptosternum, p. 185.
t» k4.1 fHARA,p. 189.
Doubtful genera \
[Amblvceps, p. 190.
10 SII/URIDiE.
Fifth Subfamily.
SILURID^ STENOBRANCHm
Dorsal fin short, if present, before the ventrals (except in Khinoglanis) ; gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus.
Group K. Doradina.
Rayed dorsal fin present. The anterior and posterior nostrils are remote from each other.
a. Adipose fin exceedingly small or absent ; lateral line without bony shields :
South American.
* The cleft of the mouth extends to, or to below, the eye.
Adipose fin present ; barbels two 72. Agexiosus, p. 191.
Adipose fin present ; barbels four, very small. 73. Tetranematichthys, p. 192.
Adipose fin present ; barbels six, the four mandibulary barbels being placed in a transverse series immediately behind the symphysis.
74\ Euanemus, p. 193.
Adipose fin present ; anal longish ; barbels six : a maxillary, an anterior and a posterior mandibulary pair 75. Auchemptf.rus, p. 194.
Adipose fin present ; anal short ; barbels six. 76. Centrojiochlus, p. 197.
Adipose fin none; head osseous above 77. Traciielyoi'tekus, p. 198.
Adipose fin none ; head covered with thick skin.
78. Cetopsis, p. 199.
** Cleft of the mouth very wide, extending far behind the eye. Adipose fin present 79. Astrophysus, p. 200.
b. Lateral line armed with bony shields : South American.
Adipose fin short, very distinct ; teeth villiform ; barbels not fringed.
80. Doras, p. 200.
Adipose fin short, very distinct ; teeth rudimentary ; barbels fringed.
81. Oxydoras, p. 206.
Adipose fin low, longish 82. Rhixodoras, p. 209.
c. Adipose fin of moderate length ; lateral line without bony shields : African. The lower jaw with moveable teeth 83. Synodontis, p. 210.
Group L. Rhinoglanina. The anterior and posterior nostrils are close together.
Adipose fin replaced by a rayed fin ■ neck with broad shields.
84. RlHNOGLANtS, p. 216.
Adipose fin replaced by a rayed fin ; neck covered with skin.
85. MocHOCua, p. 217.
A nasal barbel 86. Callomystax. p. 218.
Group M. Malapterurina.
No rayed dorsal fin. Africa. Adipose fin of moderate length 87. Malapterurus, p. 21lJ.
SILURID.E. 11
Sixth Subfamily.
SILUBIDJE PKOTEROPODES.
The rayed dorsal fin is always present, and rather short ; ven- trals below or in front of the dorsal. Gill-membranes confluent with the skin of the isthmus. Vent before, or not much behind, the middle of the length of the body.
Group N. Hypostomatina.
Anterior and posterior nostrils close together, generally with a flap between them. Lower lip reverted and dilated.
a. Head and body entirely covered with soft skin ; maxillary barbels only :
South A merican .
Adipose fin low, elongate 88. Auges, p. 222.
Adipose fin short, with a moveable spine... 89. Stygogenes, p. 223.
Adipose fin none, ventrals present 90. Bkontes, p. 224.
Adipose and ventral fins absent 91 . Astroblepus, p. 224.
b. Body completely cttirassed: South American.
* Two barbels at each angle of the mouth. Adipose fin short, with a moveable spine ... 92. Callichthys, p. 225.
** Body with four or five longitudinal series of scutes on each side ; tail rounded or compressed. Adipose fin present, with a short spine ; eight dorsal rays ; interoperculum with- out erectile armature 93. Plecostomus, p. 230.
Adipose fin present, with a short spine ; from 13-14 dorsal rays ; interoperculum without armature 94. Liposakcus, p. 238.
Adipose fin present, with a short spine ; from 8T10 dorsal rays ; interoperculum with erectile spines 95. Ch^etostomus, p. 240.
Adipose fin present, with a short spine ; from 12-14 dorsal rays ; interoperculum
with erectile spines 96. Pterygoplichthys, p. 251.
Adipose fin none ; interoperculum without armature.
97. Rhinelepis, p. 252. Adipose fin none ; interoperculum with erectile spines.
98. Acanthicus, p. 253.
*** Tail long and depressed.
Snout produced and spatulate 99. Loricaria, p. 254.
Snout very long and narrow 100. Acestra, p. 260.
c. Head partly osseous and rough ; body naked or with bony plates on the back :
East Indian.
No adipose fin 101. Sisor, p. 262.
Adipose fin present 102. Erethistes, p. 263.
d. Head and body covered with skin ; a pair of nasal barbels : East Indian. A plaited adhesive apparatus between the pectorals.
103. Pseudecheneis, p. 264. Lower lip very broad, reflected 104. Exostoma, p. 264.
12 SILUEID^.
Group 0. Aspredinina.
Anterior and posterior nostrils remote from each other, without barbels. Lower lip not reverted. South America.
a. Anal fin short.
Head higher than the hind part of the tail. 105. Bunocephalus, p. 266. Head lower than the hind part of the tail. . . 106. Bitnocephalichthys, p. 267.
b. Anal fin long.
Barbels not less than six 107. Aspredo, p. 267.
Seventh Subfamily.
SILURID^E OPISTHOPTERtE.
The rayed dorsal fin is placed above or behind the ventrals ; anal short. Gill-membranes not confluent with the skin of the isthmus. South America.
Group P. Nematogenyina. Dorsal fin above the ventrals.
Adipose fin present 108. Heptapterus, p. 271.
Anterior nostril with a barbel i09. NemaTogenys, p. 272.
Group Q. Trichomycterina. Dorsal fin behind the ventrals, if the latter are present.
a. Anterior nostril with a barbel ; two maxillary barbels on each side.
Ventrals present . 110. Trichomycterus, p. 272.
Ventrals none 111. Eremophilus, p. 275.
b. No nasal barbel; two maxillary barbels on each side.
Jaws with a single series of te"eth 112. Pariodon, p. 275.
Eighth Subfamily. SILURIDjE BRANCHICOLjE.
The rayed dorsal fin is always present, short, and placed behind the ventrals. Vent far behind the middle of the length of the body. Gill-membranes confluent with the sMn of the isthmus. South America.
Group R. Stegophilina,
A single maxillary barbel on each side. Jaws with a broadish band of minute teeth. 1 13. Stegophilus, p. 276.
Jaws toothless ; a series of long pointed teeth on the vomer.
114. Vandellia, p. 276.
1. CLARIAS. 13
First Subfamily. SILURID^ HOMALOPTER^E.
The dorsal and anal fins are nearly equal in extent to the cor- responding portions of the vertebral column.
First Group. CLARIINA.
The gill-membranes are not confluent with the skin of the isth- mus, remaining separate to the chin. The dorsal is uniformly composed of feeble rays, or its posterior portion is modified into an adipose fin.
Africa and East Indies'.
1. CLARIAS*.
Clarias, Gh-onov. Zoophyl. p. 100. Macropteronotus, Lacep. v. p. 84.
Adipose fin none ; dorsal long, extending from the neck to the caudal ; anal long. Jaws with a band of villiform teeth ; a band of villiform or granular teeth across the vomer ; cleft of the mouth transverse, anterior, of moderate width ; barbels eight : one pair of nasal, one of maxillary, and two pairs of mandibulary barbels. Eyes small, with a free orbital margin. The upper and lateral parts of the head are osseous, or covered with only a very thin skin. A den- dritic, accessory branchial organ is. attached to the convex side of the second and fourth branchial arches, and received in a cavity behind the gill-cavity proper. Ventrals six-rayed ; only the pectoral has a pungent spine.
Africa and East Indies.
* 1. Clarias hasselquistii, Cuv.SfVal. xv. p. 362. pi. 446 (not synon.). — Nile. — Among the numerous examples from the Nile which I have examined, I have not met with one which would agree with Valenciennes's de- scription of his CI. hasselquistii: it is said to have very short barbels, the nasal being only one-fourth, and those of the maxillary one-half of the length of the head. The vomerine teeth are described as villiform, forming a band " etroite, assez large et retrecie dans le milieu." The figure represents this band with a ' ery prominent median posterior process.
2. dussumieri, Cuv. $ Vol. xv. p. 382. — Malabar.
3. fuscus, Cuv. $■ Vol. xv. p. 383 (not synon.). — Sumatra.
4. senegalensis, Cuv. § Val. xv. p. 376. — Senegal.
5. loeviceps, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. 8c. Philad. 1862, p. 139.— West
Africa. — D. 86. A. 61. Head a sixth of total length, maxillary barbels a third.
14 SlLtTRTD.E.
The species may be subdivided thus : —
A. Caudal free.
* The occipital process is prominent, and angular behind : African and Syrian species, p. 14.
** The occipital process is not very prominent, and rounded behind : East Indian species, p. 17.
B. Vertical fins united, p. 20.
A. Caudal free. * The occipital process is prominent, and angular behind.
1. Clarias anguiUaris.
Silurus anguillaris, Linn, in Hasselq. Iteise Palcest. p. 415, and Si/st.
Nat. i. p. 502. Karmouth, Sonnini, Toy. ii. p. 289. pi. 22. fig. 2. Heterobranchus anguillaris, Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descrijjt. Eg. Poiss. pi. 16.
fig. 1, cop. with some slight alterations in Cuv. Regne Anim. III.
pi. 101. fig. 2.
D. 69-73. A. 53-55. P. 1/9.
Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a band, which in its middle is narrower than that of the intermaxillaries ; it has not a process be- hind in the middle of its concavity. Head densely granulated above, its length being one-fourth, or rather more than one-fourth, of the total. Barbels slender : those of the nostril two-fifths or one-third as long as, and those of the maxillaries rather shorter than, the head. The pectoral fin extends to, or nearly to, the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; its spine is short, two-thirds as long as the fin.
Nile ; West Africa.
a-b, c. Fourteen to eighteen inches long. Upper Nile. From Consul
Petherick's Collection. (I. Adult. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.
Hasselquist very distinctly describes the band of vomerine teeth as narrower than that of the intermaxillaries.
2. Clarias gariepinus.
Silurus (Heterobranchus) gariepinus, Burcheli, Travels in the Interior
of South Africa, i. p. 425, c. fig. p. 445. ? Clarias capensis, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 377.
Clarias capensis, Smith, Ittustr. Zool. S. Afr. Fish. c. tab. (not good). ? Clarias mossambicus, Peters, Monatsber. Berl. Acad. 1852, p. 682.
(D. 60.)
D. 66-69. A. 52-54. P. 1/10.
Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a long, continuous crescentic band, which in its middle is as wide as that of the intermaxillaries, and which has not a process behind in the middle of its concavity. Head densely granulated above, covered with smooth soft Skin in fresh specimens, its length being rather more than one-fourth of the total. Barbels of moderate length, those of the nostrils being one-
1. CLAKIAS. 15
third of the length of the head, and those of the maxillaries extending to or beyond the root of the pectoral. The pectoral fin reaches some- what beyond the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, and the length of its spine is three-quarters of that of the fin. Port Natal. (Cape of Good Hope ?)
a. Twenty-five inches long : stuffed. Port Natal. From Sir A.
Smith's Collection.
b, c. Very fine specimens. Port Natal. Purchased of Mr. Th.
Ayres.
We very much doubt whether our specimens belong to the same species as C. capensis, C. & V. The latter is said to have seventy-six dorsal and eleven pectoral rays, and the vomerine teeth disposed in two small, distinct, curved bands ; moreover the typical specimen is from the Cape of Good' Hope. We have also a stuffed specimen from the Cape ; it has seventy-six dorsal rays, but the vomerine teeth arranged in the same manner as in our specimens from Port Natal.
3. Clarias parvimanus. D. 76. A. 57. P. 1/8.
Vomerine teeth villiform, those in the middle of the band conical. The band of vomerine teeth is in its middle rather broader than that of the intermaxillaries ; it has a very short process in the middle of its concavity. Head rather finely granulated above, its length being one-fourth of the total. Barbels slender, those of the nostril one-third as long as the head, those of the maxillary shorter than the head. The pectoral fin does not extend to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; its spine is short, not quite two-thirds as long as the fin. The dorsal does not extend on to the root of the caudal.
Nile.
a. Twelve inches long. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collection as Clarias Tiasselquistii.
4. Clarias orontis.
Silurus anguillaris, Russell, Nat. Hist. Alepp. ii. p. 217. pi. 8 (notZ.) Clarias, Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 100.
D. 74. A. 54. P. 1/10.
Vomerine teeth very small, subcorneal, forming a band, which is equal in width to that of the intermaxillaries ; it has a very short and obtuse process behind, in the middle of its concavity. Head densely granulated above, its length being a little less than one-fourth of the total. Barbels long, those of the maxillaries being twice as long as the nasal, and as long as the head. The pectoral fin extends to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin ; the length of its spine is three-fourths of that of the fin.
River Orontes.
a. Seventeen and a half inches long. From A. Russell's Collection.
16 siluridjE.
5. CI arias lazera.
Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 372 ; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17.
D. 77. A. 58. P. 1/10. Vert. 20/41 (C. $ V.) : 17/45 {Hyrtl).
Vomerine teeth granular, forming a band, which in its middle is broader than that of the intermaxillaries ; it has not a process behind in the middle of its concavity. Head coarsely granulated above, its length being one-fourth of the total. Barbels long: those of the nostril extend nearly to the root of the pectoral, those of the maxil- lary beyond the origin of the dorsal. The pectoral fin extends to, or somewhat beyond, the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; its spine is short, not quite two-thirds as long as the fin. The dorsal extends to the root of the caudal.
Nile.
a, b, c-e. Adult, half-grown, and young. Upper Nile. From Consul
Petherick's Collection. f-h. Young. Gondokoro. From Consul Petherick's Collection. i. Dried. Nile. Presented by G. MacLeay, Esq.
6. Clarias macracanthus. D. 70-75. A. 54-55. P. 1/9. Vert. 19/43.
Vomerine teeth granular, forming a band, which in its middle ia twice as broad as that of the intermaxillaries, and in the middle of its posterior margin has a very short inconspicuous process. Head coarsely granulated above, its length being a little more than one- fourth of the total. Barbels of moderate length, those of the nostril being two-fifths as long as, and those of the maxillary extending to the end of, the head. The pectoral fin reaches to tne vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; the length of its spine is three-quarters, or rather more than two-thirds, of that of the fin.
Nile.
a, b-c. Sixteen inches long. Upper Nile. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
d. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
e. Adult: skeleton. From Dr. E. Ruppell s Collection as CI. hassel-
quistii.
7. Clarias xenodon.
D. 68. A. 54. P. 1/9:
Vomerine teeth granular, forming a crescentic band, which in its middle is twice as broad as that of the intermaxillaries, and in the middle of its posterior margin has a very short and inconspi- cuous process. The band of mandibulary teeth is as broad as that on the vomer, and composed of villiform teeth anteriorly, and of gra- nular posteriorly. Head coarsely granulated above, its length being rather more than one-fourth of the total. Barbels of moderate length, those of the nostrils being half as long as the head, and those of the maxillary extending to the end of the pectoral spine. The pectoral
1. CLARIAS. 17
fin reaches beyond the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, and the length of its spine is four-fifths of that of the fin.
Senegal. a. Ten and a half inches long. West Africa. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.
8. Clarias macromystax. D. 78. A. 59. P. 1/9.
Vomerine teeth finely granular, forming a band, which is not quite twice as broad as that of the intermaxillaries, and which is not pro- duced laterally into posterior processes. The lower jaw with a very broad band of teeth. Head finely granulated, its length being two- ninths of the total. Barbels long : those of the nostrils are as long as the head, and those of the maxillaries extend to the twelfth dorsal ray. The pectoral fin reaches a little beyond the origin of the dorsal, and the length of the spine is four-fifths of that of the fin.
Gambia. a. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Dalton.
9. Clarias syriacus. Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 375.
D. 60. A. 52. P. 1/10.
The band of vomerine teeth is produced behind into a median pro- cess. Head coarsely granulated, its length being two-sevenths of the total. Barbels rather long. ( Val.)
Syria.
** The occipital process is not very prominent, and rounded behind.
10. Clarias magur.
??Silurus batrachus, L. Sust. Nat. i. p. 502.
FSilurus batrachus, Bl. taf. 370. fig. If; Bl. Schn. p. 386.
?Marpoo, Russell, Fish. Corom. ii. p. 53. pi. 168.
? Macropteronotus batrachus, Lacep. v. pp. 84, 85.
Macropteronotus magur, Ham. Buch. pp. 146, 374. pi. 26. fig. 45.
Clarias marpus, Cuv. & Val. xv. p. 378.
magur, Cuv. § Val. xv. p. 381 ; Bleek. Verh.Bat. Gen. xxv., Nalez.
Ichth. Beng. p. 124. punctatus, Cuv. # Val.juv. p. 384; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi.,
Sil. Batav. p. 53 ; Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 263. ? Clarias batrachus, Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 385. Clarias batrachus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 343, and Atl. Ichth. Silur.
p. 103. tab. 98. fig. 2.
D. 64-70. A. 50-53. P. 1/8. Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a crescentic band, which is as broad as, or narrower than, that of the intermaxil- lary. Head finely granulated above, its length (to the end of tho occipital process) being somewhat more than one-fourth of the total
t Bloch represents a Clarias with very long barbels, those of the maxillary extending to the ventral fins : if this be really the case, the fish represented by Bloch would belong to a distiuct species.
VOL. V.
18 SILURID.E.
(without caudal) ; its width between the gill-openings is two-thirds of its length. Barbels long : the nasal extending to the base of the occipital process, and that of the maxillary to, or nearly to, the ex- tremity of the pectoral. The pectoral spine is very finely serrated, the serrature being hidden below the skin ; its length is three -fourths of that of the fin.
Bengal, Khasya. East Indian Archipelago.
a, b. Adult and half-grown. Ganges. Presented by G. B,. Water- house, Esq. — Types of M. magur, Ham. Buch.
c. Half-grown. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schla-
gintweit.
d. Half-grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
e. Young. Khasya. Presented by Sir W. Hooker.
/. Adult. East Indian Archipelago. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col- lection. g-k. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. India. l-m. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
11. Clarias macrocephalus. D. 70. A. 50. P. 1/8.
Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth small, obtusely conical, forming a crescent-shaped band which, in its middle, is rather broader than that of the intermaxillaries, and which has no process behind in the middle. Head finely granulated above ; its length to the end of the occipital process is one-fourth of the total (with the caudal); the height of the body is one-sixth of the total in adult specimens. Occipital pro- cess very obtuse and rounded in adult specimens, rather more promi- nent in younger individuals. The width of the head between the gill- openings is two-thirds of its length (to the end of the occipital process), its width between the eyes is two-fifths of its length. Barbels of moderate length : those of the nostril extend to, or somewhat beyond, the gill-opening ; those of the maxillary to the middle or to the end of the pectoral. The pectoral fin reaches a little beyond the vertical, from the origin of the dorsal fin ; its spine is nearly smooth, the fine serrature being hidden below the skin ; its length is three-quarters of that of the fin. Uniform blackish brown, lighter below.
Siam.
a-b, c-d. Adult (12-13 inches long) and half-grown. Siam. Pur- chased of Mr. Jamrach.
12. Clarias fuscus.
Macropteronotus fuscus, Lacep. v. p. 88. pi. 2. fig. 2.
Clarias pulicaris, Richards. Voy. Staph. Fish. p. 135. pi. 62. figs. 5 & G.
D. 59-65. A. 44-47. P. 1/9.
Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a crescentic band which is narrower than that of the intermaxillary. Head finely granulated above, its length (to the end of the occipital process) being somewhat more than one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; its
1. CXA.RIAS. 19
width between the gill-openings is but little more than two-thirds of its length. Barbels long : the nasal extending to the base of the occipital process, and that of the maxillary to the extremity of the pectoral. The pectoral spine is finely serrated, the serrature being hidden below the skin; its length is two-thirds, or somewhat less than two-thirds, of that of the fin. China.
a. Five and one-third inches long. China. Presented by J. R.
Reeves, Esq. — Type of CI. pulicaris.
b, Cr-d. Young. China.
e-g. Young. Hongkong. Presented by J. C. Bowrina:, Esq. h-i. Young. From the Haslar Collection.
13. Clarias abbreviatus.
Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 386.
D. 62. A. 32.
The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length ; maxillary barbel thick, not extending on to the gill-opening; nasal barbel longer and more slender. ( Val.)
Macao.
14. Clarias melanoderma.
Clarias melanoderma, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 54 ;
Prodr. Silur. p. 341 ; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 102. tab. 97. fig. 2. melasoma (nielanosoma),.5/eeA;. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Lid. iii.p.427.
D. 68-73. A. 51-61. P. 1/9.
Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth obtuse, forming a crescent- shaped band which, in its middle, is rather broader than that of the inter- maxillaries. Head rather smooth, its length being one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; the occipital process is very obtuse. Barbels long ; those of the nostril reach to the end of the head, those of the maxillary beyond the extremity of the pectoral. Pectoral spine strong, much compressed, rather more than two-thirds of the length of the fin ; its extremity is armed with rather strong, recurved spi- nous teeth.
Java, Sumatra, Banka, Borneo.
a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
Bleeker has observed two specimens in which the band of vomerine teeth was divided into two by a toothless space in the middle ; another specimen had the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins united with the caudal.
15. Clarias teysmanni.
Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. xiii. p. 344; Prodr. Silur. p. 348; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 104. tab. 99. fig. 1.
D. 70-77. A. 60-63. P. 1/7-9. Vert. 16/41. Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth obtuse, forming a crescent-shaped band which, in its middle, is not broader than that of the inter- maxillaries. Head rather smooth, its length being two-ninths of the
e2
20 8ILTTRIDjK.
total (without caudal) ; the height of the body is contained from six times and a half to eight times in the total length (without caudal) . Barbels long ; those of the nostril reach to the base, and those of the maxillary to the extremity of the pectoral fin. The pectoral fin does not extend to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; pectoral spine moderately strong, rather more than two-thirds of the length of the fin, finely serrated nearly to its extremity. Java, Ceylon.
a. Type of the species. Java. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
b, c-e. Adult, half-grown, and young. Ceylon (Point de Galle). /. Adult: skeleton. Ceylon.
16. Clarias liacanthus.
Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 430 ; Prodi-. Silur. p. 347; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 104. tab. 98. fig. 1.
This species is very closely allied to the preceding, but its pectoral spine has the outer edge not serrated, and its depth is contained only six times, or six times and four-fifths, in the total length (without caudal).
Sumatra, Banka, Nias, Borneo. a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
17. Clarias brachysoma. D. 75. A. 60. P. 1/iO.
Caudal fin free. Vomerine teeth obtuse, forming a crescent-shaped band which is considerably narrower than that of the intermaxil- laries. Head smooth above, with the occipital process somewhat pro- minent, two-thirds as long as broad ; its length is two-sevenths or rather more than one-fourth of the total (without caudal), the height of the body one-sixth. Barbels long ; those of the nostril reach to the end of the head, those of the maxillary beyond the extremity of the pectoral. The pectoral extends to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin ; its spine is strong, finely serrated along its outer margin, and two-thirds of the length of the fin. Uniform brown.
Ceylon.
a-c. From 5 to 6 inches long. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
B. Vertical fins united.
18. Clarias nieuhofii.
Bontael, Nieuh. Lant- en Zee-reize, p. 271.
Lampreta indica, Will. Ichth. App. p. 4. tab. 6. fig. 2.
Clarias nieuhofii, Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 380 ; Hyrtl, Denkschr. Acad. Wiss.
Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17 ; Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 351, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. 105. tab. 99. fig. 1. pentapterus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 206.
D. 90-97. A. 74-75. P. 1/9. Vert. 19/56.
Caudal fin united with dorsal and anal. Vomerine teeth small, obtusely conical, forming a band which is rather broader than that
2. HETEROBRANCHUS. 21
of the intermaxillary. Head very finely granular above, its length being one-sixth, or somewhat less than one-sixth, of the total (with the caudal). Barbels long ; the nasal extending to the end of the head, and that of the maxillary to, or beyond, the extremity of the pectoral. Pectoral fin short, not reaching the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.
East Indian Archipelago.
a. Fifteen inches long. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
b. Half-grown. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.
According to Bleeker the number of the dorsal rays would vary between 87 and 106, and that of the anal rays between 69 and 95.
19. Clarias jagur.
Macropteronotus jagur, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. p. 145. Clarias jagur, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 388.
Cossyphus (Phagorus) ater, M'Clell. Calc. Journ. iv. p. 403. pi. 22. fig. 3 (mutilated), and v. p. 225 (Errata).
D. 53. A. 50. Caudal fin united with dorsal and anal. Ganges.
2. HETEROBRANCHUS*.
Heterobranchus, Geoffr. St.-Hil.
The back is occupied by a long dorsal fin divided into two portions, an anterior which is rayed, and a posterior which is adipose ; anal long. A band of villiform teeth across the vomer ; cleft of the mouth, the eight barbels, the armature of the head, the gill- apparatus with the accessory organs, the ventral and pectoral fins, as in Clarias.
Africa and East Indies.
The structure of the dorsal fin is almost the only point of import- ance in which the genus Heterobranchus differs from Clarias ; how- ever, we must remark, that in well-fed specimens of the latter genus the whole fin assumes an adipose appearance, in consequence of a thick layer of fat deposited along the base ; and that, on the other hand, very distinct traces of rays may be seen in the adipose fin of Heterobranchus.
The skeleton does not differ from that of Clarias, except that the neural spines of that portion of the caudal vertebral column which corresponds to the adipose fin are much longer, the interneural spines, of course, being absent.
1. Heterobranchus bidorsalis.
Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. All. Poiss. pi. 16. fig. 2.
geoffroyi, Cuv. ty Val. xv. p. 392.
B. 12-13. D. 44. A. 52. P. 1/10. Vert. 21/42. The length of the adipose fin is rather less than two-thirds of the rayed dorsal ; pectoral spine slightly serrated. The nasal barbels
* 1. Heterobranchus senegalensis, Cuv. # Val. xv. p. 397. —Senegal.
22 SILT7KIDJ3.
are half as long as those of the maxillary, which reach only to the gill- opening. Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a crescentic band.
Nile.
2. Heterobranchus intermedins. B. 9. D. 39-41. A. 49-50. P. 1/10. Vert. 19/43.
The length of the adipose fin is rather less than two-thirds of that of the rayed dorsal; pectoral spine scarcely serrated. The nasal barbels extend to, or beyond, the end of the occipital process, those of the maxillaries beyond the root of the ventral fin. Vomerine teeth villiform, forming a crescent-shaped band, which, in its middle, is much broader than that of the intermaxillaries, and has a short median posterior process. Blackish above, whitish below.
Otherwise very similar to the other species.
Tipper Nile a, b. Adult (15 inches long) and half- grown. Khartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
c. Adult: skeleton. Khartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
d. Preparation of the branchial organs and intestines of specimen c.
3. Heterobranchus tapeinopterus.
Sleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 732 ; Prodr. Silur. p. 837; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 101. tab. 97. fig. 1.
B. 8. D. 24-27. A. 49-51.
The adipose fin is much lower, but rather longer, than the rayed dorsal ; caudal united with adipose fin and with anal. The length of the head is rather more than one-sixth of the total (without caudal). Pectoral spine distinctly serrated. The nasal barbels extend to the base of the pectoral, those of the maxillaries to, or beyond, the ex- tremity of that fin. (Bl.)
Banka and Borneo. a. Young. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
4. Heterobranchus longifilis. Cuv. $ Vol-, xv. p. 394. pi. 447.
B. 9-10. D. 29-31. A. 44-46. P. 1/10. The adipose fin commences immediately behind the dorsal and terminates at the root of the caudal ; its length is equal to, or not much less than, that of the rayed dorsal ; pectoral spine distinctly serrated. The length of the anal fin is nearly one-third of the total (without caudal). The nasal barbels extend to the base of the occi- pital process, those of the maxillaries to the root of the ventral fin ; but they appear to be rather shorter in large specimens. Vomerine teeth villiform, forming an arched band which is as broad as that of the intermaxillaries. Blackish above, whitish below. Nile.
a. Young : 7 inches long. Nile.
b. Young : not good state. Khartoum (rain-water pond). Presented
by Consul Petherick. — Vernacular name, Gat-moot.
3. PLOTOSTTS. 23
5. Heterobranchus isopterus.
Heterobranchus isopterus, Meek. Poiss. Cute de GuinSe, p. 108. tab. 22. macronema, Bleek. I. c. p. 109. tab. 21. fig. 1, tab. 22. fig. 2.
B. 9. D. 31-32. A. 41-45. P. 1/10.
Adipose fin rather shorter and lower than the rayed dorsal, com- mencing at a short distance behind it, and terminating immediately before the caudal ; pectoral spine scarcely serrated. The length of the anal fin is considerably more than one-third of the total (without caudal). The nasal barbels extend to the end of the head, and those of the maxillaries to or beyond the extremity of the pectoral fin. The vomerine teeth form an arched narrow band, narrower than that of the intermaxillaries. Black above and on the sides ; the caudal and anal fins with a narrow whitish margin.
West Africa.
a-b. Seven inches long. West Africa. From the Collection of C. Swanzz, Esq.
6. Heterobranchus laticeps.
Peters, Monatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berl. 1852, p. 682.
B. 9-10. D. 30-33. A. 44-45. P. 1/11-12. The adipose fin commences at some distance behind the dorsal, and is continued over and beyond the root of the caudal. The maxillary barbels reach beyond the ventral fins. Anal and caudal fins with red margins. {Pet.) Coast of Mozambique.
Hyrtl (Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. p, 17) mentions a skeleton in his collection under the name of H. laticeps ; it has 18 abdominal and 39 caudal vertebras.
Second Group. PL0T0SINA.
The gill-membranes are not confluent with the skin of the isth- mus, or united with it by a narrow strip only, remaining more or less separate. The dorsal is divided into two portions : a short anterior with a strong spine, and a long posterior which, like the anal, is confluent with the caudal. Ventrals many-rayed.
Coasts of the Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Western Polynesia and Australia.
3. PL0T0SUS.
Plotosus, Lacep. v. p. 129.
Plotosus, sp., Cuv. $■ Val. xv. p. 410 ; Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 151.
A short dorsal in front, with a pungent spine ; a second long dor- sal is united with the caudal and anal into one fin, which is pointed behind. Teeth in the upper jaw conical, on the vomer molar-like,
24 SILURID^E.
in the lower jaw mixed. Barbels eight : one immediately before the posterior nostril, which is distant from the anterior, the latter being quite in front of the snout. Cleft of the mouth transverse. Eyes small. The gill-membranes are separate from each other, not attached to the isthmus. Branchial arches without particular carti- laginous posterior processes and without posterior membrane. Ven- tral fins many-rayed. Head depressed.
Coasts of the Indian Ocean and Archipelago ; Western Polynesia.
1. Plotosus anguillaris.
Valent. Amb. iii. p. 502. fig. 496 ; Renard, Poiss. Mol. i. tab. 3. fig. 19 ;
Russell, ii. p. 51. pi. 166. Silurus arab, Forsk. Descript. Anim. p. xvi. no. 36. Platystacus anguillaris, Block, viii. p. 61. tab. 373. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schn.
p. 373. tab. 74; Shav, Zool. v. p. 30. pi. 99. Plotosus anguillaris, Lacep. v. p. 130. pi. 3. fig. 2 ; Riipp. N. TV. Fische,
p. 76 ; Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 264 ; Peters, in Wiegm. Arch. xxi. p. 267 ;
Bleek. Silur. p. 314. Plotosius ikapor, Less. Voy. Couu. Zool. ii. p. 132. pi. 31. fig. 3. Plotosus marginatus, Bennett, in Life of Raffles, p. 691. lineatus, Cttv. k Vol. xv. p. 412 ; Richards. Fish. Chin. p. 286 ;
Schleg. Faun: Jap. Poiss. p. 228. pi. 104. fig. 3 ; Bleek. in Verh. Bat.
Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. pp. 4, 17, 57.
castaneus, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 421.
castaneoides, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 490.
arab, Bleek. Atl. Lchth. Silur. p. 98. tab. 95. fig. 2.
B. 12. ID. 1/4-5. 2D. + C. + A. 169-189. P. 1/11. V. 12. Vert. 12/35.
The length of the head is about one-fifth of the total length (with the caudal), the height of the body one-seventh or one-eighth. Barbels not very long : those of the nostril extend to the eye, and those of the maxillary are about half as long as the head. Brown or black, generally with two white longitudinal bands, the upper oi which commences at the snout, and runs above the eye along the base of the dorsal fin ; the lower proceeds from the maxillary barbel along the middle of the side of the body. Vertical fins with dark margin.
From the eastern coasts of Africa to Japan and Polynesia.
a. Adult : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
b-c. Adult: not good state. Sumatra. From the Collection of Sir
T. S. Raffles. — Types of PL marginatus. d-f. Half- grown. Borneo. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher. g, h, i. Adult- East Indian Archipelago. k. Adult. Amoy. From Consul Swinhoe's Collection. Z-o. Adult : stuffed : bad state. China.
p. Adult. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection. q-r. Adult. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.' s. Adult. Moreton Bay. Presented by Mr. Strange. t, u, v. Many half-grown and young specimens. tv. Adult: skeleton. Presented by the Royal College of Surgeons.
4. COPIDOGLANIS. 25
2. Plotosus canius.
Plotosus canius, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. p. 142. pi. 16. fig. 44 ; Cuv.
Sf Vol. xv. p. 425 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv., iVafes. Beng. p. 125,
Prodr. Silur. p. 318, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 99. tab. 96. fig. 2 ;
Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. xvii. p. 157. unicolor, (Kuhl fy v. If ass.) Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 426; Bleek. Verh.
Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 58.
horridus, Bleek. I. c. p. 59.
viviparus, Bleek. 1. c. p. 59.
multiradiatus, Bleek. I. c. p. 60.
? Plotosus caesius, Hyrtl, Acad. Wiss. Wien, 1859, xvi. p. 17.
B. 12. ID. 1/5. 2D. + C. + A. 244-271. P. 1/10-11. V. 12.
Vert. 15/65 (Hyrtl).
The length of the head is contained five times and a half in the total length (with caudal), the height of the body nine or ten times. Barbels of moderate length : those of the nostril extend to the nape of the neck, those of the maxillary to the end of the operculum. Eye not covered by the skin, rather small, one-third as long as the snout. The band of intermaxillary teeth is more than twice as broad as long ; the vomerine teeth form a crescent-shaped band. Uniform brownish above.
Bengal. East Indian Archipelago.
a. Adult : stuffed. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
b. Half-grown. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
c. Half-grown : bad state. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs.
von Schlagintweit.
d. Young. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. e-f. Three feet long : stuffed.
3. Plotosus limbatus. Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 422.
2D. + C. + A. 224.
The length of the head is contained five times and a half or six times in the total length. The nasal barbels extend to the posterior margin of the eye, and those of the maxillary to the gill-opening. Uniform dark-coloured ; fins with the margin black. ( V(il.)
Hindostan.
4. COPIDOGLANIS.
A short dorsal in front, with a pungent spine, ; a second long dorsal is united with the caudal and anal into one fin. Teeth in the upper jaw conical, on the vomer molar-like, in the lower jaw mixed. Barbels eight ; nostrils as in Plotosus. Cleft of the mouth transverse. Eyes of moderate size, with a free orbital margin. The gill-membranes are separated by a deep notch, united anteriorly only, the united portion not being attached to the isthmus. The first branchial arch with a fringed membrane along the hinder edge of its concave side. Ventral fins many-rayed. Head rather compressed.
Coasts and rivers of Australia and of the East Indian Archipelago.
26 siLtmiD-E.
1. Copidoglanis tandanus.
Plotosus tandanus, Mitchell, Three Expeditions into the Interior of East- ern Australia, 2nd edit. i. p. 95. pi. 6. tig. 2 (bad).
B. 9. ID. 1/6. 2D. + C. + A. 142. P. 1/10. V. 12.
Head and body compressed ; the height of the body is not much less than the length of the head, which is a little more than one- fifth of the total. Head as high as broad, its greatest width being three-fifths of its length ; the diameter of the eye is contained five times and a half in the length of the head, twice and a half in that of the snout, and twice in the width of the interorbital space. The nasal barbels are a little shorter than those of the maxillary, and extend to the middle of the eye. The band of teeth of each inter- maxillary bone is twice as broad as long ; the vomerine teeth are arranged in a semicircular disk ; those of the mandibularies form a band which is broadest in the middle ; all the teeth of conical form have a brown tip. The first dorsal fin is nearly as high as the body, and its spine more than half as long as the head. Pectoral spine as strong as, but much shorter than, that of the dorsal fin. Uniform blackish brown above.
Pavers of Eastern Australia.
a. Fine specimen. New South "Wales. From Mr. Schiitte's Col-
lection.
b. Adult : stuffed. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
2. Copidoglanis obscuras.
ID. 1/6. 2D. + C. + A.226. P. 1/14. V. 15-16.
Head not much compressed, but nearly as high as broad, its width being two-thirds of its length. The height of the body is contained eight times and a half in the total length, the length of the head six times and a third ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the height, two-fifths of that of the snout, and three-fifths of the width of the interorbital space. The nasal barbels extend to behind the eye, those of the maxillary to the gill-opening. Each intermaxillary with a triangular band of teeth which is rather broader than long ; vomerine band crescent-shaped. All the teeth are white. The first dorsal is placed immediately behind the nape of the neck, and as high as the body ; its spine is more than half as long as the head. Pectoral spine as strong as, but shorter than, that of the dorsal fin. Brown ; fins with black margin.
Probably from Australia.
a. Seven inches long. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. ? 6. Young : dried. Freycinet's Harbour. Voyage of the ' Herald."
3. Copidoglanis albilabris.
Plotosus albilabris, Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 427; BUeh. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 70, Prodr. Silur. p. 319, and Atl. Ichth. Sihir. p. 99. tab. 96. fisr.l.
5. CNIDOGLANIS. 27
? Plotosus albilabris, Cant. Mai. Fish. p. 265.
Plotosus macrophthalmus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Bat. p. 56.
ID. 1/4-5. 2D. + C. + A. 203-216. P. 1/12-13. V. 12-13.
Head nearly as high as broad, its width being two-thirds of its length. The height of the body is one-seventh or one-eighth of the total length, the length of the head one-sixth ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth or one-sixth of the length of the head, and equal to, or two-thirds of, the width of the interorbital space. The nasal barbels extend to, or beyond, the operculum, those of the maxillary being rather shorter. Each intermaxillary with a subquadrangular band of teeth which is about as broad as long ; vomerine band cres- cent-shaped. The first dorsal fin is nearly as high as the body, and the length of its spine is two-fifths of that of the head or equal to that of the spine of the pectoral fin. Lips white.
East Indian Archipelago.
a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
b. ? Young : skin : very bad state. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.
5. CNIDOGLANIS*.
Plotosus, sp., Auct.
A short dorsal in front, with a pungent spine; a second long dorsal is united with the caudal and anal into one fin, pointed behind. Teeth in the upper jaw conical, on the vomer molar-like, in the lower jaw mixed. Barbels eight; nostrils as in Plotosus. Cleft of the mouth transverse. Eyes small. The gill-membranes are united below the throat and attached to the isthmus along the entire median line. The second and third branchial arches with a series of long cartila- ginous, processes, covering the base of the gill-laminae on the sides facing each other. Ventral fins many-rayed.
Rivers and coasts of Australia.
1. Cnidoglanis megastoma.
Plotosus megastomus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fish.]). 31. pi. 21, figs. 1-3 (from a specimen with mutilated tail).
B. 11. ID. 1/4. 2D. + C. + A. 234. P. 1/9. V. 10.
Head very broad and depressed, its length being one-fifth of tne total (with the caudal). Barbels not very long ; those of the nostril and maxillary extending somewhat behind the eye. Lower lip broad, pendent, with lobes, the outer of which is situated below the max- illary barbel and has the appearance of a short barbel. The inter- maxillary teeth are small, conical, and form two small patches ; those of the lower jaw form a broad band, tapering on the side, the outer series of which is formed by conical teeth, the remainder being molar-
* 1. Plotosus rnaerocephalus, Cuv. $ Val. xv. p. 428. pi. 449. — Timor. — This fish appears to be allied to Cnidoglanis megastoma, but Valenciennes does not make mention of the peculiar gill-opening which we observe in the latter species.
28 SILUKIDJS.
like. Vomerine teeth in a large triangular patch. Eye small, covered by the skin. Uniform blackish brown above. Australia.
a. Twenty inches long. Sydney Cove. Antarctic Expedition. — Type
of the species.
b. Twenty inches long. Sydney. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Adult. Kangaroo Island. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.
d. Young. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
2. Cnidoglanis lepturus. 1 D. 1/5. 2 D. + C.+A. 212. P. 1/9. V. 11.
Head depressed, its width being three-fourths of its length, which is one- seventh of the total ; tail long, much produced and pointed behind. The nasal and maxillary barbels extend to the end of the head; lower lip not pendent or fringed. Intermaxillary teeth conical, in two small patches ; those of the vomer molar-like, in a crescentic band ; those of the mandible in two triangular bands, molar-like, with an outer series of conical ones. Eye small. The first dorsal fin is lower than the body and placed at a very short dis- tance from the occiput ; its spine is feebly serrated, one-third, or not quite one-third, as long as the head ; pectoral spine as long and strong as that of the dorsal fin. Uniform black.
New South Wales.
a. Fourteen inches long. Sydney. From Mr. G. Krefft's Collection. 6. Thirteen inches long : stuffed. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
3. Cnidoglanis microcephalus.
Plotosus microceps, Richards. Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr. Fish. p. 31. pi. 21. figs. 4-7.
1 D. 1/5. 2 D. + C.+ A. 210. P. 1/10. V. 12*.
Head rather depressed, small, its length being one-eighth of the total length. Nasal barbels long, extending to the dorsal fin, which, however, is placed at a short distance from the occiput. Maxillary barbels reaching the gill-opening ; lower lip without fringes. The intermaxillary teeth form two triangular patches, those of the vomer a crescent-shaped band. Eye rather small. The first dorsal fin elevated and produced into a long point. Brown, with numerous small, round, whitish spots.
North-west coast of Australia.
a. Type of the species. From Mr. Bynoe's Collection.
* These numbers are taken from the same (typical) specimen in which they were counted by Sir J. Richardson.
6. CHACA. 29
Third Group. CHACINA.
The gill-membranes are confluent with the skin of the broad isthmus, the gill-openings being thereby reduced in extent. The dorsal and anal are divided into two portions : the anterior of the former fin with a strong spine, whilst the posterior of both fins are united with the caudal. Ventrals six-rayed. East Indies.
6. CHACA. Chaca, Cuv. fy Val. xv. p. 444.
Head exceedingly large, broad, and depressed ; cleft of the mouth very wide, with the lower jaw prominent, and with bands of villiform teeth in both jaws ; no teeth on the palate. Eyes rudimentary. Barbels six, small : one to each angle of the mouth, and two pairs at the lower jaw. Gill-opening rather narrow, not extending to the lower side of the head.
East Indies.
1. Chaca lophioide
Cuv. 8f Val. xv. p. 445. pi. 451 ; Valenc. in Bilang. Voy. hid. Orient. Zool. iPoiss. pi. 4. fig-. 2 ; ? Kner, Sitzgsber. Wien. Acad. 1855, xvii. p. 101. taf. 1. figs. 2-6.
ID. 1/4. 2 D. + C. + 2 A. 25 + 10 + 12. 1 A. 10. P. 1/5. V. 6.
Head and body with a few series of short fleshy tentacles. Bengal. (Borneo , New Guinea?)
a. Adult: stuffed. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. — This specimen is not sufficiently well preserved to enable us to count the fin -rays, and therefore the determination is doubtful.
2. Chaca bankanensis.
Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 455 & viii. p. 165, Prodr. Silur. p. 323, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 96. tab. 95. fig. 1.
ID. 1/3-4. 2 D. + C.+2 A. 22-24+11 + 11-12. 1 A. 9. P. 1/4. V. 6.
Head and body granular, without tentacles. Sumatra, Borneo, Banka.
a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
b, c, d. Adult and half-grown. Borneo.
3. Chaca buchanani.
Platystacus chaca, Ham. Buck pp. 140, 374. pi. 28. fig. 43.
ID. 1/4. 2D. + C. + 2A. 18 + 11 + 8. 1 A. 8. P. 1/5. V. 6.
Head and body with series of short fleshy tentacles; eye sur- rounded by a ring of small tentacles. Ganges.
a. Adult. Ganges. From Mr. M'Clelland's Collection.
30 SILTrRID^.
Second Subfamily.
SILUEID^E HETER,OPTER,E.
The rayed dorsal fin is very little developed, and if it is present, it belongs to the abdominal portion of the vertebral colnmn ; the adipose fin is exceedingly small or absent. The extent of the anal is not mnch inferior to that of the candal vertebral column. The gill-membranes overlap the isthmus, remaining more or less separate.
Fourth Group. SILURINA. The ventral fins are behind or below the dorsal. Old World.
7. SACCOBRANCHUS.
Saccobranchus, Cuv. $• Val. xv. p. 399. Heteropneustes, Mutter.
Adipose fin none ; dorsal very short, without pungent spine, placed above the ventrals; anal very long. Jaws and vomer with bands of villiform teeth ; cleft of the mouth transverse, anterior, of moderate width ; barbels eight. Eyes rather small. The upper and lateral parts of the head osseous, or covered with a very thin skin. Gill-membranes separated by a deep notch ; gill-cavity with an accessory posterior sac, extending backwards between the muscles along each side of the abdominal and caudal portions of the vertebral column. Ventrals six-rayed.
East Indian continent and Ceylon.
1. Saccobranchus singio.
Silurus singio, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 147, 374. pi. 37. fig. 46. Saccobranchus singio, Cuv. Sf Val. xv. p. 400 (pi. 448*).
B. 7. D. 6-7. A. 68-70. P. 1/6. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head (to the end of the operculum) six times and a third. Eye of moderate size, about half as long as the snout. The maxillary barbels extend to, or some- what beyond, the extremity of the pectorals. The distance of the dorsal fin from the end of the snout is rather less than one-third of the total length (without caudal). Pectoral spine rather strong, its length being three-quarters of that of the head • the ventral fin
* This plate may represent a specimen of 8. fossilis.
7. SACCOBRANCHUS. 31
extends to the third or fourth anal ray. A notch between anal and caudal.
Bengal. Cochinchina.
a-b, c-d, e-g. Adult, half-grown, and young. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. — Types of the species.
h-i. Adult. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schla- gintweit.
k. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From Mr. Wyllie's Collection.
I, Adult : stuffed. Cochinchina.
2. Saccobranchus fossilis. ? Silurus fossilis, Bl. taf. 370. fig. 2; BL Schn. p. 386. D. 7. A. 64. P. 1/6. V. 6.
The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head (to the end of the operculum) one- sixth. Eye rather small, about one-third as long as the snout. The maxillary barbels extend to the middle or to the extremity of the pectorals. The distance of the dorsal fin from the end of the snout is one-third of the total length (without caudal). Pectoral spine of moderate strength, its length being two-thirds of that of the head. Ventral fin short, reaching to the origin of the anal. Anal and caudal fins scarcely separated by a notch.
Hindostan, Nepal, Khasya.
a. Adult. Delhi. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schlagintweit. b-d. Half-grown. Khasya. Presented by Sir "W. Hooker. e. Half-grown. Nepal. Presented bv P>. H. Hodgson, Esq.
3. Saccobranchus microps. D. 8. A. 70. P. 1/6. V. 6.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one- eighth of the total (without caudal). Eye small, about one-third as long as the snout. Barbels very long ; those of the nostril extend to the extremity of the pectoral, those of the maxillary to, or nearly to, the root of the ventral. The band of vomerine teeth is interrupted in the middle. The distance of the dorsal fin from the end of the snout is two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal). Pectoral spine feebly serrated, of moderate strength, its length being two-thirds of that of the head. Ventral fin reaching to the origin of the anal. Anal and caudal fins united. Brown.
Ceylon. a-c. From 5-6 inches long. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
4. Saccobranchus microcephalus.
D. 8. A. 74. P. 1/7. V. 6.
The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, the length of the head one -seventh ; eye of moderate size, half as long as the
32 siluridjE.
snout. The maxillary barbels extend beyond the middle of the pec- toral fin, those of the nostril to the end of the occipital process. The band of vomerine teeth is interrupted in the middle. The distance of the dorsal fin from the end of the snout is contained thrice and a fifth in the total length (without caudal). The pectoral spine is finely serrated along both edges, and as long as the head without snout. Ventral fin reaching to the origin of the anal. A deep notch between anal and caudal fins. Uniform brownish black. Ceylon.
a. Ten and a half inches long. Presented by Sir Emerson Tennent, F.R.S.
8. SILURUS.
Silurus, sp., Artedi, Synon. p. 110.
Silurus et Parasilurus, Sleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 114.
One very short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ; the anal terminates close to the caudal, or is continuous with it. Barbels four or six : one to each maxillary, and one or two to each mandible. Palatine teeth none ; vomerine teeth in one or two trans- verse bands. Nostrils remote from each other. Head and body covered with soft skin. The eye is situated above the level of the angle of the mouth. Neck not elevated ; the upper profile of the head straight. The dorsal fin is anterior to the ventrals, which are composed of more than eight rays. Caudal rounded.
The species may be subdivided thus : —
• Barbels six : Silurus, Blkr., p. 32. ## Barbels four: Parasilurus, Blkr., p. 33.
The Siluri, as understood by us, inhabit fresh waters of the tem- perate parts of the Palaearctic region, some of the species approaching or entering the northern portion of the Indian continent.
* Barbels six. 1. Silurus glanis.
Der Wels (der ScLaid). Mai (Sweden).
rXdvtt, Arislot. ii. c. 13, 15 ; vi. c. 14 ; viii, c. 20, 30 ; ix. c. 37.
likovpos, JElian. xiv. c. 25 ; Athen. vii, 287.
Glanis, Plin. ix. c. 43; Salv. f. 2106, 211; Aldrov. v. c. 5. p. 569;
Jonston, iii. tit. 2. c. 4. tab. 27. fig. 8 ; Bellon. Obs. i. p. 125. Silurus, Plin. ix. c. 15, 16, 51 ; v. c. 9 ; Ausoh. 135 ; Rondel, ii. c. 10.
p. 180 ; Gesner, pp. 867, 872, 1047 ; Schonev. p. 69 ; Jonston, tab. 47.
fig. 7; Willughby, p. 128; Ray, p. 70; Artedi, Synon. p. 110, and
Genera, p. 82; Marsigli, Dan. iv.c. 4; Sibbald, Scot. Illy. 25; Klein,
Pise. Miss. iv. p. 10. no. 1; Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 323. tab. 6. fig. 1. Silurus glanis t> L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 501, and Faun. Suec. p. 121 ; Retz.
Faun. p. 343; Bl. Fische Deutschl. i. p. 242. tab. 34; Bl. Schn.
p. 379 ; Lacep. v. pp. 56, 59 ; Reisinger, Ichth. Hung. p. 28 ; Mei-
t Numerous works showing the occurrence of the Wels at certain localities in»T be found quoted in the elaborate account of the ' Hist. Nat. Poiss.' by Cut. &Val.
8. SILURUS. 33
dinger, no. 9; Pall. Zoogr. Ross.- As. p. 82 ; Cuv. 8f Va». xiv. p. 323.
?1. 409 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 96. fig. 1 ; Nilss. Skand. ?aun. iv. p. 359;* Qronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 134; Rapp, Fische Bodensee's, p. 12. Mai, Osbeck, Vet. Akad. Handl 1756, p. 34. tab. 3. Skeleton : Rosenthal, Ichthyot, Taf. t. 9. figs. 1-7.
D. 4. A. 90. P. 1/16. Y. 12. Vert. 17/51-52.
Maxillary barbels much longer than the head. Pectoral spine in- distinctly serrated at its extremity. Vomerine teeth in an uninter- rupted band. Anal and caudal broadly united.
European rivers east of the Rhine.
a. Fine specimen. Feder-see. From the Stuttgart Museum.
b. Young : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
c. Adult: skeleton. Feder-see. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.
d. Young : skeleton. Berlin. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.
e. Skull of a very large specimen. Berlin. From Dr. A. Giinther's
Collection.
** Barbels four. 2. Silurus dauricus.
Pallas, in Nov. Act. Petropol. 1787, i. p. 359. pi. 11. fig. 11; Cuv. Sf Vol. xiv. p. 351.
D. 5. A. 90. P. 1/13. V. 13.
Snout obtuse, depressed, rounded, with the lower jaw prominent. The maxillary barbels extend to the base of the pectoral, and are four times as long as the mandibulary pair. Pectoral spine serrated along its outer edge ; anal and caudal confluent. {Pall.)
Dauria.
3. Silurus asotus.
Silurus asotus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 531 ; Bl. Schn. p. 378 ; Basil, in Nouv.
Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1855, x. p. 240. tab. 3. fig. 4 (not C. 8f V.).
punctatus, Cant. Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 485.
xanthosteus, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fish. p. 133. pi. 56. figs. 12-
14; Ichth. Chin, p. 281.
sinensis, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 281 (not M'Clell.).
japonicus, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 226. pi. 104. fig. 1;
Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 281.
D. 5-6. A. 76-82. P. 1/14. V. 13.
Snout obtuse, depressed, rounded, with the lower jaw prominent. The band of vomerine teeth is scarcely interrupted in the middle, and sometimes subcontinuous. Maxillary barbels not twice as long as the head, mandibulary barbels about half' as long. Pectoral spine strong, with the outer edge strongly serrated ; the length of the pec- toral is three-fifths of that of the head. Anal and caudal fins confluent.
China and Japan.
a. Adult. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank (S. japonicus).
b. Young. Japan. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
c. Fine specimen. Chikiang. From Mr. Fortune's Collection. d,e,f-g,h-i. Adult and half- grown. China.
vol. v. D
34 SILURIDjE.
k, I, m. Half-grown. Chusan. From the Collection of the East India
Company. — Types of S. punctatus. n. Adult. Formosa. From Mr. Swinboe's Collection. o. Half-grown. Moluccas (?).
Some of the specimens show a distinct interruption in the middle of the band of vomerine teeth, whilst in others the bands are con- fluent. In none of the specimens are the spots described by Cantor visible.
4. Silurus afghana,
D. 2. A. 70. P. 1/13. V. 10.
The upper jaw is longer than the lower ; snout very obtuse, rounded, with the cleft of the mouth extending to below the eye ; the width of the head is three-quarters of its length. The maxillary barbels are twice as long as the head, and thrice as long as those of the mandi- bles. Eye small. The dorsal fin is quite rudimentary ; its distance from the occiput is less than the length of the head. Anal and caudal slightly continuous ; caudal rounded. Pectoral obtusely rounded, as long as the head without snout ; its spine without distinct denticula- tions, not quite half as long as the fin. "Vomerine teeth in a very narrow, uninterrupted, curved band.
Afghanistan. a. Five inches long. From Mr. Griffith's Collection.
5. Silurus cochinchinensis. Silurus cochinchinensis, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 352.
D. 4. A. 62. P. 1/11. V. 10.
Maxillary barbels much longer, mandibulary rather shorter than the head. Pectoral spine scarcely serrated ; pectoral fin shorter than the head. Vomerine teeth forming a band, which is a little inter- rupted in the middle. A.nal and caudal close together, but separate. The upper jaw is longer than the lower.
Cochinchina. a. Fine specimen, 4 inches long.
Silurichthys berdmorei, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 156, is probably identical with this species ; the anal is said to be con- tinuous with the caudal, but distinctly defined.
6. Silurus (?) malabaricus. Silurus malabaricus, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 353.
D. 4. A. 62. P. 1/13. V. 9.
Lower jaw prominent ; the anal terminates immediately before the caudal. Pectoral spine strong and serrated ; pectoral fin rounded. Vomerine teeth in two separate groups. ( Val.)
Coast of Malabar.
It is doubtful whether this species belongs to the genus Silurus, the short description given by Valenciennes having been taken from specimens in a bad state of preservation.
9. SILURICHTHYS. 35
9. SILTJRICHTHYS*
Silurichthys, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 268.
One very short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ; anal and caudal fins confluent. Barhels four : one to each maxillary and one to each mandible. Palatine teeth none ; vomerine teeth in a short transverse band ; eyes rather small, above the angle of the mouth. Nostrils remote from each other, subequal in form and width. Head and body covered with soft skin. The upper profile of the head straight. The dorsal fin is inserted above, or immediately before, the ventrals. Ventrals composed of eight or less rays ; caudal obliquely emarginate.
East Indian Archipelago Cashmere.
1. Silurichthys phaiosoma. Bleeker, Prodr. Silur. p. 269, and Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 81. tab. 87. fig. 2. D. 4. A. 53-56. P. 1/8-10. V. 6-8.
The height of the body is contained six times, or six times and a half, in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head six times and a half to seven times and a fourth. The lower jaw is scarcely shorter than the upper. The mandibulary barbels are shorter than those of the intermaxillaries, the latter extending to the middle third of the anal fin. The pectoral is nearly as long as the head, the length of the spine being equal to the distance between the eye and the angle of the operculum ; the spine denticulated posteriorly. Dorsal above, the ventrals. Caudal fin obliquely emarginate, with the lobes rounded. Uniform brown ; barbels with brown rings.
Banka, Biliton, and Borneo. a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
2. Silurichthys hasseltii.
Bleeker, Prodr. Silur. p. 270, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 82. tab. 87. fig. 1. D. 4. A. 58. P. 1/9. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head seven times and two- thirds. Jaws equal anteriorly. The mandibulary barbels are shorter than those of the intermaxillaries, the latter extending to the middle third of the anal fin. The pectoral fin is nearly as long as the head. The dorsal is inserted before the vertical from the ventrals. Caudal obliquely truncated, scarcely emarginate. Brownish, marbled with black. (Bl.)
Java (Tysekat).
The single specimen known is in the Leyden Museum.
* 1. Silurus sinensis (? LarSp. v. p. 82. pi. 2. fig. 1), M'Clell. Calc. Jonm. iv. p. 402.— Chusan.
d2
36
SILURfD.E.
3. Silurichthys lamghur.
Siiurus lamghur, Heck. Fische Caschmir, p. 82. tab. 12. figs. 5 & 6. B. 14. D. 4. A. 53. P. 1/12. V. 1/5.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and contained four times and two-thirds in the total (without caudal). Lower jaw prominent. The maxillary barbels do not extend to the extremity of the pectorals ; those of the mandibles about twice as long as the eye. The length of the pectoral is three-quarters of that of the head ; the spine serrated, half as long as the fin. Dorsal above 4th.e ventrals. (Heck.) Cashmere.
10. WALLAGO. Wallago, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 114.
One veiy short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ; the anal is very long, and terminates close to the caudal. Barbels four : one to each maxillary and one to each mandible. Snout rather produced ; palatine teeth none ; vomerine teeth in two oblique, longish patches. Nostrils remote from each other. Head covered with skin ; the eye is situated above the level of the angle of the mouth. Neck not elevated, the upper profile of the head being straight. The dorsal fin is either somewhat before or above the ventrals, which are com- posed of more than eight rays. Caudal forked.
East Indian rivers.
1* Wallago attu.
Plat-vish, Nieuh. p. 273.
Siiurus athu, Bl. Schn. p. 378. tab. 75.
Wallagoo, Russell, fig. 165.
Siiurus boalis, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. pp. 154, 375. pi. 29. fig. 49.
wallagoo, Ouv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 354.
asotus, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 358 (not L.).
Schilbe boalis, Sykes, Tram. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 368. tab. 64. .fig. 2. Siiurus mulleri. BU>ek. Verhand. Bat. Genootsch. xxi., Silur. Consp. p. 18. Wallagoo mulleri, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 585, and
Verhand. Bat. Genootsch. xxv., Nalez. Hind, fy Beng. p. 108. russellii, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 261, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. tab. 86.
fig. 1. attu, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 79.
D. 1/4. A. 86-93. P. 1/13. V. 10. Vert. 13/56.
Snout produced, spatuliform ; cleft of the mouth very wide, extend- ing to behind the eyes ; the lower jaw is rather the longer. Vomer- ine teeth in two very oblique series,' separated from each other by an interspace. Maxillary barbels not quite twice as long as the head ; mandibulary barbels as long as the snout. Pectoral spine feeble, not serrated exteriorly ; pectoral fin as long as the cleft of the mouth ; anal and caudal close together, but separate, sometimes covered with brown dots.
Bengal, Hindostan, Dekkan, Java.
a-b. Half-grown. Ganges. — Types of S. boalis, H. B.
c. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From Mr. Blyth's Collection.
11. BELODONTICHTHYS. 37
d-e. Half-grown : stuffed. Ferozepore. From the Collection of the
East India Company. /. Adult: stuffed. g. Adult. Chittingamadum Tarfk, South Arcot District, between
11° 50' and 11° 55/ N. lat., and 79° 18' and 79° 28' E. long.
Presented by Capt. Mitchell. h, i. Adult and half-grown. Cavery River. Presented by Capt.
Mitchell. Tc. Adult. Kotamurdoor Tank, South Arcot. Presented by Capt.
Mitchell. I. Half-grown. Madras Presidency. Presented by Capt. Mitchell. m. Adult: skeleton. Chittingamadum Tank. Presented by Capt.
MitcheU.
2. Wallago leerii.
Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 427, and All. Ichth. Silur. p. 80. tab. 85.
T). 1/4. A. 67-73. P. 1/14-15. V. 10-11.
Snout produced ; cleft of the mouth very wide, extending to below the eye ; the lower jaw is the longer. The maxillary barbels extend to, or beyond, the origin of the anal fin ; mandibulary barbels minute. Pectoral fin considerably longer than the cleft of the mouth ; anal separate from caudal. The dorsal fin *is inserted above the ventrals.
Rivers of Sumatra, Banka, and Borneo.
11. BELODONTICHTHYS.
Belodontichthys, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 266.
One very short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ; the anal terminates close to the caudal, which is forked. Barbels four, one to each maxillary and one to each mandible. The teeth in the jaws are in three series, of unequal size, widely set, slender, and curved ; vomerine teeth in a single transverse series ; palatine teeth none. Nostrils remote from each other, subequal in width and form. Head covered with skin. Neck elevated, the upper profile of the head being concave ; eye above the angle of the mouth. Ventral composed of more than eight rays.
East Indian Archipelago.
1. Belodontichthys macrochir.
Wallago dinema, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 202. Belodontichthys macrochir, Bleek. Prodr. Silur, p. 266, and All. Ichth. Silur. p. 80. tab. 86. fig. 2.
D. 4. A. 92-96. P. 1/20-22. V. 9-10.
Head compressed, its width being one-half of its length ; lower jaw prominent ; cleft of the mouth longer than broad • the maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the origin of the anal • those of the mandibles shorter than the eye. Pectorals very large, longer than the head, with a slender smooth spine.
Sumatra and Borneo. a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
38 SILURID^E.
12. EUTROPIICHTHYS.
Eutropiichthys, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 107.
A very small adipose fin ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; anal fin elongate, terminating at some distance from the caudal, which is forked. Barbels eight. No teeth on the palate. Head covered with skin. The lower jaw is the shorter. Neck not much elevated. The eye is situated above the angle of the mouth. Ventral with six rays.
East Indies.
1. Eutropiichthys vacha.
Pimelodus vacha, Ham. Buch. pp. 196, 378. pi. 19. fig. 64. Bagrus vacha, Cuv, §• Veil. xiv. p. 392.
D. 1/7. A. 50.
Cleft of the mouth long, terminating below the eye ; the upper jaw is rather the longer. Barbels not differing much in length from one another, nearly equal to the length of the head. Dorsal and pectoral spines moderately strong, serrated. The ventral is inserted below the hinder part of the dorsal. (H. B.)
Bengal.
13. CRYPTOPTERUS.
Kryptopterus, Kryptopterichthys, Micronema, Phalacronotus, Hemi- silurus, sp., Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 116.
Dorsal fin quite rudimentary or entirely absent ; no adipose fin ; the anal fin is very long, and terminates close to, or is continuous with, the caudal, which is deeply forked. Two or four barbels : one to each maxillary, and generally another pair on the chin, on a level with the angles of the mouth ; the mandibulary barbels are frequently minute, almost microscopic, and consequently are sometimes entirely absent. Palatine teeth none ; vomerine teeth in a short transverse band, which is generally not interrupted in the middle. Head covered with skin ; mandibles without enlarged muciferous cavities. Ventrals small and short, composed of from six to ten rays. Posterior nostrils not dilated, and not closer together than the anterior. Eyes generally large, always behind, or even partly below, the level of the cleft of the mouth. Air-bladder transparent through the sides of the body.
East Indies.
Dr. v. Bleeker considers the presence or absence of a rudimentary dorsal filament to be a character of sufficient importance to base on it two divisions — Kryptopterini and Phalacronotini — an opinion which I cannot share. Nor does it appear to me that the disappearance of two microscopic barbels at the chin is of any systematic value. These barbels are so rudimentary, that they were overlooked in some instances by Dr. Bleeker himself. Thus, for instance, some of the species of Kryptopterichthys and all of Phalacronotus, two genera said to be distinguished by the absence of mandibulary barbels, are provided with them.
We divide the species into the following groups, to whiph we do not attribute generic value : —
13. CRYPTOPTERUS. 39
I. Anal separate from caudal.
A. Maxillary and mandibulary barbels well developed, p. 39. 1. C. mononema. 2. C. limpok.
B. Maxillary barbels well developed, mucb longer than the head ; man-
dibulary barbels minute, if present, p. 40.
3. C. amboinensis. 5. C. schilbeides. 7. C. macrocephalus.
4. C. palembangensis. 6. C. bicirrhis. 8. C. lais.
C. Maxillary barbels short ; mandibulary barbels short, if present (see
C. hexapterus).
a. Head and snout short, p. 42.
9. C. micropus. 10. (J. micronema. 11. C. hexapterus.
b. Head and snout longish, p. 43.
12. C. micropogon. 13. C. bleekeri. 14. C. leptonema.
II. Anal united with caudal : Pterocryptis, Peters, p. 44.
15. C. gangeticus.
I. Anal separate from caudal. A. Maxillary and mandibulary barbels well developed.
1. Cryptopterus mononema.
Silurus mononema, Bleek, Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxi., Nieuive Bydr.
Silur. Java, p. 8. Kryptopterus mononema, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 287, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. 87. tab. 91. fig. 1.
B. 10-11. D. 2. A. 76-79. P. 1/14. V. 8.
The length of the head is contained seven times and two-fifths in the total (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head. Nape of the neck slightly concave. Jaws equal in length ; cleft of the mouth twice as broad as long. The maxillary barbels extend to the second fourth of the anal those of the mandibles to the base of the ventrals. Pectoral fin longer than pectoral spine, nearly as long as the head ; the latter scarcely denti- culated. Dorsal a little in advance of the ventrals.
Java.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
2. Cryptopterus limpok.
Silurus limpok, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. hid. iii. p. 583. Kryptopterus limpok, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 286, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 87. tab. 91. fig. 2.
B. 11-12. D. 2. A. 76-88. P. 1/14. V. 8-9.
The length of the head is contained six times and a half to six times and four-fifths in the total (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third or two-sevenths of the length of the head. Nape of the neck very concave. Cleft of trie mouth twice as broad as long. The maxillary barbels extend to the posterior quarter of the anal, those
40 siLURiaa:.
of the mandibles far beyond its origin. Pectoral fin longer, pectoral spine rather shorter than the head ; the latter strong, denticulated interiorly. Dorsal above the ventrals. Sumatra and Borneo.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. v. Bleeker's Collection.
This species appears to have the place behind the head, where the air-bladder is seen through the transparent skin, of a dark colour during life.
B. Maxillary barbels well developed ; mandibulary barbels minute, if present.
3. Cryptopterus amboinensis. D. 1. A. 63. P. 1/10. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained nearly five times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head six times and a half. Nape of the neck not elevated. The single rudiment of a dorsal fin is situated a little before the vertical from the base of the ventral. The eye is situated near to the lower profile of the head, and its diameter is one-third of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth twice as broad as long. The maxillary barbels extend to the end of the pectoral; mandibulary barbels minute. The pectoral is much longer than the head, and extends to the seventh anal ray ; its spine is rather shorter than the head, and distinctly denticulated along its inner edge ; ventral very short, as long as the eye. Caudal forked to its base, each lobe nearly as long as the pectoral. A minute porus axillaris. Coloration uniform ; sides silvery.
Amboyna.
a. Fine specimen, 4^ inches long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
4. Cryptopterus palembangensis.
Silurus palembangensis, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind, iii. p. 684. Krvptopterichthys palembangensis, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 290, and^4£/. Ichth. Silur. p. 88. tab. 90. fig. 3.
B. 8-9. D. 1-2. A. 61-70. P. 1/11-12. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained from thrice and a third to thrice and three-quarters in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head from five times and two-thirds to six times. The rudiment of a dorsal fin is situated above the base of the ventral. Nape of the neck slightly concave. The eye is situated near to the lower profile of the liead, and its diameter is one-third of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth twice as broad as long, with the jaws equal in front. Vomerine teeth in a short, uninterrupted band. The maxillary barbels extend nearly to, or somewhat beyond, the end of the pectoral. The mandibulary barbels are so minute, that they can only be detected with the utmost caution. The pectoral is much longer than the head, its length being one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; it extends to the thirteenth anal ray ; its spine is not shorter than the head, and
13. CRYPTOPTERUS. 41
slightly denticulated along its inner edge ; ventral very short, as long as the eye. Caudal forked to its base, the lobes shorter than the pec- toral. A small porus mucosus in the axil of the pectoral. Coloration uniform ; sides silvery. Sumatra.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. — This
specimen has very minute barbels.
b. Six inches long. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection. — This speci-
men has been received from Dr. P. v. Bleeker as C. bicirrhis, from which it differs in its higher body, in the length of the pectoral spine, in the presence of a porus axillaris, &c.
5. Cryptopterus schilbeides.
Hemisilurus schilbeides, Bleek. Proclr. Silur. p. 297, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 94. tab. 90. fig. 4.
B.9-10. A. 65-67. P. 1/12. V. 6?
The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths to four times and a fourth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head six times and a half or seven times. Nape of the neck deeply concave. The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the length of the head. The maxillary barbels extend to the origin of the anal ; ppa- rently no mandibulary barbels. Pectoral fin longer than the head, with the spine slightly denticulated. The band of vomerine teeth is interrupted in the middle.
Sumatra and Borneo.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
6. Cryptopterus bicirrhis.
Silurus bicirrhis, Cut: § Vol. xiv. p. 367. pi. 411; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen.
xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 20, and Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 271. Kryptopteriehthvs bicirrhis, Bleek. Prod): Silur. p. 292, and Atl. Ichth.
Silur. p. 89. tab. 90. fig. 1.
B. 11. D. 1. A. 53-56. P. 1/12. V. 7.
The height of the body is contained four times and three-fifths to four times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head six times to six times and a half. Nape of the neck not elevated. Cleft of the mouth twice as broad as long. The maxillary barbels extend scarcely to the origin of the anal ; (mandibulary barbels absent ?). Pectoral spine rather shorter than the head, not denticulated. No porus mucosus in the axil of the pectoral fin.
Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.
7. Cryptopterus macrocephalus.
Kryptopterichthys macrocephalus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 293, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p* 89. tab. 89. fig. 2.
B. 9. D. 1. A. 52-53. P. 1/10. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
42 silurid^:.
the total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly five times. Nape of the neck not elevated. The maxillary barbels extend to the second third of the anal ; mandibulary barbels minute. Cleft of the mouth less than twice as broad as long. Pectoral fin not longer than the head, with the spine scarcely denticulated. Dorsal fin a little in advance of the ventrals. Sumatra ?
a. Type of the species : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
Bleeker has overlooked the mandibulary barbels in this species ; tUey are minute.
8. Cryptopterus lais.
Silurus lais, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 428. Krvptopterichthys lais, Meek. Prodr. Silur. p. 291, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 88. tab. 90. fig. 2.
B. 8-9. D. 1-4. A. 58-66. P. 1/10-11.
The height of the body is contained three times and three-fourths or four times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and a half to six times and a third. Nape of the neck slightly concave. The maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the middle of the anal ; mandible apparently without barbels. Pectoral fin much longer, pectoral spine shorter than the head; the latter without denticulations. Dorsal above the ventrals.
Borneo.
a. Three inches long : not good state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Col- lection.
C. Maxillary barbels short ; mandibulary barbels short, if present. a. Head and snout short.
9. Cryptopterus micropus.
Silurus cryptopterus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 270. Krvptopterus micropus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 84, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 86. tab. 89. fig. 3.
B. 10-11. D. 0-2. A. 64-72. P. 1/13-15. V. 6-7.
The length of the head is contained five times and a third to six times and a fourth in the total (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one-third of the length of the head ; the lower jaw is the shorter ; the cleft of the mouth is not quite twice as broad as long. The maxillary barbels extend scarcely to the base of the pectoral ; those of the mandibles are minute, scarcely visible. Pectoral fin much longer than, pectoral spine as long as, or even longer than, the head ; the latter scarcely denticulated.
Sumatra and Borneo. a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
b-h. Adult, half-grown, and young. Siam. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach. i. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
13. CRYPTOPTERUS. 43
10. Cryptopterus micronema.
Silurus micronemus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxi., Silur. Butav. p. 18.
phalacronotus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid. ii. p. 429.
Micronema typus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 300, and All. Ichth. Silur.
p. 91. tab. 92. fig. 2, tab. 93. fig. 1. Phalacronotus micruropterns, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 307. Micronema phalacronotus, Bleek. Enumer. p. 139.
B. 14. A. 85-93. P. 1/12-14. V. 9.
The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and two-thirds ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the latter. Nape of the neck concave. Lower jaw slightly prominent ; the vomerine band occupies the whole width of the palate. The maxillary barbels extend to the eye, those of the lower jaw are minute. Pectorals not much shorter than the head, with the spine slightly denticulated.
Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.
a, b, c. Types of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
11. Cryptopterus hexapterus.
Silurus hexapterus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 203. Micronema hexapterus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 301, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 91. tab. 92. fig. 1.
B. 12-13. A. 74-83. P. 1/16-17. V. 8.
The height of the body is contained five times and three-fourths to five times and a third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head six times and a half to seven times and a fifth ; the nape of the neck concave ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the latter. Lower jaw strongly prominent ; vomerine band short. The maxillary and mandibulary barbels are sometimes shorter, some- times rather longer than the head. Pectoral rather longer than the head, with the spine short and not denticulated.
Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
b. Head and snout longish.
12. Cryptopterus micropogon.
Silurus apogon, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. G7. Phalacronotus micropogon, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 306, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 92. tab. 94. fig. 1.
B. 14-17. A. 78-91. P. 1/14-15. V. 9-10. Only one pair of barbels, extending to the eye. The height of the body is contained six times and a third or seven times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and three- fifths to five times and a third ; the depth of the head is less than one- half of its length; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth or one-sixth of the length of the head. Lower jaw prominent. Pectorals shorter
44 SILURIDJE.
than the head, with the spine slender and slightly denticulated. The length of the lower caudal lobe is three-quarters of that of the head. Borneo and Sumatra.
a. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
13. Cryptopterus bleekeri.
Micronema bleekeri, Boconrt.
B. 14. A. 77-78. P. 1/14. V. 9.
Maxillary barbels short, extending to the anterior margin or to the middle of the eye ; mandibulary barbels minute, scarcely visible. The height of the body is contained six times in the total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds ; the depth of the head is equal to one-half of its length ; the diameter of the eye is one- fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head. Lower jaw prominent. Pectorals shorter than the head, with the spine slender and obtusely denticulated. Caudal fin rather short, its length being equal to the distance of the pupil from the opercular margin.
Siam.
a. Young. From Dr. v. Bleeker's Collection.
b. Ten inches long. Siam. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.
14. Cryptopterus leptonema.
Silurus leptonema, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid. iii. p. 584. Phalacronotus leptonema, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 304, and All. Ichth. Silur. p. 92. tab. 94. fig. 2.
B. 16. A. 75. P. 1/14. V. 9.
One pair of barbels only, extending to the eye. The height of the body is contained five times and two-thirds in the total length (with- out caudal), the length of tbe head five times ; the depth of the head is more than one-half of its length ; the diameter of the eye is one- fifth of the length of the head. Lower jaw prominent. Pectoral rather shorter than the head, with the spine slightly denticulated ; the length of one of the caudal lobes is three-quarters of that of the head.
Sumatra.
II. Anal united with caudal.
15. Cryptopterus gangeticus.
Pterocryptis gangetica, Peters, Monatsber. Berl. Acad. 1861, p. 712. B. 12. D. 2. A. 75. P. 1/12. V. 10.
The height of the body is contained nine times and a half in the total length (with the caudal), the length of the head nearly seven times. The maxillary barbels do not quite extend to the pectorals, those of the mandible reach to the margin of the gill-membrane. (Pet.)
Ganges.
14. CALLICIIROTTS. 45
14. CALLICHROUS f.
Silurus, subgenus Callichrous sp., Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. p. 149.
Silurodes et Pseudosilurus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 255.
Silurodes et Callichrous, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 115.
One very short dorsal fin, without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ; the anal terminates close by the caudal, or is continuous with it ; caudal forked. Barbels four: one to each maxillary and one to each mandible, the latter being placed a£ some distance behind the symphysis. The lower jaw is the longer. Palatine teeth none. Nostrils remote from each other, subequal in form and width. Head covered with skin ; eye behind, and partly below the cleft of the mouth. Ventral composed of eight or less rays.
East Indies.
The species may be divided into two groups : —
* The vomerine band of teeth interrupted in the middle : Callichrous, Blkr., p. 45.
* * The vomerine teeth in an uninterrupted band : Silurodes, Blkr., p. 48.
* The vomerine band of teeth interrupted in the middle. 1. Callichrous bimaculatus.
Witvisch, Nieuhof, Zee- en Lant-reize, p. 276.
? Silurus bimaculatus, Bl. viii. p. 24.taf. 364; Bl Schn. p. 37 1 ; M'Clell.
Calc. Joum. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 401. Ompok siluroides, Lacep. v. p. 50, vi. tab. 1. fig. 2 (very bad). Silurus bimaculatus, Cuv. fy Vol. xiv. p. 360. Pseudosilurus bimaculatus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 277. Phalacronotus siluroides, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 304. Callichrous bimaculatus, Bleek. Atl. Iehth. Silur. p. 84. tab. 87. fig. 3 \.
D. 4. A. 57-66. P. 1/12-14. V. 7-8.
The anal fin terminates close to the caudal, but is separate from it ; the pectoral is rather shorter than the head ; its spine is as long- as the head behind the eye, and denticulated towards its extremity. The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the head, which is contained four times and a half to four times and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is one- fifth or one-seventh of the length of the head. Lower jaw strongly prominent ; the vomerine teeth are in two very narrow transverse bands, separated by an interspace ; the maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the origin of the anal fin. A blackish blotch above the pectoral, remote from the head.
Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.
a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
t 1. Pseudosilurus macrophthalmus, Blyth, Joum. As. Soc. Beng. xxix, p. 156.
— Tenasserim. \ In this figure the'angle of the mouth is distorted and too much depressed ; naturally, it is never below the eye.
46 siltjrid^:.
2. Callichrous ceylonensis. D. 4. A. 66. P. 1/14. V. 8.
Dorsal fin very slender, as long as the head without snout; the anal fin terminates close to the caudal, but is separate from it ; caudal fin deeply forked, with the lobes pointed, somewhat shorter than the head. The pectoral is obtusely rounded, shorter than the head, and extends to the origin of the anal fin ; its spine is rather slender, ser- rated interiorly, three-fifths of the length of the head. The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times ; the greatest width of the head equals its length without snout ; snout obtuse, rounded, with the lower jaw prominent ; vomerine teeth in two distant, short, and narrow bands. The maxillary barbels extend to the seventh anal ray ; those of the mandible very slender, half as long as the head. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head, and one -third of the width of the interorbital space. Brownish olive, minutely dotted with brown ; a blackish blotch immediately behind the giU-openhig.
Ceylon.
The largest specimen is 7j inches long. a, b-c. Fine specimens. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
3. Callichrous chechra.
Silurus chechra, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. p. .152.
? Silurus microcephalia, Cuv. 8f Vol. xiv. p. 365.
Silurus indicus, M'Clell. Calc. Journ. ii. p. 583.
Schilbe pabo, Sykes in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 367 (not Ham. Buck.).
Wallago microcephalus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv., Hindost. p. 110.
D. 4. A. 70. P. 1/14. V. 8.
Dorsal fin exceedingly narrow ; the anal terminates close to the caudal, but is separate from it ; the pectoral extends to the origin of the anal, and is rather shorter than the head ; its spine is serrated along its inner edge, of moderate strength, and two-thirds of the length of the head, which is less than the height of the body, and contained five times and three-fourths in the total length ( without caudal). The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head. The lower jaw strongly prominent; vomerine teeth in two separate bands of moderate width ; the maxillary barbel extends to the end of the pectoral. Sides silvery ; the blackish spot is some- what remote from the head, if distinct.
River Kusi ; Dukhun ; Sindh ; Afghanistan. a-b. Eight and a half to nine and a half inches long. Dukhun. From Col. Sykes's Collection. — Types of Schilbe pabo, Sykes.
c. Adult : not good state. Madras Presidency. Presented by Capt.
MitcheU.
d. Half-grown. Sindh. From the Collection of Messrs. v. Schn
gintweit.
e. Young. Afghanistan. From Mr. Griffith's Collection.
f. Half-grown: bad state. India. Presented by G eneral Hard wicke.
14. CALLIOHROTJS. 47
4. Callichrous pabda. Silurus pabda, Ham. Buck. pp. 150, 374. tab. 25. fig. 47. D. 4. A. 54. P. 1/12. V. 8.
The height of the body is a little less than one-fourth of the total length (without caudal). The lower jaw is the longer ; the maxillary barbels extend to the second third of the anal fin, those of the mandi- ble are shorter than the head. Pectoral spine slender, smooth ; anal not united with caudal. Body with irregular darker spots ; a blackish blotch behind the gill-opening. (H. B.)
Bengal.
Vomerine teeth in two distinct patches (according to Bleeker, Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk. 1863, p. 115).
5. Callichrous anastomus.
? Silurus anastomus, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 363. pi. 410. Wallago anostomus, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxv., Hindost. p. 109. B. 12-13. D.4. A. 50-52. P. 1/11-12. V. 8. The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and one-fifth of the total (with the caudal). The diameter of the eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head. The vomerine teeth form two separate, narrow, transverse bands. The maxillary barbels extend to the anal, those of the mandible to behind the orbit. Pectorals shorter than the head : their spine is serrated, and equal in length to the distance of the orbit from the end of the operculum. Anal not united with the caudal. A blackish spot behind the gill- opening. (Bl.) Hooghly.
6. Callichrous liacanthus.
Wallago leiacanthus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. hid. v. p. 189.
Pseudosilurus leiacanthus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 281.
Callichrous leiacanthus, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 85. tab. 89. fig. 2 *.
D. 4. A. 54-57. V. 7-8.
The height of the body is contained five times and a third to four times and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times to five times and two-thirds. The dia- meter of the eye is one-sixth or one-seventh of the length of the head. Neck elevated, the upper profile obliquely descending, straight. The lower jaw is the longer ; the vomerine teeth form a narrow band, interrupted in the*middle. The maxillary barbels extend to the second fifth of the anal fin ; those of the mandibles are about as long as the head. Pectorals a little longer than the head, with a slender spine, which is not denticulated, and equal in length to the distance between
* This figure is not very accurate, the cleft of the mouth being produced back- wards to below the eye, whilst in truth the eye is always behind the angle of the mouth, even when the latter is opened. The anal and caudal also are entirely disconnected in the figure, which does not agree with our specimen or with Dr. Bleeker's description.
48 SILT7RID.E.
eye and angle of the operculum. The anal is united with the hase of the caudal. Sometimes a blackish spot behind the gill-opening. Sumatra and Banka.
a. One of the typical specimens. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
7. Callichrous camo.
Silurus canio, Ham. Buch. pp. 151, 374.
duda, Ham. Buch. pp. 152, 375.
mysoricus, Cuv. §• red. xiv. p. 364 ; M'Clell. Calc. Journ. iv. p. 402.
D. 4. A. 69-73. P. 1/12. V. 8.
The maxillary barbels extend nearly to the middle of the fish ; pectoral spine not denticulated. Vomerine teeth in an interrupted band. Sides immaculate. (H. B.)
North-eastern Bengal, Mysore, and Chusan.
8. Callichrous pabo.
Silurus pabo, Ham. Buch. pp. 153, 375. tab. 22. fig. 48. D. 5. A. ca. 73. P. 1/16. V. 8 *.
The height of the body is contained four times and a third in the total length (without caudal) ; pectoral spine denticulated interiorly ; the anal terminates at a short distance from the caudal. Barbels short, those of the maxillaries scarcely extending beyond the eye ; the lower jaw is the longer ; vomerine band interrupted in the middle. (H. B.)
Brahmaputra.
** The vomerine teeth in an uninterrupted band.
9. Callichrous hypophthalmus.
Silurodus hypophthalmus, Block. Prodr. Silur. p. 272, and Ail. Ichth. Sflur. p. 83. tab. 88. fig. 2.
D. 4. A. 76-82. P. 1/12. V. 7.
Dorsal fin exceedingly narrow ; the anal terminates close to the caudal, but is separate from it ; the pectoral extends to the ninth anal ray and is not shorter than the head, the length of which is contained five times and two-fifths to six times in the total. Pectoral spine of moderate strength, two-thirds of the length of the head, slightly denticulated at its inner edge. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head. The lower jaw is the longer ; vomerine teeth in a very narrow, uninterrupted band ; the maxillary barbel extends to the anterior portion or to the middle of the anal. A. blackish spot behind the gill-opening.
Java and Sumatra.
a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
b. Seven inches long. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
* Hamilton Buchanan states ten ventral rajs in the text, whilst the figure represents eight only ; the latter appears to me to be the correct number.
15. SCHILBE. 49
10. Callichrous macronema.
Silurus macronema, Bleek. Nat. Tydsehr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 203. Silurodes macronema, Bleek, Prodr. Silur. p. 273, and All. Ichth. Silur. p. 83. tab. 88. fig. 1.
D. 4. A. 79. P. 1/15. V. 8.
The height of the body is contained five times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and a third ; lower jaw strongly prominent ; vomerine teeth in a narrow, uninterrupted band. The maxillary barbels extend nearly to the caudal, those of the mandibles are shorter than the head. Pectorals as long as the head, with the spine slender and scarcely denticulated. The anal is not united with the caudal.
Bandjermassing.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
15. SCHILBE.
Schilbe, sp., Cuv. Regne Anim. Schilbe, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 255.
One short dorsal fin with a pungent spine^; no adipose fin ; the anal terminates close to the caudal, which is forked. Barbels eight : one to each maxillary, one to each posterior nostril, and two to each mandible, the latter being placed one behind the other. The pala- tine teeth are present, and form together with those of the vomer a horseshoe-like band. Nostrils remote from each other, the posterior wider than the anterior. Head covered with skin. Neck elevated, the upper profile of the head being concave ; eye behind, and partly below the cleft of the mouth. Ventral composed of six or seven rays.
Tropical Africa.
1. Schilbe uranoscopus.
Schilbe uranoscopus, Riippell, Fortsetz. Beschreib. Nil-Jisehe, p.4.taf. 1.
fig.l. isidori, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 375. pi. 412.
D. 1/6. A. 67-71. P. 1/11. V. 6. Vert. ^di.
The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth ; the greatest width of the head is three-fifths of its length. The lower jaw is the longer ; the depth of the cleft of the mouth is one-half of its width. Nasal and maxillary barbels of nearly equal length, shorter than the posterior of the lower jaw, which are about one-third as long as the head. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head. The end of the dorsal fin is situated vertically above the root of the ventral, and the width of its base equals that of the latter ; its height is less than the length of the head, the length of its spine being two- thirds of the latter ; spine finely serrated posteriorly. The anal fin terminates at a short distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked, with pointed lobes. The pectoral spine is stronger than that of the dorsal fin, and terminates at, or close by, the root of the ventral ; it
vol. v.
50 siluridjE.
is finely serrated along its inner edge. A blackish spot on the origin of the lateral line. Nile.
a. Adult. Nile. From Dr. E. RiippelTs Collection. — One of the
typical specimens. b-d. Adult and half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's
Collection. e. Adult : skeleton. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection. /. Adult: skeleton. Nile. From Dr. E. RuppeH's Collection.
2. Scliilbe mystus.
Chilby, Sonnini, ii. p. 295. tab. 28. fig. 1.
Silurus mystus, part., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 502 ; Bl. Sclin. p. 387 ; Geoffr.
Descript. Eg. Poiss. pi. 11. fig. 3; Joannis, Guer. Mag. Zoul. 1835,
pi. 12 (not good). Scbilbe intermedius, liiipp. Fortsctz. Beschreib. Nil-Jische, p. 6.
auratus, Joannis, I. c. pi. 5 (not good)*.
mystus, Cuv. <$• Vol. xiv. p. 372.
B. 9-10. D. 1/6. A. 55-64. P. 1/11. V. 6. Vert. 10/36.
The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth ; the greatest width of the head equals its length without snout. The lower jaw is the longer ; the depth of the cleft of the mouth is two-fifths of its width. Nasal barbels shorter than those of the maxillaries, which are half as long as the head; the posterior mandibulary barbels are three or four times as long as the anterior, and somewhat longer than those of the maxillaries. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the head. The dorsal fin is situated entirely before the ventral, and the width of its base equals that of the latter ; its height is less than the length of the head, the length of its spine being three-quarters of the latter ; spine finely serrated posteriorly. The anal fin terminates at a short distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked, with pointed lobes. The pectoral spine is stronger than that of the dorsal fin, and terminates at some distance from the root of the ventral ; it is finely serrated along its inner edge. A large blackish blotch on the origin of the lateral line.
Nile.
a, b, c, d, e, f-Jc. Adult, half-grown, and young. Lower Nile. I. Half-grown. Nile. From Dr. RiippelTs Collection as Schilbe in- termedins. m, n. Half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
* M. de Joannis accuses Riippell of a double error, viz. of having' misstated the number of anal rays of Sch. uranoscopus and Sch. auritus. If the French traveller had had a better knowledge of the German language, he would have seen that Riippell by no means says that Sch. uranoscopus has G4 anal rays, but that Sch. intermedius is only similar to Sch. uranoscopus in having 64 rays. As regards the other error, it is quite clear that Riippell intended to compare these two species with Seh. mystus, specimens of which have ~A anal rays, and that by a slip of the pen he wrote auritus instead of mystus.
1.5. SCHILBE. 51
o. Seven inches long. Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collec- tion.— This specimen has swallowed an Alestes 5 inches long ! p. Adult : skeleton. Lower Nile. From Mr. S. S. Allen's Collection.
3 Schilbe dispila. B. 10. D. 1/6. A. 56. P. 1/11. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained four times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and two-thirds ; the greatest width of the head equals its length without snout. The lower jaw is the longer ; the cleft of the mouth twice as broad as long. Nasal barbels shorter than those of the maxillaries, which extend to the end of the head ; the posterior mandibulary barbels are much longer than the anterior, and are as long as those of the maxillaries. The diameter of the eye is two-ninths of the length of the head. The origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat in advance of that of the ventral, the width of its base being equal to that of the latter ; its height is less than the length of the head ; its spine is slender, shorter than the first ray, and equal in length to the head without snout ; it is finely serrated posteriorly. The anal fin termi- nates close to the caudal, but is not united with it. Caudal fin forked, with the lobes rounded ; the length of the lower lobe is nearly one-seventh of the total. (Pectoral spines broken off, rather strong at the base.) Pectoral fin as long as the dorsal is high. The length of the ventral is one-half of that of the head. Brownish above, silvery on the sides and on the belly ; • a round black spot on the lateral line between the dorsal and pectoral fins.
West Africa. Upper Nile.
a. Seven inches long. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection. b-c. Young. Upper Nile, 500 miles south of Chartoum. From Consul Petherick's Collection.
4. Schilbe hasselquistii.
Silurus schilbe niloticus, Hasselq. Reise nach Pulcest. p. 419. Schilbe hasselquistii, Cuv. fy Val. xiv. p. 377.
B. 9. D. 1/5. A. 63-64. P. ^. V. 6.
The upper jaw is longer, or not shorter, than the lower. The length of the head is contained six times and a half in the total ; its width is three-fifths of its length. Maxillary barbels half as long as the head. (Val.)
Nile.
5. Schilbe senegalensis. Schilbe senegallus, Cuv. <§• Val xiv. p. 378.
B. 8. D. 1/5. A. 56-57. Jaws equal in length anteriorly. The dorsal and anal spines are more slender than- in Sch. mystus. (Val.) Senegal.
k 2
Ol SII-URIIM*.
16. EUTROPIUS*.
Eutropius, Midi. §• Trosch. Ilor. Ichthyol. hi. p. 6.
A very small adipose fin ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; anal fin long, terminating at some distance from the caudal, which is forked. Barbels eight : one to each maxillary, one to each posterior nostril; and two to each mandible ; the manclibnlary barbels are placed one behind the other. The palatine teeth are present, and form toge- ther with those of the vomer a horseshoe-like band. Nostrils open, not prolonged into tubes, situated at some distance from each oilier. Head covered with skin. The upper jaw is the longer (except in E. depressirostris). Ventral with six rays.
Tropical Africa. East Indies.
1. Eutropius niloticus.
Ilypophthalmus niloticus, Riipp. Neue Nilfische, p. G. taf. 1. fig. J. Bagrus schilbeides, Ouv. fy Veil. xiv. p 389.
13. 9. D. 1/G. A. 58-60. P. 1/9. V. 6.
The height of the body is. contained nearly four times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and a half. The greatest width of the head equals its length without snout. The upper jaw is the longer; cleft of the mouth twice as broad as deep. Nasal and anterior mandibulary barbels short ; max- illary barbels umch longer than the posterior of the mandibles, not extending to the base of the pectoral. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head. The dorsal fin is situated entirely before the ventral, the width of its base being equal to that of the latter. Its height equals the length of the head ; spine slender, serrated posteriorly. The anal fin terminates at some distance from the caudal. Caudal deeply forked, with the lobes pointed. Pectoral spine rather broad, strongly serrated, termi- nating at a rather considerable distance from the ventral. A blackish spot at the origin of the lateral line.
Nile.
«, b, c, d, e-f. Adult and young. Lower Nile.
y, h-i. Adult and half-grown. Chartoum. From Consul Pethcrick's
Collection. Tc. Adult. Egypt. From Dr. E. Riippell's Collection. — One of the
typical specimens. 1. Adult: skeleton. Nile. Presented by G. Macleay, Esq.
2. Eutropius congensis.
Silurus congensis, Leach, in Turkey, Xarrat. Ejcped. Zaire, p. 409 ; Owen, Osteoloff. Cat. Coll. Surg, i. pp. 24, 27.
B. 10. D. 1/6. A. 58. P. 1/11. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained four times and a third in
* 1 Hvpophthalmus taakrec. SyJces, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 369. tab. 64, fig. 4.
"— Dekkan.
16. EUTROPITJS. 53
th« total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and a half. The greatest width of the head is three-quarters of its length. The upper jaw is considerably longer than the lower ; cleft of the mouth twice as broad as deep. Barbels short and very thin : those of the maxillary are the longest, extending to the end of the head, and twice as long as the posterior mandibulary barbels ; the latter rather longer than nasal barbels ; anterior mandibulary barbels shorter than the eye. Eye covered with a broad circular fold of skin ; its diameter is one-sixth or one-seventh of the length of the head. The ventrals are situated below the hinder half of the dorsal : the bases of both fins are equal in width. Dorsal fin elevated, with a slender spine, slightly serrated posteriorly, and considerably longer than the head ; the first ray is produced into a filament. The anal terminates at some distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked, the length of a lobe being nearly one-sixth of the total. Adipose fin, very small. Pectoral fin elongate, like the dorsal; its spine is slightly serrated towards its extremity, rather stronger than, but as long as, the dorsal spine ; its first ray produced into a filament ; this fin extends beyond the origin of the anal. Teeth in the jaws and on the palate villiform in broadish bands ; the band on the vomer transverse, more or less confluent with those on the palatines. Sides silvery.
River Congo.
a. Thirteen inches long. — Type of the species.
3. Eutropius obtusirostris. D. 1/5. A. 54. P. 1/8. V. 6.
The height of the body is contained four times and a third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the headfour times and two-thirds. The greatest width of the head is three-fifths of its length. Upper jaw considerably longer than the lower ; cleft of the mouth short, not extending beyond the front margin of the orbit. The nasal barbel and the anterior of the mandibulary barbels are short and thin ; the maxillary barbel as long as the head, the hinder mandibulary barbel more than half as long. Eye without adipose eyelid ; its diameter is somewhat less than one-third of the length of the head. The dorsal fin is situated entirely before the ventral ; its spine is serrated posteriorly, and three-fourths as long as the head. The anal fin terminates at some distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked, the length of a lobe being contained five times and a half in the total. The pectoral spine is strongly serrated interiorly, stronger than, and as long as, that of the dorsal fin, terminating au some distance from the ventral. Ventral fin half as long as the pec- toral. Vomerine teeth in an uninterrupted transverse band, not con- tinuous with the palatine teeth. Silvery, back dark olive.
India.
a-b. Three inches long.
54 SILTTRIDJE.
4. Eutropius adansonii. Bagrus adansonii, Cuv. §• Vol. xiv. p. 391. pi. 414.
A. 53. Dorsal and anal spines rather feeble. {Vol.) Senegal.
5. Eutropius (?) murius.
The Mini Vaeha.
Pimelodus murius, Ham. Buch. Fish. Gang. pp. 195, 378.
D. 1/8. A. 42. P. 1/11. V. 6.
Vomerine and palatine teeth ? Barbels not longer than the head ; upper jaw a little longer than the lower ; eyes large ; dorsal spine nearly smooth. Silvery, caudal fin blackish. (H. B.)
Four inches long. Mahananda River.
6. Eutropius depressirostris.
Bagrus depressirostris, Peters, 3Ionatsber. Acad. Wiss. Berlin, 1852, p. 682.
B. 10. D. 1/6. A. 56-60. P. 1/10-11.
The lower jaw is not shorter than the upper when the mouth is closed ; the hinder mandibulary barbels equal in length to those of the maxillaries. The dorsal fin is situated entirely before the ven- tral ; its spine is slender and serrated posteriorly.
Mozambique.
a. Adult. Presented by Prof. Peters.
17. HEMISILURUS.
Ilemisilurus, sp., Bleeker, Pruclr. Silur. p. 295.
Dorsal fin none ; the anal fin terminates close to the caudal, which is deeply forked. Two small barbels on the upper jaw. Palatine teeth none ; vomerine teeth in two separate patches. Head covered witli skin ; neck elevated, the upper profile of the head being concave. Eye lateral, its lower margin being on the same level with the cleft of the mouth. The upper jaw is the longer. Head compressed, snout not broader than deep. The mandible with large mucous cavities (as in a Sciaenoid). > Ventrals composed of eight or nine rays.
East Indian Archipelago.
1. Hennsnurus heterorhynchus.
Wallago heterorhynchus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ltd. v. p. 514. Ilemisilurus heterorhynchus, Bleek. Prodr. Silnr. p. 296, and Ail. Ichth. Silur. p. 94. tab. 93. fig. 2.
B. 12-13. A. 90-93. P. 1/16-17. V. 9. The height of the body is contained four times and three-fifths to five times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly six times ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth or one- fifth of the length of the head. The barbels are fleshy, flexible,
19. AILIA. 55
and extend to the eye ; pectoral about as long as the head, with the spine slender and slightly denticulated. Sumatra.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
2. Hemisilurus scleronema. Bleeker, Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 93. tab. 101.
B. 10. A. 103. P. 1/15-16. V. 8.
The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head seven times and a quarter. Barbels cartilaginous, rigid, much shorter than the eye. Pectoral about as long as the head, Avith the spine slender and slightly denticulated.
Java.
The single specimen known is in the Leyden Museum.
18. SILURANODON.
Silurus, sp., Cuv. <S* Vol.
Siluranodon, Sleek. Proclr. Silur. p. 255.
One short dorsal fin without pungent spine ; no adipose fin ; the anal fin terminates close by the caudal, which is forked. Barbels eight : one at the nostrils, one to each maxillary, and four behind the chin, the roots of the latter being nearly in the same transverse series. No teeth in the jaws or on the palate. Eyes behind and below the angle of the mouth. Neck not elevated. Ventral composed of six rays.
Nile.
1. Siluranodon auritus.
Oued denne (of the Arabs).
Silurus auritus, Geoffr. Descr. Eg. Poiss. pi. 11. figs. 1 & 2 ; Cuv. $• Veil. xiv. p. 368.
B. 9. D. 5. A. 80. P. 1/9. V. 6. Vert. j£J.
The nasal and maxillary barbels are shorter than those on the chin, which are one-third or one-fourth longer than the head. Pectoral spine rather strong, serrated, and nearly as long as the first ray. Silvery.
Nile.
19. AILIA. Ailia, (Gray) Cuv. 6/ Val. xv. p. 538.
Adipose fin exceedingly small ; no other dorsal fin *. The anal fin terminates at a short distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked. Barbels eight : one between the nostrils, one to each max- illary, and four immediately behind the chin, the roots of the latter
* There is a small hole in the skin where the dorsal fin ought to have been placed ; it is at a short distance from the occiput, and a little before the vertical from the ventral fins.
56 SILXJRIDiE.
being nearly in the same transverse series. Teeth in the jaws villi- form ; teeth on the- vomer minute, in two separate small patches. The nostrils of one side are close together, open, the anterior being quite in front of the snout. Head covered with thin skin. Upper jaw rather longer than the lower Orbit with a broad circidar eye- lid, behind the angle of the mouth. Ventral composed of six rays. Bengal.
1. Ailia bengalensis.
Malapterurus coila, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 158, 375.
Silurus (Acanthonotus) cuvieri, Gray, Illustr. hid. Zool. (very bad ;
from a deteriorated specimen). Malapterus (Ailia) bengalensis, Gray, Illustr. Ind. Zool. Ailia bengalensis, Cuv. $• Vol. xv. p. 538 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch.
xxv., Beng. fy Hind. p.
A. 70-72. P. 14.
All the barbels are subequal in length, extending to about the middle of the length of the fish. The pectoral spine is slender, nearly as long as the head, the length of whicb is one-sixth of the total (without caudal). The height of the body is one-fifth of the total.
Bengal. a-b. Types of the species. Ganges. Presented by G. E.. Water- house, Esq. c-d. Half-grown. Calcutta. Prom the Collection of Messrs. v. Schlagintweit.
2. Ailia affinis. A. 60-61. P. 13.
Nasal and maxillary barbels subequal in length, extending to, or nearly to, the middle of the length of the fish ; mandibulary barbels rather shorter. The pectoral spine is very slender, as long as the head, the length of which is one-sixth of the total (without caudal). The height of the body is more than one-fifth of the total length (without caudal). Otherwise very similar to A. bengalensis.
Himalayas, Assam.
a-b. Four inches long. Kulu. From the Collection of Messrs. v.
Schlagintweit. c. Three and a quarter inches long. Assam. From the Collection
of the East India Company.
20. SCHILBICHTHYS.
Schilbe, sp., Cuv. §■ Val.
Schilbeichthys, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 255.
One short dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; no adipose fin ; the -mal fin terminates at some distance from the caudal, which is forked. Barbels eight, as in Ailia. Vomerine and palatine teeth vprcscnt. Nostrils close together, at the end of the snout, very wide, the pos- terior twice as wide as the anterior. Head covered with skin. The
21. lai's. 57
upper profile is nearly straight ; neck not elevated ; upper jaw longer than the lower ; orbit with a broad anterior and posterior adipose eyelid, behind the cleft of the mouth. Ventral composed of six rays. Bengal.
1. Schilbichthys garua.
Silurus garua, Ham. Buck. Fish. Gang. pp. 156, 375. tab. 21. fig. 50. Schilbe garua, Cuv. Sf Val. xiv. p. 379. pi. 413 (not good) ; Bleek. Vcrh. Bat. Gen. xxv., Hindost. p. 110.
B. 7. D. 1/6. A. 30. P. 1/11. V. 6.
The maxillary barbels extend to the base of the ventral, those of the chin to the end of the head. Vomerine teeth in an uninterrupted cross-band, scarcely separated from the palatine bands. Dorsal spine slender, strongly serrated. Silvery on the sides, immaculate.
Bengal.
a. One of the typical specimens. Ganges. Presented by G. R.
Waterhouse, Esq.
b. Sixteen iuuhes long : stuffed. India. From Capt. Boys' s Collection.
21. LAIS.
Lais, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 170.
Adipose fin minute ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and with seven soft rays ; anal fin elongate, with forty or more rays. Barbels six, four of which are at the mandible, in a transverse series behind the symphysis. Teeth on the palate villiform, forming two more or less contiguous transverse bands. The upper jaw is the longer. Eyes large, free, behind, and partly below the angle of the mouth. Caudal forked ; ventral rays six. Nostrils close together, at the end of the snout, wide, the posterior twice as wide as the anterior.
East Indian Archipelago.
The natural affinity between Lais and Schilbichthys is so great, that these two genera offer one of the most striking proofs that the presence or absence of a small adipose fin is a character entirely useless for the establishment of higher than generic groups of Siluroid fish, and, if taken by itself, that it leads to a not less artificial system than the presence or absence of teeth on the palate. Thus, we see that in Dr. v. Bleeker's system Lais and Schilbichthys arc referred to two distinct subfamilies — the former to the " Bagnformes."
1. Lais hexanema.
Pangasius hexanema, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Lid. iii. p. 589. Lais hexanema, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 171, and Atl. Ichth. Sikir. p. 72. tab. 75. fig. 2.
B. 8-9. D. 1/7. A. 40-42. P. JL.
Occipital process very narrow ■ the diameter of the eye is one-third
58 SILTJKID.E.
of the length of the head ; the maxillary barbels extend to the ventral or to the anal, those of the mandible to the base of the pec- toral. Dorsal fin lower than the body ; its spine is slender, slightly serrated behind, and two-thirds of the length of the head ; pectorals as long as the head, with a spine which is longer than that of the dorsal.
Java, Sumatra, Borneo.
a. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
22. PSEUDEUTROPIUS*.
Pseudeutropius, Bleek. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierk, 1863, p. 106.
A very small adipose fin ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine ; anal fin elongate, terminating at some distance from the caudal, which is forked. Barbels eight : one to each maxillary, one between the nostrils of each side, and four along the front margin of the lower jaw ; the teeth on the palate form a more or less uninterrupted curved band. Nostrils open, not prolonged into tubes, transverse-ovate; the posterior nearer to each other than the anterior. Eye large, situated behind, and partly even below the angle of the mouth. The lower jaw is the shorter. Ventral with six rays.
East Indies.
1. Pseudeutropius brachypopterus.
Eutropius brachypopterus, Bleek. Prodr. Silur. p. 169, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 71. ta*b. 75. fig. If.
B.40. D. 1/6. A. 27. P. 1/8. V. 6.
The barbels are nearly equally long, extending to, or near to, the extremity of the pectoral fin. The vomerine teeth form a very nar- row band, which is angularly bent, and continuous with the palatine teeth. The dorsal fin is scarcely lower than the body, and the length of its spine is three-quarters or four-fifths of that of the head ; the spine is serrated along its whole posterior side, and anteriorly at its extremity. Pectoral fin nearly as long as the head ; its spine is ser- rated posteriorly. Ventral fins half as long as the head. Silvery, with three indistinct brownish longitudinal bands.
Palembang (Sumatra).
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
2. Pseudeutropius atherinoides.
Silurus atherinoides, Bl. viii. p. 48. taf. 371. fig. 1; Bl. Schn. p. 386. Pimelodus angius, Ham, Buch. F,ish. Gang, pp. 180, 377. pi. 29. fig. 59.
* 1. Eutropius macrophthalmus, BJyth. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxix. p. 156. — Tenasserim. 2. Bagrus buchanani, Val. in Jaeq. Voy. Ind. Orient. Atl, Poiss. pi. 16. fig. 3.
— Hindostan. This figure is slightly inaccurate in representing an anterior and posterior pair of mandibulary barbels, whilst in reality the roots of the four barbels are in a perfectly straight line.
22. rSETTDEUTKOFIUS. 59
Pimelodus urua, Ham. Buck. pp. 177, 377. Bagrus atherinoides, Cuv. &■ Val. xiv. p. 396.
angius, Cuv. 4" Veil. xiv. p. 393.
urua, Cuv. 8f Val. xiv. p. 395.
exodon, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxv., Hindost. p. Ill (not Val.).
D. ±. A. 36. P. 1/7. V. 6.
The length of the head is contained four times and a third in the total (without caudal) ; the greatest width of the head is somewhat more than one-half of its length ; the upper jaw is longer than the lower. The maxillary barbels extend to the origin of the anal fin, the nasal barbels to the end of the head ; those of the mandibles are inserted anteriorly at the chin, and rather longer than the head. The eye is situated behind the angle of the mouth, and partly at the lower side of the head ; its diameter is one -third of the length of the head. The dorsal spine is rather slender, obscurely serrated be- hind. Caudal fin with the lobes pointed ; the distance between anal and caudal fins is less than the depth of the hinder portion of the tail. Pectoral spine much stronger than that of the dorsal fin, two- thirds as long as the head, extending beyond the dorsal spine, and armed interiorly with strong spines curved backwards. Ventral in- serted below the hinder dorsal rays, not half as long as the head. Silvery, with three or four more or less distinct bands, formed by black dots ; a black spot at the base of the caudal.
Bengal.
a. Three inches long. Bengal. From the Collection of the East
India Company.
b. Three inches long. Bengal. Presented by G. E. Waterhouse, Esq.
3. Pseudeutropius mitchelli.
D. 1/6. A. 37. P. 1/7.
The length of the head is a little more than the height of the body, and one-fifth of the total (without caudal) ; the greatest width of the head is somewhat more than one-half of its length ; the upper profile of the head is scarcely concave, the nape being but little elevated. The upper jaw is longer than the lower; the maxillary barbels extend to the ventrals, those of the nostrils and of the mandible to the end of the head. The occipital process is not covered by skin ; it is slender, and joins the basal bone of the dorsal fin, which is triangular, and half as long as the occipital pro- cess ; a fonticulus along the middle of the upper side of the head, extending to the base of the occipital process. Eye large, one-third of the length of the head. The distance between occiput and dorsal fin is nearly equal to that between occiput and snout. Dorsal spine slender, two-thirds of the length of the head, finely serrated behind. The distance between anal and caudal fins is rather less than the depth of the hinder portion of the tail. Pectoral spine much stronger than that of the dorsal fin, as iong as the head with- out snout, not extending backwards to the vertical from the dorsal
60 SILURID.E.
spine ; it is armed interiorly with strong spines curved backwards. Ventral inserted below the hinder dorsal rays, half as long as the head. Sides uniform silvery. Madras Presidency.
a-b. Three and a half inches long. Presented by Captain Mitchell.
4. Pseudetitropius megalops. B. 5. D. 1/6. A. 41. P. 1/11. V. 6.
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth ; the greatest width of the head is three-fifths of its length. The upper jaw overlaps the lower ; the cleft of the mouth is two-thirds as long as broad. The teeth in the jaws form rather narrow bands, — those of the vomer two qua- drangular patches, which are separated from each other by a linear groove; the palatine teeth form a cuneiform band which is sub- continuous with the vomerine teeth. The nasal barbels extend to behind the eye ; those of the maxillaries are slightly compressed, and situated below the orbit and base of the pectoral, when in repose, and extend beyond the origin of the anal. The mandibulary barbels are inserted immediately behind the front margin of the lower jaw, nearly in the same transverse line, and are of equal length, extend- ing beyond the root of the pectoral. The eye is situated behind the angle of the mouth, and partly at the lower side of the head ; it is provided with a broad eyelid, and its diameter is one-fourth of the length of the head. The dorsal fin is situated entirely before the ventral ; its height is less than the length of the head, and its spine is not much shorter than the first soft ray; the spine is of moderate strength, finely serrated in front and behind. The distance between anal and caudal fins is more than the depth of the hinder part of the tail. Caudal fin with the lobes pointed, its length being one-fifth of the total. Pectoral spine stronger than that of the dorsal fin, as long as the head, extending to, or nearly to, the ventral, finely serrated exteriorly and interiorly. Ventral small, not quite half as long as the head. Silvery, dark on the back ; a blackish spot corre- sponds to the seat of the air-bladder.
Central India.
a. Six inches long. Godaveri at Mahadespur, Orissa. From the Collection of Messrs. v. Schlagintweit.
5. Pseudeutropius longimanns.
D. 1/8. A. ca. 54. P. ^8. V. 6.
The bands of teeth in the jaws are rather narrower than those on the palate ; the vomerine band is interrupted in the middle, each half being subcontinuous with the palatine band. The nasal barbels are half as long as the head ; those of the maxillaries extend to, or beyond, the origin of the anal ; the four mandibulary barbels are inserted in a straight transverse line, and as long as, or longer than, the head.
23. PANGASius. 01
The eye is rather large, and situated behind the angle of the mouth and partly at the lower side of the head. The ventral fin is inserted below the posterior rays of the dorsal fin. The dorsal spine is ser- rated behind and granulated in front ; its length is four-fifths of that of the head. The anal fin terminates at some distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked. Pectoral spine stronger, and a little longer, than that of the dorsal fin, serrated interiorly and granulated exteriorly, extending beyond the root of the ventral ; ventral small, two-fifths of the length of the head. Silvery, dark olive above.
a. Skin : 6 inches long : not good state. India. From the Collec- tion of the Zoological Society.
6. Pseudeutropius goongwaree.
Ilypophthahnus goongwaree, Sykes, in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 369. tab. 04. fig. 3.
D. 1/6. A. 52. P. 1/9. V. 6.
All the barbels arc longer than the head ; the maxillary barbels extend beyond the origin of the anal fin ; mandibular}- barbels in a transverse line. Eye rather large, situated behind the angle of the mouth and partly at the lower side of the head. Dorsal and pectoral spines serrated behind. The anal fin terminates at some distance from the caudal, which is deeply forked. Ventral small. Silvery, olive above. (Si/Jces.)
Mota Mola Biver, Dekkan.
Bagrws exodon (Cuv. &Val. xiv. p. 394 ; Belang. Voy. Ind. Orient. Zool. p. 385. pi. 4. fig. 1) appears to be closely allied to the above species. Valenciennes says that it is " notablcment caracterisee par ses dents intermaxillaires, adherentes a. de larges plaques au bout du museau, de maniere a depasser entierement la machoire inferieure." A. 43-46.— Bengal.
23. PANGASIUS*.
Pangasius, Cuv. fy Vol. xv. p. 45.
Pangasius et Pseudopangasius, lileeh. Nederl. Tydschr. Dierh. 1863, p. 107.
Adipose fin very short ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and with seven soft rays ; anal fin elongate, with about thirty rays. Barbels slender, four : one at each maxillary, and two immediately behind the symphysis of the mandibles. Palatine teeth separate from those of the vomer. The upper jaw is the longer. Eyes free. An- terior nostrils open, quite in front of the snout. Caudal forked ; ven- tral rays six.
East Indies.
* 1. Pangasius delicatissimus, Week. Ail. Ichthyol. i. p. 73. — Known from a figure only, and apparently distinguished by a pearl-coloured longi- tudinal dorsal stripe. — Java.
62
SILTJHID^E.
1. Pangasius buchanani.
Pimelodus pangasius, Ham. Buck. pp. 186, 378. pi. 33. fig. 52. Pangasius buchanani, Cuv. 8f Vol. xv. p. 45. pi. 425 ; Sleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Hindost. p. 118.
B. 9-10. D. 1/7. A. 31. P. 1/11.
Head granulated above ; the occipital process is not quite twice as long as broad at the base. Snout obtusely rounded. Barbels shorter than the head ; dorsal and pectoral spines serrated, the latter as long, or nearly as long, as the head.
Ganges.
a-b. Three feet long : stuffed. Ganges.
2. Pangasius djambal.
Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxi., Silur. Batav. p. 21 ; Prodr. Silur. p. 181 ; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 73. tab. 76.
B. 9. D. 1/6. A. 30-32. P. 1/12-13.
Scarcely different from P. buchanani. Head granulated above ; the occipital process is more than twice as long as broad at the base. Snout obtusely rounded. Barbels shorter than the head. Dorsal and pectoral spines serrated, shorter than the head.
Java.
a. Fine specimen. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
This specimen has the vomerine teeth, which are represented by Dr. P. v. Bleeker as forming two separate patches, confluent into one, without the slightest trace of a median division. This is another proof that Bleeker's Pseudojpangasius is not entitled to a place in the system.
3. Pangasius macronema.
Bleeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 11 j Prodr. Silur. p. 183; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 74. tab. 75. fig. 3.
B. 10-11. D. 1/7. A. 31-33. P. 1/12.
The height of the body is two-ninths or one-fourth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths or one- fifth. Head covered with smooth skin above ; snout obtusely rounded. The diameter of the eye is about one-third of the length of the head. The maxillary barbels extend to, or beyond, the end of the pectorals, those of the mandible beyond their base. The teeth on the palate are small, villiform, and form four small separate patches. The dor- sal fin is lower than the body; its spine is of moderate strength, serrated, three-fourths of the length of the head. Pectorals scarcely shorter than the head, with their spine as long as that of the dor- sal fin.
Borneo and Java.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
23. PANGASIUS. 03
4. Pangasius rios.
Meeker, Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. lid. ii. p. 205 ; Prodr. Silur. p. 184 : and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 74. tab. 79. fig. 1.
B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 33. P. 1/13-14.
The height of the body is contained five times to four times and a quarter in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times. Head covered with smooth skin above ; snout obtusely rounded; the diameter of the eye is about one-third of the length of the head. The length of the barbels is less than one-half of that of the head. The teeth on the palate form four small separate patches. Dorsal fin lower than the body ; its spine is of moderate strength, shorter than the head, and serrated. Pectorals scarcely shorter than the head, their spine being rather longer than that of the dorsal fin. (Bl.)
South Borneo.
a. Type of the species : very bad state. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's
Collection. 6. Adult. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
5. Pangasius micronema.
Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxi., Silur. Jar. p. 8 ; Prodr. Silur. p. 185; and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 75. tab. 77. fig. 2.
B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 29. P. 1/11-12.
The height of the body is a little more than the length of the head, which is rather less than one-fifth of the total (without caudal). The occipital process is covered with smooth skin, or longitudinally striated. The maxillary barbels extend to, or nearly to, the opercles, those of the mandible being as long' as the eye. The teeth on the palate form four longish patches arranged in a crescent. Dorsal fin lower than the body ; its spine is of moderate strength, serrated, two- thirds or five-sixths of the length of the head. Pectorals scarcely shorter than the head, with their spine rather longer than that of the dorsal fin.
Java.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
6. Pangasius nasutus.
Pseudopangasius nasutus, Bleeh. Versl. Kon. Akad. Wet. xv. p. 72, and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 70. tab. 29. fig. 1.
B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 29. P. 1/11. V. 6. Snout pointed, with the upper jaw projecting. The maxillary barbels are not much longer than those of the mandible, and extend to the base of the pectorals. The vomerine teeth form a band., which is more than twice as broad as long, and separate from the oblong, palatine patches. The soft dorsal fin is as high as the body ; its spine is strong, two-thirds of the length of the head, and serrated behind. Pectorals shorter than the head. The mucous cavity in the axil of
64 SILURIDJE.
the pectoral has a very large opening, divided by reticulated cross- bars into smaller foramina.
Borneo. a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
. Pangasius juaro.
Pangasius polyuranodon, Bleek. Nat. Tyclschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 425. and Prodr. Silur. p. 186.
juaro, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. p. 589.
Pseudopangasius polyuranodon, Bleek. All. Ichth. Silur. p. 76. tab. 78.
B. 7-9. D. 1/7. A. 35-39. P. 1/12-13.
Snout rounded, obtuse. The maxillary barbels extend somewhat beyond the head, those of the mandible being as long as the eye. Vomerine teeth in a quadrangular patch, which is but little broader than long, and separate from the oblong palatine patches. The soft dorsal is lower than the body ; its spine is of moderate strength, serrated behind, and rather shorter than the head ; pectorals nearly as long as the head.
Sumatra and Borneo.
a. Type of the species. From Dr. P. v. Bleeker's Collection.
24. HELICOPHAGUS.
Helicophagus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. iii., Sumatra, vi. p. 49.
Adipose fin very small ; a short dorsal fin with a pungent spine and with seven soft rays ; anal fin elongate, with about thirty rays. Barbels slender, four : one at each maxillary, and two behind the symphysis of the mandibles. Teeth on the palate villiform, in two small separate patches, if present. The upper jaw is the longer. Eyes with a free orbital margin. Nostrils on the upper side of the snout, the posterior being more remote from each other than the an- terior. Caudal forked ; ventral rays six.
East Indian Archipelago.
1. Helicophagus typus.
BleeP.er, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. iii., Sumatra, vi. p. 46 ; Prodr. Silur. p. 176 : and Atl. Ichth. Silur. p. 78. tab. 79. fig. 2.
B. 9. D. 1/7. A. 29. P. 1/13.
The humeral process is pointed behind ; the maxillary barbels ex- tend to the hind part of the pectoral, those of the mandible to the opercles. Vomerine teeth minute,